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Occupational Health and Safety Code 2009 Part 19
Explanation Guide
Part 19 Powered Mobile Equipment

Highlights

Section 256 summarizes all major operator responsibilities.

Section 263 presents requirements for leaving equipment unattended or
suspended.

Section 267 permits employers to use various approaches to warn workers of the
presence and movement of powered mobile equipment.

Section 269 recognizes the need for employers to protect equipment operators
from intruding or airborne objects.

Section 270 requires employers to equip ride‐on lawnmowers weighing more
than 700 kilograms with a rollover protective structure (ROPS). Where the
hazard assessment indicates that powered mobile equipment (not otherwise
required to be equipped with a ROPS) might roll during use, the employer must
provide the equipment with a ROPS or must introduce safe‐work procedures to
eliminate the possibility of rollover. (Section 8 of the OHS Regulation requires that
the procedures be in writing and available to workers.)

Section 272 requires employers to ensure that equipment is equipped with a
falling object protective structure (FOPS) if the equipment operator is exposed to
the hazard of falling objects.

Section 276 prohibits anyone from riding on a load while it is being moved.

Sections 280 through 282 present requirements applicable to all‐terrain vehicles
and snow vehicles.

Sections 285 through 290 present requirements specific to pile driving equipment
and practices, including crane‐boom inspection and certification intervals.
Section 290.1 presents licensing and mechanical inspection requirements applicable
to personal vehicles used for work purposes.

Section 290.2 introduces requirements specific to concrete pump trucks.

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Explanation Guide
Requirements
Section 256 Operator responsibilities

Subsection 256(1)

This subsection describes a worker’s responsibilities prior to actually operating
powered mobile equipment. Emphasis is placed on the worker being trained and
competent to operate the equipment safely. Competency can be demonstrated by
operating the equipment to a level considered satisfactory by another worker who is
competent in the operation of that same or similar equipment and who has been
designated by the employer to assess this competency. Section 15 of the OHS
Regulation specifies what, at a minimum, must be covered in the worker’s training.

To operate the equipment safely, the worker must understand the equipment’s
operating instructions. Only workers authorized by the employer may operate
powered mobile equipment. How a worker becomes “authorized” depends on the
employer. Some employers may provide verbal authorization while others may do
so in writing following an evaluation of the worker’s operating skills.

Subsection 256(2)

This subsection allows a worker in training to operate powered mobile equipment as
long as the worker does so under the direct supervision of a competent worker
designated by the employer.

The term “direct supervision” is defined in the OHS Code and has special meaning.
In particular,
(a) direct supervision means that the worker who is not competent must be under
the personal and continuous visual supervision of a competent worker — the
two workers must be capable of interacting with one another on a one‐on‐one
basis and must maintain visual contact with one another throughout the
performance of the work for which direct supervision is required; and
(b) the two workers must be able to readily and clearly communicate with each
other — in noisy or distracting circumstances, hand signals may be appropriate.
These signals must be clearly understood by both workers. If communication
devices such as portable two‐way radio headsets are used within protective
headwear for example, transmissions must be clear and reliable for the duration
of the work.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 256(3)

The operator is the worker most familiar with the performance of the powered
mobile equipment. As such, the operator is responsible for reporting to the employer
any condition that may affect the safe operation of that equipment. Serious problems
should be reported immediately. Problems that do not present an immediate danger
can be recorded and reported by any designated method appropriate to the
particular situation. Systems such as a vehicle log book, maintenance work order, or
central dispatching system can be used to record problems requiring future
attention. The problems must, however, be reported in a way that ensures they are
addressed in an appropriate timeframe.

Operators are responsible for ensuring that they operate powered mobile equipment
safely. In particular, full control of the equipment must be maintained at all times to
prevent near misses and accidents.

An operator must use the equipment’s seat belt and all other safety equipment
provided e.g. restraining devices, guardrails, operator protective structures, etc. The
operator is also responsible for making sure that passengers use their seat belts and
any other safety equipment provided.

Since poor housekeeping can affect worker safety, the operator must maintain the
equipment in a reasonable condition. The cab, floor and deck must be kept free of
material, tools or other objects, including spills of lubricant or fuel, that could create
a safety hazard to the operator or other occupant(s). Objects such as lunch boxes,
flashlights, tools, first aid kits, etc. can get jammed under control pedals or become
airborne during an accident. Such objects must be appropriately stored and secured.

Section 257 Visual inspection

Subsection 257(1)

The operator of powered mobile equipment must perform a visual inspection of the
equipment before starting it up. It is critical that a walk‐around be done to check for
obvious mechanical problems, equipment clearances, closeness to other equipment
or structures, and other workers who may be at risk when the equipment is moved.
Typically this can be done at the start of the operator’s work shift.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 257(2)

In addition to a start‐up inspection, the operator must perform periodic inspections
as required by the manufacturer’s specifications or the employer’s operating
procedures. The focus of these inspections is equipment safety. Since the number of
items to be checked can be considerable, it is suggested that a checklist be developed.
Items that can be included on the checklist include tires, wheel lugs, suspension,
engine/hydraulic system/fuel levels, fluid leaks, operating and marking lights,
cleanliness of windshield and cab windows, condition of installed safety devices
such as back‐up alarms, flashers, turn signals, seat belts, parking brake etc., and any
other item that can affect operating safety.

Subsection 257(3)

Situations may arise in which an operator cannot perform a pre start‐up inspection
e.g. equipment operated on a continuous 24‐hour basis or is not shut down at the
end of a shift. This subsection allows an operator to perform the required visual
inspection at some time during the shift or work period other than at its start. As
described in the employer’s operating procedures, an alternate time for the visual
inspection could be during a period of production delay or a defined equipment
fuelling period. The time and date of all inspections should be recorded.

Subsection 257(4)

No one is allowed to start the powered mobile equipment until a complete visual
inspection as required by subsection (1) is done.

Section 258 Dangerous movement

Subsections 258(1) and 258(2)

The movement of powered mobile equipment can present a danger to workers
located within range of moving loads or moving parts. These subsections require
that:
(a) the employer not permit any worker to remain within range of a moving load or
part,
(b) the operator, who has control over the equipment, must not move the load or
equipment when any worker is in range of the moving load or equipment part,
and
(c) workers are responsible for moving themselves out of range of a moving load or
part.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 258(3)

Being crushed between a stationary object or obstacle and moving equipment is a
frequent cause of worker injury and death. This subsection requires the employer to
identify such hazards. The employer must then prevent workers from entering the
pinch point or provide a minimum clearance distance of 600 mm between the
obstacle and the powered equipment. Guarding or the placement of barricades to
prevent access to identified pinch points are approaches that are often used. Where
machines swivel in the middle as part of their steering mechanism and operators
need to grease the centre pin, shutting down the machine and applying the brakes
may be the best way to prevent potential operator injury.

Section 259 Pedestrian traffic

Subsection 259(1)

At many worksites pedestrians can move about in close proximity to operating
powered mobile equipment. To prevent accidents involving pedestrians, the
employer must, if reasonably practicable, designate walkways that separate
pedestrians from areas in which powered mobile equipment is operated. The
employer must ensure that workers use the designated walkways.
Subsection 259(2)

Recognizing that it may not always be practicable to provide pedestrians with
designated walkways, alternative safe work procedures may be used. Example
include:
(a) the use of a traffic control system,
(b) the enforcement of speed limits for powered mobile equipment,
(c) a requirement for the powered mobile equipment operator to acknowledge the
pedestrian’s presence before the pedestrian proceeds through the hazardous
area,
(d) high visibility vests, and
(e) other equally effective means.

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Explanation Guide
Section 260 Inspection and maintenance

Subsections 260 (1) and 260(2)

Powered mobile equipment must be inspected according to the manufacturer’s
specifications. Inspection intervals and what should be inspected are usually
described in the specifications. Only competent persons are allowed to perform the
inspection activities.

Subsection 260(3)

If an inspection reveals a defect or unsafe condition that could create a hazard to a
worker(s), the powered mobile equipment should be immediately removed from
service and, if appropriate, measures put in place to protect worker(s). Once this has
been done, and if appropriate, the equipment can continue to be operated until the
problem is corrected. For example, if the back‐up alarm of a dump truck stops
working, the truck can continue to be operated if another worker acts as a look‐out
during all backing‐up activities.

Section 260(4)

If the powered mobile equipment is potentially hazardous but can be operated
safely, the employer must make sure that the operator is aware of the potential
hazard. The employer must also ensure that the defect or condition is repaired as
soon as reasonably practicable. The defect or condition may worsen over time,
posing an increased danger of injury to workers.

Subsection 260(5)

Records of the inspections and maintenance performed on powered mobile
equipment must be kept at the work site. These records must be available to the
equipment operator so that the operator is aware of the equipment’s condition.

Section 261 Maintenance on elevated parts

Elevated parts of powered mobile equipment can pose a serious hazard to workers
performing maintenance and repairs. Elevated parts must be securely blocked to
prevent their movement. In some cases, the equipment may also need to be locked
out to ensure that it will not move and endanger workers. As an example, numerous
workers have been killed or seriously injured while repairing or maintaining forklift
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Explanation Guide
trucks. Elevated forks can drop if they are not properly blocked to prevent
unintended downward motion.

Section 262 Starting engines


Powered mobile equipment can move unexpectedly if a worker tries to start the
equipment while any drive mechanism or clutch is engaged. Training, worker
competency and following the manufacturer’s specifications are key to preventing
the equipment from moving unexpectedly.

Subsection 262(3)

It may not be possible to disengage the drive mechanism or clutch before starting up
some types of powered mobile equipment. In such cases, the employer should
identify the related startup hazards and ensure that workers are protected from
injury. Restricting worker access or blocking and safeguarding the immediate area
during startup may be one approach.

Section 263 Unattended equipment

Subsection 263(1)

Powered mobile equipment can pose a serious risk of injury to workers and damage
to property if it is not properly secured against unexpected movement. Unexpected
movement could be caused by any number of factors such as sloping ground,
changes in air or hydraulic pressure, slippery ground conditions, equipment parked
incorrectly, etc.

The operator must ensure that powered mobile equipment is prevented from
moving unintentionally. Examples of how to do this include engaging any
movement safety device and placing the transmission in the manufacturer’s “park”
position. Where necessary, the wheels of the equipment should be blocked with
wheel chocks. On equipment like graders and dozers, ground‐engaging implements
provide additional braking and help to prevent unexpected movement.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 263(2)

Air and hydraulic pressures can bleed off over time. Suspended machinery or
ground engaging implements such as rippers, blades, buckets, etc. must therefore be
lowered to the ground or otherwise secured in a safe position before the equipment
controls are left unattended.

Elevated manlift booms are often seen at worksites and especially rental yards stored
in an elevated position. A recent (June 2009) review by Workplace Health and Safety
of written instructions from all of the major manlift manufacturers has confirmed
that this is an acceptable practice from the manufacturer’s perspective.
Manufacturers regard booms in this position as having been “secured in a safe
position”, thereby complying with this subsection. Manufacturers further agree that
the equipment is safest when the boom is in its retracted position. An employer is
considered to be in compliance with this subsection if
(a) a manlift boom stored in an elevated position is fully retracted, and
(b) the employer meets all of the manufacturer’s other conditions for storage.

Section 264 Lights

If earthmoving construction machinery is operated during “hours of darkness” as
defined in the OHS Code and described in this section, it must be equipped with
lights that comply with SAE Standard J1029 (2007), Lighting and Marking of
Construction, Earthmoving Machinery. The lights must illuminate the direction of
travel, the working area around the equipment, and control panel instruments.

SAE Standard J1029 (2007) specifies requirements for lighting and marking
earthmoving construction machinery. At least two headlamps are required for
lighting the area directly ahead of the machine when operated in its normal direction
of travel. Minimum lighting levels are specified for these headlamps.

For rear lighting, machines must have two tail lamps and two stop lamps. The
performance of these lamps is specified through other referenced SAE standards.
The Standard requires two red reflectors on the back of the machine, as low in height
as practical and spaced as far apart from the centerline of the machine as practical.
Rubber tired machines more than 6 m long require yellow reflectors on each side of
the machine. These reflectors must be placed as low as practical and as far forward
and rearward as practical.

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Explanation Guide
The Standard also recommends flood lamps for general illumination of the work tool
area of a machine. General service lamps are recommended for general illumination
of areas a short distance from the machine.

Section 265 Windows and windshields


The glazing of powered mobile equipment must be approved to ANSI Standard
Z26.1. Alternatively, non‐shattering materials that provide at least equivalent
protection can also be used.

ANSI Standard ANSI/SAE Z26.1 (1996), Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor
Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways – Safety Standard,
specifies performance criteria and the methods for testing safety glazing material
used for windshields, windows, and partitions of land and marine vehicles and
aircraft. Compared to ordinary sheet glass, plate glass, or float glass, safety glazing
materials complying with the Standard reduce the likelihood of injury or the severity
of injury should the materials break.

Six types of glazing are described in the Standard: laminated glass, tempered glass,
wire glass, plastic, multiple glazed units, and bullet‐resisting glazing. Glazing
materials complying with the Standard are marked with the words “American
National Standard” or the characters “AS”, a model number identifying the type of
construction of the glazing material, and the manufacturer’s distinctive designation
or trademark.

Subsection 265(3)

Cracked or broken glazing that obstructs or impairs an operator’s view creates a
safety hazard and must be replaced as soon as practicable.

If cracks are present but do not obstruct the operator’s view, they may become a
safety hazard over time and the employer should take this into consideration.
Changing weather conditions, vibration, and flexing of the cab structure can cause a
crack to spread or cause the entire glazing to shatter unexpectedly. These factors
should be considered when deciding if cracked glazing that does not obstruct an
operator’s view should be replaced.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 265(4)

Proper windshield wipers are mandatory on all powered mobile equipment
equipped with a windshield. The wipers must be of sufficient size and the drive‐
motor strong enough to remove debris from the windshield under expected
operating and weather conditions. For Alberta weather conditions, a properly
operating cab / windshield heater can maintain wiper effectiveness and the
operator’s view.

Section 266 Other safety equipment

Section 266(a)

Situations may arise in which the best way to prevent worker injury or damage to
equipment and property is to shut down equipment quickly. This subsection
requires that the equipment be equipped with a control device that permits the
operator to do so. The device must be able to stop the unit of powered mobile
equipment or any ancillary (accessory) equipment driven from the powered mobile
equipment. The control device must be within easy reach of the operator and might
take the form of a red‐coloured emergency off button, a pull cord, or other similar
device.

Section 266(b)

The presence, general dimensions or movement of powered mobile equipment may
present a danger to workers. Where this is the case, the employer must ensure that
the equipment is equipped with effective means of warning workers of the danger.
Examples of effective means include
(a) audible warning systems,
(b) clearance or marker lights that outline the width, length, and height of the
equipment, and
(c) flashing lights under some circumstances.

Section 266(c)

Powered mobile equipment must be equipped with seats or other installations
sufficient to ensure that all workers authorized by the employer to be on the
equipment are safe while the equipment is in motion. Equipment equipped with
ROPS must also be fitted with seat belts, or another equally acceptable restraining
device. Examples of common practices in violation of this requirement are workers
riding in the boxes of trucks and on the forks of forklift trucks.
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Explanation Guide
Section 266(d)

For powered mobile equipment equipped with a trailer hitch, the employer must
ensure that safety clips are installed on the connecting pins. The safety clips prevent
unintended disconnection of the trailer from the powered mobile equipment.

Section 267 Warning signal

Subsection 267(1)

The large size of some powered mobile equipment makes it impossible for the
operator to have a clear view around the equipment. This view can be directly with
the eyes or indirectly with a mirror, closed circuit television, or other effective
means. A serious hazard can result if the equipment is moved in a direction that the
operator cannot see clearly.

If the operator cannot see what is in the direction of travel, the powered mobile
equipment must be equipped with one or more of three acceptable alternatives:
(a) an automatic audible warning device – the audible warning must be loud
enough to be heard above other noise in the immediate area. For most equipment
this is the familiar “back‐up alarm”;
(b) an alternate warning device or method appropriate to the hazards of the work
site – this may include flashing/rotating lights, strobe lights, or other effective
means; or
(c) an automatic stopping system – this system may use motion, thermal or other
detectors to sense the presence of a worker or obstruction in the path of travel
and automatically stop the equipment.

This subsection is not intended to have employers install warning devices or
automatic systems on all powered mobile equipment. The requirement applies only
if an equipment operator’s view of the equipment’s path of travel is obstructed or
cannot be seen directly or indirectly in a direction. Putting audible warning devices
on all powered mobile equipment at a work site, for example, could create a greater
hazard due to confusion resulting from multiple alarms going off simultaneously.

Subsection 267(2)

Where it is impracticable to install a warning device or automatic stopping system
(perhaps due to noise by‐laws that restrict the operation of audible warning devices),
the operator is not allowed to move the equipment until precautions are taken to
prevent operator and worker injury. Examples of acceptable precautions include
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Explanation Guide
(a) a detailed inspection of the travel path by the equipment operator,
(b) direction by a designated signaller or other worker who is in continuous view of
the operator and has a complete view of the area into which the equipment will
move,
(c) direction by a traffic control or warning system, or
(d) ensuring that all other workers are removed from the area into which the
equipment will move.
In all cases the control must be appropriate for the conditions at the work site.

Section 268 Bulkheads

Material or equipment can shift during a sudden or emergency stop, presenting a
significant hazard to a powered mobile equipment operator. The employer must
install a physical barrier such as a bulkhead (see Figure 19.1) or other protective
device such as a cargo net to protect the operator. Because the bulkhead or protective
device can be subjected to significant dynamic forces during an emergency stop, it
must be properly designed and installed.
Figure 19.1 Examples of bulkheads

The reader is also referred to the Alberta Cargo Securement Regulation (AR 1/2005)
under the Traffic Safety Act. This Regulation establishes a standard for properly
securing a load on a commercial vehicle.

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Explanation Guide
Section 269 Guards and screens

Activities such as brush clearing or the collection of golf balls at a driving range may
expose powered mobile equipment operators to injury as intruding or flying objects
e.g. branches, rocks, etc. may enter the operator cab. Where there is a significant
potential for operator injury i.e. the nature of the work or work area make it highly
likely that such objects will enter the cab, the employer must ensure that the operator
is protected. The section lists several methods of protecting the operator.

Section 270 Rollover protective structures

Subsection 270(1)

Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are strong cages, frames, roll bars, or other
structures attached to certain types of powered mobile equipment. ROPS systems are
designed and built to provide crush protection for an operator during a rollover or
accidental upset. Figures 19.2 through 19.10 show examples of the powered mobile
equipment listed.

This section includes industrial ride‐on lawnmowers weighing 700 kilograms or
more. Rollovers involving industrial ride‐on lawnmowers are most often the result
of the lawnmowers hitting bumps, wheels dropping into holes, ditches, or structures
such as swimming pools, wheels dropping off terraces, embankments, or retaining
walls, and operating at full speed on steep slopes or during tight cornering.
Rollovers have also occurred when machines have slid down slippery slopes.
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Explanation Guide
Figure 19.2 Examples of a tracked dozer and tracked loader

Figure 19.3 Examples of wheeled dozer and wheeled loader

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Explanation Guide
Figure 19.4 Example of a skidder

Figure 19.5 Example of a backhoe with limited horizontal swing

Figure 19.6 Example of a motor grader
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Explanation Guide
Figure 19.7 Example of a self-propelled wheeled scraper
Figure 19.8 Examples of agricultural tractors

Figure 19.9 Examples of industrial tractors

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Explanation Guide
Figure 19.10 Examples of wheeled trenchers

Subsection 270(2)(a)

CSA Standards B352.0‐95 (R2006), B352.1‐95 (R2006), and B352.2‐95 (R2006) detail
the design, testing, performance and safety requirements for rollover protective
structures (ROPS) for certain types of self‐propelled machines for agricultural,
construction, earthmoving, forestry, industrial, and mining operations.

CSA Standard B352.1 covers the performance requirements, based on destructive
testing, for ROPS on wheeled agricultural tractors with a mass greater than 800
kilograms. It may also be used to evaluate general‐purpose industrial tractors.

CSA Standard B352.2 covers the performance requirements, based on destructive
testing, for ROPS on industrial tractors, motor graders, prime movers, skidders,
tracked dozers, tracked loaders, wheeled dozers, wheeled loaders, backhoe loaders,
rigid‐frame dumpers, compactors, or rollers, with machine mass greater than 700
kilograms.

A ROPS complying with the referenced CSA standards will have a permanently
attached label that includes the following information:
(a) name of the ROPS manufacturer;
(b) ROPS identification number;
(c) the Canadian standard to which the ROPS was certified; and
(d) machine make and models for which the ROPS is designed.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 270(2)(b)

SAE Standard J1042 (2003), Operator Protection for General‐Purpose Industrial Machines,
establishes performance requirements for protective systems that provide operator
protection from hazards of machine rollover and/or falling objects. The Standard
does so by recommending certain design features that reduce the likelihood of
operator injury e.g. construction and location of batteries, fuel tanks, oil reservoirs,
etc. and eliminating edges, corners and sharp projections that an operator might
contact. The Standard also makes direct reference to other SAE Standards that
present specific construction and performance criteria for ROPS and falling object
protective structures (FOPS).

Checking the manufacturer’s specifications and/or checking to see if the ROPS bears
a label referring to the Standard can verify compliance with the Standard.

Subsection 270(2)(c)

SAE Standard J1194 (1999), Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled
Agricultural Tractors, establishes the test and performance requirements of a rollover
protective structure (ROPS) designed for wheel‐type agricultural tractors to
minimize the frequency and severity of operator injury resulting from accidental
upsets.


Subsection 270(2)(d)

ISO Standard 3471: 2000, Earth‐moving machinery – Roll‐over protective structures –
Laboratory tests and performance requirements, establishes consistent and reproducible
means of evaluating the load‐carrying characteristics of roll‐over protective
structures under static loading conditions. The Standard applies to the following
seated design operator‐controlled machines:
(a) crawler tractors and loaders;
(b) graders;
(c) wheeled loaders and wheeled tractors;
(d) wheeled industrial tractors;
(e) prime movers;
(f) rollers and compactors; and
(g) rigid frame dumpers.

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Explanation Guide
Subsection 270(2)(e)

OSHA Standard 1928.52, Protective Frames for Wheel‐type Agricultural Tractors – Tests,
Procedures and Performance Requirements, applies primarily to tractors used as ride‐on
lawnmowers. A protective frame is a structure comprised of uprights mounted to
the tractor, extending above the operator’s seat to form what looks like a roll bar.


Subsection 270(2)(f)

This subsection recognizes that some equipment remains in service for many years,
sometimes well beyond the lifetime of the referenced standards. Equipment having a
ROPS designed or manufactured to comply with a previous edition of one of the
referenced standards continues to be acceptable for use.

Subsection 270(3)

The powered mobile equipment listed in subsection (1) must be ROPS equipped.
However, other equipment may also be subject to rollover because of how or where
it is used. Section 7 of the OHS Code requires that the employer assess the work site
for hazards. In the case of equipment that may roll over because of how or where it
is used, the employer’s hazard assessment should consider the manufacturer’s
specifications, stability data for the equipment, hazards presented during loading
and unloading of the equipment, the type of work being performed with the
equipment, and the conditions under which the equipment is being operated.

In cases where the possibility of rollover is present, the employer must either equip
the equipment with an appropriate ROPS or implement safe work procedures that
eliminate the possibility (Section 8 of the OHS Regulation requires that the
procedures be in writing and available to workers). The ROPS must either be
supplied by the manufacturer (the ROPS can meet any standard the manufacturer
specifies and need not be limited to one of those listed in subsection (1)), or be
certified by a professional engineer as being suited to that equipment.

Safe work procedures are a set of rules that must be followed. Using these
procedures eliminates the need to equip the equipment with a ROPS by eliminating
any possibility of the equipment rolling over during operation. The procedures may
limit or restrict where the equipment can be used. For example, restrictions may
include:

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Explanation Guide
(a) the slope on which equipment can be operated e.g. the equipment cannot be
operated across a slope or up and down a slope exceeding so many degrees of
incline;
(b) the terrain over which the equipment is operated e.g. the equipment cannot be
operated in areas where it is possible for it to rollover because a wheel or wheels
can drop into a hole, ditch, etc. or drop off an edge such as an embankment,
retaining wall, etc.;
(c) maximum operating speed while cornering; and
(d) marking off areas where slopes exceed the maximum slope angle, where terrain
features are capable of causing a rollover, and where other hazards are present
that could cause a rollover. Barricades, flagging, or similar means of warning
may be needed to alert the operator of the hazard.

Section 271 Equipment with rollover protection

If powered mobile equipment is equipped with a rollover protective structure
(ROPS), it must be equipped with some way of keeping the operator and passengers
inside the ROPS in case of equipment upset. Restraining devices are designed to
prevent occupants from being thrown outside of the ROPS and crushed or otherwise
injured. Two approaches are acceptable:
(1) seat belts that comply with the requirements of one of the listed standards; or
(2) where the work process makes wearing seat belts impracticable, alternate
restraining devices may be used. To be acceptable, the alternate restraining
device(s) must prevent the operator and any passengers from being thrown
outside the ROPS. Shoulder belts, bars, grates, screens or other retraining devices
are considered acceptable.

SAE Standard J386 (2006), Operator Restraint System for Off‐Road Work Machines,
provides performance and test requirements for pelvic restraint systems (seat belt
assembly, seat system, anchorages) provided for off‐road self‐propelled work
machines fitted with ROPS. Such machines are commonly used in construction,
earthmoving, forestry, mining, and other industrial applications. A seat belt
assembly complying with the standard will be permanently and legibly labelled with
a statement that it complies with SAE Standard J386.

SAE Standard J2292 (2006), Combination Pelvic/Upper Torso (Type 2) Operator Restraint
Systems for Off‐Road Work Machines, provides performance and test requirements for
combination pelvic/upper torso (3‐point and 4‐point) operator restraint systems for
off‐road, self‐propelled work machines fitted with ROPS. A seat belt assembly
complying with the standard will be permanently and legibly labelled with a
statement that it complies with SAE Standard J386/J2292.
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Explanation Guide
Section 272 Falling objects protective structures

Subsection 272(1)

Operators of powered mobile equipment may be exposed to falling objects under
some working situations. Examples include warehouse operations where items are
stacked on high shelves, where a shaft or tunnel is being excavated, and where
building demolition is taking place. Where a falling object hazard is present, the
powered mobile equipment must be equipped with a falling object protective
structure (FOPS).

Subsection 272(2) and 272(3)

To comply with this section, the FOPS must meet the requirements of the
appropriate referenced standard or be certified by a professional engineer as
providing equivalent or better protection. Readers are also referred to section 3.1 for
additional information.

SAE Standard J167 (2002), Overhead Protection for Agricultural Tractors – Test
Procedures and Performance Requirements, establishes test and performance
requirements for overhead protection to minimize the frequency and severity of
operator injury due to falling objects encountered during normal operation of a
wheeled agricultural tractor. The cover mounted over the operator’s seat may be
solid, or a grid or mesh meeting the criteria for openings listed in the Standard. The
overhead cover is expected to provide reasonable protection from such objects as
bricks, concrete blocks, and small hand tools that may fall from heights of up to 9
metres (30 feet).

SAE Standard J/ISO 3449 (2005), Earthmoving Machinery – Falling‐Object Protective
Structures – Laboratory Tests and Performance Requirements, provides performance
criteria for falling object protective structures (FOPS) installed on the types of
earthmoving machinery specified in the Standard. A FOPS meeting the requirements
of the Standard will have a label attached to it indicating the standard number and
the performance level that the structure meets.

The Standard recognizes two levels of FOPS protection. Level I is intended to
provide protection from falling bricks, small concrete blocks and hand tools
encountered in operations such as highway maintenance, landscaping, and other
construction site services. Level II is intended to provide protection from falling trees
or rocks for machines involved in site clearing, overhead demolition, or forestry.

19-21
Explanation Guide
SAE Standard J1042 (2003), Operator Protection for General‐Purpose Industrial Machines,
establishes performance requirements for protective systems that provide operator
protection from hazards of machine rollover and/or falling objects. The Standard
does so by referencing other SAE Standards that present specific construction and
performance requirements for falling object protective structures. The required
overhead protective structures are expected to provide reasonable protection from
such objects as bricks, concrete blocks, and small hand tools that may fall from
heights of up to 9 metres (30 feet).

Section 273 Recertification after modification

Modifications or repairs to a rollover protective structure or a falling objects
protective structure must be performed according to instructions provided by the
manufacturer or a professional engineer. Since it is critical that the structure be
restored to its original design strength, the structures must be re‐certified by the
equipment manufacturer or a professional engineer once repaired or modified.

Section 274 Fuel tank in cab

Vapours from powered mobile equipment fuel are a hazard having the potential to
cause serious harm if not properly controlled. Vapours could overcome an operator,
causing the operator to lose control of the equipment. A fire or explosion could
result from vapour build‐up if an ignition source is present. For these reasons, filler
spouts and vents must extend outside the cab and must be sealed or covered to
prevent vapours from entering the enclosed cab area.

Section 275 Worker transportation

Subsection 275 (1)

While operating or being transported, no part of a worker’s body can protrude
beyond the side of the vehicle. Protruding body parts can be injured if they strike
stationary or other moving objects or equipment.

19-22
Explanation Guide
Subsection 275(2)

Unsecured equipment or materials can become dangerous projectiles or airborne
objects during quick operating maneuvers or sudden stops. All equipment or
materials must be positioned or secured to prevent injury to the operator or any
other worker being transported.

Subsection 275(3)

Inclement weather can create uncomfortable and unsafe operating conditions due to
reduced visibility or exposure to extremes of temperature. Workers being
transported must be provided with sufficient protection against inclement weather.
This does not mean that all powered mobile equipment must be equipped with a
cab. Figure 19.11 shows a vehicle designed to transport workers and that provides
protection against inclement weather.

Figure 19.11 Example of protection against inclement weather

Subsection 275(4)

Engine exhaust contains carbon monoxide gas that can build up in an enclosed body
and be dangerous to workers. The powered mobile equipment’s exhaust outlet must
be located to prevent exhaust gases from entering the enclosed body.

Section 276 Riding on loads

A person attempting to ride on a moving load is at considerable risk of injury,
including the hazard resulting from the load shifting. No person is allowed to ride
on top of a load that is being moved. The prohibition also includes riding on the
sides of a load.
19-23
Explanation Guide
Section 277 Hazardous loads

To prevent a fire or explosion, workers are restricted to performing only basic
vehicle service and maintenance activities while flammable, combustible or
explosive materials are
(a) being loaded or unloaded, or
(b) while such materials are in or on the vehicle and are not in a ULC‐approved
storage tank.

Section 278 Tank trucks

Section 277 does not apply to commercial tank trucks designed to transport
flammable, combustible or explosive materials. To eliminate static discharge as a
potential source of ignition, a commercial tank truck must be bonded and grounded
during connection and disconnection of its loading lines and while its contents are
being transferred.

Section 279 Refuelling


Fuel vapours can create an explosion hazard if a source of ignition is present. While
being refuelled, no worker is permitted to smoke within 7.5 metres of a vehicle. The
definition of “vehicle” includes powered mobile equipment. Similarly, no worker
can refuel a vehicle if the vehicle is within 7.5 metres of any source of ignition.

A motor vehicle or watercraft cannot be refuelled while its engine is running unless,
as permitted by subsection 279(4), a manufacturer designs, or a professional engineer
certifies a fuelling system and safe work practices that allow the engine to be left
running during refuelling.

Subsection 279(3)

Properly dispensing flammable fuel can significantly reduce the hazard to which
workers might otherwise be exposed. This subsection specifies precautions that must
be taken to minimize the potential for fuel spillage and/or inadvertent overfilling of
fuel tanks. In general, the employer must ensure that workers maintain direct control
when fuelling and do not use an object or device that is not an integral part of the
19-24
Explanation Guide
hose nozzle valve assembly to block flow control devices in the “open” position.

Subsection 279(4)

As mentioned in subsection 279(1), a vehicle’s engine can be left running during
refuelling if the fuelling system and related safe work practices have been designed
by the manufacturer or certified by a professional engineer.

All-Terrain Vehicles and Snow Vehicles

Section 280 Three-wheeled all-terrain cycles

Three‐wheeled all‐terrain cycles present a recognized rollover hazard and cannot be
used at any work site.

Section 281 Operator’s manual

Improper operation of an all‐terrain vehicle or snow vehicle can be dangerous – the
vehicle must be operated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Such
instructions are found in the operator’s manual. For this reason, the manual must be
kept in a secure location on the vehicle or at another location that makes the manual
readily accessible to the operator.

Section 282 Load and slope limitations

Subsection 282(1)

As with all powered mobile equipment, all‐terrain vehicles or snow vehicles must be
operated according to the manufacturer’s specifications. If attempting to carry an
excessive load, the entire balance and centre of gravity of the machine can be
affected. Top‐heavy loads can cause the unit to over‐balance or rollover when
operated on uneven or sloping ground. Similarly, overloading, combined with a
sudden change of direction, could cause the unit to roll over.

19-25
Explanation Guide
Subsection 282(2)

The employer is ultimately responsible for ensuring that powered mobile equipment
is operated safely. In cases where the manufacturer has not specified the operational
limitations for an all‐terrain vehicle or snow vehicle on sloping ground, the
employer must develop and implement safe work procedures. Section 8 of the OHS
Regulation requires that the procedures be in writing and available to workers. Those
procedures must address the hazards to which workers will be exposed during
machine operation.

Forklift Trucks

Section 283 Load chart

A load rating chart is essential for operators. The chart specifies the maximum load
that can be lifted and carried under different operating conditions. Preventing
excessive loading of the forklift truck limits the possibility of rollover or upset. The
load chart must be readily available to the operator e.g. fixed to the machine, in a
compartment or location on the machine itself, or at a nearby location where it can
be quickly accessed when needed.

Section 284 Seat belt

Seat belts are an important piece of safety equipment. If a forklift truck is equipped
with a seat belt by the original equipment manufacturer or a seat belt is added to the
equipment at some later date, an employer must ensure that the seat belt is present
on the forklift truck and in useable condition. Subsection 256(3)(d) required that the
seat belt be used.

19-26
Explanation Guide
Pile Driving Equipment and Practices

Section 285 Chocking

To protect workers from the hazard created by a falling pile hammer, the operator
must ensure that the hammer is securely chocked while suspended and not in use.

Section 286 Pile hoisting

To prevent worker injury, the operator must ensure that pilings are not hoisted in
the leads when
(a) workers not directly involved in the piling hoisting operation are on the
superstructure, or
(b) within range of a falling pile.

Because of the potential for injury, workers must not remain on or ride on any load
while it is being moved, raised, or lowered. Unless a worker is directly involved in
the piling hoisting operation, the worker must not be on the superstructure or within
range of a falling pile.

Section 287 Restraining hoses and connections

If a pressure hose connection fails, the hose can flail wildly and seriously injure
workers. To minimize the potential for such an incident, the employer must ensure
that hoses on the pressure side of a connection are secured with safety chains or
safety ropes.

Section 288 Brake bands and clutches

The failure of a brake or clutch mechanism can result in uncontrolled movement of
pile driving equipment. The employer must therefore ensure that such components
are inspected at the start of each work shift. A competent worker designated by the
employer must perform the inspection.

19-27
Explanation Guide
Brake bands and clutches contaminated with oil or grease can cause these
components to operate ineffectively or fail completely. The employer must ensure
that contaminated units are dismantled and cleaned or, if necessary, replaced before
further use.

Section 289 Using timber piles

Wood fragments from a shattered pile, as well as debris, bark and splintered wood
on a timber pile about to be driven, can create hazards to workers. If airborne, these
materials and debris can strike workers and injure them. Workers can be protected
from dangers resulting from a pile shattering by maintaining a safe distance from the
pile, being inside or behind a protective structure (including the cab of machinery),
having the pile capped, or other equally effective means.

Section 290 Crane boom inspection

Driving piles with a vibratory hammer can be very hard on a crane boom. So can
using the crane boom with a vibratory pile extractor or for dynamic compaction.
Given the critical nature of the boom, it must be
(a) inspected
(i) at intervals specified in the manufacturer’s specifications or specifications
certified by a professional engineer;
(ii) annually or every 600 operating hours while being used for driving piles
with a vibratory hammer; or
(iii) annually or every 200 operating hours if used with a vibratory pile extractor
or for dynamic compaction, and
(b) certified by a professional engineer as safe for continued used.

The inspection must be a structural examination, including non‐destructive testing if
necessary, of the boom and boom suspension system i.e. any part of the boom and its
supporting structures that are subjected to the vibration and shock of driving piles,
extracting piles, and compacting. A professional engineer must certify the
inspection.

19-28
Explanation Guide
Section 290.1 Licensing and mechanical inspection

Some workers use a personal vehicle for work purposes. This section introduces
licensing and mechanical inspection requirements that apply to workers who use a
personal vehicle for work purposes.

Subsection 256(1) states that a worker must not operate powered mobile equipment,
which includes vehicles, unless the worker
(a) is trained to safely operate the equipment,
(b) has demonstrated competency in operating the equipment to a competent
worker designated by the employer,
(c) is familiar with the equipment’s operating instructions, and
(d) is authorized by the employer to operate the equipment.

These requirements are considered to have been met once an employer ensures that
the worker has met the appropriate licensed driver requirements of provincial
legislation applicable to the type of personal vehicle being used.

To make sure that the personal vehicle is mechanically sound and therefore safe to use
for work purposes, the worker must ensure that the vehicle is maintained in sound
mechanical condition. This requirement can be met by the worker following the
maintenance requirements specified by the vehicle manufacturer.

Concrete Pump Trucks

Section 290.2 Safety requirements

The 2009 edition of the OHS Code marks the first time that requirements specific to
concrete pump trucks have been included. Their inclusion reflects ongoing safety
issues with these relatively new pieces of equipment. In Alberta and British
Columbia for the period 2001 to 2004, 20 incidents involving truck‐mounted concrete
pumping units happened, including one fatality in Alberta (see Safety Bulletin
below).

Seventeen of the reported incidents involved equipment failures and three incidents
involved power line contacts. The equipment failure incidents were further classified
as follows:
14 failures resulted from design or manufacturing deficiencies;
two failures were due to inadequate inspection and maintenance; and
one failure was reported to be the result of unsafe operating practices.
19-29
Explanation Guide
The failures occurred in rotation drive components, an outrigger, a boom linkage,
elbows, boom rods, cylinders, welded connection points, a pedestal and a king post
tube failure. Most of the equipment failures were on machines that were less than
one year old with many only a few months old. The incidents reported were not
limited to one manufacturer.

In addition, a survey of recently reported incidents elsewhere in Canada and the
United States shows that concrete pumping trucks are involved in overhead power
line contacts and loss of stability due to improper placement of outriggers on
unstable soil.

As a result,
(a) all load bearing components must undergo non‐destructive testing at 12‐month
intervals,
(b) operators must visually inspect all load bearing components and safety and
control devices before each use,
(c) outriggers must be extended according to the manufacturer’s instructions,
(d) no worker or other person can be positioned under a distribution boom or mast.
The person handling the concrete delivery hose must therefore stand beside it or
change the work process so that the worker pushes the hose as the operator
booms in (rather than the common practice of pushing the hose as the operator
booms out). This requirement also refers to other workers at the work site. No
worker or other person can be allowed to be under the boom or mast, and
(e) the concrete pump truck cannot be moved when the distribution boom or mast is
partially or fully extended, unless the truck has been designed to allow this.

For more information

http://employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS‐PUB_al031.pdf
Concrete Pumping Truck – Boom Failure

http://www.employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS‐PUB_FR‐2004‐02‐26.pdf
Fatality Report – Concrete Pump Boom Failure

19-30

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Occupational Health and Safety Code 2009 Part 19

Part 19 Powered Mobile Equipment

Section 257 Visual inspection

Section 258 Dangerous movement

Section 259 Pedestrian traffic

Section 260 Inspection and maintenance

Section 261 Maintenance on elevated parts

Section 262 Starting engines

Section 263 Unattended equipment

Section 264 Lights

Section 265 Windows and windshields

Section 266 Other safety equipment

Section 267 Warning signal

Section 268 Bulkheads

Figure 19.1 Examples of bulkheads

Section 269 Guards and screens

Section 270 Rollover protective structures

Figure 19.2 Examples of a tracked dozer and tracked loader

Figure 19.4 Example of a skidder

Figure 19.5 Example of a backhoe with limited horizontal swing

Figure 19.7 Example of a self-propelled wheeled scraper

Figure 19.8 Examples of agricultural tractors

Figure 19.10 Examples of wheeled trenchers

Section 271 Equipment with rollover protection

Section 272 Falling objects protective structures

Section 273 Recertification after modification

Section 274 Fuel tank in cab

Section 275 Worker transportation

Section 276 Riding on loads

Section 277 Hazardous loads

Section 278 Tank trucks

Section 279 Refuelling

All-Terrain Vehicles and Snow Vehicles

Section 280 Three-wheeled all-terrain cycles

Section 281 Operator’s manual

Section 282 Load and slope limitations

Section 283 Load chart

Section 284 Seat belt

Pile Driving Equipment and Practices

Section 285 Chocking

Section 286 Pile hoisting

Section 287 Restraining hoses and connections

Section 288 Brake bands and clutches

Section 289 Using timber piles

Section 290 Crane boom inspection

Section 290.1 Licensing and mechanical inspection

Concrete Pump Trucks

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