CRALaw - Labor Law Pre Week (2018)

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www.chanroblesbar.com : www.chanroblesbar.com.ph
UPDATED LAST-MINUTE PRE-WEEK NOTES ON LABOR LAW FOR THE 2018 BAR EXAMS
Prof. Joselito Guianan Chan
CHAN ROBLES ONLINE BAR REVIEW
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2 G.R. No. 161757, Jan. 25, 2006.
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1 G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009.
2 G.R. No. 170139, Aug. 05, 2014. The foreign employer alleged in this case that respondent’s dismissal was due to inefficiency in her work and negligence in her duties.
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Can overtime pay be waived?

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How is it reckoned and computed?

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What is the distinction between night shift differential pay and overtime pay?
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How is Night Shift Differential Pay computed?
. Where night shift (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) work is regular work.
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Is the employer’s prerogative to determine the rest period of its employees subject to
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When can an employer require work on a rest day?
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Who are covered by the law on holiday pay?

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What are REGULAR and SPECIAL HOLIDAYS?

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What is the principal distinction between regular and special (non-working) days?
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How is premium pay for holidays computed?

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What are the effects of absences on the computation of holiday pay?

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When day preceding regular holiday is a non-working day or scheduled rest day -
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Are private school teachers entitled to holiday pay during semestral vacations? What about
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Are hourly-paid teachers entitled to holiday pay?

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Are piece-workers, takay and others paid by results entitled to holiday pay?
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What are the distinctions between “supervised” and “unsupervised” workers paid by results
to determine their entitlement to holiday pay?
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Are seasonal workers entitled to holiday pay?

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Are seafarers entitled to holiday pay?

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What are important principles on holiday pay?

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Who are covered by the 13th month pay law?
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What is the minimum period of service required in a calendar year to be entitled to 13th month
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When should 13th month pay be paid?

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Who are excluded from its coverage?

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1 G.R. No. 181806, March 12, 2014.
2 G.R. No. 176985, April 1, 2013; See also Supreme Steel Corporation v. Nagkakaisang Manggagawa ng Supreme Independent Union (NMS-IND-APL), G.R. No.
185556, March 28, 2011, 646 SCRA 501, 527; TSPIC Corporation v. TSPIC Employees Union (FFW), G.R. No. 163419, Feb. 13, 2008, 545 SCRA 215, 226.
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1 G.R. No. 149434, June 3, 2004.
2 G.R. No. 85073, Aug. 24, 1993, 225 SCRA 562.
3 G.R. No. 152456, April 28, 2004, 438 SCRA 239.
4 G.R. No. 188949, July 26, 2010.
5 G.R. No. L-57636, May 16, 1983, 122 SCRA 267; 207 Phil. 2235.
6 G.R. No. 74156, June 29, 1988, 163 SCRA 71.
7 G.R. No. 163419, Feb. 13, 2008.
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What is the formula for rectifying or resolving wage distortion?

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What is the number of delivery or miscarriage covered?

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Is an unmarried woman entitled to maternity leave benefit?
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What is the covered total number of deliveries?

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What is parental leave?
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How many days may be availed of as parental leave?
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Who is a solo parent?

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What is the effect of change of status of the solo parent?

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Is this leave similar to maternity leave?
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1 G.R. No. 118978, May 23, 1997, 272 SCRA 596, 605.
2 G.R. No. 164774, April 12, 2006.
3 G.R. No. 162994, Sept. 17, 2004.
32

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What are the prohibited acts against women under the Labor Code?
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5 G.R. No. 155207, Aug. 13, 2008.
40

Is it necessary to have a written contract of employment in order to establish employer-

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1 G.R. No. 138051, June 10, 2004.
2 G.R. No. 155207, Aug. 13, 2008.
3 G.R. No. 192084, Sept. 14, 2011.
4 G.R. No. 196426, Aug. 15, 2011.
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1 G.R. No. 170287, Feb. 14, 2008.
2 G.R. No. 170287, Feb. 14, 2008.
3 See Section 6 thereof. (Other Causes of Termination.) xxx
4 DOLE Department Order No. 53, Series of 2003 in relation to the IRR of R.A. 9165.
5 DOLE Department Order No. 102, Series of 2010.
6 DOLE Department Advisory No.5, Series of 2010 Part III C1. par. c.
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2 G.R. No. 166208, June 29, 2007.
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What are the instances where hearing is not required?

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1 G.R. No. 167760, March 7, 2007.
2 G.R. No. 162994, Sept. 17, 2004.
3 G.R. No. 118978, May 23, 1997, 272 SCRA 596, 605.
4 G.R. No. 164774, April 12, 2006.
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2 G.R. No. 100485, Sept. 21, 1994.
3 G.R. No. 110399, Aug. 15, 1997, 277 SCRA 370, 380-381.
4 G.R. No. 96189, July 14, 1992, 211 SCRA 451.
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1 G.R. No. L-25291, Jan. 30, 1971, 37 SCRA 244.
2 General Milling Corporation v. CA, G.R. No. 146728, Feb. 11, 2004.
3 G.R. No. 149440, Jan. 28, 2003.
4 Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., Employees Association-NATU v. Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., G.R. No. L-25291, Jan. 30, 1971, 37 SCRA 244.
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3 G.R. No. L-16903, Aug. 31, 1965, 14 SCRA 955.
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1 Etymologically, the term "featherbedding" originally referred to any person who is pampered, coddled, or excessively rewarded. The term originated in the use of feathers to fill
mattresses in beds, providing for more comfort. The modern use of the term in the labor relations setting began in the United States railroad industry, which used feathered
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mattresses in sleeping cars. Railway labor unions, confronted with changing technology which led to widespread unemployment, sought to preserve jobs by negotiating contracts
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which required employers to compensate workers to do little or no work or which required complex and time-consuming work rules so as to generate a full day's work for an employee
who otherwise would not remain employed. (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law, 1st ed., Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-87779-604-1; Visit also the Knowledge Encyclopedia
at http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/knowledge/ Featherbedding.html; Last visited: Jan. 30, 2017).
2 It is the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, better known as the “Taft–Hartley Act,” which was enacted on June 23, 1947. It amended the National Labor Relations Act, 29
U.S. Code § 158 - Unfair labor practices, Sec. 8[b] [6] thereof, which states: “to cause or attempt to cause an employer to pay or deliver or agree to pay or deliver any money or other
thing of value, in the nature of an exaction, for services which are not performed or not to be performed[.]”
3 “Featherbedding” is the insistence by unions on employment of unnecessary workers, i.e., demanding payment for work no longer performed by workers because of machines or
robots. Featherbedding dramatically increases labor costs and decreases productivity. (See Labor Law Glossary, Matt Austin Labor Law, https://mattaustinlaborlaw.com/labor-law-
dictionary/; Last accessed: October 09, 2016).
4 It must be noted that Section 8(b)(6) of the Taft-Hartley Act has outlawed featherbedding arrangements which is a ULP of the union making the demand for payment of wages for
services which are not performed or not to be performed. However, the prohibitions against featherbedding under this section are made applicable only to payments for workers not to
work. Consequently, the agreement prescribing minimum number of workers to be hired and maintained and other “make-work” arrangements are considered valid and legal,
notwithstanding the provision of this section.
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1 Meaning of “exaction” per USLegal.com found at http://definitions.uslegal.com/e/exaction/. Last visited: June 30, 2016. Note that “[t]he act of exacting money or the sum exacted is
also called exaction.”See also TheLawDictionary.Com at http://thelawdictionary.org/exaction/, Last accessed: June 30, 2016.
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2 See YourDictionary.com at http://www.yourdictionary.com/exaction. Last visited: June 30, 2016.

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3 See USLegal.com at http://definitions.uslegal.com/e/exaction/. Last visited: June 30, 2016. The FreeDictionary.com at http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/exaction,
distinguished these two terms, thus: “EXACTION, torts. A willful wrong done by an officer, or by one who, under color of his office, takes more fee or pay for his services than what the
law allows. Between extortion and exaction there is this difference; that in the former case the officer extorts more than his due, when something is due to him; in the latter, he exacts
what is not his due, when there is nothing due to him. Wishard; Co. Litt. 368.” Last accessed: June 30, 2016.
4 NLRB v. Gamble Enterprises, Inc., 345 US 117 97 L Ed 864, 73 S Ct 560.
5 International Brotherhood of Teamsters, etc., 212 NLRB 968, 1974 CCH NLRB 26867, 87 BNA LRRM 1101.
6 Consolidated Theaters, Inc. v. Theatrical Stage Employees Union, 69 Cal 2d 713, 73 Cal Rptr 213, 447 P2d 325.
7 NLRB v. Gamble Enterprises, Inc., 345 US 117, 97 l Ed 864, 73 S Ct 560; American Newspaper Publishers Association v. NLRB, 345 US 100, 97 L Ed 852, 73 S Ct 552, 31 ALR2d
497.
8 American Newspaper Publishers Association v. NLRB, 345 US 100, 97 L Ed 852, 73 S Ct 552, 31 ALR2d 497.
9 Musicians Union v. Superior Court of Alameda County, 69 Cal 2d 695, 73 Cal Rptr 201, 447 P2d 313; NLRB v. Gamble Enterprises, Inc., 345 US 117, 97 L Ed 864, 73 S Ct 560.
10 American Newspaper Publishers Association v. NLRB, 345 US 100, 97 L Ed 852, 73 S Ct 552, 31 ALR2d 497; International Hod Carriers Bldg. & Common Laborers Union, 135
NLRB 1153 1962 CCH NLRB 10938, 49 BNA LRRM 1638.
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2 G.R. No. L-49983, April 20, 1992.
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2 G.R. No. 183335, Dec. 23, 2009; See also Hotel Employees Union-NFL v. Waterfront Insular Hotel Davao, G.R. Nos. 174040-41, Sept. 22, 2010.
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review on certiorari. The petitioners challenge the decision of the CA which sustained the ruling of the NLRC to the effect that the Labor Arbiter had jurisdiction because
the respondent, its Vice President for Finance and Administration, was not a corporate officer of petitioner Matling.
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1 Andrew James Mcburnie v. Eulalio Ganzon, G.R. Nos. 178034, 178117, 186984 and 186985, Oct. 17, 2013.
2 The fact of clarification was pronounced in Balite v. SS Ventures International, Inc., G.R. No. 195109, Feb. 4, 2015.
3 G.R. Nos. 180147-180150, 180319 and 180685, June 4, 2014.
4 This case is a consolidation of 6 cases involving several corporations, namely: Sara Lee Philippines, Inc. (SLPI), Aris Philippines, Inc. (Aris), Sara Lee Corporation (SLC)
and Fashion Accessories Philippines, Inc. (FAPI).
5 G.R. No. 195109, Feb. 4, 2015.
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1 Section 1 [ii], Rule I, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]. Excepted from the Med-Arbiter’s
jurisdiction are cases over which the Regional Director exercises original and exclusive jurisdiction such as application for union registration, petitions for cancellation of union
registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.” This is per Section 3, Rule II [Med-Arbitration], Rules of Procedure on Mediation-Arbitration, which provides:
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2 The term “Med-Arbiter” is used and cited in the following articles of the Labor Code: Articles 230 [224] (Execution of decisions, orders or awards), 268 [256] (Representation issue in
organized establishments), 269 [257] (Petitions in unorganized establishments), 272 [259] (Appeal from certification election orders), and 292 [277] (Miscellaneous provisions),
paragraph (i) thereof. Surprisingly, Med-Arbiter is not referred to at all in Article 232 [226].
3 Nowhere, however, in the Labor Code is the term “Mediator-Arbiter” used or cited.
4 Such as Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008, issued on October 30, 2008. This Department Order was issued by the DOLE Secretary to implement the changes in the
Labor Code brought about by the amendments introduced thereto by R.A. No. 9481 [Effective June 14, 2007]. Another issuance is Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015
[September 07, 2015], entitled “Further Amending Department Order No. 40, Series of 2003, Amending the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Book V of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, as Amended.”
5 Although without a period that would signify that it is an abridgement of a word.
6 See Article 128, Labor Code.
7 Visitorial and enforcement powers of the DOLE Secretary and his duly authorized representatives, the DOLE Regional Directors.
8 See Article 129, Labor Code, involving monetary claims of ଑RUOHVV
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1 Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, G.R. No. 168475, July 4, 2007; Bautista v. CA, G.R. 123375, Feb. 28, 2005, 452 SCRA 406, 420.
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2 Section 1[B] (formerly Section 2), Rule XI, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008]; Article 232
[226], Labor Code; Policy Instructions No. 6; Villaor v. Trajano, G.R. No. 69188, Sept. 23, 1986; M. Y. San Biscuits, Inc. v. Laguesma, G.R. No. 95011, April 22, 1991.
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3 Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, supra; Bautista v. CA, supra.

4 Section 1 [9], Rule III, NCMB Manual of Procedures for Conciliation and Preventive Mediation Cases; Appendix 2 [Definition of Terms], NCMB Primer on Strike, Picketing and
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Lockout, 2nd Edition, December 1995; Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, Ibid.; Bautista v. CA, Ibid.
5 Section 1 [x], Rule I, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003].
6 Issued on September 07, 2015.
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7 Particularly its Rule VII [Voluntary Recognition], Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]. This
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provision has been repealed and replaced by a new provision entitled, "REQUEST FOR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE BARGAINING AGENT (SEBA) CERTIFICATION", pursuant to the
amendment introduced by Section 3, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015], entitled “Further Amending Department Order No. 40, Series of 2003,
Amending the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Book V of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as Amended.”
8 Section 4, Rule VII of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. The election should be
conducted in accordance with Rule IX thereof.
9 Section 5, Rule VII, Ibid.
10 Referring to Rule IX of the Labor Code’s Implementing Rules, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015].
11 Section 6, Rule VII, Ibid. in accordance with Rules VIII and IX, Ibid.
12 Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, supra, citing Bautista v. CA, supra.
13 Section 1 [bb], Rule I, Book V, Ibid.; Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, supra; Bautista v. CA, supra.
14 Section 1 [8], Rule III, NCMB Manual of Procedures for Conciliation and Preventive Mediation Cases; Appendix 2 [Definition of Terms], NCMB Primer on Strike, Picketing and
Lockout, 2nd Edition, December 1995.
15 Section 1 [bb], Rule I, Book V, Ibid.; Diokno v. Hon. Cacdac, supra; Bautista v. CA, supra.
134

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1 See Section 1, Rule XI, Book V of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as previously amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008] which
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designated this section as “Section 1(A)”, and as further amended by Section 18, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015], entitled “Further Amending
Department Order No. 40, Series of 2003, Amending the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Book V of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as Amended.”
2 This is in the nature of an inter-union dispute which may be occasioned by the introduction of a new mode of securing the status of sole and exclusive bargaining agent (SEBA). The
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Labor Code’s Implementing Rules, particularly its RULE VII on “Voluntary Recognition” was actually repealed and replaced by a completely new provision entitled “REQUEST FOR
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SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE BARGAINING AGENT (SEBA) CERTIFICATION” This was introduced by the amendatory provision of Section 3, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of
2015 [September 07, 2015], Ibid.
3 Disputes over the interpretation or implementation of the CBA are considered as grievable issues cognizable by and should be processed through the grievance machinery and
voluntary arbitration provided in the CBA itself. (See Articles 273 [260] and 274 [261], Labor Code).
4 Section 1 [rr], Rule I, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003].
5 Section 1[B] (formerly Section 2), Rule XI, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008].
6 In case the Request is made in an unorganized establishment with only one (1) legitimate union, and the requesting union or local fails to complete the requirements for SEBA
certification during the validation conference before the DOLE Regional Director, in which event, such Request should be referred to the Election Officer for the conduct of
certification election (Section 4, Rule VII of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. The election
should be conducted in accordance with Rule IX thereof.), which necessarily would mean that such certification election should now be conducted under the jurisdiction of the
Mediator-Arbiter to whom the Election Officer is duty-bound to report the outcome of the election proceeding. Certainly, the ensuing certification election cannot be conducted under
the directive of the DOLE Regional Director without the participation of the Mediator-Arbiter who, under the law, is the one possessed of the original and exclusive jurisdiction over
certification election cases, including the proclamation of the winning SEBA. (See Section 21, Rule IX, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as ordered renumbered by
135

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Section 17, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. This section was originally numbered Section 20, per Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003,
[Feb. 17, 2003], but it was subsequently re-numbered to Section 19, per Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008]).
1 Section 5, Rule VII, in relation to Rules VIII and IX, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015].
2 Section 6, Rule VII, in relation to Rules VIII and IX, Ibid.
3 Section 1 [ii], Rule I, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]; Section 4, Rule XI, Book V of the
Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008]. See also Article 226, Labor Code; Policy Instructions No. 6;
Villaor v. Trajano, G.R. No. 69188, Sept. 23, 1986.
4 Med-Arbiters have the authority to issue temporary restraining orders (TROs) and writs of injunction in appropriate cases. Section 5, Rule XVI, Book V of the Omnibus Rules
Implementing the Labor Code states: “Sec 5. Injunctions. -- No temporary injunctions or restraining order in any case involving or growing out of a labor dispute shall be issued by any
court or other entity. On the other hand, the Office of the President, the Secretary of Labor, the Commission, the Labor Arbiter or Med-Arbiter may enjoin any or all acts involving or
arising from any case pending before any of said offices or officials which if not restrained forthwith may cause grave or irreparable damage to any of the parties to the case or
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seriously affect social or economic stability.”

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5 Section 4, Rule XVI, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code.

7 All the cases cognizable by the DOLE Regional Directors are as follows: (a) Visitorial (inspection) cases under Article 37; (b) Visitorial (inspection) and enforcement cases under
Article 128; (c) Visitorial cases under Article 289 [274], involving examination of books of accounts of independent unions, local chapters/chartered locals and workers’ associations;
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(d) Occupational safety and health violations; (e) Small money claims cases arising from labor standards violations in an amount not exceeding ଑5,000.00 and not accompanied with
a claim for reinstatement under Article 129; (f) Cases related to private recruitment and placement agencies (PRPAs) for local employment, such as: (1) Applications for license or
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denial thereof; (2) Complaints for suspension or cancellation of license by reason of administrative offenses; (3) Complaints for illegal recruitment; and (4) Petition for closure of
agency; (g) Cases submitted for voluntary arbitration in their capacity as Ex-Officio Voluntary Arbitrators (EVAs) under Department Order No. 83-07, Series of 2007; (h) Union
registration-related cases, such as: 1) Applications for union registration of independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations; 2) Petition for denial of application for
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registration of said unions; 3) Petitions for revocation or cancellation of registration of said unions; (i) Notice of merger, consolidation, affiliation and change of name of said unions
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and or petition for denial thereof; (j) CBA-related cases, such as: 1) Application for registration of single-enterprise CBAs or petition for deregistration thereof; 2) Petition for denial
of registration of single-enterprise CBAs or denial of deregistration thereof; and (k) Request for SEBA certification when made in an unorganized establishment with only one (1)
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legitimate union.
8 These are (1) inter-union disputes; (2) intra-union disputes; and (3) Other related labor relations disputes.
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9 “Article 289 [274]. Visitorial power. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized representative is hereby empowered to inquire into the financial activities of
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legitimate labor organizations upon the filing of a complaint under oath and duly supported by the written consent of at least twenty percent (20%) of the total membership of the labor
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organization concerned and to examine their books of accounts and other records to determine compliance or non-compliance with the law and to prosecute any violations of the law
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and the union constitution and by-laws: Provided, That such inquiry or examination shall not be conducted during the sixty (60)-day freedom period nor within the thirty (30) days
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immediately preceding the date of election of union officials.” (As amended by Section 31, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989).
10 Section 3, Rule II of the Med-Arbitration Rules states: “SEC. 3. Jurisdiction of the Regional Director.- The Regional Director shall exercise original and exclusive jurisdiction over
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application for union registration, petitions for cancellation of union registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.” See also Section 1, Rule II,
Rules of Procedure on Mediation-Arbitration.
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11 See Article 243 [236] of the Labor Code which provides: “Art. 243 [236]. Denial of registration; appeal. The decision of the Labor Relations Division in the regional office denying
registration may be appealed by the applicant union to the Bureau within ten (10) days from receipt of notice thereof.”
12 Referring to independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations, as distinguished from federations, national unions, industry unions, trade union centers and their local
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chapters/chartered locals, affiliates and member organizations whose application for registration as well as denial or cancellation or revocation of registration is cognizable by the BLR
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Director in his original and exclusive jurisdiction [infra].

13 Specifically cited as exception to Med-Arbiter’s jurisdiction is cancellation of union registration, per Section 1 [ii], Rule I, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by
Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003].
14 Section 3, Rule II of the Med-Arbitration Rules, supra; See also Section 4, Rule XI, Book V of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03,
Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008].
15 As distinguished from cases involving multi-empoyer CBAs which fall under the original jurisdiction of the BLR Director.
16 Section 4 [formerly Section 5], Rule XI, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003], and as re-
numbered by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008].
17 Section 4, Rue VII, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. Under this situation, the DOLE Regional Director, before whom the Request for SEBA
Certification is filed, should refer the Request for SEBA Certification to the Mediator-Arbiter for the determination of the propriety of conducting a certification election, in which case,
the Mediator-Arbiter now has the jurisdiction to decide the certification election issue. (Section 6, Rule VII, in relation to Rules VIII and IX, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of
2015 [September 07, 2015]). Note must be made that when the Request for SEBA Certification is made in an unorganized establishment with more than one (1) legitimate labor
organization, the Med-Arbiter takes over from the DOLE Regional Director in the matter of hearing and resolving the issue of certification election.
136

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1 See Section 3, Rule XIII, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003], thus, a request for examination
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of books of accounts pursuant to Article 289 [274], in the absence of allegations pertaining to a violation of Article 250 [241], should not be treated as an intra-union dispute.
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2 G.R. No. 120220, June 16, 1999.

3 Citing La Tondena Workers Union v. Secretary of Labor, G.R. No. 96821, Dec. 9, 1994, 239 SCRA 117.
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application for union registration, petitions for cancellation of union registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.”
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5 See 2nd paragraph, Section 1, Rule III, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]; See also Section 1, Rule II,
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6 Under the previous repealed provision, it is stated that where the notice of voluntary recognition is sufficient in form, number and substance and where there is no other registered
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labor union operating within the bargaining unit concerned, the DOLE Regional Office, through the Labor Relations Division shall, within ten (10) days from receipt of the notice,
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record the fact of voluntary recognition in its roster of legitimate labor unions and notify the labor union concerned. (See the repealed provision of Section 3, Rule VII, Book V, Rules to
Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]).
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Where the notice of voluntary recognition is insufficient in form, number and substance, the DOLE Regional Office shall, within the same period, notify the labor union of its findings
and advise it to comply with the necessary requirements. Where neither the employer nor the labor union failed to complete the requirements for voluntary recognition within thirty (30)
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days from receipt of the advisory, the DOLE Regional Office shall return the notice of voluntary recognition together with all its accompanying documents without prejudice to its re-
submission. (Section 3, Rule VII, Book V, Ibid.).
7 Section 1, Rule VII, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003].
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8 Besides this mode, the other modes of selecting or designating a SEBA are certification election, consent election, run-off election, and lately, re-run election.
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9 “Election Officer” refers to an officer of the Bureau of Labor Relations or the Labor Relations Division in the Regional Office authorized to conduct certification elections, election of
union officers and other forms of elections and referenda. (Section 1 [o], Rule I, and Sections 2-5, Rule XII, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department
Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]).It is the Election Officer who shall have control of the pre-election conference and election proceedings. (Section 1, Rule IX, Book
V, Ibid.).
10 Section 4, Rule VII of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. The election should be
conducted in accordance with Rule IX thereof.
11 Under the Rules, within 24 hours from the final canvass of votes, there being a valid election, the Election Officer shall transmit the records of the case to the Med-Arbiter who shall,
within the same period from receipt of the minutes and results of election, issue an order proclaiming the results of the election and certifying the union which obtained the majority of
the valid votes cast as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent in the subject bargaining unit, xxx. (The provision entitled “Proclamation and certification of the result of the election”
should now be denominated as Section 21, Rule IX, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, by virtue of the re-numbering ordered by Section 17, Department Order No. 40-I-
15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. This section was originally numbered Section 20, per Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003], but it was
subsequently re-numbered to Section 19, per Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008]. This latest 2015 re-numbering was effected through said Section 17
which states: “Sections subsequent to inserted new provisions and/or renumbered sections are renumbered accordingly.”).
137

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1 Article 232 [226], Labor Code.

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2 See Section 21, Rule IX, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as ordered renumbered by Section 17, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015].
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This section was originally numbered Section 20, per Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003], but it was subsequently re-numbered to Section 19, per
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Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008].

3 Section 5, Rule VII, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015].
Referring to Rule IX of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015].Note must be made that when
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the Request for SEBA Certification is made in organized establishment, in which case, the Regional Director should refer the same to the Mediator-Arbiter for the determination of the
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propriety of conducting a certification election. (Section 6, Rule VII, Ibid. in accordance with Rules VIII and IX, Ibid.).
6 The appellate jurisdiction of the BLR Director is discussed in another section below.
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7 As distinguished from petitions for cancellation of registration of independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations, as provided in Section 3, Rule II of the Med-Arbitration
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Rules which states: “SEC. 3. Jurisdiction of the Regional Director.- The Regional Director shall exercise original and exclusive jurisdiction over application for union registration,
petitions for cancellation of union registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.” See also Section 4, Rule XI, Book V of the Rules to Implement
the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008] and Section 1, Rule II, Rules of Procedure on Mediation-Arbitration.
8 Referring to federations, national unions, industry unions and trade union centers, as distinguished from independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations.
9 Id.
10 Section 5, Rule IV, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003] and as further amended by
Department Order No. 40-D-05, Series of 2005, Sept. 13, 2005.
11 As distinguished from cases involving single-enterprise CBAs which fall under the jurisdiction of the DOLE Regional Director.
12 Section 4, Rule XI, Book V of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008].
13 G.R. No. 168583, July 26, 2010.
14 Petitioner was elected the National Vice President of FFW in the National Convention held at Subic International Hotel, Olongapo City over the strong opposition and protest of
respondent Atty. Ernesto C. Verceles, a delegate to the convention and president of University of the East Employees Association (UEEA-FFW) which is an affiliate union of FFW.
15 See Section 6 of Rule XV, in relation to Section 1 of Rule XIV of Book V of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code.
138

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2 G.R. No. 131374, Jan. 26, 2000.

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3 This is by virtue of Article 272 [259] of the Labor Code. This article is entitled “Appeal from Certification Election Orders” and it provides as follows: “Article 259. Appeal from
Certification Election Orders. – Any party to an election may appeal the order or results of the election as determined by the Med-Arbiter directly to the Secretary of Labor and
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Employment on the ground that the rules and regulations or parts thereof established by the Secretary of Labor and Employment for the conduct of the election have been violated.
Such appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) calendar days.” Prior to the amendment of Article 272 [259] by R.A. No. 6715, the decisions of the Med-Arbiter in certification election
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cases are appealable to the BLR. Now, they are appealable to the DOLE Secretary. (A’ Prime Security Services, Inc. v. Hon. Secretary of Labor, G.R. No. 91987, July 17, 1995). It
must be emphasized that as far as intra-union disputes are concerned, the decisions of the Med-Arbiters thereon remain appealable to the BLR. (See Section 1 [1], Rule III, NCMB
Manual of Procedures for Conciliation and Preventive Mediation Cases).
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4 In case the Request is made in an unorganized establishment with only one (1) legitimate union, and the requesting union or local fails to complete the requirements for SEBA
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certification during the validation conference before the DOLE Regional Director, in which event, such Request should be referred to the Election Officer for the conduct of certification
election (Section 4, Rule VII of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. The election should be
conducted in accordance with Rule IX thereof.), which necessarily would mean that such certification election should now be conducted under the jurisdiction of the Mediator-Arbiter
to whom the Election Officer is duty-bound to report the outcome of the election proceeding. Certainly, the ensuing certification election cannot be conducted under the directive of
the DOLE Regional Director without the participation of the Mediator-Arbiter who, under the law, is the one possessed of the original and exclusive jurisdiction over certification
election cases, including the proclamation of the winning SEBA. (See Section 21, Rule IX, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as ordered renumbered by Section 17,
Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]. This section was originally numbered Section 20, per Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17,
2003], but it was subsequently re-numbered to Section 19, per Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [Oct. 30, 2008]).
6 Section 1 [1], Rule III, NCMB Manual of Procedures for Conciliation and Preventive Mediation Cases.
7 Otherwise known as representation or certification election conflicts.
8 Supra.
9 Section 18 [formerly Section 17], Rule VIII, Book V, of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03, Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008].
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Rule II of the Rules of Procedure on Mediation-Arbitration, issued on April 10, 1992, to wit: “SEC. 3. Jurisdiction of the Regional Director. - The Regional Director shall exercise
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original and exclusive jurisdiction over application for union registration, petitions for cancellation of union registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.
SEC. 4. Jurisdiction of the Bureau.- xxx “(b) The Bureau shall exercise appellate jurisdiction over all cases originating from the Regional Director involving union registration or
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cancellation of certificates of union registration and complaints for examination of union books of accounts.”
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national or local, shall be cancelled by the Bureau if it has reason to believe, after due hearing, that the said labor organization no longer meets one or more of the requirements
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10 Barles v. Bitonio, G.R. No. 120220, June 16, 1999.
11 “Article 37. Visitorial Power. - The Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representatives may, at any time, inspect the premises, books of accounts and records of any person or
entity covered by this Title, require it to submit reports regularly on prescribed forms, and act on violation of any provisions of this Title.” (Referring to Tile I [Recruitment and Placement
of Workers], Book I, Labor Code).
12 Visitorial cases involve inspection of establishments to determine compliance with labor standards; while enforcement cases involve issuance of compliance orders and writs of
execution.
13 Based on the 2nd paragraph of Article 128(b), Labor Code, which states: “An order issued by the duly authorized representative of the Secretary of Labor and Employment under this
Article may be appealed to the latter. xxx” (As amended by Republic Act No. 7730, June 2, 1994). Additionally, it is provided in Section 1, Rule IV, of the Rules on the Disposition of
Labor Standards Cases in the Regional Offices, thus: “Section 1. Appeal. – The order of the Regional Director shall be final and executory unless appealed to the Secretary of Labor
and Employment within ten (10) calendar daysfrom receipt thereof.” The grounds for the appeal are provided in Section 2 thereof, thus: “Grounds for appeal. – The aggrieved party
may appeal to the Secretary the Order of the Regional Director on any of the following grounds: (a) there is a prima facie evidence of abuse of discretion on the part of the Regional
Director; (b) the Order was secured through fraud, coercion or graft and corruption; (c) the appeal is made purely on questions of law; and (d) serious errors in the findings of facts
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were committed which, if not corrected, would cause grave irreparable damageor injury to the appellant.” (See also Section 2, in relation to Section 3(a), Rule X, Book III of the Rules
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to Implement the Labor Code}.

1 Section 6(a) of Rule VI [Health and Safety Cases] of the Rules on the Disposition of Labor Standards Cases in the Regional Offices which provides: Section 6. Review by the
Secretary. - (a) The Secretary at his own initiative or upon the request of the employer and/or employee, may review the order of the Regional Director which shall be immediately
final and executory unless stayed by the Secretary upon posting by the employer of a reasonable cash or performance bond as fixed by the Regional Director.” See also the 2nd
paragraph of Article 128(b), Labor Code.
2 Section 62, Department Order No. 141-14, Series of 2014, Nov. 20, 2014.
3 Section 23, Rule XI, Book V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-03, Series of 2003, [Feb. 17, 2003]; National Federation of Labor [NFL]
v. Laguesma, G.R. No. 123426, March 10, 1999.
4 Abbott Laboratories Philippines, Inc. v. Abbott Laboratories Employees Union, G.R. No. 131374, Jan, 26, 2000.
5 Article 237 [231], Labor Code.
6 Cebu Seamen’s Association, Inc. v. Hon. Pura Ferrer-Calleja, G.R. No. 83190. Aug. 4, 1992; See also Philippine Land-Sea-Air Labor Union [PLASLU] v. CIR, G.R. Nos. L-5664 & L-
5698, Sept. 17, 1953, 93 Phil. 747.
7 G.R. No. 183335, Dec. 23, 2009.
141

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(9$VXQGHUDepartment Order No. 83-07, Series of 2007.

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1 G.R. No. 88210, Jan. 23, 1991, 193 SCRA 223.

2 G.R. No. 119293, June 10, 2003.
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3 See Section 3, Rule I, Rules on the Disposition of Labor Standards Cases in the Regional Offices [Sept. 16, 1987]; Atilano v. De la Cruz, G.R. No. 82488, Feb. 28, 1990, 182 SCRA
886; San Miguel Corporation v. The Hon. CA, G.R. No. 146775, Jan. 30, 2002.
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4 “Article 37. Visitorial Power. - The Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representatives may, at any time, inspect the premises, books of accounts and records of any person or
entity covered by this Title, require it to submit reports regularly on prescribed forms, and act on violation of any provisions of this Title.” (Referring to Tile I [Recruitment and Placement
of Workers], Book I, Labor Code).
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5 Visitorial cases involve inspection of establishments to determine compliance with labor standards; while enforcement cases involve issuance of compliance orders and writs of
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execution.
6 Article 128 is entitled “Visitorial and Enforcement Power.”
7 Article 289 [274] is entitled “Visitorial Power.”
8 Section 6 of Rule VI [Health and Safety Cases] of the Rules on the Disposition of Labor Standards Cases in the Regional Offices.
9 As distinguished from recruitment and placement of workers for overseas employment which falls under the jurisdiction of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
(POEA).
10 Section 8, Department Order No. 141-14, Series of 2014 (Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment and Placement for Local Employment), Nov. 20, 2014; See
previous provision on this matter in Section 36, Rule VII, Rules And Regulations Governing Private Recruitment and Placement Agency for Local Employment, June 5, 1997. See
also National Federation of Labor v. Laguesma, G.R. No. 123426, March 10, 1999.
11 Section 54, in relation to Section 51, Department Order No. 141-14, Series of 2014, Ibid.
12 Section 45, Department Order No. 141-14, Series of 2014, Ibid.
13 Section 47, Department Order No. 141-14, Series of 2014, Ibid.
14 Issued by former DOLE Secretary, now Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Arturo D. Brion on June 8, 2007.
143

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application for union registration, petitions for cancellation of union registration and complaints for examination of unions books of accounts.” See also Section 1, Rule II,
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chapters/chartered locals, affiliates and member organizations whose application for registration as well as denial or cancellation or revocation of registration is cognizable by the BLR
Director in his original and exclusive jurisdiction [infra].
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5 Section 3, Rule II of the Med-Arbitration Rules, supra; See also Section 4, Rule XI, Book V of the Rules to Implement the Labor Code, as amended by Department Order No. 40-F-03,
Series of 2008 [October 30, 2008].
7 As distinguished from cases involving multi-empoyer CBAs which fall under the original jurisdiction of the BLR Director.
9 Under this situation, the DOLE Regional Director, before whom the Request for SEBA Certification is filed, should refer the Request for SEBA Certification to the Mediator-Arbiter for
the determination of the propriety of conducting a certification election, in which case, the Mediator-Arbiter now has the jurisdiction to decide the certification election issue. (Section 6,
Rule VII, in relation to Rules VIII and IX, Department Order No. 40-I-15, Series of 2015 [September 07, 2015]). Note must be made that when the Request for SEBA Certification is
made in an unorganized establishment with more than one (1) legitimate labor organization, the Med-Arbiter takes over from the DOLE Regional Director in the matter of hearing and
resolving the issue of certification election.
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1 See paragraph (g) of Article 278 [263], Labor Code.
2 Id.
3 See paragraph (b) of Article 292 [277], Labor Code.
4 This is a new form of dispute settlement introduced by the DOLE Secretary under DOLE Circular No. 1, Series of 2006, issued on August 11, 2006 by former DOLE Secretary Arturo
D. Brion, later a distinguished member of the Highest Court. This was issuedin line with the objectives of R.A. No. 9285, otherwise known as the “Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of
2004” [approved on April 2, 2004], Executive Order No. 523 dated April 07, 2006 and the mandate of the DOLE to promote industrial peace.
5 As mandated under DOLE Circular No. 1, Series of 2006, Ibid.
6 As provided under Article 231 [225] which states: Article 231 [225]. Contempt powers of the Secretary of Labor. In the exercise of his powers under this Code, the Secretary of Labor
may hold any person in direct or indirect contempt and impose the appropriate penalties therefor.
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CRALaw - Labor Law Pre Week (2018)

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ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : ChanRobles Professional Review, Inc.

Professor of Law, Bar Reviewer, Book Author & Legal Practitioner

x What are the important labor-related constitutional principles?

DJDLQVWDSULYDWHSDUW\OLNHWKHHPSOR\HU[See discussion below].

D THIS IS THE SECOND OF TWO PROTECTION-TO-LABOR CLAUSES:

¾Does the grant of the right of participation mean co-management of business or

May cases be filed based on violation of the foregoing constitutional provisions?

D 6WDWXWRU\GXHSURFHVVSHUAgabon doctrineZKLFKUHIHUVWRWKHGXHSURFHVVSURYLVLRQLQ

WKH/DERU&RGH $UWLFOH E > E @and

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+(1&( 7+( (03/2<(( %(,1* ,19(67,*$7(' &$1127 ,192.( &2167,787,21$/

Is right to counsel mandatory?

Is HEARING before an employee may be dismissed mandatory?

 Is Article 1700 of the Civil Code applicable to labor cases?

 Who may commit illegal recruitment?

RIDXWKRULW\VXFKDVWKHDFWRIcanvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing,

hiring, or procuring workers and includes referring, contract services, promising or

advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not.

LICENSEE, NON-HOLDER OF AUTHORITY or even by a LICENSEE or HOLDER OF

What is a “license” for overseas recruitment?

What are the elements of illegal recruitment?

What are the 2 elements of simple illegal recruitment?

When is illegal recruitment considered a crime involving economic sabotage?

NOTE: THE NUMBER 3 MAKES THE DIFFERENCE:

¾ 3 OR MORE RECRUITERS 5(*$5'/(662)5(&58,7((6 = SYNDICATE

 7KHUHDUHDWOHDVWWKUHH  SHUVRQVZKRFRQVSLULQJDQGRUFRQIHGHUDWLQJZLWKRQHDQRWKHU

When is illegal recruitment considered in large scale?

one and the same act of recruitment?

What is meant by this theory?

RSSRUWXQLW\WRGLVFXVVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHWKHRU\RILPSXWHGNQRZOHGJH7KH2): 'LYLQD DGRPHVWLF

FRPSODLQDQW sic HPSOR\PHQWFRQWUDFWQHFHVVDULO\ERXQGLW¶´

employment status must be contractual only or for a certain period of time6HDIDUHUVVSHQG

What is the GRFWULQHRISURFHVVXDOSUHVXPSWLRQ?

Are OFWs entitled to the reliefs under the Labor Code?

What are the reliefs to which OFWs are entitled?

What are some principles in regard to monetary awards to OFWs?

What are the requisites for compensability of injury or illness of seafarers?

What is direct hiring?

to issue closure order?

Is remittance of foreign exchange earnings by OFWs mandatory?

 What is an ALIEN EMPLOYMENT PERMIT (AEP)?

 Who are required to procure AEP?

LLL PXVWEHHPSOR\HGE\WKHIRUHLJQVHUYLFHVXSSOLHUIRUDWOHDVWRQH  \HDUSULRUWRWKHVXSSO\RI

 What is the validity of an AEP?

 What are the distinctions between learnership and apprenticeship?

¾8QGHUWKH/DERU&RGH¶V,PSOHPHQWLQJ5XOHV±“Be at least \HDUVRIDJH, provided

 Limitation on the number of trainees,QOHDUQHUVKLSDSDUWLFLSDWLQJHQWHUSULVHLVDOORZHGWR

Wage rate7KHZDJHUDWHRIDOHDUQHURUDQDSSUHQWLFHLVVHWDWVHYHQW\ILYHSHUFHQW 

“Persons with Disability”DUHWKRVHVXIIHULQJIURPUHVWULFWLRQRUGLIIHUHQWDELOLWLHVDVDUHVXOWRI

 What are the rights of PWDs?

 What is the wage rate of PWDs?

 What is the wage rate of PWD if hired as apprentice or learner?

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 What is the rule on discrimination against employment of PWDs?

Who are excluded?

What is the total normal hours of work per day?

What is overtime work?

May normal working hours be reduced?

What are flexible working hours?

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D THIS IS THE SECOND OF TWO PROTECTION-TO-LABOR CLAUSES:

May cases be filed based on violation of the foregoing constitutional provisions?

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Is right to counsel mandatory?

Is HEARING before an employee may be dismissed mandatory?

Is Article 1700 of the Civil Code applicable to labor cases?

Who may commit illegal recruitment?

What is a “license” for overseas recruitment?

What are the elements of illegal recruitment?

What are the 2 elements of simple illegal recruitment?

When is illegal recruitment considered a crime involving economic sabotage?

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When is illegal recruitment considered in large scale?

What is meant by this theory?

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Are OFWs entitled to the reliefs under the Labor Code?

What are the reliefs to which OFWs are entitled?

What are some principles in regard to monetary awards to OFWs?

What are the requisites for compensability of injury or illness of seafarers?

What is direct hiring?

Is remittance of foreign exchange earnings by OFWs mandatory?

What is an ALIEN EMPLOYMENT PERMIT (AEP)?

Who are required to procure AEP?

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What is the validity of an AEP?

What are the distinctions between learnership and apprenticeship?

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What are the rights of PWDs?

What is the wage rate of PWDs?

What is the wage rate of PWD if hired as apprentice or learner?

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What is the rule on discrimination against employment of PWDs?

Who are excluded?

What is the total normal hours of work per day?

What is overtime work?

May normal working hours be reduced?

What are flexible working hours?

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What is compressed work week?

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What is the rule on time-off for regular meal?

When is waiting time compensable?

What are some basic principles on overtime work?

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What is the distinction between PREMIUM PAY and OVERTIME PAY?

What is built-in overtime pay?

What is emergency overtime work? $UWLFOH/DERU&RGH

Can overtime pay be waived?

How is it reckoned and computed?

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What is the duration of weekly rest period?

Who are covered by the law on holiday pay?

What are REGULAR and SPECIAL HOLIDAYS?

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How is premium pay for holidays computed?

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What are the effects of absences on the computation of holiday pay?