Composer 8.1.3 Deployment Book
Composer 8.1.3 Deployment Book
Composer 8.1.3 Deployment Book
Composer 8.1.3
Table of Contents
Composer 8.1.3 Deployment Guide 4
About Composer 6
Composer Interface 9
Installation 22
Post Installation Configuration 5
Uninstall Reinstall 53
Table of Contents
Voice applications for Genesys Voice Platform (GVP) 8.1+—a software suite, which unifies
voice and web technologies to provide a complete solution for customer self-service or
assisted service.
Routing applications for the Genesys Orchestration Platform 8.x, which includes:
This section includes information on: This section includes information on:
This section includes information on: This section includes information on setting
preferences and other post-installation steps
prior to using Composer:
Before Installing
Installing Composer on Windows
Displaying the Interface Tomcat, IIS, Debugging, Ports, GAX, Proxy,
Windows 7 and Server 2008 32 Bit Business Rules, ORS and Routing Point,
Viewing a Sample Application Config Server, Context Services, Migration,
and other setttings
About Composer
Composer is an Integrated Development Environment, based on Eclipse, which Web
Application developers can use to build VoiceXML, CCXML, GRXML, and SCXML
applications.
Note: To familiarize yourself with basic Eclipse concepts, refer to the Workbench User
Guide by selecting Help > Help Content s in the Composer main window and expanding the
Workbench User Guide link.
For the Orchestration Server 8.x SCXML Engine/Interpreter, Composer provides the ability
to develop:
• SCXML-Based Routing Applications with full support for all Genesys predefined
SCXML functional modules and and extensions (as described in the SCXML
Language Reference) for both voice and non-voice (multimedia) interactions.
Composer also provides Integrated CTI + VoiceXML applications for end-to-end treatment
handling in conjunction with GVP and Media Server.
This document is valid only for the 8.1.3 release of this product.
Intended Audience
This wiki is primarily intended for system integrators and administrators. It has been written
with the assumption that you have a basic understanding of:
While you can build applications by working solely with Composer’s blocks or Project
templates, you can also use State Chart Extensible Markup Language (SCXML) and
VoiceXML to when building applications.
Before contacting Customer Care, please refer to the Genesys Care Program Guide for
complete contact information and procedures.
• 8.1.201.00
• 8.1.101.00
• 8.1.001.00
Composer Interface
Note: This topic presents a brief overview of the Composer interface. For detailed
information on using the interface, see the Composer Help.
Technical and non-technical developers have the option of creating flow diagrams by placing
and connecting blocks and configuring properties and/or by writing code. The figure below
shows an example callflow in the center editing area in Composer perspective.
• A Package Explorer view on the upper left gives access to all the Project files.
• An Outline view of the entire callflow or workflow on the lower left is useful when
working with complex diagrams.
• The History view on the lower left, which maintains previous versions of flows and
application files, allowing you to revert to any previous version if needed.
• A center editing area (sometimes referred to as the canvas where you drag, drop,
and connect blocks.
• A lower view for configuring block Properties (fields). Buttons in property rows
display dialog boxes.
• A Palette of blocks grouped in categories on the upper right for creating flow
diagrams.
A Composer perspective can also show various views in the lower pane depending on your
actions or what you select from Window > Show View . For example, for voice applications,
the lower pane can show the following views:
• Properties
• Prompts Manager
• Problems
• Console
• Call Trace
Perspectives
When working in Composer, you have the option of working in different perspectives .
The figure above shows Composer perspective. The figure below shows Composer
Design perspective, which maximizes the design area. Having a larger design area is useful
when creating complex flow diagrams. Composer Design perspective shows only the
palette of blocks, the canvas area, and the Properties view, but can be customized to
include other views that you select.
For routing applications, the lower pane can show the following views:
• Properties
• Problems
• List Objects Manager
• Statistics Manager
Available Perspectives
• Composer , for both voice and routing applications, shows the Project Explorer,
Outline view, canvas, palette, and can show the following tabs in the lower pane:
Properties, Prompts Manager, Problems, Console, and Call Trace.
• Composer Design , for both voice and routing applications, can be used to simplify
the workbench to show only the palette of blocks, the canvas area, and the
Properties tab.
• GVP Debugger , for debugging voice callflows that you build or import.
• ORS Debugger , for debugging routing workflows that you build or import.
• Prompts Manager , which provides the ability to quickly review all prompts in a
Composer Project.
Expression Builder
Composer supplies Expression Builder to easily build expressions that can be used for
branching and conditional routing decisions. You can also build ECMAScript expressions
that use Genesys supplied SCXML functions documented in the the Orchestration Server
Developer's Guide, which is the Genesys language specification.
Rich Editors
For those who prefer to write their own code, Composer provides a set of rich editors,
supplying built-in error checking and tooltips, for SCXML, VXML, CCXML, and GRXML
along with use case templates.
• The figure immediately below shows example SCXML code in the Source tab of the
editor.
• The second figure below shows the Design tab of the editor.
You can view and work directly with source code using standard Eclipse text editing
features. Features include:
• In the Run mode, call traces are provided and the application continues without any
breakpoints.
• In the Debug mode, you can input breakpoints, single-step through the VoiceXML
code, inspect and modify variable and property values, and execute any ECMAScript
from the query console.
Integration with a SIP Phone is provided and click to dial feature is provided for making the
test calls.
The Tomcat application server is bundled as part of the Composer and you can auto-deploy
applications on Tomcat for testing.
Note: Composer 8.1 uses TCP to send SIP messages (previous releases used UDP). This
is not a configurable option.
• Using a Run Configurations launch configuration, metrics (call traces) are provided
and the application continues without any breakpoints. When the SCXML application
executes, these metrics can describe, for example, state transitions, ECMAScript
executions, and execution warnings or errors.
Project Templates
Out-of-the-box, reusable Project templates are provided. A Project wizard lets you select
from three categories of templates:
1. Integrated Voice and Route : Select to create a Project that contains both callflows
and workflows that interact with each other. For example a routing strategy that
invokes a GVP voice application.
2. Voice : Select to create a Project associated with the GVP 8.x. This type of Project
may include callflows, and related server-side files.
3. Route : Select to create a Project associated with the Orchestration Server 8.1
SCXML Engine/Interpreter.
These can act as a starting point for new projects and visual flows and serve as guidelines
and tutorials for routing and voice application developers. Composer also provides templates
for its rich editors with the ability to create user-defined custom code snippet templates,
which can be exported and imported to share across team members.
Code Generation
When generating code, Composer provides the ability to generate VXML pages to take
advantage of the Platform optimizations. For SCXML routing strategies, Composer provides
the ability to generate static SCXML pages for improved performance due to caching.
Deployment
Composer provides the ability to deploy Java Composer Projects and .NET Composer
Projects. The deployment process involves exporting your project, transferring the files to
your web/application server, and executing any necessary configuration steps required to
make your application work. The Composer deployment process varies depending on the
type of project being deployed (.NET Composer or Java Composer) and the associated
application server. Future releases will provide the ability to deploy routing applications.
Project Management
Composer uses a Project to contain everything related to a single routing or voice
application. A Package Explorer on the upper left of the Composer window contains all the
Projects in your workspace. organize all the application elements.
Hiding Capabilities
Users may hide voice or routing capabilities through a Composer preference setting. This is
useful for developers who are only using one of these Genesys platforms.
Builders/Managers
Composer contains several builders/managers, which are used for routing applications.
Statistics Builder/Manager
Use if you wish to use option of instructing Universal Routing Server to use the value of a
statistic during target selection, such as StatTimeInReadyState . The statistic can be a URS
Predefined statistic (as described in the Universal Routing 8.1 Reference Manual) or a
statistic that you create yourself with Statistics Builder. Once you create a statistic, that
statistic becomes available for selection in Composer’s Target block.
Expression Builder
Use for both voice callflows and routing workflows to build expressions for branching and
conditional routing decisions. You create expressions in Expression Builder; you can assign
them to variables using the Assign block. You can also build ECMAScript expressions that
use the Genesys Functional Modules in Expression Builder.
Customization Manager
The Customization Manager view helps you manage various aspects of your Composer
installation that you have customized. You can manage any custom workflow and callflow
diagram templates that you have created. You can also edit and delete custom templates,
add new files, and save diagrams to disk.
Installation
This section describes the Composer software requirements, and installation and launching
procedures.
Notes:
Starting with 8.1.3, the Composer installer supplies (3) and (4). The “basic” Eclipse (1) is up
to you to download.
Update Site
The Composer plugins are distributed as an update site, which is contained in
com.genesyslab.composer.updateSite.zip . In Eclipse terminology, “update site” refers to a
location from which Eclipse can pull plugins. The installer gives the option to pull the plugins
from the update site zip file and install them into an existing Eclipse (1) environment.
If that option is enabled, then the Installer runs a script that automatically finds and
downloads the plugin dependencies (2) and installs them along with the Composer plugins
(3) and the bundled Tomcat (4). This is optional because you may not have downloaded a
basic Eclipse yet, in which case you can install (2) and (3) later from within Eclipse using
Help > Install New Software .
Note: Eclipse is not required if you only want to extract the update site without installing
Composer plugins into the Eclipse. This is possible, for example, if you just want the update
site zip file to copy to multiple machines where the actual Composer installation will take
place.
Genesys does not certify Composer with specific Web application server vendors and
versions. This applies to developing both:
• VXML applications and related resources that will be executed on the Genesys Voice
platform and
• SCXML applications and related resources that will be executed on the Orchestration
platform.
Java Composer Projects can be deployed to any web application server that meets the
requirements in the Deploying Composer Applications topic and supports Java Runtime
Environment 1.7.0_0 or higher.
When considering a potential Web application server to use for a production deployment of
Composer-generated applications, please refer to the vendor's documentation to ensure that
the software meets these pre-requisites. In addition, you should run a few basic tests using a
Composer sample application, to ensure that the application behaves as expected. For more
details, please refer to the section Suggested Test Plan.
For developing SCXML applications and related resources that will be executed on the
Orchestration Server platform, see the Genesys Supported Operating Environment
Reference Guide.
Bundled Tomcat
Composer installs an embedded Tomcat 6.0 web server for your use (code generation and
testing). Genesys does not recommend that you use this bundled Tomcat web server for
deploying and running your Composer-generated applications as part of a production setup.
You may use a separate instance of Tomcat 6.0 as a stand-alone web server, depending
upon your needs and the recommendations of your IT department. For deployment of
Composer-generated applications that use .NET resources, you can use any version of
Microsoft IIS that is compatible with the Windows versions on which Composer is supported.
Tomcat
1. Create a new Project based on Project templates supplied with Composer. The New
Project Creation wizard will guide you through the process and show a list of Project
templates to choose from. Choose a template Project depending on the Project type
and feature(s). Note: If you are using both the voice and route features, Genesys
recommends that you test both features by running two tests.
Composer
Not Using Databases Using Databases
Feature
Voice Business Logic Project Database Project
Routing Using Web Request Database Query Result Access
Route
Project Project
Database Support
Composer 8.1 supports the following databases/servers:
• Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008. Note: When installing SQL Server, select SQL
Server authentication (Composer does not support integrated Windows
authentication).
• Oracle 10g, R1 and Oracle 11g.
Note: Before you can use database blocks in a .NET Composer Project for accessing an
Oracle database, you need to install and configure the Oracle client on the Composer
machine. The Oracle client will be required on any deployment machines as well where the
application will run. As a test, after installing the client software you should be able to
connect to the Oracle database from SQLPlus. Once that works, database blocks in your
.NET Composer Project should also be able to connect to your Oracle database. For
configuring Oracle client, please contact your Oracle database administrator. Composer 8.1
has switched to an Oracle Provider from a Microsoft Provider for .NET Composer projects.
• At design time, both Java Composer Projects and .NET Composer Projects use
bundled JDBC drivers to connect to Oracle, which is why your query will work in the
Query Builder in both types of Composer projects. At runtime, Composer .NET
projects use OLEDB database drivers, which are installed as part of Microsoft.NET
Framework. These are required on each IIS where .NET Composer Projects will be
run or deployed.
• Composer Java Projects use JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) drivers, which are
bundled with Composer and are automatically installed with the software.
• Java Composer Projects continue to use JDBC, while .NET Composer Projects use
Microsoft’s OLEDB providers from the .NET Framework.
• X-Lite 3.0 (recommended if you are connecting over a virtual private network)
• Pingtel 2.4.3
• SJphone version 1.65 or later
• Express Talk 3.08 (recommended if you are using it on a Microsoft Remote Desktop
connection)
Notes:
Before Installing
Before you install the Composer plugin, make sure that:
Composer installation gives the option of configuring a security banner that displays when
users connect to Configuration Server. In the case of Composer, the security banner
appears in a separate window that is displayed when you connect to Configuration Server.
The content of this window is defined by the system administrator, and can include such
items as Terms of Use of the application or some kind of disclaimer.
While Composer supports the basic operation of specifying and displaying a security banner
as described in the Genesys Security Deployment Guide, be aware of the following
limitations for Composer:
• The banner only displays when you connect to Configuration Server after launching
Composer.
• The following options are not supported:
◦ List of security banner URLs.
◦ Error URL if banner cannot be retrieved.
◦ ShowUpTimeout , which displays a Loading message if loading takes more
than this timeout.
◦ NoCompleteTimeout , which is the timeout for retrieving security banner.
◦ AckMandatory , which controls if user must acknowledge the security
banner in order to proceed.
◦ Height, width and title of dialog.
◦ AckMode , which controls how often the banner is displayed. Note: A Java
equivalent of unilogin library is not available.
• The security banner configuration option Until each user chooses to turn it off once
for application type is not supported. It is handled the same as the option Until each
user chooses to turn it off .
Under some circumstances, Composer may not try to display a banner page although the
loading of a previous page in the list failed. This behavior is likely to happen if the embedded
browser component returns that loading is finished (although the loading failed) before the
loading timeout elapses.
There are some pending operations and the system needs a reboot.
The target computer does not meet some mandatory requirements.
Subsequent reboots result in the same behavior and you temporarily cannot install
Composer on this machine. This is a result of pending reboots from other installations. If this
situation occurs, follow the procedure below.
• Note: On Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008, UAC (User Account Control) can
affect the installation process and subsequent addition of Composer plugins to
Eclipse. If UAC is disabled, installing Eclipse in a Program Files location (any
location that is under UAC control) will work. However, if UAC is enabled, then
Eclipse should be installed in a location that is not under UAC control e.g., C:\GCTI\
Composer.
• Note: While installing Composer 8.1.3, there is a step to download dependencies
from Eclipse update sites. If your Internet connection is lost during this process, or
some other error occurs, the Installer may not detect it and may incorrectly report
success. Error messages will appear in the scripts\composer-plugin-install.log file in
the Composer installation directory, (Example: C:\Program Files\GCTI\Composer\
scripts\composer-plugin-install.log ). Workaround: Instead of letting the Installer add
Composer plugins directly to Eclipse, add Composer plugins using Eclipse’s “Install
New Software” feature (see Manual Plugin Installation below).
5. Specify the Tomcat port. For testing purposes, Composer supports automated
deployment of routing applications to the bundled Tomcat server or to a local IIS server.
Enter a port number to be used for Tomcat.
6. Click Next and Finish on the installation wizard. The installation may take some time
because other plugin dependencies are also downloaded and installed.
The Composer installation will have created a directory, e.g., C:\Program Files\GCTI\
Composer 8.1 , in which there is a zipped update site called
com.genesyslab.composer.updateSite.zip .
3. If you want your selected workspace to be your default and do not want to select a
location the next time that Composer opens, select the Use this as the default and
do not ask again check box.
4. Click OK to proceed. The first time you run Eclipse, a Welcome' tab appears.
5. If you choose not to explore the Eclipse or Composer tutorial links at this time, click
the X on the Welcome tab to display the Composer GUI. You can always access the
Welcome screen at any time from within Composer by selecting Help > Welcome .
6. If not already open, open the Composer perspective by selecting Window > Open
Perspective > Other , then select Composer or Composer Design.
At this point, you may find it helpful to load a Project template so you can see a sample
application. Follow the procedure in the next section if you wish to do this.
6. Select the Routing Based on DNIS and ANI Project template and click Finish . A
commented RoutingOnDNISandANI.workflow diagram appears on the canvas.
Double-clicking a block opens its Properties view so you can view the fields.
The next procedure differs from the above procedure in that it demonstrates how to view a
workflow contained within an interaction process diagram.
7. In the Properties view, note that the Resource property indicates that the name of
the workflow is CompleteActiveServices.workflow . To view this workflow, expand the
Project in the Package Explorer on the left.
8. Expand the Workflows folder.
9. Double-click CompleteActiveServices.workflow . A commented workflow appears.
10. View the properties for each block by double-clicking a block.
Use the above method to review the various routing Project templates.
Tomcat
Before you can start to create a Java Composer Project that you will deploy later on a
Tomcat application server, you must configure Tomcat settings for Composer (Window >
Preferences > Composer > Tomcat). The figure below shows the Composer Preferences
dialog box fully expanded.
• For information on configuring Tomcat for voice applications, see the Tomcat section
in Callflow Post Installation.
• For information on configuring Tomcat for routing applications, see the Tomcat
section in Workflow Post Installation.
IIS/NET Preferences
If you plan to use IIS as your web server for testing and deployment, you will also need to
configure IIS preferences in Composer so that your applications can be auto-deployed to IIS
from within the workbench. Composer can work only with IIS installed on the local machine.
You can work with both Tomcat and IIS from the same installation of Composer.
• For more information, see Internet Information Services in Callflow Post Installtion.
Disabling UAC
To address any potential deployment failures when using IIS, Genesys recommends
disabling the User Account Control (UAC) for all Composer supported Windows operating
systems (Control Panel > User Accounts > Use User Account Control ).
IIf running on IIS 7 (Windows Vista, Windows 2008) or IIS 7.5 (Windows 7), during the
installation of IIS, the IIS Metabase and IIS 6 configuration compatibility feature must be
installed. Select Control Panel > Programs and Features > Turn Windows features on
or off > Roles > 'Select Role Services (see figure below).
If this feature is not turned on, you cannot deploy a .NET Composer Project
MIME Types
1. Open Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager on your computer.
2. Right-click your web site (such as Default Web Site ), and select Properties .
3. Click the HTTP Headers tab.
4. Click the MIME Types button to display the MIME Types dialog box.
5. Add the following MIME types for IIS 6.0 or 7.0:
vox = application/octet-stream
vxml = text/xml
grxml = application/srgs+xml
wav = application/octet-stream
6. By default the SCXML mime type is already configured in the bundled Tomcat
server. If you are using IIS you need to configure following MIME types:
** .json = text/json
** .scxml = text/plain
** .xml = text/xml
7. Make sure that ASP.NET extensions are enabled in your IIS. Right-click on the
default web site and verify that the ASP.NET tab shows the correct version.
8. Make sure that ASP.NET is enabled on your virtual directory and set to the correct
version. Right-click on the .NET Composer Project virtual directory and verify that the
ASP.NET tab shows the correct version.
9. Make sure that scripts have execute permissions on your virtual directory. Right-click
on the virtual directory, select Properties , and check the Execute Permissions
pulldown menu. It should say Scripts only or Scripts and Executables (if you
intend to run executables which is usually not done).
Debugging in MCP
To use the GVP debugging feature of Composer, the Media Control Platform (MCP) must be
configured in Composer Preferences. For more information, see Callflow Post Installation,
Media Control Platform section.
For more information, see Callflow Post Installation, GVP Debugger section.
For more information, see Callflow Post Installation, Media Control Platform section.
For more information, see Workflow Post Installation, ORS Debugger sectioin.
You must set GAX Preferences if you plan on using the Operational Parameter Management
(OPM Block) to work with Genesys Administrator Extension. Composer diagrams connect to
the GAX server using the login credentials you enter in GAX Preferences when fetching
audio resource parameters.
You can use Composer's Business Rule block to request the Genesys Rules Engine to
execute a Rule Package in a routing workflow or voice callflow and write the results back to
a variable.
If you plan to use the Business Rule block, you must set Business Rule Preferences. See
Business Rule Common Block, Business Rule Preferences section.
Proxy Settings
This section describes how to configure proxy settings in Tomcat and a local proxy.
1. Inside Composer, configure proxy settings by going to: Window > Preferences >
General > Network Connections. If necessary, provide the proxy authentication
details:
2. Select Manual proxy configuration and provide the HTTP proxy and Port .
3. Provide the User Name and Password for authentication.
4. Click Apply and OK .
1. To configure proxy settings in the bundled Tomcat 6.0 web server, add the following
lines to the catalina.properties file that is found within the ..\tomcat\conf folder in the
Composer installation path:
http.proxyHost=hostip
http.proxyPort=port of Proxy
http.proxyUser=username
http.proxyPassword=password
The username and password must be the same as what was provided in the manual
proxy configuration
If your IIS web server is behind a proxy server and Web Request or Web Service blocks are
used in a callflow, you must configure proxy settings in your .NET Composer Project. To
configure proxy settings in a .NET Composer Project:
If the default settings do not automatically detect the proxy server settings:
The dialog box for connecting to Configuration Server appears when you select Connect
from the Configuration Server menu within Composer.
1. Generate and install certificates. See section “Certificate Generation and Installation”
of the Genesys Security Deployment Guide for instructions.
2. Add a secure listening port in the Configuration Server configuration. See section
“Genesys TLS Configuration” of the Genesys 8.1 Security Deployment Guide for
instructions. An example configuration is shown below.
3. Enable the secure connection mode when initiating the connection in Composer. In
the Connect to Configuration Server dialog box, select Use secure connection.
Inactivity Timeout
If you have authenticated with Configuration Server, Composer times out after a
configurable number of minutes of inactivity. In this case, you must reauthenticate in order to
continue working with Configuration Server database objects. For Composer, inactivity is
defined as a period of time with no mouse usage (click, move, and so on) or keyboard entry.
For instructions on implementing this time, see the Inactivity Timeout chapter of the Genesys
Security Deployment Guide.
For more information, see the Orchestration section in Workflow Post Installation.
For information on additional options that must be set, consult the following:
For complete details on this step and other routing configuration details, consult:
Important! If you have both Composer and Interaction Routing Designer set up in the same
environment, check in IRD’s Loading View that you have not loaded an IRD routing strategy
on the same Routing Point DN where the built-in strategy is loaded. This will create a conflict
and cause your SCXML-based strategy not to launch.
For more information, see Workflow Post Installation, Stream Manager section.
Hiding Capabilities
You may hide voice or routing capabilities through a General Preference setting (Window >
Preference s > General > Capabilities ).
Capabilities Preferences
For more information, see Enabling-Disabling Functionality and Hiding File Types.
For routing applications, no specific additional client-side configuration is needed for ORS.
For voice applications, GVP does not initiate a TLS connection to the UCS.
At this time, there is no support for authentication during runtime. Orchestration Server and
GVP do not initiate an authenticated connection to the UCS.
To use an authenticated connection when connecting to the UCS, you need to:
For more information, see Getting Started With Composer, Upgrading Projects and
Diagrams.
• Genesys recommends that you create a dedicated workspace for 8.1 Projects and
do not reuse previously created workspaces. This will provide a clean separation
between the two versions as well as ensure that a backup copy is preserved for later
reference or rollback.
• Some previously created workflow diagrams cannot be upgraded. For more
information, see the Migrating IRD Strategies section below.
For information on Composer Migration in general, see the IRD to Composer Migration
Guide.
• Composer 8.0.2 began support for the creation and testing of SCXML-based
workflows for inbound voice use cases. Upgrading workflow diagrams created in the
8.0.2 release of Composer is therefore not supported.
• Composer 8.0.3 began support for Context Services and the processing of
multimedia interactions. This release also introduced interaction process diagrams.
Upgrading workflow diagrams created in the 8.0.3 release of Composer is therefore
not supported.
For more information, see the Testing Your Application section in Deploying Composer
Applications.
• To install the plugin, refer to the Genesys Rule System 8.1 Deployment Guide. See
Chapter 2, Installation.
• If you install the plugin, you will also have access to the Genesys Rules System 8.1
Rules Development Tool Help .
• Also see the Genesys Rules System 8.1 Rules Authoring Tool Help .
Uninstall Reinstall
Exporting Projects
Important! The uninstallation may delete existing Composer projects if your Project
Workspace resides in the installation directory. If this is the case, copy any existing Project
folders to a safe location by following the procedure below.
1. In the Composer Project Explorer view, right click the Project folder and select
Export...
2. In the Export dialog box, expand General > File System.
3. Click the Next button.
4. Check boxes for the Projects to export and choose/browse to the export destination
folder.
5. Click the Finish button.
Uninstall Procedure
Use the procedure below to uninstall the Composer plugins and reinstall a newer version.
Reinstall Procedure
To reinstall on Windows, repeat the installation steps in Installing Composer on Windows.