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Non-Newtonian fluid
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's Law of Viscosity. Most commonly, the viscosity (the gradual deformation by shear or tensile
stresses) of non-Newtonian fluids is dependent on shear rate or shear rate history. Some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-independent viscosity, however, still
exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian behavior. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly
found substances such as ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, maizena, honey[1], paint, blood, and shampoo.

In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the
coefficient of viscosity. In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different. The fluid can even exhibit time-dependent
viscosity. Therefore, a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.

Although the concept of viscosity is commonly used in fluid mechanics to characterize the shear properties of a fluid, it can be inadequate to describe non-
Newtonian fluids. They are best studied through several other rheological properties that relate stress and strain rate tensors under many different flow
conditions—such as oscillatory shear or extensional flow—which are measured using different devices or rheometers. The properties are better studied using
tensor-valued constitutive equations, which are common in the field of continuum mechanics.

Contents
Types of non-Newtonian behaviour
Summary
Shear thickening fluid
Shear thinning fluid
Bingham plastic
Rheopectic or anti-thixotropic
Examples
Oobleck
Flubber
Chilled caramel topping
Silly Putty
Plant resin

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Ketchup
Dry granular flows
See also
References
External links

Types of non-Newtonian behaviour

Summary

Classification of fluids with shear

stress as a function of shear rate.

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Comparison of non-Newtonian, Newtonian, and viscoelastic properties

"Parallel" linear combination

Kelvin material,
Viscoelastic of elastic and viscous Some lubricants, whipped cream, Silly Putty
Maxwell material
effects[2]

Apparent viscosity increases

Rheopecty Synovial fluid, printer ink, gypsum paste
with duration of stress
Time-
dependent Yogurt, peanut butter, xanthan gum solutions, aqueous iron oxide gels, gelatin gels,
Apparent viscosity
viscosity pectin gels, hydrogenated castor oil, some clays (including bentonite, and
Thixotropic decreases with duration of
montmorillonite), carbon black suspension in molten tire rubber, some drilling muds,
stress[2]
many paints, many floc suspensions, many colloidal suspensions

Shear thickening Apparent viscosity increases

Suspensions of corn starch in water
(dilatant) with increased stress[3]

Apparent viscosity
Shear thinning Nail polish, whipped cream, ketchup, molasses, syrups, paper pulp in water, latex
decreases with increased
Non (pseudoplastic) paint, ice, blood, some silicone oils, some silicone coatings, sand in water
stress[4][5]
Newtonian
Viscosity Viscosity is constant.
Stress depends on normal
Generalized
and shear strain rates and Blood plasma, custard, water
Newtonian fluids
also the pressure applied on
it

Shear thickening fluid

The viscosity of a shear thickening fluid, or dilatant fluid, appears to increase when the shear rate increases. Corn starch dissolved in water ("oobleck", see
below) is a common example: when stirred slowly it looks milky, when stirred vigorously it feels like a very viscous liquid.

Shear thinning fluid

A familiar example of the opposite, a shear thinning fluid, or pseudoplastic fluid, is wall paint: The paint should flow readily off the brush when it is being
applied to a surface but not drip excessively. Note that all thixotropic fluids are extremely shear thinning, but they are significantly time dependent, whereas the
colloidal "shear thinning" fluids respond instantaneously to changes in shear rate. Thus, to avoid confusion, the latter classification is more clearly termed
pseudoplastic.

Another example of a shear thinning fluid is blood. This application is highly favoured within the body, as it allows the viscosity of blood to decrease with

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increased shear strain rate.

Bingham plastic
Fluids that have a linear shear stress/shear strain relationship require a finite yield stress before they begin to flow (the plot of shear stress against shear strain
does not pass through the origin). These fluids are called Bingham plastics. Several examples are clay suspensions, drilling mud, toothpaste, mayonnaise,
chocolate, and mustard. The surface of a Bingham plastic can hold peaks when it is still. By contrast Newtonian fluids have flat featureless surfaces when still.

Rheopectic or anti-thixotropic
There are also fluids whose strain rate is a function of time. Fluids that require a gradually increasing shear stress to maintain a constant strain rate are referred
to as rheopectic. An opposite case of this is a fluid that thins out with time and requires a decreasing stress to maintain a constant strain rate (thixotropic).

Examples
Many common substances exhibit non-Newtonian flows. These include:[6]

Soap solutions, cosmetics and toothpaste

Food such as butter, cheese, jam, ketchup, mayonnaise, soup, taffy, and yogurt
Natural substances such as magma, lava, gums, honey, and extracts such as vanilla extract
Biological fluids such as blood, saliva, semen, mucus and synovial fluid
Slurries such as cement slurry and paper pulp, emulsions such as mayonnaise, and some kinds of dispersions

Oobleck
An inexpensive, non-toxic example of a non-Newtonian fluid is a suspension of starch (e.g. cornstarch) in water, sometimes called "Oobleck", "ooze", or "magic
mud" (1 part of water to 1.5–2 parts of corn starch).[8][9][10] The name "oobleck" is derived from the Dr. Seuss book Bartholomew and the Oobleck.[8]

Because of its properties, oobleck is often used in demonstrations that exhibit its unusual behavior. A person may walk on a large tub of oobleck without sinking
due to its shear thickening properties, as long as the individual moves quickly enough to provide enough force with each step to cause the thickening. Also, if
oobleck is placed on a large subwoofer driven at a sufficiently high volume, it will thicken and form standing waves in response to low frequency sound waves
from the speaker. If a person were to punch or hit oobleck, it would thicken and act like a solid. After the blow, the oobleck will go back to its thin liquid like
state.

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Flubber
Flubber is a non-Newtonian fluid, easily made from polyvinyl alcohol–based glues (such as white "school" glue) and
borax. It flows under low stresses but breaks under higher stresses and pressures. This combination of fluid-like and
solid-like properties makes it a Maxwell fluid. Its behaviour can also be described as being viscoplastic or
gelatinous.[11]

Chilled caramel topping

Another example of this is chilled caramel ice cream topping (so long as it incorporates hydrocolloids such as
carrageenan and gellan gum). The sudden application of force—by stabbing the surface with a finger, for example, or
rapidly inverting the container holding it—causes the fluid to behave like a solid rather than a liquid. This is the
Demonstration of a non-Newtonian
"shear thickening" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon,
fluid at Universum in Mexico City
will leave it in its liquid state. Trying to jerk the spoon back out again, however, will trigger the return of the
temporary solid state.[12]

Silly Putty
Silly Putty is a silicone polymer based suspension which will flow, bounce, or break depending on strain rate.

Plant resin
Plant resin is a viscoelastic solid polymer. When left in a container, it will flow slowly as a liquid to conform to the
contours of its container. If struck with greater force, however, it will shatter as a solid.
Oobleck on a subwoofer. Applying
force to oobleck, by sound waves in
this case, makes the non-Newtonian
Ketchup
fluid thicken.[7]
Ketchup is a shear thinning fluid.[3][13] Shear thinning means that the fluid viscosity decreases with increasing shear
stress. In other words, fluid motion is initially difficult at slow rates of deformation, but will flow more freely at high
rates.

Dry granular flows

Under certain circumstances, flows of granular materials can be modelled as a continuum, for example using the µ(I) rheology. Such continuum models tend to

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be non-Newtonian, since the apparent viscosity of granular flows increases with pressure and decreases with shear rate.

See also
Bingham plastic
Caramel
Complex fluid
Dilatant
Dissipative particle dynamics
Generalized Newtonian fluid
Herschel–Bulkley fluid
Navier–Stokes equations
Newtonian fluid
Pseudoplastic
Quicksand
Rheology
Superfluids
Weissenberg effect
Thixotropy

References
1. Ouellette, Jennifer (2013). " "An-Ti-Ci-Pa-Tion: The Physics of Dripping Honey" (https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cocktail-party-physics/an-ti-ci-pa-tion-
the-physics-of-dripping-honey/). Scientific American.
2. Tropea, Cameron; Yarin, Alexander L.; Foss, John F. (2007). Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics (https://books.google.com
/books?id=y0xDUAdQAlkC&lpg=PA669&dq=thixotropic&pg=PA667#v=onepage&q=thixotropic&f=false). Springer. pp. 661, 676. ISBN 978-3-540-25141-5.
3. Garay, Paul N. (1996). Pump Application Desk Book (https://books.google.com/books?id=pww5cxwitHAC&lpg=PP1&dq=0881732311&
pg=PA359#v=snippet&q=thixotropic&f=false) (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-88173-231-3.
4. Rao, M. A. (2007). Rheology of Fluid and Semisolid Foods: Principles and Applications (https://books.google.com/books?id=BLlmimePW18C&lpg=PA33&
dq=shear%20thinning&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=%22shear%20thinning%22&f=false) (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-387-70929-1.
5. Schramm, Laurier L. (2005). Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications (https://books.google.com/books?id=qFi61f1NqNIC&
lpg=PA173&dq=pseudoplastic&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=pseudoplastic&f=false). Wiley VCH. p. 173. ISBN 978-3-527-30743-2.
6. Chhabra, R.P. (2006). Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp. 9–10. ISBN 1420015389.
7. This demonstration of oobleck is a popular subject for YouTube videos, such as this (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp1wUodQgqQ).

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8. Oobleck: The Dr. Seuss Science Experiment (http://www.instructables.com/id/Oobleck/)

9. "Outrageous Ooze" (http://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer/ooze.html). Exploratorium.
10. Rupp, Rebecca. "Magic Mud and Other Great Experiments". The Complete Home Learning Source Book (https://books.google.com
/books?id=v4qow8T1qsYC&pg=PA235). pp. 235–236.
11. Glurch Meets Oobleck (http://www.extension.iastate.edu/e-set/science_is_here/glurch.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100706182730/http:
//www.extension.iastate.edu/e-set/science_is_here/glurch.html) 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Iowa State University Extension.
12. Barra, Giuseppina (2004). The Rheology of Caramel (http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11837) (PhD). University of Nottingham.
13. Cartwright, Jon (2 September 2011). "Microscopy reveals why ketchup squirts" (http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/September/02091103.asp).
Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry.

External links
Classical experiments with Non-Newtonian fluids by the National Committee for Fluid Mechanics (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ol6bBB3zuGc) on
YouTube

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