NVIDIA CUDA GETTING STARTED GUIDE

FOR LINUX

DU-05347-001_v5.5 | July 2013

Installation and Verification on Linux Systems

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter  1.  Introduction.........................................................................................1

1.1.  System Requirements.................................................................................... 1
1.2.  About This Document.................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2. Installing CUDA Development Tools............................................................ 3
2.1. Verify You Have a CUDA-Capable GPU................................................................ 3
2.2. Verify You Have a Supported Version of Linux....................................................... 4
2.3. Verify the System Has gcc Installed................................................................... 4
2.4. Download the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit....................................................................4
2.5. Install the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit........................................................................ 5
2.5.1. Package Manager Installation......................................................................5
2.5.2.  Runfile Installation.................................................................................. 8
2.6.  Verify the Installation.................................................................................. 11
2.6.1.  Verify the Driver Version......................................................................... 11
2.6.2.  Compiling the Examples.......................................................................... 11
2.6.3.  Running the Binaries.............................................................................. 12
Chapter 3. Additional Considerations...................................................................... 14

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Valid Results from deviceQuery CUDA Sample .................................................. 12

Figure 2 Valid Results from bandwidthTest CUDA Sample ............................................... 13

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Chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION

CUDA™ is a parallel computing platform and programming model invented by

NVIDIA. It enables dramatic increases in computing performance by harnessing the
power of the graphics processing unit (GPU).
CUDA was developed with several design goals in mind:
‣ Provide a small set of extensions to standard programming languages, like C, that
enable a straightforward implementation of parallel algorithms. With CUDA C/C++,
programmers can focus on the task of parallelization of the algorithms rather than
spending time on their implementation.
‣ Support heterogeneous computation where applications use both the CPU and
GPU. Serial portions of applications are run on the CPU, and parallel portions are
offloaded to the GPU. As such, CUDA can be incrementally applied to existing
applications. The CPU and GPU are treated as separate devices that have their own
memory spaces. This configuration also allows simultaneous computation on the
CPU and GPU without contention for memory resources.
CUDA-capable GPUs have hundreds of cores that can collectively run thousands of
computing threads. These cores have shared resources including a register file and a
shared memory. The on-chip shared memory allows parallel tasks running on these
cores to share data without sending it over the system memory bus.
This guide will show you how to install and check the correct operation of the CUDA
development tools.

1.1. System Requirements
To use CUDA on your system, you will need the following installed:
‣ CUDA-capable GPU
‣ A supported version of Linux with a gcc compiler and toolchain
‣ NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit (available at http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads)

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 Introduction

1.2. About This Document

This document is intended for readers familiar with the Linux environment and
the compilation of C programs from the command line. You do not need previous
experience with CUDA or experience with parallel computation. Note: This guide covers
installation only on systems with X Windows installed.

Many commands in this document might require superuser privileges. On most

distributions of Linux, this will require you to log in as root. For systems that have
enabled the sudo package, use the sudo prefix for all necessary commands.

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Chapter 2.
INSTALLING CUDA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

The setup of CUDA development tools on a system running the appropriate version of
Linux consists of a few simple steps:
‣ Verify the system has a CUDA-capable GPU.
‣ Verify the system is running a supported version of Linux.
‣ Verify the system has gcc installed.
‣ Download the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit.
‣ Install the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit.
‣ Test that the installed software runs correctly and communicates with the hardware.

You can override the install-time prerequisite checks by running the installer with
the -override flag. Remember that the prerequisites will still be required to use the
NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit.

2.1. Verify You Have a CUDA-Capable GPU

To verify that your GPU is CUDA-capable, go to your distribution's equivalent of System
Properties, or, from the command line, enter:
lspci | grep -i nvidia

If you do not see any settings, update the PCI hardware database that Linux maintains
by entering update-pciids (generally found in /sbin) at the command line and rerun
the previous lspci command.
If your graphics card is from NVIDIA and it is listed in http://developer.nvidia.com/
cuda-gpus, your GPU is CUDA-capable.
The Release Notes for the CUDA Toolkit also contain a list of supported products.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

2.2. Verify You Have a Supported Version of Linux

The CUDA Development Tools are only supported on some specific distributions of
Linux. These are listed in the CUDA Toolkit release notes.
To determine which distribution and release number you're running, type the following
at the command line:
uname -m && cat /etc/*release

You should see output similar to the following, modified for your particular system:
i386 Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS release 4 (Nahant Update 6)

The i386 line indicates you are running on a 32-bit system. On 64-bit systems running
in 64-bit mode, this line will generally read: x86_64. The second line gives the version
number of the operating system.

2.3. Verify the System Has gcc Installed

The gcc compiler and toolchain generally are installed as part of the Linux installation,
and in most cases the version of gcc installed with a supported version of Linux will
work correctly.
To verify the version of gcc installed on your system, type the following on the
command line:
gcc --version

If an error message displays, you need to install the development tools from your Linux
distribution or obtain a version of gcc and its accompanying toolchain from the Web.
For ARMv7 cross development, a suitable cross compiler is required. For example,
performing the following on Ubuntu 12.04:
sudo apt-get install g++-4.6-arm-linux-gnueabihf

will install the gcc 4.6 cross compiler on your system which will be used by nvcc.
Please refer to th NVCC manual on how to use nvcc to cross compile to the ARMv7
architecture

2.4. Download the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit

The NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit is available at http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads.
Choose the platform you are using and download the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit
The CUDA Toolkit contains the CUDA driver and tools needed to create, build and run
a CUDA application as well as libraries, header files, CUDA samples source code, and
other resources.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

2.5. Install the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit

The CUDA Toolkit can be installed using either of two different installation mechanisms:
distribution-specific packages, or a distribution-independent package. The distribution-
independent package has the advantage of working across a wider set of Linux
distributions, but does not update the distribution's native package management system.
The distribution-specific packages interface with the distribution's native package
management system. It is recommended to use the distribution-specific packages, where
possible.

Distribution-specific packages and repositories are not provided for Redhat 5 and
Ubuntu 10.04. For those two Linux distributions, the stand-alone installer must be
used.

Standalone installers are not provided for the ARMv7 release. For both native ARMv7
as well as cross developent, the toolkit must be installed using the distribution-
specific installer.

2.5.1. Package Manager Installation

The installation is a two-step process. First the small repository configuration package
must be downloaded from the NVIDIA CUDA download page, and installed manually.
The package sets the package manager database to include the CUDA repository. Then
the CUDA Toolkit is installed using the package manager software.

Prerequisites
‣ The package manager installations (RPM/DEB packages) and the stand-alone
installer installations (.run file) of the NVIDIA driver are incompatible. Before using
the distribution-specific packages, uninstall the NVIDIA driver with the following
command:

/usr/bin/nvidia-uninstall
‣ On Redhat, the NVIDIA driver RPM packages depend on other external packages,
such as DKMS and libvdpau. Those packages are only available on third-party
repositories, such as EPEL. Any such third-party repositories must be added to the
package manager repository database before installing the NVIDIA driver RPM
packages, or missing dependencies will prevent the installation from proceeding.
‣ For x86 to ARMv7 cross development, the host system must be an Ubuntu 12.04
system.
‣ On Ubuntu 12.04, to enable armhf as a foreign architecture, the following commands
must be executed first:

$ echo "foreign-architecture armhf" >> /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch

$ sudo apt-get update

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

Installation Instructions
‣ Redhat & Fedora

$ sudo rpm --install cuda-repo-<distro>-<version>.<architecture>.rpm

$ sudo yum clean expire-cache
$ sudo yum install cuda
‣ SLES & OpenSUSE

$ sudo rpm --install cuda-repo-<distro>-<version>.<architecture>.rpm

$ sudo zypper refresh
$ sudo zypper install cuda
‣ Ubuntu

$ sudo dpkg -i cuda-repo-<distro>_<version>_<architecture>.deb

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install cuda

Environment Setup
The PATH variable needs to include /usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin
The LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable needs to contain /usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib on a 32-
bit system, and /usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib64 on a 64-bit system

‣ To change the environment variables for 32-bit operating systems:

$ export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin:$PATH
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
‣ To change the environment variables for 64-bit operating systems:

$ export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin:$PATH
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

(Optional) Install Writable Samples

In order to modify, compile, and run the samples, the samples must be installed with
write permissions. A convenience installation script is provided:

$ cuda-install-samples-5.5.sh <dir>

This script is installed with the cuda-samples-5-5 package. The cuda-samples-5-5

package installs only a read-only copy in /usr/local/cuda-5.5/samples.

Available packages
The recommended installation packages are cuda and cuda-cross. Those two packages
will install the full set of other CUDA packages required for development and should
cover most scenarios
The cuda package installs all the available packages for native developments. That
includes the compiler, the debugger, the profiler, the math libraries,... For x86 patforms,
this also include NSight Eclipse Edition and the visual profiler It also includes the
NVIDIA driver package.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

The cuda-cross package installs all the packages required for cross-platform
developments, such as the i386 and x86_64 CUDA libraries. On supported platforms,
the cuda-cross-armhf package installs all the packages required for cross-platform
development on ARMv7. The libraries and header files of the ARMv7 display driver
package are also installed to enable the cross compilation of ARMv7 applications. The
cuda-cross and cuda-cross-armhf packages do not install the native display driver.

The packages installed by the packages above can also be installed individually by
specifying their names explicitly. The list of available packages be can obtained with:

$ yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="cuda" list available # RedHat & Fedora

$ zypper pa -r cuda # OpenSUSE & SLES
$ cat /var/lib/apt/lists/*cuda*Packages | grep "Package:" # Ubuntu

Package Upgrades
The cuda and cuda-cross packages points to the latest stable release of the CUDA
Toolkit. When a new version is available, the standard package managers upgrade
command will install the latest CUDA Toolkit.

$ yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="cuda" update # RedHat & Fedora

$ zypper up -r cuda # OpenSUSE & SLES
$ apt-get install cuda nvidia-current nvidia-current-dev \
nvidia-modprobe nvidia-settings # Ubuntu

Some desktop environments, such as GNOME or KDE, will display an notification alert
when new packages are available.
To avoid any automatic upgrade, and lock down the installation to the X.Y release,
install the cuda-X-Y or cuda-cross-X-Y.
Side-by-side installations are supported. For instance, to install both the X.Y CUDA
Toolkit and the X.Y+1 CUDA Toolkit, install the cuda-X.Y and cuda-X.Y+1 packages.

Distribution-Specific Quirks
RHEL and Fedora

‣ The driver relies on an automatically generated xorg.conf file at /etc/X11/xorg.conf.

If a custom-built xorg.conf file is present, this functionality will be disabled and the
driver may not work. You can remove the existing xorg.conf file, or add the contents
of /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/00-nvidia.conf to the xorg.conf file.
‣ The libcuda.so library is installed in the /usr/lib{,64}/nvidia directory. For pre-
existing projects which use libcuda.so, it may be useful to add a symbolic link from
libcuda.so in the /usr/lib{,64} directory.
‣ If the i686 libvdpau package dependency fails to install, try using the following
steps to fix the issue:

$ yumdownloader libvdpau.i686
$ rpm -U --oldpackage libvdpau*.rpm

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

Ubuntu

‣ When using a proxy server with aptitude, wget must be set up to use the same
proxy settings before installing the cuda-repo package.
‣ The libcuda.so library is installed in the /usr/lib/nvidia-current directory. For pre-
existing projects which use libcuda.so, it may be useful to add a symbolic link from
libcuda.so in the /usr/lib directory.

2.5.2. Runfile Installation

This section does not apply for ARMv7 development. The ARMv7 release is only
available through the DEB package installer.

This section describes the installation and configuration of the CUDA Toolkit runfile,
which you previously downloaded.
The toolkit installation can install any combination of the driver, toolkit and samples.
The toolkit also installs a pristine copy of the samples within the toolkit directory.
This directory is used by the Samples Browser, and can be used to replace the writable
directory, should it become corrupt.
The samples installs and a writable copy of the samples where you should build and run
the samples.
Before installing the CUDA software packages, you should read the bundled Release
Notes, as the notes provide important details on installation and software functionality.
Then, follow these few steps for a successful installation.

If you wish to have a version of the Cuda Toolkit installed earlier than v5.5, it must
be installed prior to installing a Cuda Toolkit v5.5 or greater.

If you've already installed a stand-alone driver, you need to make sure it meets the
minimum version requirement for the toolkit. This requirement can be found in the
CUDA Toolkit release notes.

On many distributions, the driver version number can be found in the graphical
interface menus under Applications > System Tools > NVIDIA X Server Settings. Or,
from the command line, run:

/usr/bin/nvidia-settings

You can extract individual installers for each component by running (xx in 5.5.xx is
the minor version of the installation package):

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

sh cuda_5.5.xx_linux_32_rhel5.x.run -extract=/path/to/extract/dir/

Keep in mind that the extraction path must be an absolute path.

1. Exit the GUI if you are in a GUI environment by pressing Ctrl-Alt-Backspace.

Some distributions require you to press this sequence twice in a row; others have
disabled it altogether in favor of a command such as
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm stop

Still others require changing the system runlevel using a command such as
/sbin/init 3

Consult your distribution's documentation to find out how to properly exit the GUI.
2. If you are running an Ubuntu distro which installs the nvidia-current Debian package
by default, and want to install the NVIDIA Display Driver, remove this package by
running:
sudo apt-get --purge remove nvidia-current
3. The driver and toolkit must be installed for CUDA to function. If you have not
installed a stand-alone driver, install the driver from the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit.

If the CUDA Samples are installed as a different user, others can install a writable
copy of the samples by running cuda-install-samples-5.5.sh <dir>

Install the CUDA Toolkit (xx in 5.5.xx is the minor version of the installation package)
by running the downloaded .run file as a superuser.
sudo sh cuda_5.5.xx_linux_32_rhel5.x.run

If you are using an Optimus system and are installing the driver, you must pass the
--optimus option to the CUDA Toolkit installer. If you are instead installing a stand
alone driver on an optimus system, you must pass --no-opengl-files to the installer
and decline the xorg.conf update at the end of the installation.
If the Display Driver component fails to install, you may have the Nouveau drivers
worked into your root filesystem (initramfs). To remove this, you will have to rebuild
your initramfs image:
sudo mv /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r)-
nouveau.img

sudo dracut /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img $(uname -r)

If you are using Grub2 as a bootloader, you may also need to edit its config to prevent
Nouveau from loading. Add "rdblacklist=nouveau nouveau.modeset=0" to the end
of the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX entry in /etc/default/grub. Then, remake your Grub
configuration by running:
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

. Once this is done, reboot your machine and attempt the install again.
You can select which packages you wish to install at the start of the installation.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

The CUDA Toolkit installation defaults to /usr/local/cuda-5.5. In addition, a

symbolic link is created from /usr/local/cuda to /usr/local/cuda-5.5 in order
for existing projects to make use of the new CUDA Toolkit. A pristine copy of the
samples is installed within the toolkit directory.
The CUDA Samples are installed to a user folder which defaults to $(HOME)/
NVIDIA_CUDA-5.5_Samples.
4. Define the environment variables.
‣ The PATH variable needs to include /usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin
‣ LD_LIBRARY_PATH needs to contain /usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib on a 32-bit
system, and both /usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib and /usr/local/cuda-5.5/
lib64 on a 64-bit system
To change the environment variables for 32-bit operating systems:
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

To change the environment variables for 64-bit operating systems:

export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-5.5/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
5. If you wish to build all of the samples, including those with graphical rather than
command-line interfaces, you may need to install additional system libraries or
headers if you have not done so before.
While every Linux distribution is slightly different with respect to package names
and package installation procedures, the libraries and headers most likely to be
necessary are OpenGL (e.g., Mesa), GLU, GLUT, and X11 (including Xi, Xmu, and
GLX). These can be installed on Ubuntu as follows, for example:
sudo apt-get install freeglut3-dev build-essential libx11-dev libxmu-dev
libxi-dev libgl1-mesa-glx libglu1-mesa libglu1-mesa-dev

6. Check that the device files/dev/nvidia* exist and have the correct (0666) file
permissions. These files are used by the CUDA Driver to communicate with the
kernel-mode portion of the NVIDIA Driver. Applications that use the NVIDIA driver,
such as a CUDA application or the X server (if any), will normally automatically
create these files if they are missing using the setuid nvidia-modprobe tool that is
bundled with the NVIDIA Driver. Some systems disallow setuid binaries, however,
so if these files do not exist, you can create them manually either by running the
command nvidia-smi as root at boot time or by using a startup script such as the
one below:
#!/bin/bash

/sbin/modprobe nvidia

if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then

# Count the number of NVIDIA controllers found.
NVDEVS=`lspci | grep -i NVIDIA`
N3D=`echo "$NVDEVS" | grep "3D controller" | wc -l`
NVGA=`echo "$NVDEVS" | grep "VGA compatible controller" | wc -l`

N=`expr $N3D + $NVGA - 1`

for i in `seq 0 $N`; do

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

mknod -m 666 /dev/nvidia$i c 195 $i

done

mknod -m 666 /dev/nvidiactl c 195 255

else
exit 1
fi
7. Restart the GUI environment (using the command startx or init 5 or sudo /etc/
init.d/gdm start or the equivalent command on your system).

More information on installing the driver is available at http://us.download.nvidia.com/

XFree86/Linux-x86_64/319.32/README/index.html.

New versions of CUDA software can require later versions of Linux and of the NVIDIA
driver, so always verify that you are running the correct driver release and version of
Linux for the version of the CUDA toolkit you are using.

Installing Mesa may overwrite the /usr/lib/libGL.so that was previously installed
by the NVIDIA driver, so a reinstallation of the NVIDIA driver might be required after
installing these libraries.

2.6. Verify the Installation

Before continuing, it is important to verify that the CUDA toolkit can find and
communicate correctly with the CUDA-capable hardware. To do this, you need to
compile and run some of the included sample programs.

Ensure the PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH variables are set correctly.

2.6.1. Verify the Driver Version

If you installed the driver, verify that the correct version of it is installed.
This can be done through your System Properties (or equivalent) or by executing the
command
cat /proc/driver/nvidia/version

Note that this command will not work on an Optimus system.

2.6.2. Compiling the Examples

The version of the CUDA Toolkit can be checked by running nvcc -V in a terminal
window. The nvcc command runs the compiler driver that compiles CUDA programs. It
calls the gcc compiler for C code and the NVIDIA PTX compiler for the CUDA code.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

The NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit includes sample programs in source form. You should
compile them by changing to ~/NVIDIA_CUDA-5.5_Samples and typing make. The
resulting binaries will be placed in ~/NVIDIA_CUDA-5.5_Samples/bin/x86_64/
linux/release.

2.6.3. Running the Binaries

After compilation, go to ~/NVIDIA_CUDA-5.5_Samples/bin/linux/release and run
deviceQuery. If the CUDA software is installed and configured correctly, the output for
deviceQuery should look similar to that shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Valid Results from deviceQuery CUDA Sample

The exact appearance and the output lines might be different on your system. The
important outcomes are that a device was found (the first highlighted line), that the
device matches the one on your system (the second highlighted line), and that the test
passed (the final highlighted line).
If a CUDA-capable device and the CUDA Driver are installed but deviceQuery reports
that no CUDA-capable devices are present, this likely means that the /dev/nvidia*
files are missing or have the wrong permissions.
On systems where SELinux is enabled, you might need to temporarily disable this
security feature to run deviceQuery. To do this, type:
# setenforce 0

from the command line as the superuser.

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 Installing CUDA Development Tools

Running the bandwidthTest program ensures that the system and the CUDA-capable
device are able to communicate correctly. Its output is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Valid Results from bandwidthTest CUDA Sample

Note that the measurements for your CUDA-capable device description will vary from
system to system. The important point is that you obtain measurements, and that the
second-to-last line (in Figure 2) confirms that all necessary tests passed.
Should the tests not pass, make sure you have a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU on your
system and make sure it is properly installed.
If you run into difficulties with the link step (such as libraries not being found), consult
the Linux Release Notes found in the doc folder in the CUDA Samples directory.

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Chapter 3.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

Now that you have CUDA-capable hardware and the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit installed,
you can examine and enjoy the numerous included programs. To begin using CUDA to
accelerate the performance of your own applications, consult the CUDA C Programming
Guide, located in /usr/local/cuda-5.5/doc.
A number of helpful development tools are included in the CUDA Toolkit to assist
you as you develop your CUDA programs, such as NVIDIA® Nsight™ Eclipse Edition,
NVIDIA Visual Profiler, cuda-gdb, and cuda-memcheck.
For technical support on programming questions, consult and participate in the
developer forums at http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda/.

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Notice
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