ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ

Gastroenterology MCQ
1A56yearoldmanpresentstohisinternistwithjaundiceThepatientisreceiving
nomedication,andhisonlysymptomaticcomplaintismildfatigueoverthepast2
months.Physicalexaminationisremarkableonlyforthepresenceofscleraicterus.
Thepatienthasnosignificantpastmedicalhistory.Analysisofserumchemistry
revealsthefollowing:SGOT:35U/L,SGPT:35U/L,Totalbilirubin:7mg/dl,Direct
bilirubin:5mg/dl,Alkalinephosphate:720U/L.Whichofthefollowingisthenext
mostappropriatediagnosticstep?

a. CT of the abdomen.
b. Liver biopsy.
c. Review of peripheral blood smear.
d. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP )
‡Ǥ No further evaluation necessary : the patient has Dubin-Johnson syndrome.

2Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutachalasiaiscorrect?
a. The underlying abnormality appears to be defective innervation of the esophagus and lower
gastric sphincter.
b. Dysphagia , chest pain and regurgitation are the predominant symptoms.
c. Chest x-ray often reveal a large gastric air bubble.
d. Manometry reveals a normal or elevated pressure of the lower gastric sphincter.
‡Ǥ Omeprazole is effective in controlling the symptoms in many patients.

3A70yearoldwomanwithahistoryofaspirininducedgastritis5yearsagonowhassevere
kneeandhippainthatisthoughttobeduetoosteoarthritis.Sherequirestreatmentwith
nonsteroidalantiinflammatoryagents,whichofthefollowingagentswouldbemost
helpfulforprophylaxisagainstrecurrentgastrointestinalbleeding?

a. Omeprazole.
b. Misoprostol.
c. Nizatidine.
d. Sucralfate.
e. Atropine.
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 ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
4Whichoneofthefollowingdiagnosticstudiesformalabsorptionisusuallynormalin
personswhohavebacterialovergrowthsyndrome?

a. Fecal fat quantitation ( 24h )

b. Stage II Schilling test ( intrinsic factor giving with vitamin B12 )
c. D-Xylose absorption test.
d. Lactulose breath test.
e. Quantitative cultures of jejuna aspirates.

5Asaconsequenceofsevereliverdamage,hepaticaminoacidhandlingisderanged.Inthis
situation,plasmalevelsofwhichofthefollowingarelikelytobelowerthannormal?

a. Ammonia ( NH3 )
b. Ammonium ( NH4 )
c. Alanine.
d. Urea.
e. Glycine.

6Whichofthefollowingconditionsareknowntopredisposetotheformationofcholesterol
gallstone?

a. Hypertriglyceridemia.
b. Hypercholesterolemia.
c. Auto immune hemolytic anemia.
d. Sickle cell anemia.
e. Surgical resection of the ileum.

7Apatientwithscleraicterusandapositivereactionforbilirubinbyurinedipsticktesting
couldhavewhichofthefollowingdisorders?

a. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

b. Dubin Johnson syndrome.
c. Crigler-Najjar type II disorder.
d. Thalassemia intermedia.
e. Gilbert’s syndrome.

 
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 ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
8Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingdeltahepatitisvirus(HDV)iscorrect?

a. HDVisadefectiveDNAvirus.
b. HDVcaninfectonlypersonsinfectedwithhepatitisBvirus(HBV).
c. TheHDVgenomeispartiallyhomologouswithHBVDNA.
d. HDVinfectionhasbeenfoundonlyinlimitedareasoftheworld.
e. StimultaneousinfectionwithHDV&HBVresultsinanincreasedriskofthe
developmentofchronichepatitis.

9A55yearoldmalesmokerpresentswithburningepigastricpainseveralhoursaftera
meal,whichisrelievedbyantacids.Uppergastrointestinalendoscopydisclosesanulcerwitha
welldemarcatedborderattheduodenalbulb.Histologicexaminationofabiopsyspecimenof
theulcercraterrevealseosinophilicnecrosiswithsurroundingfibrosiswithoutevidenceof
malignancy.Furthermore,analysisofahistologicsectioninvolvingthegastricmucosareveals
invasionwithagramnegativerod.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetherapy?

a. Mylanta.
b. Ranitidine.
c. Omeprazole.
d. Bismuthplusmetronidazole.
e. Omeprazoleplusclarithromycinplusmetronidazole.

10A66yearoldmanpresentswithfatigueandteacoloredurinePhysicalexamination
revealsictericsclerabutisotherwiseunremarkable.Whichofthefollowingconditionsis
LEASTlikelytoaccountforthesefindings?

a. Pancreaticcancer.
b. Gallbladdercancer.
c. Primarybiliarycirrhosis.
d. Autoimmunehemolyticanemia.
e. Viralhepatitis.

 

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ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
11Whichofthefollowingfeaturesismorecommonlyassociatedwithulcerativecolitisthan
withcrohn’sdisease?

a. Fistulas.
b. Rectal bleeding.
c. Segmental involvement.
d. An abdominal mass.
e. Mesenteric lymph node involvement.
12WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningtherelationshipofduodenalulcerandH.
pyloriinfectioniscorrect?

a. Virtually all patients with a duodenal ulcer harbor H. pylori.

b. Most patients infected with H. pylori will develop an ulcer.
c. H. pylori invades the gastric mucosa.
d. The demonstration of H. pylori as a causative feature in a given patient with a duodenal
ulcer requires biopsy.
e. The relapse rate for duodenal ulcer is equivalent whether H. pylori eradication therapy or
H2 receptor antagonists are used.

13A56yearoldpatientwithcirrhosisoftheliverpresentswithmassivehemetemesis.
Somatostatin,fluidsandbloodproductsareadministeredandthepatientisintubated.
Emergencyendoscopyrevealsbleedingesophagealvarices.Thepatientbecomesstable
hemodynamicallybutisstillbleeding.Themostappropriatenextstepis:
a. intravenous propranolol.
b. intravenous vasopressin.
c. balloon tamponade.
d. endoscopic injection sclerotherapy.
e. endoscopic variceal band ligation.

14- Typical causes of extra hepatic cholestatic jaundice include :

a. sclerosing cholangitis.
b. primary biliary cirrhosis.
c. cystic fibrosis.
d. alcoholiccirrhosis.
e. non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

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 ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
15Thefollowingfeaturessuggestextrahepaticcholestasisratherthanviral
hepatitisEXCEPT:

a. a palpable gall bladder.

b. right hypochondrial tenderness.
c. serum alkaline phosphatase concentration >2.5 times normal.
d. pruritus and rigors.
e. peripheral blood polymorph leucocytosis.

16Asregardtoconjugatedbilirubin,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?

a. Conjugated bilirubin in the serum in hemolytic anemia is typically increased.

b. Conjugated bilirubin in urine of healthy subjects is typically undetectable.
c. Conjugated bilirubin normally constitutes most of the total serum bilirubin.
d. Conjugated bilirubin in Gilbert's syndrome is typically increased.
e. Conjugated bilirubin in the serum in obstructive jaundice is typically decreased.

17Thetypicalfeaturesofacute(fulminant)hepaticfailureinclude:EXCEPT

a. onset within 8weeks of the initial illness.

b. hepatosplenomegaly and ascites.
c. encephalopathy and fetor hepaticus.
d. nausea, vomiting and renal failure.
e. cerebral edema without papilloedema.

18Thetypicalfeaturesofhepaticcirrhosisinclude:EXCEPT

a. a small shrunken liver .

b. painful splenomegaly.
c. peripheral blood macrocytosis.
d. parotid gland enlargement.
e. central cyanosis.



 

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ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
19Inthemanagementofascitesduetohepaticcirrhosis:

a. thedietarysodiumintakeshouldberestrictedto140mmol/day.
b. paracentesisandparenteralalbuminreplacementimprovethesurvivalrate.
c. thedailycalorieintakeshouldberestrictedto1500calories.
d. diuretictherapyshouldachieveadailyweightlossofatleast2.5kg.
e. theproteinintakeshouldbeatleast40g/dayunlessencephalopathyissuspected.

20Preventionofrecurrentvaricealbleedingisachievableusing:EXCEPT

a.somatostatin(octreotide)therapy.
b.TIPSS.
c.Cadrenoceptorantagonist(Cblocker)treatment.
d.varicealbanding.
e.sclerotherapy.

21Inprimarybiliarycirrhosis:

a. middleagedmalesareaffectedpredominantly.
b. pruritusisinvariablyaccompaniedbyjaundice.
c. osteomalaciaandosteoporosisbothoccurasthediseaseprogresses.
d. rigorsandabdominalpainarepresentingfeatures.
e. smoothmuscleantibodiesarepresentinhightitresintheserum.

22Thetypicalfeaturesofprimaryhemochromatosisinclude:EXCEPT

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„Ǥ ƒŽ‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ…‡Ǥ
…Ǥ Š‡’ƒ–‹……‹””Š‘•‹•ƒ††‹ƒ„‡–‡•‡ŽŽ‹–—•Ǥ
†Ǥ …‘‰‡•–‹˜‡…ƒ”†‹‘›‘’ƒ–Š›Ǥ
e. ‰”‡›•‹’‹‰‡–ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘‹”‘†‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

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ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
23- The typical features of pyogenic liver abscess include : EXCEPT

a. obstructivejaundiceandpruritus.
b. tenderhepatomegalywithoutsplenomegaly.
c. pleuriticpainandpleuraleffusion.
d. multipleabscesses,especiallyinascendingcholangitis.
e. Escherichiacoli,anaerobesandstreptococcipresentinpus.

24- The typical clinical features of acute cholecystitis include :

a. jaundice,nauseaandvomiting.
b. colickyabdominalpaininspasmslastingabout5minutes.
c. righthypochondrialtendernessworseonexpiration.
d. airinthebiliarytreeonplainradiograph.
e. peripheralbloodleucocytosis.

25- As regard to viral hepatitis , which of the following is correct ?

a. HepatitisBcanbeacquiredfromserousfluidfromawound.
b. HepatitisCisnotacauseofhepatocellularcarcinoma.
c. HepatitisAisacauseofchronicliverdisease.
d. HepatitisEcanbeacquiredbysharingneedles.
e. ApersonwithonlyahepatitisBcoreIgGtestpositiveisinfectiousforhepatitisB.

26- Which of the following is the most common cause of upper GI bleeding ?

a. MalloryWeisstear.
b. Varicealhemorrhage.
c. Dieulafoylesion.
d. Pepticulcerdisease.
e. Thrombocytopenia.

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ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
27- The initial regimen for a patient with tropical sprue is which of the following ?

a. Folateandniacin.
b. Ironsulfateandtetracycline.
c. Glutenfreedietandprednisone.
d. Folateandtetracycline.
e. Azathioprineandprednisone.

28- The initial regimen for a patient with Crhon’s disease is which of the following ?

a. Folateandniacin.
b. Ironsulfateandtetracycline.
c. Glutenfreedietandprednisone.
d. Folateandtetracycline.
e. Azathioprineandprednisone.

29 - A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a complaint of

foul-smelling diarrhea, which he has had for the past 4 to 5 months. He has three or
four stools a day, which he describes as oily in nature. He denies experiencing a
change in the caliber of his stools, and he also denies having abdominal pain,
melena, or blood per rectum. His appetite is still fairly good, but he describes weight
loss & fatigue. His medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type
2 diabetes with retinopathy and mild neuropathy, and gastroesophageal reflux
disease. His medications include metformin, insulin, atenolol, simvastatin, aspirin,
and omeprazole. The neurologic examination is notable only for mild stocking-glove
neuropathy, and an S4 is heard on cardiac examination. Laboratory tests reveal
macrocytic anemia and mild hypoalbuminemia.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

a. Crohndisease.
b. Intestinallymphoma.
c. Bacterialovergrowthsyndrome.
d. Hemochromatosis.
e. Chronicpancreatitis.

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ICƒ’•—Ž‡S‡”‹‡• MCQ
30- A 75-year-old man presents with gradually worsening pruritus, jaundice, and
vague right upper quadrant abdominal ache. He has a 30-year history of
ulcerative colitis. On exam, he has normal vital signs, scleral icterus, and
hepatomegaly. His abdominal ultrasound shows dilated intrahepatic and
extrahepatic ducts but no evidence of stones. His bilirubin level is 10, alkaline
phosphatase level is 400, and amylase level is normal. An abdominal CT scan
finds no pancreatic masses or adenopathy.
The differential diagnosis for this patient should include which of the following?

a. Primarybiliarycirrhosis.
b. Sclerosingcholangitis.
c. Carcinomaofthebiliarytract.
d. Druginducedcholestasis.
e. BandC.

31- Which of the following is true regarding cholecystokinin ?

a. Inexcess,itprecipitatesgallstones.
b. Itcausesdelayedgastricemptyingthroughitsactionasasmoothmusclerelaxant.
c. Itisfoundinhigherconcentrationsfollowingcholecystectomy.
d. Itreleasesthe‘ilealbrake’
e. Itstimulatespancreaticexocrinesecretion.

32- Which of the following is the most effective in the treatment of gastro-
esophageal reflux disease ?

a. Ranitidine300mgBD.
b. Omeprazole20mgOD.
c. BismuthTDS.
d. Mgtrisilicate.
e. Aluminiumhydroxide.

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In Capsule Series MCQ

Answers
1- a. CT of the abdomen.
Initial considerations in evaluating a patient with jaundice require a determination of whether
the patient has primarily unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia ,
in which case > 50 % of the serum bilirubin is conjugated bilirubin. The major differential
diagnosis in this case is between impaired hepatocyte bilirubin excretion and extrahepatic
biliary obstruction . Intra hepatic obstruction may occur in drug reactions, alcoholic hepatitis ,
the third trimester of pregnancy and viral or autoimmune hepatitis. In the case of Dubin-
Johnson syndrome , the conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is due to a congenital defect in
bilirubin excretion and generally is not associated with abnormalities of alkaline phosphase or
hepatic amino - transferases. Patients who have conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and abnormal
liver enzymes generally fall into two groups : those whose aminotransferase elevation is
dominant and who are suspected of having a hepatocellular disorder and those who have
primary elevation of alkaline phosphatase and are likely to have either intra or extra hepatic
biliary obstruction. In the latter group of patients , it is imperative to rule out extra hepatic
obstruction by means of ultrasonography of the right upper quadrant or abdominal CT , If the
biliary ducts are not dilated on radiologic evaluation , the next most appropriate procedure
would be ERCP.

2- b. Dysphagia , chest pain and regurgitation are the predominant symptoms.

Achalasia is a motor disorder of esophageal smooth muscle in which the lower esophageal
sphincter (LES) does not relax properly in response to swallowing and normal esophageal
peristalsisis replaced by abnormal contractions. Manometry reveals a normal or elevated LES
pressure and reduced or absent swallow-induced relaxation. A decreased number of ganglion
cells are noted in the esophageal body and LES of patients with achalasia , suggesting that
defective innervations of these areas is the underlying abnormality. Dysphagia , chest pain and
regurgitation are the predominant symptoms. The chest x-ray often reveals absence of the
gastric air bubble , and the barium swallow reveals a dilated esophagus. Calcium channel
antagonists such as nifedipine relax smooth muscle and have been effective in treating some
patients. However, the main stay of therapy remains pneumatic dilation.

3- b. Misoprostol.
Gastric mucosal injury, potentially resulting in ulcers and erosive gastritis , may be produced
by aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including indomethacin , ibuprofen and
naproxen. These agents may be directly toxic to the gastric mucosa by depleting protective
endogenous mucosal prostaglandins. Moreover , they more directly interrupt the mucosal
barrier , allowing back diffusion of hydrogen ions as well as reducing gastric mucus secretion
and increasing gastric acid secretion. The prostaglandin E analogue misoprostol is effective in
preventing ulcers and gastritis caused by NSAIDs. Its mechanism of action is believed to be
stimulation of gastric mucus and duodenal bicarbonate secretion as well as the maintenance
of the gastric mucosal barrier via epithelial cell restitution.

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In Capsule Series MCQ

4- C. D-Xylose absorption test.

Malabsorption caused by bacterial overgrowth results from bacterial utilization of ingested
vitamins and the deconjugation of bile salts by bacteria in the proximal jejunum . The
bacteria also separate vitamin B 12 from the intrinsic factor, thus interfering with its
absorption from the ileum. persons with bacterial overgrowth have steatorrhea , anabnormal
Schilling test (even with the administration of intrinsic factor ), increased metabolism of non
absorbable carbohydrates ( lactulose ) and increased bacterial concentrations in jejunal
aspirates. Absorption of D- Xylose , a simple carbohydrate , is often normal.

5- D. Urea.
Amino acids , except for the branched - chain amino acids leucine , isoleucine and valine , are
taken up by the liver via the portal circulation and are metabolized to urea .

6- E. Surgical resection of the ileum.

Obesity , clofibrate therapy , age and oral contraceptive therapy predispose to gallstone
formation by increasing biliary cholesterol excretion . Extensive ileal resection leads to
malabsorption of bile salts , depletion of the bile acid pool , and an inability to micellize
cholesterol , resulting in an increased risk of gallstone formation. No correlation exists
between serum cholesterol concentration and biliary cholesterol secretion .
Hypercholesterolemia does not predispose to cholelithiasis. Other important predisposing
factors to the formation of cholesterol gallstones include gallbladder hypomotility resulting
from prolonged parenteral nutrition , fasting or pregnancy. Pigment gallstones may occur
when the bilirubin level is high , such as in hemoglobinopathies or hemolytic anemia.

7- B. Dubin Johnson syndrome.

- Under normal conditions or even in cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia ( e.g.
hemolysis, Gilbert’s & Crigler-Najjar types I and II ) : the urine contains no bilirubin. This
is because the unconjugated bilirubin , is tightly bound to albumin and is not filtered by the
glomeruli.
- In cases of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia ( e.g. Dubin Johnson , Rotor syndrome ) : the
urine dipstick becomes positive for biluribin.

8- B. HDV can infect only persons infected with hepatitis B virus ( HBV ).
HDV is a defective virus that coinfects with and requires the helper function of HBV for its
replication and expression. Therefore, the duration of HDV infection is determined by and
limited to the duration of HBV infection. Although the delta core is encapsulated by an outer
coat of HBsAg, the delta antigen has no antigenic similarity to that of any of the HBV antigens.
In general, patients with simultaneous HBV & HDV infections do not have an increased risk of
developing chronic hepatitis compared with patients with acute HBV infection alone. HDV
superinfection of patients with chronic HBV infection carries an increased risk of fulminant
hepatitis and death.

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In Capsule Series MCQ

9- E. Omeprazole plus clarithromycin plus metronidazole.

This patient has the classic clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings of a duodenal ulcer. It is
now a recommendation that H. pylori infection should be eradicated in patients with
documented peptic ulcer disease. No single or double agent regimen has been reliably effective
in eradicating the organism. In general, a combination of two antibiotics plus a proton pump
inhibitor (omeprazole) is required to achieve a high likelihood of eradication. Such triple
therapy is effective in eradicating the organism in approximately 90 & of the cases.

10 - D. Auto immune hemolytic anemia.

Bilirubin , a breakdown product of heme derived from red blood cells, is transported to the liver
in an unconjugated Sstate, which is not renally excreted . The conjugation of bilirubin occurs in
the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte when the molecule is attached to glucuronic acid
.The conjugated bilirubin is then transported into the bile,then into the colon where most is
excreted into the feces. Processes that prevent excretion of conjugated bilirubin due to intra
hepatic diseases e.g. viral hepatitis, drugs as estrogen , chlorpromazine¸ or extra hepatic
obstruction ( blockage due to cancer of the biliary system or pancreas , bile duct diseases such as
sclerosing cholangitis , primary biliary cirrhosis lead to an increase of this species in the blood.
Elevated levels of this soluble form of bilirubin can be detected visually as tea or cola- colored
urine. Ultrasonography , CT or ERCP would be necessary to distinguish between extra and intra
hepatic causes of conjugated - hyperbilirubinemia. Unincreased load of unconjugated bilirubin
produced in states of excessive red cell destruction would generally not be detected in a urine
test for bilirubin.

11- B. Rectal bleeding.

There are many similar manifestations of crohn’s disease ( CD ) and ulcerative colitis ( UC ).
However UC almost always displays continuous rather than the more segmental involvement
characteristic of CD . UC rarely involves the entire bowel wall , whereas such transmural disease
in CD can lead to abdominal masses, mesenteric node inflammation, and fistula formation.
Since CD is much less likely to involve the rectum , hematocheziais less common than it is in UC
. Extra intestinal manifestations , colonic malignancy and toxic megalcolon can occur with
either entity.

12- A. Virtually all patients with a duodenal ulcer harbor H. pylori.

Although only 15 - 20% of persons infected with the spiral shaped , gram negative bacillus H.
pylori will develop an ulcer 95 - 100% of those with a documented duodenal ulcer can be shown
to have H. pylori infection. Typically the organism is found in the deep portion of the mucus gel.
Although bacteria may adhere to the luminal surfaces of the gastric epithelial cells , they do not
invade the muscosa . It appears that the bacteria activate inflammatory cells that produce
mucosal damage and release enzymes such as proteases and phospholipases which degrade the
mucus gel layer . The prevalence of gastric colonization with H. pylori increases with age and
with lower socioeconomic status. There are multiple ways to diagnose H. pylori infection
including histologic examination , culture measurement of urease activity and serologic studies.
The most effective way to decrease the relapse rate for duodenal ulcer is to institute therapy that
successfully eradicates H. pylori . The relapse rate is much higher if H2 receptor antagonists are
used alone.

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In Capsule Series MCQ

13- E. endoscopic variceal band ligation.

One of the most important complications of hepatic cirrhosis is variceal bleeding , which along
with ascites and encephalopathy results from portal hypertension. The primary prophylaxis of
known or previously bleeding varices includes cessation of alcohol , beta blockers , nitrates and
possibly endoscopic variceal band ligation ( EVL ). Once bleeding develops , the first
considerations are hemodynamic stabilization and airway protection. Emergency endoscopy is
required to define the nature and site of bleeding. Medical therapy with vasopressin , with or
without nitroglycerine or with somatostatin or octreotide can be used to slow the bleeding while
a waiting endoscopy. Although endoscopic injection sclerotherapy controls the active
hemorrhage in 90% , recent studies have suggested that EVL may be superior due to equal
control rates with less rebleeding , fewer complications and reduced number of sessions.
Balloon tamponade can be used if clinical stability can not be achieved and endoscopy is not
immediately available.

14- C. cystic fibrosis.

- Sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis , alcoholic cirrhosis : Intrahepatic
obstruction.
- Cystic fibrosis : Common bile duct obstruction from chronic pancreatitis.
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis : Rarely causes jaundice.

15- B. right hypochondrial tenderness.

Right hypochondrial tenderness : Also common in acute hepatitis.

16- B. Conjugated bilirubin in urine of healthy subjects is typically undetectable.

o As almost all bilirubin is unconjugated and albumin-bound.
o In hemolytic anemia ,there is unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.
o Unconjugated bilirubin is increased in Gilbert’s syndrome.
o Conjugated bilirubin in the serum in obstructive jaundice is typically increased.

17- B. hepatosplenomegaly and ascites.

18- B. painful splenomegaly.
19- E. the protein intake should be at least 40g/day unless encephalopathy is
suspected.
o The dietary sodium intake should be restricted to < 40 mmol/day.
o paracentesis and parenteral albumin replacement are symptomatic measures with no
prognostic value.
o Calorie restriction is neither required nor desirable.
o Daily weight loss >1 kg may precipitate renal impairment and/or encephalopathy.
o Protein restriction may be necessary to control encephalopathy.

20- A. somatostatin (octreotide) therapy. Somatostatin may be useful in acute bleeds.

21- C. osteomalacia and osteoporosis both occur as the disease progresses.
o middle-aged females are affected predominantly.
o pruritus may precede jaundice by months or even years.

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In Capsule Series MCQ

o osteomalacia and osteoporosis both occur as the disease progresses due to Vitamin D
malabsorption and hepatic osteodystrophy.
o rigors and abdominal pain are presenting features suggest obstruction of large bile duct.
o High titres of anti mitochondrial antibody , not smooth muscle antibodies.

22 - E. grey skin pigmentation due to iron deposition.

Melanin not iron deposition.

23 - A. obstructive jaundice and pruritus.

Jaundice is usually mild and not often obstructive.

24 - E. peripheral blood leucocytosis.

o Jaundice occurs in less than 20% even in the absence of stones (Mirizzi's syndrome)
o Pain is typically continuous for up to 6 hours.
o right hypochondrial tendernessworse on inspiration ( Murphy's sign ).

25 - A. Hepatitis B can be acquired from serous fluid from a wound.

26- D. peptic ulcer disease.

27- D. Folate and tetracycline.

28- E. Azathioprine and prednisone.

29- B. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome.

This patient has a subacute to chronic presentation with steatorrhea and likely folate
defideficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency or both. He has diabetes mellitus, which can cause stasis
through autonomic neuropathy. Anything that causes intestinal stasis allows a proliferation of
bacteria, which leads to changes in bile salt metabolism and impaired absorption, primarily of
vitamin B12 . In addition , this patient is taking proton pump inhibitor , which can reduce
motility of the proximal small bowel, often precipitating symptoms in a predisposed patient.
Therapy usually entails repeated courses of antibiotics active against anaerobes. There is no
convincing evidence for the effectiveness of anyof the other choices presented.

30- E. B and C.
In this case, other possible diagnoses include a solitary common bile duct stone that escaped
detection on ultrasound and CT, occult pancreatic carcinoma, bile duct stricture, and
extrahepatic compression of the biliary tract. Although sclerosing cholangitis usually develops
in younger men (aged 20 to 50 years), it is often associated with ulcerative colitis. About 60%
of patients will also have a positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)
test result. The hallmark finding on ERCP is segmental stenosis of the biliary tree. Primary
biliary cirrhosis is an autoimmune disease that typically affects women. About 95% of patients
have antimitochondrial antibodies. Both primary biliary cirrhosis and drug-induced
cholestasis cause intrahepatic cholestasis without extrahepatic duct dilatation.

31- E. It stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion.

32- B. Omeprazole 20 mg OD.

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