Programming

Fundamentals

Java Boot Camp

Module 1

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Objectives
 At the end of the lesson, the student
should be able to:
 Identify the basic parts of a Java program
 Differentiate among Java literals, primitive
data types, variable types ,identifiers and
operators
 Develop a simple valid Java program using
the concepts learned in this chapter

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 indicates the name of the class which is SampleOne

 In Java, all code should be placed inside a class
declaration
 The class uses an access specifier public, which indicates
that our class in accessible to other classes from other
packages (packages are a collection of classes). We will be
covering packages and access specifiers later.

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 The curly brace { indicates the start of a block.

 There should be a corresponding closing curly
brace }to end the block.

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 The next three lines are a Java comment.

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 The main method is the starting point of a Java

program.
 Make sure to follow the exact signature and note that it
has a closing curly brace.

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 The next line is another Java comment, a single-

line comment.

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Dissecting my First Java
Program

 The command System.out.println(), prints

the text enclosed by quotation on the screen.

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Best Practices
 Your Java programs should always end with the .java
extension.
 Filenames should match the name of your public
class. So for example, if the name of your public class
is Hello, you should save it in a file called
Hello.java.
 You should write comments in your code explaining
what a certain class does, or what a certain method
do.

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Java Comments
 Comments
 These are notes written to a code for documentation
purposes.
 These notes are not part of the program and do not
affect the flow of the program.
 3 Types of comments in Java
 C++ Style Comments
 C Style Comments
 Javadoc Comments

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Java Comments
 C++-Style Comments
 C++ Style comments start with //
 All the text after // is treated as a comment
 For example:

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Java Comments
 C-Style Comments
 C-style comments, also called multiline
comments start with a /* and end with a */.
 All text in between the two delimiters is
treated as a comment.
 Unlike C++ style comments, it can span
multiple lines.
 For example:

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Java Comments
 Javadoc Comments
 Javadoc comments are used for generating
HTML documentation for your Java programs.
 You can create javadoc comments by starting
the line with /** and ending it with */.

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Java Statements
 Statement
 one or more lines of code terminated by a
semicolon.

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Java Blocks
 Block
 is one or more statements bounded by
opening and closing curly braces that group
the statements as one unit.
 Block statements can be nested indefinitely.
 Any amount of whitespace is allowed.

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Java Statements and Blocks
Best Practice
 You should indent block-enclosed
statements four spaces after the start of a
block. For example:

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Java Identifiers
 Identifiers
 are tokens that represent names of variables,
methods, classes, and other user-defined
program elements.
 Examples of identifiers are: Hello, main,
System, out.
 Java identifiers are case-sensitive.
 This means that the identifier Hello is not the
same as hello.

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Java Identifiers
 Identifiers must begin with either a letter,
an underscore “_”, or a dollar sign “$”.
Letters may be lower or upper case.
Subsequent characters may use numbers
0 to 9.
 Identifiers cannot use Java keywords like
class, public, void, etc. We will discuss
more about Java keywords later.

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Java Identifiers
Best Practices
 For names of classes, capitalize the first letter of the
identifier. For example:
 ThisIsAnExampleOfClassName

 For names of methods and variables, the identifier

should start with a lower-case letter. For example:
 thisIsAnExampleOfMethodName

 When creating multi-word identifiers, use capital

letters to indicate the start of each word except the
first word. For example,
 charArray, fileNumber, ClassName.

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Java Identifiers
Best Practices
 For constants use all capitals and separate words with
underscores. For example:
 EXAMPLE_OF_A_CONSTANT
 Avoid using underscores at the start of the identifier
such as _read or _write.

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Java Keywords
 Keywords are predefined identifiers
reserved by Java for specific purposes.
 You cannot use keywords as identifiers
for any user-defined elements such as
variables, methods, classes, and
constants.
 The next slide contains the list of the Java
Keywords.

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Java Keywords

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Java Literals
 Literals are tokens that do not change -
they are constant.
 The different types of literals in Java are:
 Integer Literals
 Floating-Point Literals
 Boolean Literals
 Character Literals
 String Literals

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Primitive Data Types
 The Java programming language defines eight
primitive data types.
 Logical
 boolean
 Textual
 char
 Numerical
 byte
 short
 int
 long (integral)
 double
 float (floating point).

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Primitive Data Types:
Logical-boolean
 A boolean data type represents one of two
states: true and false.
 An example is

 The example declares a boolean type

variable named result and assigns it a
value of true.

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Primitive Data Types:
Textual-char
 A character data type (char), represents a
single Unicode character.
 It must have its literal enclosed in single
quotes(’’).

 To represent special characters like ' (single

quotes) or " (double quotes), use the escape
character \.

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Primitive Data Types:
Textual-char
 The following literals all refer to the same
character:

Hexadecimal

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Primitive Data Types:
Textual-char
 String is not a primitive data type, but due to its
very common use we will introduce String in this
section.
 A String is a data type composed of multiple
characters. As such it is not a primitive data type,
it is a class.
 It has its literals enclosed in double quotes(“ ”).

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Primitive Data Types: Integral –
byte, short, int & long
 Integral data types have the following ranges:

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Primitive Data Types: Integral –
byte, short, int & long
 Integral data types in Java can take values
in three forms – decimal, octal or
hexadecimal.

Integral types have int as default data

type.
 You can define a long value by appending
the letter l or L (upper or lowercase 'L')

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Primitive Data Types: Floating
Point – float and double
 Floating-point data types have the
following specs:
type bits accuracy range represented (approximate only)
float 32 6 to 7 significant digits ±1.40e-45 to ±3.40e+38
double 64 14 to15 significant digits ±4.94e-324 to ±1.79e+308

 Though floating-point data types can

represent the exact value of some
integers, as a general practice we never
regard floating-point representations as
exact.

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Primitive Data Types: Floating-
Point – float and double
 Floating-point types have double as default data
type.
 Floating-point literals/constants include either a
decimal point or one of the following,
E or e //(add exponential value)
F or f //(float)
D or d //(double)
 Examples:

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Casting
 Among integral types, casting is implicit if
from narrow to wide

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Casting
 Among integral types, casting is implicit if
from narrow to wide

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Casting
 Casting to a narrower datatype requires
an explicit cast. Initial bits will be
dropped.

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Casting
 Similar rules apply to floating-point
primitives:

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Casting
 Integral types can be implicitly cast to
floating-point types.

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Casting
 If a floating-point is cast to an integral,
digits after the decimal-point are dropped:

 value of i: 4

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Casting
 char can be implicitly cast to int, long or
floating-point types

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Casting
 booleans cannot be cast to any other data
type

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Variables
 A variable is an item of data used to store
the state of objects.
 A variable has a:
 data type
 The data type determines the type of value that
the variable can hold.
 name
 The variable name must follow rules for identifiers.

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Declaring and Initializing
Variables
 Declare a variable as follows:
 <data type> <name> [=initial value];
 Note: Values enclosed in < > are required
values, while those values in [ ] are
optional.

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Declaring and Initializing
Variables: Sample Program

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Declaring and Initializing
Variables: Best Practices
 It always good to initialize your variables
as you declare them.
 Use descriptive names for your variables.
For example, if you want a variable that
contains a student's grade, give it a name
like grade or englishGrade, and not just
random letters and/or numbers like g1.

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Declaring and Initializing
Variables: Best Practice
 Declare one variable per line of code.
 For example, the variable declarations

are preferred over the declaration

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Scope of a Variable
 The scope
 determines where in the program a variable is
accessible.
 determines the lifetime of a variable or how long the
variable can exist in memory.
 The scope is determined by where the variable
declaration is placed in the program.

 To simplify, think of the scope as anything

between the curly braces {...}. Areas outside the
curly braces are called the outer blocks, and
blocks enclosed by the curly braces are called
inner blocks.

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Scope of a Variable
 A variable's scope is
 Inside the block where it is declared, starting
from the point where it is declared, and in the
inner blocks.

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Example 1

C
D
E

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Example 1
 The code we have here represents five scopes
indicated by the boxes and the letters
representing the scope.
 Given the variables i, j, k, m and n, and the five
scopes A, B, C, D and E, we have the following
scopes for each variable:
 The scope of variable i is A.
 The scope of variable j is B.
 The scope of variable k is C.
 The scope of variable m is D.
 The scope of variable n is E.

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Example 2

A
B

D
E

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Example 2
 In the main method, the scopes of the
variables are,
 ages[] – scope A
 i in B – scope B
 i in C – scope C
 In the test method, the scopes of the
variables are,
 arr[] – scope D
 i in E – scope E

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Scope of a Variable
 When declaring variables, only one variable with
a given identifier or name can be declared in a
scope.
 That means that if you have the following
declaration,

your compiler will generate an error since you

should have unique names for each variable
within a single block.

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Scope of a Variable
 However you can have two variables of
the same name if they are not declared in
the same block. For example,

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Outputting Variable Data
 In order to output the value of a certain
variable to console, we can use the
following commands:

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Outputting Variable Data:
Sample Program

 The program will output the following text on

screen:

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System.out.println() vs.
System.out.print()
 System.out.println()
 Appends a newline at the end of the data
output
 System.out.print()
 Does not append newline at the end of the
data output

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System.out.println() vs.
System.out.print()
 Program 1:

Output:

 Program 2:

Output:

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Reference Variables vs.
Primitive Variables
 Two types of variables in Java:
 Primitive Variables
 Reference Variables
 Primitive Variables
 variables with primitive data types such as
int or long.
 stores data in the actual memory location of
where the variable is

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Reference Variables vs.
Primitive Variables
 Reference Variable
 a variable that stores the address in its
memory location
 points to another memory location where the
actual data is stored.
 When you declare a variable of a certain
class, you are actually declaring only a
reference to a possible instance of that class
(which might not exist yet), and are not
creating the object itself.

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Example
 Suppose we have two variables with data
types int and String.

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Example
 The picture shown below is the actual
memory of your computer, wherein you
have the address of the memory cells, the
variable name and the data they hold.

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Operators
 Different types of operators:
 arithmetic operators
 relational operators
 logical operators
 conditional operators
 These operators follow a precedence that
tells the compiler which operation to
evaluate first when multiple operators are
used in one statement.

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Arithmetic Operators

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Arithmetic Operators:
Sample Program

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Arithmetic Operators:
Sample Program

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Arithmetic Operators:
Sample Program

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Arithmetic Operators:
Sample Program Output

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Pop Quiz
 What is the result of writing this code:

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Pop Quiz
 What is the result of writing this code:

 Will not compile!

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Arithmetic Operators
 byte, short and char get automatically
promoted to int before any arithmetic
operation.

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Arithmetic Operators
 In mixed expressions, all participants get
promoted to datatype of widest participant
 Floating point numbers are always
considered “wider” than integrals.

 all promoted to float

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Increment and Decrement
Operators
 unary increment operator (++)
 unary decrement operator (--)
 Increment and decrement operators increase
and decrease a value stored in a number
variable by 1.
 For example, the expression,

is equivalent to

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Increment and Decrement
Operators

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Increment and Decrement
Operators
 The increment and decrement operators
can be placed before or after an operand.
 When used before an operand, it causes
the variable to be incremented or
decremented by 1, and then the new value
is used in the expression in which it
appears.

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Increment and Decrement
Operators
 When the increment and decrement
operators are placed after the operand,
the old value of the variable will be used in
the expression where it appears.

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Increment and Decrement
Operators: Best Practice
 Always keep expressions containing
increment and decrement operators
simple and easy to understand.

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Relational Operators
 Relational operators compare two values and
determines the relationship between those values.
 The output of evaluation are the boolean values
true or false.

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Relational Operators:
Sample Program

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Relational Operators:
Sample Program

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Relational Operators:
Sample Program

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Relational Operators:
Sample Program Output

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Logical Operators
 Logical operators have one or two
boolean operands that yield a boolean
result.
 There are six logical operators:
 && (short-circuit logical AND, binary)
 & (logical AND, binary)
 || (short-circuit logical OR, binary)
 | (logical inclusive OR, binary)
 ^ (logical exclusive OR, binary)
 ! (logical NOT, unary)

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Logical Operators
 The basic expression for a logical
operation is,
x1 op x2
where,
x1, x2 - can be boolean expressions,
variables or constants
op - is either &&, &, ||, | or ^ operator.
 The truth tables that will be shown next,
summarize the result of each operation for
all possible combinations of x1 and x2.

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Logical Operators: &&(logical)
and &(boolean logical) AND
 Here is the truth table for && and &

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Logical Operators: &&(logical)
and &(boolean logical) AND
 The basic difference between && and &
operators :
 && supports short-circuit evaluations (or partial
evaluations), while & doesn't.
 Given an expression:
exp1 && exp2
 && will evaluate the expression exp1, and
immediately return a false value is exp1 is false.
 If exp1 is false, the operator never evaluates exp2
because the result of the operator will be false
regardless of the value of exp2.
 In contrast, the & operator always evaluates
both exp1 and exp2 before returning an answer.

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Logical Operators: &&(logical)
and &(boolean logical) AND

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Logical Operators: &&(logical)
and &(boolean logical) AND
 The output of the program is

 Note, that the j++ on the line containing

the && operator is not evaluated since the
first expression (i>10) is already equal to
false.

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Logical Operators: || (logical) and
| (boolean logical) inclusive OR
 Here is the truth table for || and |,

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Logical Operators: || (logical) and
| (boolean logical) inclusive OR
 The basic difference between || and I operators :
 || supports short-circuit evaluations (or partial
evaluations), while | doesn't.
 Given an expression:
exp1 || exp2
 || will evaluate the expression exp1, and
immediately return a true value is exp1 is true
 If exp1 is true, the operator never evaluates exp2
because the result of the operator will be true
regardless of the value of exp2.
 In contrast, the | operator always evaluates both
exp1 and exp2 before returning an answer.

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Logical Operators: || (logical) and |
(boolean logical) inclusive OR

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Logical Operators: || (logical) and
| (boolean logical) inclusive OR
 The output of the program is,

 Note, that the j++ on the line containing

the || operator is not evaluated since the
first expression (i<10) is already equal to
true.

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Logical Operators: ^ (boolean
logical exclusive OR)
 Here is the truth table for ^,

 The result of an exclusive OR operation is TRUE,

if and only if one operand is true and the other is
false.
 Note that both operands must always be
evaluated in order to evaluate the result of an
exclusive OR.

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Logical Operators: ^ (boolean
logical exclusive OR)

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Logical Operators: ^ (boolean
logical exclusive OR)
 The output of the program is

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Logical Operators: !
(logical NOT)
 The logical NOT takes in one argument,
wherein that argument can be an
expression, variable or constant.
 Here is the truth table for !,

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Logical Operators: !
(logical NOT)

 The output of the program is

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Logical Operators:
Conditional Operator (?:)
 The conditional operator ?:
 is a ternary operator.
 This means that it takes in three arguments that together
form a conditional expression.
 The structure of an expression using a conditional
operator is
exp1?exp2:exp3
 exp1 - is a boolean expression whose result must either be
true or false
 Result:
 If exp1 is true, exp2 is the value returned.
 If it is false, then exp3 is returned.

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Logical Operators:
Conditional Operator (?:)

 The output of this program will be

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Logical Operators:
Conditional Operator (?:)

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Operator Precedence

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Operator Precedence
 Given a compound expression,

6%2*5+4/2+88-10

we can re-write the expression and place

some parentheses based on operator
precedence,

((6%2)*5)+(4/2)+88-10

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Operator Precedence:
Best Practice
 To avoid confusion in evaluating
mathematical operations, keep your
expressions simple and use parentheses.

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Summary
 Java Comments (C++-Style Comments, C-
Style Comments, Special Javadoc
Comments)
 Java statements, blocks, identifiers,
keywords
 Java Literals (integer, floating point,
boolean, character, String)
 Primitive data types( boolean, char, byte,
short, int, long, float, double)
 Casting

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Summary
 Variables (declare, initialize, output)
 Scope of a variable
 System.out.println() vs. System.out.print()
 Reference Variables vs. Primitive
Variables
 Operators (Arithmetic operators,
Increment and Decrement operators,
Relational operators, Logical operators,
Conditional Operator (?:), Operator
Precedence)

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