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Exploiting Oil & Gas Fields - FA Training-1KJ-Day 1 PDF
Exploiting Oil & Gas Fields - FA Training-1KJ-Day 1 PDF
Training Course
PetroEdge: 25 July-29 July 2011
Kuala Lumpur
www.Fluidsinmotion.com
Agenda
Day 1:- The Big Picture
Introductions / Safety
• Industry Outlook
• Reservoirs
• Fluids Transportation
Tea Break
• Host Facilities
• Development Costs
• Summary of FA Issues
• Opportunities for New Technologies
Lunch
• Start of Design Workshop
• Selection of Fields & Groups
• Design of Pipelines &Risers
• Insulation Requirements
• Chemicals
• Other Technologies
Agenda
Day 2:- Flow Assurance Considerations
• Multiphase Thermo-hydraulics
• Slugging
• Hydrates
• Wax
• Asphaltenes
Tea Break
• Scales
• Erosion
• Corrosion
• Chemical Inhibitors
Lunch
• Workshop Continuation
• Development of Flow Assurance Strategies
Agenda
Day 3:- Enabling / Emerging Technologies
• Flow Assurance Solutions
• Subsea Processing
• Separation
• Multiphase Pumping
• Metering
• Subsea Gas Compression
Tea Break
• Pipeline Thermal Management
• Raw Sea Water Injection
• Gas to Liquids Conversion
• Gas to Liquids Absorption
• Other Emerging Technologies
Lunch
• Workshop Continuation
• Selection of Best Technologies for Field Type
• Analysis of Technologies
• Risks in use of Technologies
Agenda
Day 4:- Workshop Conclusion
• Surge
• Software Solutions- Field Options
Tea Break
• Results of Workshop
• Group A: Deep Water Oil Field Presentation
• Long distance Oil field tie-back to Platform
Lunch
• Group B: Long Distance Gas Condensate Field Presentation
• Open Forum & Additional Cases
• Workshop Conclusion
Agenda
Day 5:- Training Conclusion
Big Picture
• Exploration / Drilling
• Reservoir / Field
• Wells
• Transportation
• Host Facilities
• Product to Market
70
Enhanced Recovery
Existing Fields
Existing Production
Years
Industry Outlook
Future Demand
70
Oil Production
Years
Industry Outlook
Malaysia:
Industry Outlook
Malaysia:
Industry Outlook
Stranded Gas:
Tonnes/Yr)
Pipeline Transport
Gas Production (M Ton
LNG Transport
CNG Transport
STRANDED GAS
Distance to Market
Reservoirs
Reservoir Discovery:
• Field Appraisal Areal Extent Gas Cap
• Size Layer Discovery
of Well
Well
• Production Method
• Economically Viable
• Seismic Surveys
• 3D Image
• Appraisal Wells
• Size and Structure of field
• Wireline Logging
• Porosity, Fluid Saturation &
Thickness
Dry Well &
• Well Tests Limit of layer
• Hydrocarbon Samples, Thickness
Reservoir productivity,
Temperature & Pressure
• Existence of
an Aquifer
Reservoirs
Reservoir Discovery:
• Anticlines- targets for onshore
oil finds
Shale Seal
Cap Gas
Gas
Oil
Oil
Water Water
Shale Seal
Reservoirs
Reservoir Discovery:
• Traps and Faults
Impermeable Rock
Gas
Oil
Water
Reservoirs
Reservoir Rock
Samples:
• Laboratory Analysis
• Faults in reservoir &
Poor Porosity Rock (Pour Space- Usually water.)
Porosity &
Permeability
• Develop Geological
Models Rock (Cement from
• Identification of Precipitated Minerals.)
Micro Fossils
• Best Sites for Rock (Cement from
Production Wells Precipitated Minerals.)
Reservoirs
Logging Samples:
Seismic Surveys:
Tail Buoy
Seismic Survey Vessel
Hydrophone Streamer
Air Gun
Sea
Sound Waves
Rock Strata
Reflected
Sound Waves
Reservoirs
Drilling
Operations:
Oil Rig Systems
Once the equipment is at the site, the
Derrick
crew sets the rig up. The major systems
of a land oil rig:
Power system
• large diesel engines - burn diesel- Turn Table Engine
Bit
Reservoirs-Drilling
• Derrick - support
structure that holds the
drilling apparatus; tall
enough to allow new
sections of drill pipe to be
added to the drilling Derrick
apparatus as drilling
progresses
• Blowout preventer - Turn Table Engine
Bit
Reservoirs
Production
Wells
• Number
Production Wells
• Areal Extent
• Depth
Deviated Smart Verticle
• Vertical or
Deviated, Smart
• Production
Capacity
• Oil or Gas
Dominated
• Cost
Reservoirs
Estimating
Recoverable
Pressure =1Bara
Reserves Production Vessel Temperature = 15deg.C
• Reservoir
Dimensions
• Pressure
• Hydrocarbon Type Verticle
• Development Plan Deviated
• 10-70% Oil
• 85% Gas
• Each Reservoir is
Smart
Unique
• Computer
Simulation Models
• Development Costs
• Price of Oil
• Inflation
• Government-
Approval &
Monitoring Pressure =200Bara
Temperature = 50deg.C
Pressure =400Bara
Temperature =150deg.C
Reservoirs
Estimating
Quantity Of Oil
Pressure =1Bara
• Reservoir Production Vessel Temperature = 15deg.C
Volume
• Pore Space
Volume Deviated Verticle
Smart
Pressure =200Bara
Temperature = 50deg.C
Pressure =400Bara
Temperature =150deg.C
Reservoirs
OFFSHORE PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
ISSUES ACCIDENTS
• Marine • Oil spills
Discharges • Chemical spills
• Atmospheric
• Gas releases
• Discharges
• Dropped
• Waste for objects
Disposal on land • Collisions
• Input Overboard Discharge
• Accidental
TREATMENT &
COMPRESSION
TANKER
TREATMENT SEPARATION
Oil & PIPELINE
Condensate
DRILLING
Subsea Production System
Production
Tree
Production
Production Jumpers
Tree
Manifold Production
Production Tree
Tree Connectors
Tree Cap
XOV
ASV PSV
P&T P&T
A-Choke P-Choke
AWV PWV
P&T PMV P&T
AMV MV1
MV2
MV3
Production Well 1:
Production Well 2:
Choke, Valves, Pressure &
Choke, Valves, Pressure &
Temperature Transmitters
Temperature Transmitters
& Flow Meters
& Flow Meters
Service Lines
Production Lines
• Water Depth
• Reservoir Size
• Location
• Local Infrastructure
• Production
Capacity
• Cost of Facility
Host Facilities-Vertically Moored
Tensioned Platform
Host Facilities
• Water Depth
• Reservoir Size
• Location
• Local Infrastructure
• Production Capacity
• Cost of Facility
Host Facilities-Compliant Tower
Host Facilities-Spar Platform
Host Facilities-FPSO Vessel
Host Facilities-Risers
SEA SURFACE
Tensioned
Tendons
Top Tensioned
Risers
Piled
Secured
Templates
Sea bed
Surface
SEA SURFACE
COMPLAINT
HYBRID
TOWER
CATINARY
Pipelines-Typical U Values
U Value
(W/m2K) Water Depth
LDPU Foam
0.3-2 HDPU Foam
<1500
0.3-2 <2500 GSPU/SPU Wet Insulation
2-10
<3000 Single Pipe in Pipe
1.- 5 <200 Bundle Pipe in a Steel Carrier
0.3-2 <100
<150
<120
<120
<150
<150
Temperature
Lay Method
Transportation
Temperature
Density (kg/m3)
Transportation
LOGSTOR:
Single pipe using PU foam and a HDPE jacket.
Temperature up to 120°C.
Transportation
Outer Pipe
Izoflex
Liner
Phase
Change
Inner Pipe
Material
Production
Fluid
Transportation
Heat Released by
Phase Change
Material
Temperature
System Start-Up
Time
Heat Absorbed by
Phase Change Material
Time
Transportation
1.2
1
Dunbar TOTAL North Sea 170 16"/20"
U (W/m2.K)
0.4
Forvie Shell North Sea 140 15"/17"
Rosa TOTAL West Africal 1470 9"/11"
0.2 USAN TOTAL West Africal 800 113/4"/14"
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pipe Length
Transportation
Primary Importance:
•Thermal conductivity
•Specific heat capacity
•Hydrostatic strength
•Ageing resistance (thermal, chemical,
oxidative)
•Water absorption (rate, total,
permeability)
Transportation
2175
0
0.28
1.94
3.61
5.28
6.94
8.61
10.28
11.94
13.61
15.28
16.94
18.61
20.28
21.94
23.61
25.28
26.94
28.61
30.28
31.94
33.61
35.28
36.94
38.61
40.28
41.94
43.61
45.28
46.94
48.61
50.28
51.94
53.61
55.28
56.94
58.61
60.28
61.94
63.61
65.28
66.94
68.61
Time (Hrs)
Cost Comparison for Subsea Elements
(Large Field)
9% Capex (100km)
5% 13%
2%
14%
Opex (10Yrs. 50km)
11%
7%
Deep Water 12%
600m 11%
30mbpd 57% 20%
100mmbbl - 15 yrs
7%Capex (150km)
GOR = 300 - 500 SCF/Stb 3%
10% 8%
1%
31%
18%
Slug Catcher(Top) Pipelines: Prodn., WI,Gas
Power Cable Umbilical (Chemical)
MPM MPP
Sep. Plant (Subsea)
61%
Cost Comparison for Subsea Elements
(Small Field)
Capex (25km)
5% 10%
14%
4%
11%
7%
12%
Shallow Water 10%
46% 11%
100m
10mbpd 20%
3% Capex (50km)
20mmbbl - 10 yrs 6%
GOR = 300 - 500 3% 8%
SCF/Stb 8%
14% 31%
Slug Catcher(Top) Pipelines: Prodn., WI,Gas
Power Cable Umbilical (Chemical)
MPM MPP
12% Sep. Plant (Subsea)
54%
Design Considerations
• Operational Stability
• Slugging / Hydrodynamic / Terrain Induced
• Flow Rate Changes
• Low Temperatures
• Well Testing
• Shut Down / Re-Start / De-Pressurisation
• Hydrate, Wax, Scale, Erosion, Corrosion Control
and Management
100km Subsea Tie-Back Gas Field
••Reservoir
6 -8 Production wells.
•Wells
•Reservoir
•Reservoir
Production Profiles-Gas Field
Issues:
• Hydrate avoidance
• Slug Control
• Low temperatures and compliance with material specs
Operations:
• Initial s/u and well / pipeline re-start up
• Low production operations
• Shutdowns either total or partial
• Pigging either intelligent or operational
Critical Operational Considerations
• No. of Wells
• TVD and profile
• PI Vs time
• Rock characteristics
• WHFP and WHFT
• Shut - in Pressure and Temperature
Total System- Flowline / Riser
Resource
Description of Function Deliverables Designer
Title
Design and analysis of steady Pressures, velocities, liquid hold-up, Baker Jardine
PIPESIM
state multiphase systems slug characteristics and fluid properties Associates
Selection of Fields:
• Deepwater Oil field tie - back to an FPSO
• Long distance Oil field tie - back to
Platform
• Long distance Gas condensate to shore
Work Shop
Design Basis
•Large body of information
•Vary in quality: complete/accurate, incomplete
•Examples of information needed
•Operating philosophy
•Field development philosophy
•Equipment design philosophy
•Region and environmental information
•Well counts and locations: producers, injectors
•Environmental conditions – ambient conditions
•Reservoir description
•Reservoir properties
•Production rates
•Fluid properties