UNIT 1

Identifying things
GET STARTED

Identify all the things above based on their function!

No Name Function
.
1 Weld to join two pieces of metal together permanently by melting the parts that touch
2 Bolt to fasten things together
3 adhesive to mend something easily
4 screw to join things together, especially pieces of wood
5 Rivet used to fasten flat pieces of metal or other thick materials such as leather
6 Clip for fastening things together or holding them in position

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 UNIT 2
UNDERSTANDING SIMPLE TEXTBOOK

Topic Sentence and Main Idea

A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus
sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the
paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although
it doesn't always have to be).

Purpose of the Topic Sentence

A topic sentence essentially tells what the rest of the paragraph is about. All sentences after it have to
give more information about the sentence, prove it by offering facts about it, or describe it. For
example, if the topic sentence concerns the types of endangered species that live in the ocean, then
every sentence after that needs to expound on that subject.

Topic sentences also need to relate back to the thesis of the essay. The thesis statement is like a road
map that will tell the reader or listener where you are going with this information or how you are
treating it.

Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas

Every topic sentence will have a topic and a controlling idea. The controlling idea shows the direction
the paragraph will take.

Here are some examples:

 Topic Sentence: There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world.
 The topic is “pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world” and the controlling idea is “many
reasons.”

 Topic Sentence: To be an effective CEO requires certain characteristics.

 The topic is “To be an effective CEO” and the controlling idea is certain characteristics.

 Topic Sentence: There are many possible contributing factors to global warming.
 The topic is "contributing factors to global warming" and the controlling factor is "many
reasons."

 Topic Sentence: Fortune hunters encounter many difficulties when exploring a shipwreck.
 The topic is “exploring a shipwreck” and the controlling idea is “many difficulties.”

 Topic Sentence: Dogs make wonderful pets because they help you to live longer.
 The topic is "dogs make wonderful pets" and the controlling idea is "because they help you to
live longer."

 Topic Sentence: Crime in poverty-stricken areas occurs as a result of a systemic discrimination.

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 The topic is "crime in poverty stricken areas" and the controlling idea is "systemic
discrimination."

 Topic Sentence: Teen pregnancy may be prevented by improved education.

 The topic is "teen pregnancy may be prevented" and the controlling idea is "improving
education."

 Topic Sentence: Cooking requires a number of different skills.

 The topic is "cooking" and the controlling idea is "many different skills."

 Topic Sentence: It is important to be ready before buying a house.

 The topic is "before buying a house" and the controlling idea is the importance of being ready.

 Topic Sentence: Graduating from high school is important for many different reasons.
 The topic is "graduating from high school" and the controlling idea is "many different reasons."

 Topic Sentence: Having a first child is difficult because of the significant adjustments in your
life.
 The topic is "having a first child" and the controlling idea is "significant adjustments in your
life."

 Topic Sentence: Remodeling a kitchen successfully requires research and a good eye.
 The topic is "remodeling a kitchen" and the controlling idea is "requires research and a good
eye."

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Choose the best topic sentence for each paragraph, and write the number in the blank.

1. Brazil is a great place to spend a year as an exchange student.

2. Spending a year as an exchange student changed my whole life.
3. Every student should visit another country.

_______________________________________ When I was seventeen years old, I applied to be an

American Field Service exchange student. I was very proud and excited when I was chosen, but I never
realized how much that year would influence the rest of my life. From the moment I got off the plane in Rio
de Janeiro, I felt like a new person. At first I was nervous about speaking Portuguese, but the Brazilians
soon helped me to feel at ease. Before I left my home, I had been shy and quiet. In Brazil I became much
more confident and outgoing. Most importantly, I had thought I would become an engineer. In Brazil I
learned to love music and realized I wanted to become a professional musician.

1. Traveling abroad can be very stressful if you aren't used to it.

2. Many people enjoy foreign travel and go away every chance that they get.
3. Although many people find traveling to foreign countries exciting, people like me should never leave
home.

____________________________ I have traveled to Mexico, England, Germany, and Japan. I must

admit that I am nervous all of the time while I am away. I cannot relax until the airplane lands in Chicago,
where I live. It's not that I don't like foreigners. I have several friends from other countries. And it's not that
I hate foreign food. My husband and I often eat out at ethnic restaurants at home. However, I just do not
feel comfortable on foreign soil. I am always afraid of making mistakes and offending people. Even when I
know the language, as I did in England, I still get confused with the money, the transportation system, and
all the different ways of doing things. My husband is a great traveler. He loves every minute he spends out
of the country, but I'm afraid from now on he'll have to go alone.

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LANGUAGE FOCUS: Prefixes and Suffixes

Try to find some prefixes and suffixes in the above passage!

Prefixes Suffixes

.................... ....................

.................... ....................

.................... .....................

What Are Prefixes?

Prefixes are first syllables like “non-” and “re-” that have their own meaning. Prefixes combine with
words to create new meanings.

1.Pre + View = Preview (first look)

2.Super + Star = Superstar (top player)

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Why Learn Prefixes?

•Prefixes add meaning to thousands of words.

•Learn a few prefixes, and you open up the meaning of thousands of words.

•The four most frequent prefixes are 97% of prefixed words!

Most Common Prefixes

1. a = without : amoral, apolitical, atypical

2. ante = before : antecedent, antedate

3. anti = against, opposing : anti-war, anti-bacterial

4. arch = more extreme : arch-capitalist, arch-rebel

5. auto = self : auto-dial, auto-rotate

6. bi = two, twice : bilingual, bisect, bi-monthly

7. circum = round : circumnavigate, circumvent

8. co = with : co-author, co-edit

9. col, com, con = with : collaborate, combine, connect

10. contra, counter = against, opposing : contraception, counter-claim

11. de = opposite action : declassify, destroy

12. dia = across : diagonal, diameter

13. dis = not, opposite of : disagree, disprove, distrust, disbelief

14. dys = abnormal : dyslexia, dysfunctional

15. e = electronic : e-literate, e-book

16. eco = relating to the environment : eco-tourism, eco-disaster

17. en(m) = cause to : encode, embrace

18. equi = equal : equidistant, equilateral

19. ex = previously : ex-president, ex-student

20. extra = very : extra-bright, extra-strong

21. extra = outside : extra-curricular, extra-sensory

22. fore = before : forecast

23. hyper = having too much : hyperactive, hypersensitive

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24. il, im, in, ir = not : illogical, impossible, indistinct, irrational

25. in(m) = in, movement to: input, inset, intake, implant, import

26. inter = between, connected : interrelated, interact

27. intra = within : intra-generational, intramuscular

28. kilo = thousand : kilogram, kilometer, kilowatt

29. macro = large in size or scope : macro-economics, macro-scale

30. mal = badly : malfunction, malpractice

31. micro = small in size or scope : micro-economics, micro-scale

32. mid = middle : midway

33. mis = wrongly : mistake, mistranslate, misunderstanding

34. mono = one : mono-centric, monoculture

35. multi = many : multicultural, multi-level

36. neo = based on something older but in new form : neo-classical

37. non = not : non-believer, non-competitive, nonsense

38. out = more, to a greater extent : outnumber, outlive

39. over = over/above/too much : overlook, overcook, overhead

40. post = after : post-examination, post-modern

41. pre = before : pre-industrial, preview, pre-war

42. pro = in favour of : pro-feminist, pro-liberal

43. pseudo = false : pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-science

44. quasi = almost, not quite : quasi-academic, quasi-legal

45. re = again : rediscover, redefine, rename, return

46. retro = backwards : retrogressive, retrospective

47. semi = half, partly : semicircle, semi-organic, semi-precious

48. sub = under, beneath, part of something: submarine, subsection

49. super = above, bigger : superpower, supersonic, superstar

50. trans = across : transcontinental, transcribe, transport

51. ultra = extreme : ultra-sensitive, ultrasound

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52. un = not : uncertain, unusual, unscrew, unplug, unfriendly

53. under = insufficient, under, beneath : underemployed, undersea

54. well = useful, successful : well-designed, well-written

What Are Suffixes?

Suffixes are last syllables like “ed” and “ly” that have their own meaning.

Suffixes combine with words to create new meanings.

1.Turn + ed = Turned (in the past)

2. Quick + ly = Quickly (how it turned)

Why Learn Suffixes?

Suffixes add meaning to thousands of words.
Learn a few Suffixes, and you open up the meaning of thousands of words.

The four most frequent suffixes are 97% of suffixed words!

Most Common Suffixes

1. -able, ible = can be done : identifiable, predictable
2. -al, ial = has property of : personal

3. -ant = having an effect : coolant, accelerant

4. –based = forming a major part of : computer-based, oil-based

5. –cy = state or quality : accuracy, literacy, urgency

6. -ed* = past verb : turned

7. –ee = person affected by something : interviewee, trainee, addressee

8. -en = made of : golden

9. -er = comparative : higher

10. -er = one who : doer, actor

11. -est = superlative : best, biggest

12. –free = without : debt-free, pain-free

13. –ful = full of : careful, joyful

14. –hood = state, condition, period : adulthood, motherhood
15. –ic = having property of, connected with : linguistic, photographic, electric

16. –ics = study of : genetics, electronics

17. –ify = give something a quality : clarify, purify, solidify

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18. –ing* = present participle : running

19. –ism = belief, behaviour : modernism, heroism

20. – ist = person with specific beliefs or behaviour : anarchist, optimist

21. –(t)ion = act, process : action

22. –(i)ty = state of : infinity, sanity

23. –(t)ive = adjective : motive, votive

24. –ize, -ise = bring about a state or condition : modernize/modernize, colonize/colonise

25. –less = without : fearless, careless, childless, meaningless

26. –like = resembling : bird-like, child-like, hook-like

27. –ly* = having : quickly, quietly

28. –ment = action, process : enjoyment

29. –ness = quality or state of : kindness, effectiveness, openness

30. –ocracy = type of ruling body : meritocracy, bureaucracy

31. –ocrat = person ruling : technocrat, aristocrat

32. –ology, -ological = study of : archaeology, biology, biological, geology, physiological

33. –ous = having : joyous, religious

34. –proof = protected against, safe from : waterproof, dustproof

35. –s* = more than one : books

36. –ship = state or experience of having a specific position : professorship, leadership

20. –y = having : happy, windy

Use these suffixes correctly, and you look and sound pretty smart.

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 UNIT 3
MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY
Describing Specific Material

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D. Read this article and put these headings on the correct place!

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Languae Focus: Passive

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Rewrite your instruction into Passive!

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 UNIT 4
MAKING AGREEMENT

ASKING AND GIVING OPINIONS

Here are some expressions of asking opinions:

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 Do you think … ?  Would you agree that … ?

 How do you feel about … ?  Can you give me your thoughts on … ?

 In your opinion, … ?  Do you (dis)approve of … ?

 Please tell me your opinion on …  Do you agree with the opinion that … ?

 What do you think about … ?  Do you have any views on … ?

 What’s your opinion on … ?  Do you share the/my view that … ?

 Do you (also) think that … ?  If I asked your opinion about … , … ?

 Do you believe that … ?  If I said … , … ?

 Do you have an opinion on … ?  I’d like (to hear) your views on …

 Do you have any opinions on/about … ?  I’m sure you’d agree that …

 In your experience, … ?  What are your feelings about … ?

 In your honest opinion, … ?  What are your views on … ?

 What’s your view on … ?

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When writing you may have to:
- give your opinion of issues and ideas.
- show your preference for one concept or another or agree or disagree with a statement.
- support your opinions and ideas with valid arguments.

The following structures and sentence patterns can be used to express your opinion:
In my opinion, A is the best choice …
It’s my opinion that B is an excellent idea.
I think that X should be used.
Personally, I think / feel / believe that X should not be …

Expressing Preference
Expressing your preference for one concept over another is a way of giving your opinion, so the
sentence patterns for showing your preferences are often combines with the patterns used to express your
opinion:
In my opinion, A is much better choice than B.
Pay special attention to the
It’s my opinion that C should be used instead of Y.
examples marked with an asterisk
I believe that X is preferable to Y.
(*). Notice that the verb phrase
Personally, I feel that X is superior to Y.
would rather is used with a base
I prefer A to C.
form (would rather do). The verb
I like Y more than B.
phrases would prefer and would
I like to do Y more than to do Z.
choose take an infinitive (would
I like doing Y more than doing Z.
rather prefer to see; would rather
I would rather do X than Z.*
choose to have). The verb enjoy
I would prefer to see B than C.*
takes a gerund (enjoy going).
I would choose to have X rather than to have Y.*
I generally enjoy going to Z more than to A.*
Agreement and Disagreement

Showing agreement and disagreement with a person or an idea is also a way of expressing an opinion:
I agree with the statement that X is the best way to do Y.
I disagree with those people who believe that B is the best option.
I agree that people should generally do A before they do B.
Some people think C is the most important quality in Z, but I don’t agree.

Notice that agree/ disagree with is used with noun phrases (noun or pronoun), while
agree/ disagree that is used with clauses (subject and verb).

You may also need to support your ideas with reasons. Here are some sentence patterns for giving
reasons:
I agree with those people who say that X is true because of Y.
I disagree with those people who believe that B is the best option because A is true.
There are several reasons why I think X is better than Y.
I agree with the opinion of people who believe that X is true. There are several reasons for this.
Notice that because of is a two-word preposition used with noun phrases (noun or pronoun),
while because is a conjunction used at the beginning of clauses (subject and verb).

You may also need to develop you ideas by providing examples.

1. I would rather visit Paris than any other city in the world because it has so many
cultural attractions. For example/ For instance the Louvre Museum has one of
the best collections in the world
2. I decided to visit Paris because of its great museums. A good example of this is
The Louvre or the Louvre is a good example of this.
3. In some countries, such as Portugal, this practice is quite common.

You should not use the phrase for example or for instance + noun as a complete sentence:
INCORRECT:
I would rather visit Paris than any other city in the world
because it has so many cultural attractions. For example /
For instance the Louvre Museum.

You can also support a general idea with personal experiences.

1. Some people support the idea that we should generally do A before we do.
2. The statement says that C is true. In my experience, this is not necessarily true.
Experiences from my own life support this idea.
3. How can we learn how to do X? For me, there have been at least three ways.
 UNIT 5
COMPARATIVE AND CONTRASTIVE PARAGRAPH
Get Started

 Read the following passage. What aspect should be put in comparative and contrastive paragraphs?
 What is meant by “comparing and contrasting”?
 What do you do when you compare two things? And what do you do when you contrast two things?

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND SOLAR ENERGY

Complete the table below by using the information from the text above!

Solar Energy Nuclear Energy

Similarities

DIfferences
WRITING TASK

Write a paragraph of comparison

and contrast about the picture
capturing two kinds of ships!
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Compare and contrast the two buildings captured in the picture above!

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UNIT 6
WORK DOCUMENT

What is work document?

It is a document which contains technical details. Any document that provides steps or gives instructions to
carry out tasks.
What does a workplace document function? To answer this question, read the information in the
following passage.

Answer the following questions!

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

2. According to the passage, why should people document?
3. What can documentation prevent people from?
4. What are the advantages of using work document?

GROUP TASK
Here are some examples of workplace documents. Try to fill out the form or documents!
END TASK
Discuss with your group work, supposed you are the director in a company. Try to make a
workplace document. Choose among several types of documents above (the examples)!