Bridge Structure
Bridge Structure
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International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
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damage and crack process of physical example, and the with database of undamaged bridge. This is smart sensor
concept of damage and fracture process is improved. This which will transmit the information related to structural
study provides a suitable and fast way to observe the health to the master station. The master station is equipped
concrete with quality and quantity in the engineering with PC; it will collect the obtained information and
practices. process those signals in MATLAB to show real time graph
Bhuiyan et al [3] presented paper which told, of vibrations and will draw the conclusion regarding the
Sensor placement plays a vital role in deploying wireless structure. The data will be acquired from these sensors,
sensor networks (WSNs) for bridge monitoring powerfully processed and will be analysed at master station and will be
and successfully. Existing civil engineering approaches do displayed on PC in form of graph. The day to day records
not seriously consider WSN limitations, such as load, type can be maintained and compared. In case of more
of network connectivity, and error acceptance. vibrations on bridge ARM controller will take the
Wen-Zhan Song et al [4] have presented method appropriate decision regarding the damage of bridge in
which gives information about sensor nodes, that since we form of indication like green or red led signals along with
are using sensor nodes we are getting highest detection audio signals.
information very accurately compare to other traditional
methods. The implemented prototype has wide
Tang Yu-liang Luo Yu et al proposed a system [5] applications in areas where earth surface is weaker and is
which provides a new online structural damage detection affected by frequent earthquakes, over load etc. Moreover
method called N-stage Kalman Filter Algorithm.(NS- it can also be implemented for other structures like roads,
Kalman) Its main theme is to segment a big structure into dams etc. In the prototype system a two-tier time series
several sub-structures. Every substructure will collect prediction based algorithm is implemented for obtaining
sensor data within its range and process that data with the the damage of the structure in real time.
NS-kalman. Finally, we will get detection result.
IV. OBJECTIVES
III. BACKGROUND 1) Development of structural damage detection system.
2) The wireless sensor network located at different
a. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING locations will send the information to master station.
Structural Health monitoring is a method of 3) Master station wills record the readings, analyse and will
determining the health of a structure, and in terms of this take the decision regarding damage or weakness of
project a bridge structure. The way to determine the health structure.
of the structure is almost like to determine the health of 4) User/ owner will be alerted in case of swings in
people’s heart. A variety of sensors are placed at readings.
predetermined positions. These sensors are connected to
various nodes via wireless connections and finally a V. DEIGN CHALLENGES:
structure connected with various computer programs and
then structure's behaviour is developed. Monitoring this • The various values from sensors to be monitored, such as
behaviour gives us the current state of the bridge. temperature, wind, displacement, and corrosion.
The key component to structural health • The Practical value and expected ranges of the parameters
monitoring is the development of a network of sensors that should be compared accurately in kinds of weather
will continuously monitor the health of a structure. This conditions.
proposed system does not only take feedback from various • Location of the measuring instruments like sensors and
connected sensors but also take decision on parameters ICS.
provided sensors in real time. Finally SHM tells us how the • The requirement of power to connected network.
structure is responding to various loading conditions, • The type of network for array of sensor.
vibrations and environmental effects. • The duration of the monitoring.
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International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1, Dec. -2015
system, and structural evaluation system. The sensory weather and thermal effects are not takes on the output of
system along with the data acquisition, data processing and data.
transmission system are actual located on the structure,
were the others are offsite and help in the monitoring the b. HOW IT ALL WORKS
bridge and data analysis part of SHM. How it all works:
Sensors are placed throughout the bridge to measure data at Transmitter Side and control section
critical points in the structure from vibrations. The data 2148ARM Microcontroller
acquisition and data processing then capture that data and ADXL-335 (or any 3- axis accelerometer)
process it with help of ADC and ARM microcontroller then ADC0804 (10 bit analog to digital converter IC)
transmit that data offsite to the control system. The control
system then stores and displays the data with help of PC. ADXL 335 Accelerometer sensor:
Now that data is collected for maintenance team and is now This module provides X, Y and Z axis data. It’s
ready for introduction into the structural condition very easy to deal with such kind of modules as they just
monitoring system. need the VCC and GND supply to get started, rest it is its
job to provide us the analog data. These modules work on
a. SHM SYSTEM PROCESS simple concept like that of force acting on an object at
inclined plane. It deals with the Mg (sin Φ) and Mg (cos Φ)
The design of a bridge SHM system requires the part of the force and calculate the angle Φ for further
designer to understand different aspects about the bridge calculations. Now it also notices the change in force from
structure and the events involved with the bridge. The first which acceleration will be calculated. These
to be considered is the features of the bridge and the accelerometers do not respond to linear movements they
environment that it will be in. for example what type of respond to accelerated motions at very small scale.
weather will the bridge experience over its lifetime and
also whether or not it will be in water or not. It is very ADC 0804:
important to understand these parameters because each This IC is used to convert analog data from
individual bridge project has unique demands and ADXL_335 into a digital output. This was really necessary
characteristics and must be understood before a system is because microcontrollers only understand digital data.
designed for it. The following considerations should be Since this ADC is a 10 bit one, it will provide 1024
implemented into the design process: different digital values (0-1023).Zigbee Transmitter: [23] It
is used to transmit the data to receiver side. It is connected
through UART. The output of ARM LPC2148 is
transmitted to the master station where it is monitored that
1. The parameters to be monitored, such as vibrations on whether the bridge is under healthy condition or not.
various parts of bridge Receiver side (Master station)
2. The nominal value and expected ranges of the
parameters Zigbee Receiver:
3. Location of the measurements It is used to receive the data from transmitter side.
4. The accuracy requirement The microcontroller ARM LPC2148 decides that whether
5. The environment condition of the monitoring the bridge is under healthy condition or not. If it is found
6. The duration of the monitoring that the bridge is not under healthy condition then more
vibrations like spikes can be send to master station and
Once these parameters have considered then appropriate decisions are taken like playing the LEDs and
development of a sensor system will start. Sensors should buzzer to alert maintenance team. Once it is clear that
be picked based on the size and complexity of the bridge bridge is not in good condition then on master side it needs
and also the demands of the monitoring system. Many to be displayed for maintenance team and that’s what
aspects to consider such as accuracy, durability, exactly we plan to do it on receiver side.
effectiveness and cost etc are considered while picking the
sensor. Also when picking sensors the environment they PC:
will be in must also be considered, things like humidity, It is used to store the day by day data regarding
temperature, and general weather aspects of the the health of the bridge. When bridge is found to be under
surrounding environment. In terms of this project unhealthy condition, then related decisions are taken like
environment will not be considered because model is informing the safety team through alarm and indications of
developed in a controlled laboratory environment where LEDS. It is the device mainly connected for providing
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International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1, Dec. -2015
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1, Dec. -2015
Algorithm:
The accelerometers senses real time vibrations
1. First Start system supply and these vibrations are in form of analog signal. Latter on
2. LCD Initialization will take place these vibrations i.e. analog signals are converted into
3. ADC Initialization will take place digital signals by using inbuilt ADC of ARM
4. UART Initialization will start microcontroller. Here these digital signals are compared
5. LED PORT or I/O Initialization will be visualized by inside microcontroller with specified threshold values and
flashing LEDs appropriate output is given out in form of blinking LEDs
5. BUZZER and X, Y, Z LEDs are OFF at initial stage and making alarm on.
6. Read ADC channels For X, Y and Z coordinates After words these digital signals are send
according to movement to controlling side which is equipped with PC where these
7.If X,Y, and Z values are within specified range in signals are processed on MATLAB software and finally
program then 8.X,Y,Z LEDs are off and alarm also off else appropriate graphs are generated which indicates
alarm ON and LEDs will start glowing . movements of bridge parts under forces applied on it that is
9. Maintenance team will go start observing conditions and due to vibrations it moves in X, Y, Z directions.
will make move ahead. Below various experimental results are
10. If X, Y, and Z values are within range or not it will be shown. Out of them results associated with positions of
displayed on LCD actual placements of accelerometer. Some of them are of
11. SEND X, Y, Z Values to Maintenance team for position1, position2, and position3 of accelerometer in X,
database Y, Z directions.
12. Repeat procedure continuously in real time.
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International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
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2. Proposed plan should work with wireless sensors so very Performance Computing and Communication conference, 25-27 June
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