Upper Intermediate GW

OUTCOMES
GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS
FOR
STUDENTS
IN SPAIN
UPPER INTERMEDIATE
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

CONTENTS
1 ENTERTAINMENT 4
2 SIGHTSEEING 7
3 THINGS YOU NEED 10
4 SOCIETY 12
5 SPORTS AND INTERESTS 14
6 ACCOMMODATION 17
7 NATURE 20
8 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 22
9 CAREERS AND STUDYING 24
10 SOCIALISING 26
11 TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL 28
12 HEALTH AND MEDICINE 30
13 LIFE-CHANGING EVENTS 32
14 BANKS AND MONEY 35
15 FOOD 38
16 BUSINESS 40
© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc CONTENTS 3

1 ENTERTAINMENT
HABITS
Past
We can use different structures to talk about habits in the past.
We can use the past simple, used to + infinitive (without to) or would + infinitive (without to). We
form the negative of used to in two different ways.
Positive Negative Question

Past I / you / he / she / it / we / I / you / he / she / it / we / Did I / you / he / she / it /
simple they saw they didn’t see we / they see …?
used to I / you / he / she / it / we / I / you / he / she / it / we / Did I / you / he / she / it /
they used to see they didn’t use to see we / they use to see …?
I / you / he / she / it / we /
they never used to see
would I / you / he / she / it / we / I / you / he / she / it / we / Would I / you / he / she / it
they would see they wouldn’t see / we / they see …?
I played football constantly when I was a child.

Did he use to go to the cinema every Saturday?
They would often eat chocolate when they watched TV.
Present
We can use different structures to talk about habits in the present.
We can use the present simple, tend to + infinitive (without to) and will + infinitive (without to).
We form the negative for tend to in two different ways. The present simple and tend to are more
common than will.

Present I / you / we / they eat I / you / we / they don’t eat Do I / you / we / they
simple he / she / it eats he / she / it doesn’t eat eat …?
Does he / she / it eat …?
tend to I / you / we / they tend I / you / we / they don’t Do I / you / we / they tend
to eat tend / tend not to eat to eat …?
he / she / it tends to eat he / she / it doesn’t tend / Does he / she / it tend to
tends not to eat eat …?
will I / you / we / they will eat I / you / we / they Will I / you / he / she / it /
won’t eat we / they eat …?
Do you listen to the radio often?

They tend not to water the garden very often.
She doesn’t tend to read books much as she prefers magazines.
He doesn’t go out much, but he will go for a coffee sometimes.
4 Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

Adverbs and adverbial phrases of frequency
We often use adverbs and adverbial phrases when we want to talk about the frequency of past
and present habits.
always / all the time / constantly
normally / usually / as a rule / on the whole / by and large
sometimes / now and again / once in a while
almost never / very rarely / hardly ever / once in a blue moon
We also use phrases with (not) as much as.
I don’t go out as much as I’d like to / I want / I used to / I did before.
Tick () the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

I never use to eat spicy food, but I really like it now.
I never used to eat spicy food, but I really like it now.
1 I didn’t go out very often when I was young, but these days, I use to go out every week.

2 I tend not spending as much time studying nowadays.

3 As a child, I’d usually stay with my grandma in the summer, which I used to love.

4 There was one time I’d break my leg when I fell off my bike.

5 These days we tend to go out not as much as we’d like to.

6 I hardly ever watch TV and I only go to the cinema once in a blue moon.

7 When I was young, I was playing football in the park nearly every day.

8 I don’t train as much as I used to, but I will get out for a run at the weekend.

9 In the past, we only tended go out for dinner on our birthdays. Now we always eat out!

10 Their parents wouldn’t normally let the children stay up late, but now and again they could.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives
We usually use adjectives to give information about nouns.
Adjectives usually go before the noun.
The book had a really gripping plot.
Adjectives can also go after ‘linking’ verbs such as be, become, get, go, feel, grow, keep, look, remain,
seem, smell, stay, sound, taste and turn. The adjectives describe the subject of the verb and do not
go before the noun.
The man seems very annoyed.
© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 5

Adverbs
We use adverbs for many different purposes. They can give information about adjectives, verbs
or other adverbs, or we use them to give an opinion about a whole sentence. Adverbs used with
‘linking’ verbs describe how something is done.
We form most adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, but some adverbs, such as alive, fast, hard,
late and later, use the same form as the adjective.
Adverbs usually go before adjectives, but we can use them before other adverbs and at the start
of sentences or clauses to show an opinion.
The opera last night was absolutely fantastic.
He eats very slowly.
Luckily, I arrived at the airport just in time.
Adverbs of frequency usually go before the main verb. Adverbs showing when something
happens or how something is done usually go after a verb.
We never go abroad anymore.
Sami hasn’t left the house since yesterday.
They didn’t sing well at all.
Complete the sentences with an adverb from box A and an adjective from box B.
There are four words that you do not need.
A
apparently cautiously completely eagerly fast fortunately
highly properly rarely ridiculously terribly virtually well-
B
anticipated asleep awake aware challenging disappointed
dull easy impossible likely optimistic ridiculous sorry
His explanation for not helping with the catering was completely ridiculous .
1 This prison is so secure that escape would be .

2 I would say that an eruption on Mount Etna is in the next five
years.
3 The dates of his world tour will be announced today.
4 Mia was very with her results. , she’d forgotten about the test,
so she hadn’t revised for it.
5 We put the children to bed an hour ago, so why are they still ? ,
they don’t have to get up early tomorrow.
6 The team has spent three years working towards today’s launch, so we are
it will go well.
7 Of course I got 100% on the test – it was !
8 We are of our responsibilities and take them seriously.
9 I started a photography class last week. I’m gradually learning how to use the equipment
, but it is very .
10 He goes to exhibitions because he finds them .

2 SIGHTSEEING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to add information about nouns or previous clauses. Relative clauses
usually start with a relative pronoun and go immediately after the noun they are referring to.
For people the woman who / that / whom / whose

For things the car which / that / whose
the place where / in which
the time when / at which
the reason why / that
Clauses with no commas

We use relative clauses without commas with general words like man, place or thing when we
need to explain which man, place or thing we are referring to. These are sometimes called defining
relative clauses.
She’s the woman who / that lives next door.
This is the hotel which / that offers a good discount.
He’s the person with whom you need to speak. OR He’s the person who you need to speak to.
We do not need to use a relative pronoun for clauses without commas when the noun they relate
to is the object of the clause
It’s the cinema (that) I go to most often.
Micky is the person (that) I call when I want to go out and have fun.
I love the park. It’s the place (where) I go to relax.
The afternoon is the time (when) a lot of people feel sleepy.
They’re always doing something. This is the reason (why) it’s impossible to meet up with them.
Clauses with commas

We use relative clauses with commas when the sentence is clear and complete, but we want to
add some extra information. These are sometimes called non-defining relative clauses and always
need a relative pronoun. For clauses with commas, we can add other words to which or whom to
show the quantity or time.
Kazuo Ishiguro, who was born in Japan, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017.
We sunbathed on the beach for three hours, during which time we got really burnt.
I met a lot of people when I travelled abroad, a few of whom I’m still in touch with.

Rewrite the pairs of sentences in 1–8 as one sentence. Use a relative clause.
There were lots of teachers at the school. Most of them were really friendly.
There were lots of teachers at the school, most of whom were really friendly.
1 We stayed on the island. The film The Beach was made there.

2 We’ll meet Di. Then we’ll go for lunch together.

3 We left Syria in May 2011. The civil war had already started.

4 Daisy met Margot, Alison and Bobby. They were all absolutely fantastic.
5 Martha’s father comes and visits as often as he can. Her father is Chinese.

6 This is the town hall. I’m getting married there next week.

7 I’m planning to go to the amusement park with Sarah. Her father used to work there.

8 Felix stayed a night in Paris and then flew down to Barcelona. He had dinner with his
daughters in Paris.

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

Timetables
We usually use the present simple to talk about timetables, but the present continuous is also
possible and has the same meaning.
The plane arrives at six o’clock this evening. OR The plane is arriving at six o’clock this evening.
Offers
We use will + infinitive (without to) to offer to do something for someone.
I’ll make dinner tonight if you like.
Decisions about the future

We usually use be going to to talk about a decision about the future that we’ve already made. The
present continuous is also often possible and has the same meaning.
He’s going to buy a new laptop next week. OR I’m buying a new laptop next week.
We usually use will to talk about a decision, a promise or a threat made at the time of speaking.
I’ll wait until tomorrow to clean the windows.
Predictions
We usually use be going to for predictions based on what we can see, hear, feel or already know,
but will is also possible.
I think we’re going to get stuck in the traffic on the motorway. OR I think we’ll get stuck in the traffic
on the motorway.
We usually use will for predictions made at the moment of speaking, but be going to is
also possible.
You’ll fall off that ladder if you’re not careful! OR You’re going to fall off that ladder if you’re
not careful!

Arrangements
We usually use the present continuous to talk about activities we have arranged with other people
in the (near) future, but we can also use be going to.
I’m visiting my aunt tomorrow. OR I’m going to visit my aunt tomorrow.
Likelihood of things happening

We use be not likely to or be (highly) unlikely to to talk about things we don’t think will happen.
It’s highly unlikely to change anything.
I’m not likely to arrive on time. My train will probably be running late as usual.
We use be bound to or be likely to to talk about things we see as (almost) inevitable.
She’s bound to get the job.
I’m not likely to arrive on time. My train will probably be running late as usual.
They’re more likely to go back to Asia than try somewhere new.
We use be due to talk about the time that we expect things to happen.
Sarah is due (to come) in later today.
Match the future forms in the sentences (1–8) to their functions (a–h).
The cricket match is starting at two o’clock, so don’t be late. a
1 He walked out three years ago. He’s unlikely to come back again.
2 I’ll give you a lift. Where do you need to go?
3 The baby’s due in August.
4 I’m going to go travelling after I’ve graduated from university.
5 Jamie, stop hitting Sami! You’re going to hurt her!
6 The term starts on September 3rd.
7 I’m meeting Tori in Covent Garden tomorrow.
8 He’s worked hard, so he’s bound to do well in his exams.
a timetable
b offer
c decision
d prediction
e arrangement
f thing that we don’t think will happen
g thing that we see as almost inevitable
h thing that we expect to happen

3 THINGS YOU NEED
EXPLAINING PURPOSE USING SO, IF AND TO
We use so (that), if and to to explain purpose.
We use so (that) to show that the second part of the sentence is a potential result of the first. It is
often followed by can.
Can you pass me my glasses so (that) I can read the newspaper?
We use if-clauses (if + noun + verb in present tense) to talk about possible situations in which
certain things might be necessary.
Call me tonight if you want help applying for the job.
We use to + infinitive to explain the purpose of doing things, why we need something or what
something is for. We can also use in order to + infinitive, but this is more common in formal writing.
I’m just going to the supermarket (in order) to get some food for later.
Complete the sentences with so, if or to.

We’re staying in tonight so we can catch up on the housework.
1 You should use vinegar you want to clean a mirror well.

2 I need to clear my desk I can see what I’m doing.
3 Hello, I’m calling find out if you need any household items.
4 Ben spent the entire day in his shed that he could finish making the shelf.
5 You can use a toilet roll for this or even rolled up paper you can’t find
any cardboard.
6 The bolt needs to go through both pieces of wood in order secure the
structure.
7 Ask them to come to the shop they want to see the bulb before they buy it.
8 Wear these overalls your clothes don’t get dirty.
SHOULD AND SHOULD HAVE (SHOULD’VE)

We use should (not / never) + infinitive (without to) to give general advice, suggestions or criticism
about a present situation.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Should I / you / he / she / it /
should see shouldn’t / should never see we / they see …?
Steve should be very careful about criticising his boss.

We use should (not / never) + have + past participle to show a criticism or regret about a
past action.
They should never have bought that big house. They can’t afford it.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Should I / you / he / she / it / we /
should have seen shouldn’t / should never they have seen …?
have seen
Alicia should never have taken out that large bank loan.
We use should(n’t) be + verb + -ing to refer to a current unfinished situation.

should be seeing shouldn’t be seeing they be seeing …?
We shouldn’t be driving down this path. There aren’t enough lights.

We use should have been + verb + -ing to refer to an unfinished / interrupted action in the past.

should have been seeing shouldn’t have been seeing they have been seeing …?
Mel should have been working in the morning, but she had to go to the hospital instead.
Complete the second sentence so that it responds to the first sentence. Use
should(n’t) (have) and the correct form of the verbs from the box.
be call cook go leave say say speak take try work
A: This chicken is a little dry, unfortunately.

B: Maybe you shouldn’t cook it for so long next time.
1 A: I made a really insensitive comment to Louise.

B: I know. You that to her.
2 A: She isn’t studying hard enough at the moment.
B: You’re right. She harder.
3 A: We can’t get out because they parked their car in front of ours.
B: They it there.
4 A: This seat belt is really uncomfortable. Do I have to wear it?
B: Yes, you do. You it off until we get home.
5 A: He thought there was going to be a problem, but he didn’t mention anything.
B: He something.
6 A: There’s a new pizzeria just down the road.
B: We it on Friday night.
7 A: Loz and Jem are in trouble. They missed some classes and were seen in town.
B: They in town – they to class.
8 A: Silvia thinks you’re ignoring her because you didn’t say hello to her yesterday.
B: I didn’t see her. She to me. Do you think I
her and explain?

4 SOCIETY
SO AND SUCH
We often use so and such in sentences describing a result and its cause. We use so and such to
introduce the cause and that to introduce the result (although that can be omitted).
We use these patterns with so and such in sentences to describe cause and result.
so + adjective They were so tired (that) they could barely keep their eyes open.
so + adverb Stacey worked so hard (that) she finally got the promotion.
so + few / many + plural, There are so few people here (that) we should cancel the class.
countable noun
so + little / much + uncountable I had so little money with me (that) I couldn’t afford the
noun train fare.
such + noun It was such a beautiful necklace (that) I had to buy it.
such + adjective + noun The restaurant serves such delicious food (that) I go there quite
often.
such + a lot of + noun There’s such a lot of saturated fat in that cake (that) I really
shouldn’t eat it.
Complete the sentences with so or such.

The country is in such a lot of debt that there is little hope of recovery.
1 The government has had many scandals this year that this latest one is not
a surprise.
2 Can we really call ourselves a democracy when few people vote these days?
3 They’ve got amazing resources available to them.
4 If the same thing happens often enough, there comes a time when it’s not
a shock.
5 Public transport is not a big issue; the problems can be solved quite easily.
6 The economy would improve faster if only the bankers weren’t greedy.
7 There is much poverty and large sums owed to world banks by
some countries that they won’t be able to get back on their feet.
8 hypocrisy from local government involving many councillors
can only restrict growth in the area.
9 Young people these days are obsessed with the idealised lifestyle portrayed in
the media. pressure to be ‘perfect’ is not healthy for our society.
10 How is it possible to give medical treatment to many people when there is
a shortage of qualified doctors and nurses?
COMPARATIVES WITH THE …, THE …
We use comparatives with the …, the … to show how changes to two or more different things
are linked.
We form these comparatives using the pattern the + comparative + noun / pronoun (+ verb), the
+ comparative + noun / pronoun (+ verb). We can sometimes use more, less or fewer as pronouns
instead of using nouns.
more (flour) you put in, thicker the sauce is.

more likely it is that he will
The taller he gets, the
get on the basketball team.
more we save, better.
Write sentences from the prompts. Use the …, the …

pollution / there / be / bad / my asthma / get
The more pollution there is, the worse my asthma gets.
1 more / people / there / be / at / the party / merry

2 bad / the economy / get / weak / the government / get

3 old / I / grow / less / I / know

4 more / it / go / on / snowing / cold / my toes / be / getting

5 good / I / know / her / more / I / like / her

6 affluent / the area / expensive / the houses / be

7 cars / there / be / great / the risk of pollution / be

8 few / candidates / there / be / less / chance / of a / fair result / be

9 low / wage / poor / working conditions / be

10 complex / bureaucracy / be / frustrated / people / get


5 SPORTS AND INTERESTS
SHOULD(N’T) HAVE, COULD(N’T) HAVE, WOULD(N’T) HAVE
We use should have (should’ve) + past participle to show we think something in the past was a
good idea but didn’t happen.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they should have seen
Michael should have told you about the performance sooner. I’m sorry you couldn’t make it.
We use shouldn’t have or should never have + past participle to show we think something that
happened wasn’t a good idea.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they shouldn’t have seen
She shouldn’t have posted those photos of Lin on social media. It was an invasion of her privacy.
I should never have tried windsurfing. I really don’t like water sports and it was exhausting.
We use would(n’t) have + past participle and could(n’t) / might have + past participle to show our
thoughts about a past result.
We use would have (would’ve) / wouldn’t have / would never have + past participle to show a certain
past result.
We use could have (could’ve) / couldn’t have / could never have / might have / might never have +
past participle to show a possible past result.
Positive Negative
Certain past I / you / he / she / it / we / they would I / you / he / she / it / we / they wouldn’t
result have seen have seen
Possible I / you / he / she / it / we / they could / I / you / he / she / it / we / they couldn’t /
past result might have seen could never / might never have seen
The dress is lovely, but I wouldn’t have worn it to the wedding. It’s not appropriate.
We could have saved some money, but we decided to spend it all on a sports car.
The players were so much better than us. We’d never have won the match.
It might have been Mark you saw, but I thought he was on holiday.
1 Choose the correct option.

We would / could have organised a party for her birthday, but we decided a nice meal
was better.
1 I loved performing when I was at school. I should / wouldn’t have joined a drama group.
2 If he hadn’t studied in Paris, he could / would never have met his future wife.
3 They shouldn’t / wouldn’t have left the class early as they love their teacher.
4 You couldn’t / may have seen that film. It hasn’t been released in cinemas yet.
5 They might / couldn’t have tried Capoeira as they like dance and fitness.
6 His children were always outdoors – they could / might never have sat indoors doing puzzles.
7 I should / could never have gone ice-skating. I’ve got huge blisters on my feet!
8 You look so tired. You would / should have had a lie in.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb and the correct form of
the verbs in brackets. You may need to use negative forms.
Pete shouldn’t have walked (walk) home in the rain.
He might have caught (catch) a cold. should might
1 You (call) me when you landed.

I (come) to the station to collect you. should could
2 The coach (choose) Mark instead of Paul.
Then we (lose) the match. would should
3 I (never / do) this without Bea.
Actually, she (win) this award, not me, as she did more to earn it
than I did. should could
4 I (tell) Jay to arrive today.
We (have) a day at the beach instead. could should
5 You (say). I (lend)
you my laptop. would should
6 I (eat) the squid, but it was over-cooked.
The chef (take) more care when cooking it. should would
7 We (win) the match, but our striker was sent off.
He (shout) at the referee. might should
8 Katie (be) an athlete, but she was too lazy.
She (try) harder. should could
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLE

Present perfect continuous
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions, intentions or feelings that started
in the past and are still going on now. It emphasises that these things happened regularly or
continuously.
We form the present perfect continuous with have / has + (not) been + verb + -ing. We rarely use
the verbs be, believe, belong, cost, exist, fancy, hate, have (= possess), know, like, love, prefer, seem
and understand in the present perfect continuous form.

I / you / we / they have been I / you / we / they haven’t been Have I / you / we / they been
working working working …?
he / she / it has been working he / she / it hasn’t been Has he / she / it been
working working …?
I’ve been working here for three weeks.

Has she been painting the living room all day?
We use since + a point in time to show when an activity, intention or feeling started.
I’ve been trying to get his attention since I arrived.
We use for + a period of time to show the length of time.
They’ve been doing pottery for about a year now.
We use phrases like all day / all year when it is the same day or year.
He’s been feeling unhappy all year.

Present perfect simple
We use the present perfect simple to talk about actions or events completed at some point
before now but with a connection to the present. Although we usually use the present perfect
continuous to talk about duration, we can also use the present perfect simple with the same
meaning. Sometimes, we use the present perfect simple to focus on the result rather than
the duration.
We form the present perfect simple with have(n’t) / has(n’t) + past participle.

I / you / we / they have worked I / you / we / they haven’t Have I / you / we / they
he / she / it has worked worked worked …?
he / she / it hasn’t worked Has he / she / it worked …?
I haven’t eaten Indian food yet.

Has he written many letters to the local paper?
We often use the adverbs yet, already, always, never, ever and just with the present perfect simple.
All of the adverbs go after have / has, except for yet, which goes at the end of the sentence.
Mariela has already run her first marathon of the year.
Have you tried the new energy drink yet?
We can also use for, since and phrases like all day / all year with the present perfect simple as well as
the present perfect continuous.
I’m so tired. I’ve slept all day and I’m still exhausted.
They’ve been training all year for the competition.

Have you yet been to the new museum?
Have you been to the new museum yet?
1 I’ve been knowing Carmen for twenty years.

2 He’s trying to repair his car all afternoon.

3 He’s been living in Madrid for the past five years.

4 I’ve been writing five emails and I’m just about to start the sixth!

5 I’ve wanted to leave since the last few minutes.

6 You look tired. What have you done?

7 I’ve always wanted to visit China.

8 There aren’t any sandwiches left. I’ve been eating them all!

6 ACCOMMODATION
MODIFIERS
We use modifiers to make adjectives, adverbs, verbs or nouns stronger or weaker.
absolutely / very / really

We use the modifiers absolutely, very, completely and really before adjectives to make them
stronger.
We use very or really with normal adjectives like hot and cold.
I felt very / really embarrassed when I fell down the stairs.
We use absolutely or really with extreme adjectives like soaked, awful or great that already have the
meaning of ‘very’.
They were absolutely freezing when they came back from their walk.
The house and garden were really stunning.
too
We use the modifier too before normal adjectives to show that you think something is a problem
or you don’t like it. We use a bit / a little too if it is a small problem and much / miles / way too if it is
a big problem.
It was (much) too far to walk. Thankfully, there was a regular bus service.
This hotel is way too expensive. We need to look for a cheaper option.
The room was a little too small for a family of four.
a bit / quite / fairly / pretty / rather

We use quite, fairly, pretty, a bit and rather before adjectives to make them weaker.
We use quite, fairly, pretty and rather with both positive and negative adjectives.
The bike was fairly old, but it was still in quite good condition.
Overall, we had a pretty good time in the city, but we preferred staying in the mountains.
We can use a bit with negative adjectives.
The plot of the film was a bit silly.
Modifying nouns
We use a bit of or adjectives like real, complete or hardly any before nouns to modify them.
Moving house was a complete nightmare. It took us much too long to pack everything.
hardly / almost
We use the negative word hardly before any / anything.
There was hardly anything left by the time we arrived.
We use almost with no, nothing, don’t and didn’t.
They saw almost nothing at the market that they wanted to buy.
There was almost no noise at night. It was very peaceful.

1 Cross out the incorrect modifiers. More than one correct modifier is possible
for some sentences.
The dessert was much too / too / fairly sweet for me. I could only eat half of it.
1 The room was big and our hosts were absolutely / a bit / fairly amazing.
2 Overall, the food was absolutely / pretty / quite nice.
3 It was a complete / really / bit of a waste of time. We won’t bother next year.
4 Our room in the B&B was a bit of / a bit too / a bit a mess.
5 The heating had broken, so it was rather / way too / hardly cold.
6 The whole experience was an absolute / a really / a complete disaster.
7 The bed was a bit too / not very / a bit of soft for me. I prefer something firmer.
8 The staff were really / quite / absolutely friendly.
2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

pretty / in / cool / some / shop / buy / new / can / that / in town / you / things
You can buy some pretty cool things in that new shop in town.
1 very / was / too / but / expensive / the / nice / was / hotel / way / it / food

2 so / washing machine / are / straight / filthy / your / put / in / absolutely / them / the / clothes

3 our / was / was / a / but / of / a / location / bit / it / flat / in / a / great / dump

4 nightmare / when / a / complete / they / at / called / had / half / the / sick / work / in / team

5 anything / from / relax / there / do / to / apart / the / beach house / at / was / hardly

6 wedding / traffic / almost / awful / on / we / was / didn’t / time / it / to / the / the / so / make

7 going / four / love / times / summer / this / I / really / camping / I’m / and

8 it / much / comfortable / was / the / too / although / small / was / room / enough

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
We use the passive construction have / get something done when the person who did the action is
unknown or unimportant. It focuses on both the object and the person that the object belongs to.
My car was repaired quickly after the crash. (= the focus is on repairing my car)
I had my car repaired quickly after the crash. (= the focus is on me arranging the repair of my car
and on the fact that I arranged the repair)
We form the structure with have / get + object + past participle. We can use the structure with
different tenses.

We’re having our garden fence They shouldn’t have their Have you had your garden
repainted. garden fence repainted. fence repainted?
I got the contract checked She didn’t get the contract Is he going to get the contract
before I went. checked before she went. checked before he goes?
Get is more common with some verbs, have with others. There are no rules for this, so the best way
to learn is by seeing examples.
Write sentences from the prompts.

I / have / new boiler / install / yesterday
I had a new boiler installed yesterday.
1 you / should / get / hair / cut

2 I / be / get / car / service

3 she / have / bike / steal / last week

4 he / be / going to / get / teeth / fix

5 you / should have / have / car / insure

6 we / just / have / kitchen / paint

7 they / be / going to / have / table / deliver

8 I / be / going to / get / eyes / check


7 NATURE
NARRATIVE TENSES
We can use many different structures when we tell stories.
The past simple

We use the past simple to describe finished events – often events that follow each other. These are
usually the main events of a story. They can be linked together using words such as and, and then,
after that, after and before.
We form regular past simple verbs by adding -ed to an infinitive verb, for example, wait / waited.
There are no rules for irregular past simple verbs. We form the negative with didn’t + infinitive
(without to).

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Did I / you / he / she / it / we /
walked / ate didn’t walk / eat they walk / eat …?
We stopped and looked for the restaurant, and then we went inside.
They waited all day to see the elephants, but they didn’t come.
The past continuous

We use the past continuous to show that an action was happening at the same time as another
action, but it was unfinished or interrupted – often by a verb in the past simple.
We form the past continuous with was(n’t) / were(n’t) + verb + -ing.

I / he / she / it was walking I / he / she / it wasn’t walking Was I / he / she / it walking …?
you / we / they were walking you / we / they weren’t walking Were you / we / they walking …?
I trained as a teacher when I was living in Spain.

The rain was pouring down when I remembered the bedroom window was open.
The past perfect simple

We use the past perfect simple to describe an action which finished before a previously
mentioned action or before the story began.
We form the past perfect simple with had(n’t) + past participle.

I / you / he / she / I / we / they I / you / he / she / I / we / they Had I / you / he / she / it / we /
had walked hadn’t walked they walked …?
When they brought the puppy home, they realised they’d forgotten to buy him a water bowl.
When we got back to our camp, we learned that one of the team members had disappeared in the
forest. We didn’t know what to do.
Complete the text with the most appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.
The events of this story happened (happen) a few years ago.
At the time, I 1
(live) in Australia. We 2 (decide)
to go camping, so we 3
(drive) up to the Queensland rainforest.
It 4
(get) dark when we 5
(arrive), but there was
a beautiful sunset over the beach. As we 6
(put) up the tent, my girlfriend
7
(realise) she 8
(forget) to pack the insect
repellent. For the rest of the evening, mosquitos 9
(eat) us alive, so we
couldn’t sleep. We 10
(wake) the next morning to find that it
11
(rain) heavily in the night. There was water everywhere! Then we
12
(see) a huge crocodile no more than five metres away and it
13
(swim) towards us. We 14 (never / be)
so scared in our lives! Luckily, it was distracted by a bird landing on the water, so we
15
(be able to) escape. That was the shortest camping trip we ever
16
(have)!
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
We can sometimes define nouns with participle clauses, which are shortened relative clauses.
Clauses that use present participles (the -ing form) have an active meaning and clauses that use
past participles have a passive meaning. The present or past participle goes after the noun it is
defining and replaces the whole relative clause.
The majority of children taking part in the competition are from the local school.
(= The majority of children that take part …)
People opposed to fracking should join us for the demonstration.
(= People that are opposed to fracking …)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
The majority of people voting (vote) in our country are from the older generation.
1 The number of people (start) apprenticeships in the UK dropped by 61%

this year.
2 The largest percentage of coffee (import) from Brazil goes to the USA.
3 The number of young adults (engage) in politics has risen in the past two years.
4 The group (lead) the enquiry says it believes there was no wrongdoing.
5 The list of species (hunt) to extinction now includes the northern white rhino.
6 The properties (damage) in the tsunami were mainly those directly facing
the coast.
7 As well as her own songs, there are a surprisingly high number of hits by other artists
(feature) Taylor Swift.
8 A free guide (summarise) different ways to cut pollution is available at all
petrol stations.

8 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
SHOWING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY WITH MODAL VERBS
We use the modal verbs could, might, may, must and can’t to show degrees of certainty about
our opinions.
We can use could, might or may to give an opinion or speculate about something when we think
it’s possible, but we aren’t completely sure.
We can use must or can’t to give an opinion or speculate about something when we’re certain it’s
true, even if we have no direct evidence / experience.
We use the modal verbs with a present infinitive form (without to) when we speculate about a
present situation. We use the modal verbs with a past infinitive form (have + past participle) when
we speculate about a past situation.
Uncertain Certain
Present infinitive It could / may / might be Joni who’s It must be a mouse that’s eating
playing loud music or it could / may / our seeds. (= I think it is definitely a
might be Jaime. (= It’s possible for it mouse because mice eat seeds.)
to be Joni or Jaime playing music.)
Past infinitive They could / may / might have known She can’t have had dinner yet.
about the birth of the baby. (= I imagine she hasn’t had dinner
(= It’s possible they knew about the yet because it’s too early / she’s very
birth of the baby.) hungry.)
Write sentences to speculate about the people. Use can’t (have) (), might (have)
(??) or must (have) () and the correct form of the words in brackets.
They haven’t arrived yet. (miss the bus / )
They must have missed the bus.
1 The exam results are out, but he looks miserable. (pass / )

2 I can’t find my gloves. (lose / )

3 He looks tired. (stay up late / ??)

4 They have gone on holiday to Greece for the second time this year. (love / )

5 Not many people speak to them. (be very popular / )

6 She hasn’t answered my letter. (forget / ??)

7 His leg’s in plaster. (break / )

8 He hasn’t brought my coffee yet. (make it now / ??)

NOUNS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
We often add prepositional phrases to nouns to define the nouns more. Usually, there is only one
possible preposition that can be used after a particular noun, although sometimes alternatives are
possible. We have to learn which prepositions can be used with which nouns.
We follow the noun we want to define with a preposition and either a noun or a gerund (-ing) form
of a verb.
The most positive outcome of the new system being implemented is its impact on increasing
productivity.
Prepositions and meanings

Different prepositions can add different information to the noun.
a film about prisons (= the subject is prisons)
a film by Quentin Tarantino (= the director is Tarantino)
an effect on health (= what it affects)
the effect of the ban (= where the effect comes from)
It’s possible to have two prepositional phrases.
There is currently not much trust in the politicians by the general public.
The prepositions that we use after the nouns often depend on the verbs used before the nouns.
take advice about the problem
give advice to your friend
Complete the sentences with a noun from box A and a preposition from box B.
A
access addiction anger damage decrease excuse involvement problem recipe
B
about for for in in to to to with
The problem with the local council is that they don’t take our concerns about
pollution seriously enough.
1 Sentencing the teenagers to six months in prison, the judge said there was absolutely no
their behaviour.
2 As a senior government official, Burke had highly classified
documents.
3 Owen admits that the his neighbour’s house was caused by work
being done on his own property.
4 There has been a sharp violent crime over the last five years.
5 Barrow has denied any the robbery, although his fingerprints
were found at the scene.
6 We hear his spicy chicken is as fiery as his temper.
7 There was widespread the decision to close five of the region’s
nursery schools.
8 She denied any connection between her exercise and her
weight loss.

9 CAREERS AND STUDYING
CONDITIONALS WITH PRESENT TENSES
We use conditionals with present tenses to talk about things that are true now, are generally /
usually true or are likely to happen in the future.
We use the present simple / continuous or the present perfect simple / continuous in the
conditional if-clause, but we can use a range of different structures in the result clause. Either
clause can go first in the sentence, but we only use a comma when the if-clause goes first.
To talk about if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + present

general truths simple
If I disagree with her, she tells me to be quiet.
To talk about if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + will +
definite future infinitive (without to)
results If we leave in the morning, there will be less traffic on the roads.
To give advice if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + should +
infinitive (without to)
If you’re getting a headache, you should take a painkiller.
To express if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + could /
possibility might / may + infinitive (without to)
We could get a new car if I get that promotion.
To make offers / if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + will +
promises infinitive (without to)
I’ll dry the dishes if you’ve finished washing them.
To talk about if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + going to +
plans infinitive
Where are you going to go if you get the weekend off?
To express if + present simple / continuous or present perfect / continuous + have to /
obligation must + infinitive (without to)
If you want to go out, you have to get a babysitter.
Match the sentence halves. Then label the sentences with the functions from
the box.
advice advice definite result general truth obligation

obligation offer plan possibility
If you want a change, you should get a new haircut advice
1 You’ll miss the train a if Guy moves out.

2 If you’re worried about the exam, b I’m going to find another job.
3 We might get a smaller place c if you don’t get a move on.
4 I’ll make some pasta d we all catch it.
5 If they don’t promote me this time, e you should speak to your teacher.
6 If you don’t start helping out, f you’ll have to get a taxi home.
7 If one of us gets a cold, g you’ll have to move out.
8 If you work late, h if you’re hungry.
CONDITIONALS WITH PAST TENSES
We use conditionals with past tenses to talk about imagined / hypothetical present or
past situations.
We use the past perfect simple / continuous in the if-clause for imagined past situations and the
past simple / continuous in the if-clause for imagined present situations.
We use would (not / never) + have + past participle in the result clause for imagined past results
and would (not / never) + infinitive (without to) for imagined present and future results. We can also
use might in the result clause to show less definite results.
Imagined past if + past perfect simple / continuous + would + have + past participle
I would have been scared if I’d been in the car when it crashed! (= I wasn’t in
the car when it crashed. That’s why I wasn’t scared.)
Imagined present if + past simple / continuous + would + infinitive (without to)
/ future Even if you gave me the house for free, I wouldn’t want to live in it.
(= They won’t give me the house for free, which is good because I don’t
want to live in it!)
Mixed present if + past simple / continuous + would + have + past participle
and past If I didn’t like Italian food, I would never have gone to that restaurant.
(= Because I like Italian food, I was happy to go to the restaurant.)
if + past perfect simple / continuous + would + infinitive (without to)
if you had woken up earlier, you would be at the hotel now. (= You didn’t wake
up early, so you are not at the hotel now.)
Write sentences with if for the situations.

They didn’t go to college. They didn’t get good jobs.
If they had gone to college, they would have got good jobs.
1 I didn’t pass my exams. I didn’t progress to the next year.

If
2 She wasn’t good at maths. She stopped studying it when she was sixteen.
If
3 I can’t drive. I won’t move to the countryside.
Even
4 He is a doctor. He got a job with the ambulance service.
If
5 I’m working in a shop. I haven’t been able to get a job in design.
If
6 I didn’t spend six months studying abroad. My parents didn’t have the money.
If
7 I was living in Berlin. I learned German.
if
8 My teacher didn’t encourage me. I didn’t do well at school.
if

10 SOCIALISING
THE FUTURE PERFECT
We sometimes use the future perfect instead of other future forms to explain that an action will be
complete before a particular time.
I’m going to fix my bicycle on Saturday. (… so we can’t go cycling on Friday)
I will have fixed my bicycle by Saturday. (… so let’s go cycling on Saturday)
We form the future perfect with will / won’t + have + past participle.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
will have fixed won’t have fixed they have fixed …?
We usually use a time reference with the future perfect such as before the weekend and
by this afternoon.
We will have finished dinner by eight o’clock, so we can go out then.
Will you have written the email before we leave?
We can also use should or might instead of will to show less certainty.
I should have arrived before the concert starts, but I’ll let you know if anything changes.
Complete the sentences with the future perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
They will (’ll) have read (read) the report by Monday, so we can discuss it then.
1 At the end of the month, we (live) in this house for ten years.
2 Don’t call me at eight o’clock. I (not finish) dinner by then.
3 By the end of the year, I (graduate).
4 Alex and Carrie (have) their baby by this time next week.
5 By this time tomorrow, she (finish) her exams.
6 By the time I’m 30, I (make) £1 million.
7 Do you think you (meet) the man of your dreams by this time
next year?
8 At the end of this year, my parents (be) married for twenty years.
9 In ten years’ time, my brother (not change) at all.
10 Before the end of the month, we (learn) how to cook Italian food.
I’ve just booked us on a cookery course!
QUESTION TAGS
We use question tags to ask for agreement or to ask for confirmation of an idea. We often use
positive question tags to make polite requests, commands or suggestions.
We form question tags with an auxiliary verb + a pronoun.
We use negative tags with positive sentences and positive tags with negative sentences. If there
is an auxiliary verb (have or be) in the main part of the sentence, the question tag is formed with
the auxiliary verb. If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag
uses an appropriate form of the verb do.
Positive sentence / negative tag She was a lovely woman, wasn’t she?
Negative sentence / positive tag Dogs shouldn’t eat chocolate, should they?
No auxiliary verb You work for a solicitor, don’t you?
Polite request You couldn’t lend me some money, could you?
Polite suggestion Let’s book a holiday in Rome, shall we?
Polite commands Pass me the salt, will you?
Complete the sentences with question tags.

You can drive, can’t you ? k
1 You couldn’t help me make dinner, ?

2 You haven’t been to Canada, ?
3 He comes from South Korea, ?
4 I’m really lazy sometimes, ?
5 It’s never too late, ?
6 Sue broke your computer, ?
7 We can’t go down this street, ?
8 They’ve taken everything, ?
9 Give me a call, ?
10 Let’s have dinner, ?
Now match the responses (a–j) to the sentences (1–10).

a No, it’s one-way.
b Yes, you are. Why don’t you do something about it?
c Sure. It’ll be great to catch up.
d No, never. I’d love to go.
e I’m afraid so. You should call the police.
f That would be lovely.
g Of course. What can I do?
h Not at all. You should go for it.
i Yes, he does. But he’s lived here for years.
j Yes, she did. It wasn’t her fault, but it’s really annoying.
k Yes, I can. But I’m not that confident.

11 TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns are nouns that have no plural forms and are never used with a / an.
Public transport is the best way to travel around in many cities.
We often use the following quantifiers with uncountable nouns: some, no, plenty of, not much, (not)
enough, a good / great deal of, hardly any, (not) any (at all), little, more, less.
There’s enough time to catch the bus.
Here are some common uncountable nouns. Many may be countable in your language.
accommodation behaviour equipment furniture litter luggage
news people scenery trouble weather work
Many concepts or abstract nouns are uncountable.
beauty confidence fear honesty hope intelligence
kindness poverty sadness trust wealth worry
Many nouns can be both countable and uncountable. There is often a difference in meaning.
I love eating roast chicken. (= the meat)
There’s a chicken in the garden! (= the bird)
I don’t have enough room in my bag for all my books. (= space)
Our holiday flat was very small. It only had three rooms. (= the specific places in the flat /
house / hotel)
Complete the sentences with a quantifier from box A and an uncountable noun
from box B.
A
any any good deal of hardly any less no plenty of some too much
B
advice experience information luck luggage news traffic trouble work
Was there any news about the train strike on the radio?
1 I didn’t win anything. I never have when I play the lottery.

2 It says to take one suitcase each. We’ve got two. We’ve got .
3 I don’t mind giving you a lift. It’s absolutely .
4 There’s on the website. It tells you everything you need to know.
5 I’m worried. There’s available at the moment, so I’m not earning
very much money.
6 I can’t believe how easy the journey was. There was a lot on the
roads compared to last year.
7 Let me give you : don’t travel during the day – set off in the
middle of the night.
8 She’ll make a great teacher as she’s got a working with children.
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
We use emphatic structures to emphasise how we feel / felt about present or past events.
We form emphatic structures using two common patterns (starting What … and The thing is …)
which mean the same thing and work in the same way.
upsets / upset me when …

’s / was wonderful the fact that …
I find / found annoying the amount of …
The thing that
I hate / hated is / was -ing …
What
saddens / saddened me that …
is / was terrifying the way …
I love / loved the number of …
We can also change the word order in sentences using It. We do not use the linking verb is / was
when we start with It.
Feeling a constant pain in my back is quite frustrating.
It’s quite frustrating feeling a constant pain in my back.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

I / found / about Amsterdam / on the canals / was / what / the number of / interesting /
houseboats
What I found interesting about Amsterdam was the number of houseboats on the canals.
1 really / some cyclists / thing / the way / the / a red light / annoys / that / go through / is / me /

2 the number / on the train / can’t stand / what / who carry / lots of luggage / I / of people / is

3 flying is / the thing / passport control / I / the / about / hate / at / long queue

4 loved / the train journey / beautiful scenery / was watching / what / go by / about / the / I

5 really / on the roads / scary / these days / the / the amount / thing / traffic / that’s / of / is

6 air travel / thing that / caused by / the / the pollution / worries / so much / is / me

7 number of / more environmentally friendly ways /what’s / people / to travel / trying / great /
is the / to find

8 encouraging / find / more children / the / are walking / thing / or cycling / is the way / I /
to school


12 HEALTH AND MEDICINE
SUPPOSED TO BE + VERB + -ING AND SHOULD FOR TALKING
ABOUT THE FUTURE
be supposed to be + verb + -ing
We usually use the present continuous or be going to when we talk about arrangements in the
future, but if we can’t or don’t want to do what was arranged, we use be supposed to be + verb +
-ing. We usually add an explanation or excuse to explain why not.
I’m supposed to be leaving

he / she / it is supposed to be leaving
you / we / they are supposed to be leaving
I’m supposed to be flying to Madrid on Sunday, but I can’t go now. I’ve lost my passport.
Weren’t you supposed to be relaxing today?
Should / Shouldn’t
We can use should(n’t) + infinitive (without to) to show we have a positive feeling or expectation
about a future event. We don’t use it when we expect something negative.
Positive Negative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they should find I / you / he / she / it / we / they shouldn’t find
The party should be fun (= I think it will be fun). I’m looking forward to it.
They should do well in their exams – they’ve worked hard enough.
A: Do you think the operation will take long?
B: I shouldn’t think so. It’s an easy procedure.

I’m supposed to been taking my driving test tomorrow, but I’ve broken my ankle.
I’m supposed to be taking my driving test tomorrow, but I’ve broken my ankle.
1 What a shame you’ve got a cold! Haven’t you supposed to be going on holiday next week?

2 Don’t worry; this shouldn’t take long. We’ll have you out of this dentist’s chair soon.

3 They’ll be disappointed about John losing his job. They’re supposed to be
moving to a bigger place.

4 You should to be absolutely fine in a week or two.

5 She should be in some pain for the next few days.

6 We’ve supposed to be opening a new hospital, but now it’s likely to be delayed.

7 He’s supposed be visiting us, but his car is causing him problems.

8 The weather forecast looks good – this should be a great weekend!

DETERMINERS
We use determiners before nouns to show which or how many things we mean. We also use them
to show if we are talking about something in general or a specific thing or person.
Some determiners such as the, no, any or my and your can go before any kind of noun, but others
are only used with singular nouns or plurals or uncountable nouns.
Before singular a, an, another, each, every, this, that apple

nouns
Before much, little, this, that, some, most, all, other, more, less information
uncountable
nouns
Before plural these, those, several, many, few, fewer, some, most, all, people
nouns other, more, less
Determiners and of
We don’t usually use of with determiners unless it’s with:
• another determiner (e.g. all of the animals spotted; each of her shoes).
• a pronoun (e.g. some of them; many of us).
Negatives
The determiners no, none and neither have a negative meaning, so avoid using them with the
negative form of verbs.
We don’t have no money.
We have no money. OR We don’t have any money.
Choose the correct option.

I didn’t like both / either of the pairs of glasses you chose. They’re awful!
1 There’s any / no cure for this particular condition, but it’s not life-threatening.
2 It affects everybody differently, so there’s little / few hope we will find a treatment.
3 Have you tried neither / either of these antibiotics?
4 It’s a new procedure which only a little / few surgeons have tried.
5 Take these pills and if there isn’t any / no change in a week, come back.
6 It’s almost impossible to say how much / many time he has left.
7 Life as a junior doctor is hard – some of / several my colleagues have already quit.
8 He has good and bad days; on some days he’s up and on another / other days he’s down.

13 LIFE-CHANGING EVENTS
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
The past perfect simple
We use the past perfect simple to emphasise single actions or events that happened before a past
time or event that has already been mentioned. It is often used to talk about how many times
something happened.
We form the past perfect simple with had(n’t) + past participle.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Had I / you / he / she / it / we /
had spoken hadn’t spoken they spoken …?
We often use the past perfect simple with the time phrases by the time, before, after, already,
always and never.
He’d had three children by the time we got back in touch.
Had you already sold your house before you moved to Wales?
After we’d graduated, we decided to go on a once-in-a-lifetime trip around the world.
They’d already spoken about starting a family by the time they got engaged.
He’d always wanted to learn to sail, so when he turned 30, that’s what he did.
I’d never even thought about retraining until I spoke to a former colleague.
The past perfect continuous

We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions, intentions or feelings over a period up
to the time of a particular event in the past. We often use it to talk about how long something
happened for.
We form the past perfect continuous with had(n’t) been + verb + -ing. We do not usually use verbs
such as agree, believe, like, prefer and realise in the continuous form.
She’d agreed to go to the doctors, but she was too scared, so she cancelled the appointment.
I’d believed every word he said until my friend told me he had been lying.
They’d liked the house so much they put in an offer, but it wasn’t accepted.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Had I / you / he / she / it / we /
had been speaking hadn’t been speaking they been speaking …?
We often use it with expressions that show duration such as for a while and for ages / months /
years.
We’d been trying to get tickets for the show for ages, so we were really pleased when we were able to
buy some online.
A: How long had you been living there before Felipe moved in?
B: I’d only been living there for about a month. But I’d been staying with a friend before that.
She introduced me to Felipe.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
She made an appointment with the life coach because a well-respected colleague
recommended (recommend) him earlier in the week.
1 Tom and Luke (play) football in the garden, so they were filthy.
2 I was relieved when they found our cat. We (look) for it for days.
3 Joey’s mum was annoyed when she found he (leave) his bag
at school.
4 When Euan went to get his clothes off the washing line later that day, he discovered it
(rain). He (be) so busy working that
he (not notice).
5 We (not see) each other for years, but I recognised her
straight away.
6 He was very thirsty as he (not drink) anything since the
match started.
7 I (forget) how tall he was until I saw him last week.
8 They were exhausted because they (work) since first thing
that morning.
9 We (not wait) long when the bus turned up.
10 She (suggest) meeting for an early coffee, but I
(study) all night and I was tired.
BE ALWAYS / CONSTANTLY + VERB + -ING, WISH AND

WOULD
Habits and behaviour
We usually use the present simple to talk about habits, but we use the present continuous +
always / constantly to emphasise that a habit never stops or has no exceptions. We usually use
always and constantly to show we find something annoying, but always can also be used to
emphasise unusual things we like.
I’m
always / constantly
he / she / it is
watching
you / we / they are
She’s so forgetful. She’s constantly borrowing my books and forgetting to return them!
He’s very thoughtful. He’s always making me delicious cakes.
We usually use I wish + would(n’t) + infinitive (without to) to say we want people to behave
differently.
Positive Negative
I wish you / he / she / it / we / they would go I wish you / he / she / it / we / they wouldn’t go
I wish she wouldn’t make such a mess in the kitchen. (= She always makes a mess in the kitchen.)

Character
We use wish + was(n’t) / were(n’t) to describe how we want someone’s character to be different.
I wish they weren’t getting divorced. It’s really sad.
Positive Negative
I wish you / we / they were I wish you / we / they weren’t
I wish he / she / it was / were I wish he / she / it wasn’t / weren’t
I wish he were more confident in his abilities. He’s a brilliant artist.

I wish they weren’t getting divorced. It’s really sad.
I wish she wasn’t so shy. She never speaks much at parties.
Complete the second sentence so that it responds to the situation in the first
sentence. Use the word given.
The children don’t do the laundry often enough.
I wish the children would do the laundry more often. WOULD
1 Unfortunately, he’s quite short.

I wish TALLER
2 She laughs and sings all the time.
She’s ALWAYS
3 The man next to me keeps on whistling.
I wish WOULDN’T
4 He shouldn’t interrupt me whenever I speak.
I wish STOP
5 They never pick their clothes up off the floor.
They’re LEAVING
6 She messes around in class and annoys her teacher.
She’s CONSTANTLY
7 He’s too arrogant.
I wish SO
8 She plays her music too loud when I’m working.
I wish QUIETLY
9 We worry about our finances night and day.
We’re ALWAYS
10 I wish my parents would treat me like an adult.
My parents are CHILD
14 BANKS AND MONEY
PASSIVES
We use passives to focus attention on who or what an action affects and when it is unclear or
unimportant who performs the action. If we want to show who or what performed the action,
we add information using by.
We form passives using be + past participle. We don’t use intransitive verbs (verbs without an
object), for example, become, happen, rise, fall, wait and arrive, with passive forms.
Present simple am / is / are given

Past simple was / were given
Present continuous am / is / are being given
Past continuous was / were being given
Present perfect has / have been given
Past perfect had been given
will will be given
After certain verbs and prepositions being given
The holiday has been booked (by John), but we need to send a deposit by the end of the week.
Payments are usually taken out of my account on the first of the month.
They are terrified of being mugged in New York.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence.
They have given me two months to repay the loan.
I have been given two months to repay the loan.
1 Someone in the government is putting interest rates up to 4%.

Interest rates to 4%.
2 An automated system pays the money into my account every month.
The money into my account every month.
3 We will suspend your account until you or someone else clears the overdraft.
Your account until the overdraft
.
4 Someone will notify you once he or she receives confirmation from the buyer.
You once confirmation
from the buyer.
5 He admitted that they had made mistakes but stressed they had also learned lessons.
He admitted that mistakes but stressed that
lessons .

6 Someone is transferring the money into his account and he will be able to use it in the next
two hours.
The money to his account and
available in the next two hours.
7 The bank said it wasn’t involved in any illegal activity and said someone was making
false accusations.
The bank denied in any illegal activity and said it
falsely.
8 Our mortgage provider has offered us a really great new deal. He will confirm it tomorrow.
We a really great deal by our mortgage provider.
It tomorrow.
9 My first choice of university rejected my application, but my second choice has accepted me.
It’s preparing the paperwork I need to complete.
My application to my first choice of university , but
I by my second choice. The paperwork I need to
complete .
10 The tour company told him the trip included all transport, food and drinks, but they made him
pay for everything.
He by the tour company that
transport, food and drinks , but he
to pay for everything.
WISH
We use the verb wish to refer to hypothetical things: things we want, but
which are impossible. We use wish followed by a variety of past forms.
We use:
• the past simple to refer to current situations that can’t be changed.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / we / they had / hadn’t
I wish I was / were a better singer.
• could to refer to abilities we would like.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / we / they could play
I wish she could swim, but she’s frightened of water.
• would to say how we want people or things to behave differently.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / we / they would / wouldn’t eat
I wish my boss would listen to my ideas more.
• the past perfect simple or continuous to refer to regrets and things in the past we now want to
be different.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / had / hadn’t sat

we / they had / hadn’t been sitting
I wish I’d studied physics at university.
• could have (done) to refer to past possibilities.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / we / they could have played
I wish he could have seen her dance, but something came up.
• didn’t have to (not mustn’t) for obligation.
I wish I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t have to go
I wish I didn’t have to work tonight, but I’ve got a deadline tomorrow.
• hope + present tenses (not wish) for future possibilities.
I / you / we / they go / don’t go

I hope
he / she / it goes / doesn’t go
I hope Stefan is able to stay next month. I haven’t seen him in ages.

I wish I weren’t moved to this city.
I wish I hadn’t moved to this city.
1 I wish he would be taller.

2 I wish I didn’t crash my car.

3 Maria and Izzy went to the Caribbean. I wish I could have gone with them.

4 Seb and I are going to Will and Maya’s this weekend. I wish we have a good time.

5 I wish I would have bought some more currency for my holiday.

6 I wish I could have bought that flat. It was beautiful!

7 Quite honestly, I wish I never met him. He’s such a cheater!

8 Don’t you wish he would just stop playing that music? I do.

9 I wish the children behaved better when we came to your house. I’m so sorry.

10 You were ripped off! I hope you get all your money back.


15 FOOD
LINKING WORDS
We use linking words to join ideas in a sentence or to link two sentences.
We use:
• and, when and after to join two events within a sentence.
Stir the mixture and (then) pour it into the cake tin.
• then, afterwards or after that to connect two ideas across separate sentences (unless preceded
by and or but, when they separate two events within one sentence).
Stir the mixture. Afterwards / After that / Then, pour it into the cake tin.
• once to mean after. It is often followed by perfect tenses.
Once the paint has dried, you can put the picture up.
• until to show what happens up to a particular point in time.
Hold the baby until she falls asleep.
• for to show duration.
I haven’t been abroad for three years.
• during with a noun to show when another event happened.
He felt ill during the football match and went home early.
• as to mean because. It follows a cause and links to a reason.
Hold the cup by the handle, as the coffee is extremely hot.
• so (that) to explain the reason for doing an action.
I’ve started going to the gym so (that) I get fit.
• although and despite to link contrasting ideas within a sentence. We use the -ing form of a verb
after despite.
Despite liking chocolate, I try not to eat too much of it.
• however to show the ideas in one sentence contrast with those in the sentence before.
The service was disappointing. However, I would recommend the food.
• in case to show that you are prepared for something that might happen.
You should take a coat in case it gets cold.
• provided to replace ‘if you make sure’.
Provided you follow the instructions, the tent is easy to put up.
• unless to mean ‘if … not’.
You can’t live here unless you find another job.
• otherwise to start a new sentence and show the result if we don’t do something.
You should cover the blueberry bushes. Otherwise, the birds will eat them all.
Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
after that as despite during for however

in case once otherwise provided until
Once you’ve sliced the strawberries, put them in the bowl.
1 You’d better take your umbrella it rains.

2 You can go out tonight that you are back before midnight.
3 We are starting to remove the plastic it is slowly poisoning the ocean.
4 He ate a whole plate of spaghetti not really liking pasta.
5 She promised to meet him at the restaurant. , even though he waited for two
hours, she didn’t turn up.
6 Put the lid on the stew and put it into the oven 90 minutes.
7 Add a drop of white wine and cook the fish is ready.
8 There was a power cut the meal. We ate by candlelight, which was very
romantic.
9 Don’t open the oven while the cake is rising. , it will drop and your cake will end
up as flat as a pancake.
10 Brown the onions for ten minutes. , add the tomatoes and aubergines, and
cook for a further ten minutes.
PATTERNS AFTER REPORTING VERBS

We use reporting verbs when we want to report what someone has said, often by summarising it.
We use many different verbs to do this and we need to learn which patterns are used with which
verbs. Many verbs have more than one pattern.
We follow some reporting verbs with:
• the infinitive (with to), for example, agree, arrange, claim, decide, intend, offer, pretend, promise,
refuse and threaten.
The waiter has offered to exchange the pasta dish.
• -ing, for example, admit, avoid, consider, continue, deny, imagine, involve, miss, recommend
and suggest.
He suggests trying a different restaurant next time.
• person + infinitive with to, for example, advise, ask, encourage, force, invite, persuade, remind,
tell, urge and warn.
I warned the children not to climb that tree!
• a preposition + verb + -ing, for example, be accused of, apologise for, confess to, admit to, rely on,
insist on, be criticised for, be blamed for, worry about and be forgiven for.
She’s worrying about taking her driving test.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
She accused me of stealing (steal) her chips when she wasn’t looking!
1 As it was their first date, she pretended (enjoy) the meal, even
though she didn’t like it.
2 Right now, it’s hard to imagine anything (taste) better than this.
3 When he was young, we encouraged him (try) everything. Now
he eats anything.
4 They denied ever (say) they wouldn’t pay and agreed
(provide) full payment.
5 His food was criticised for (be) boring and lacking visual appeal.
6 Riaz insisted on (eat) the same food every day.
7 I considered (order) the fish before changing my mind and going
for the salad.
8 The restaurant manager threatened (call) the police when the
customers refused (pay).
9 He avoided (buy) any unhealthy food.
10 We were advised by our doctor (reduce) the amount of salt
we ate.

16 BUSINESS
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
We sometimes use the future continuous to refer to an existing future arrangement or plan.
We use it when we want to talk about a new action that will now happen during this arrangement
or as a consequence of the decision. We also use the future continuous to talk about something
that will be in progress at a time in the future.
We form the future continuous with will + be + verb + -ing. We can also use be going to.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
will be coming won’t be coming they be coming …?
I’m going to be coming I’m not going to be coming Am I going to be coming …?
Are you / we / they going to be
you / we / they are going to be you / we / they aren’t going to coming …?
coming be coming Is he / she / it going to be
he / she / it is going to be he / she / it isn’t going to be coming …?
coming coming
I’ll be leaving in the morning. Can you feed the cat while I’m away?
Will you be getting home early tonight? I can make dinner if you are.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the
future continuous or can / will and an infinitive verb.
We ’ll be presenting (present) our exciting new branding in this morning’s
ten o’clock meeting. So, I won’t show you the designs now.
1 I (visit) our company director while I’m in town.

If you are free, I (drop) in and see you then.
2 We (not able to see) each other today, I’m afraid.
Unfortunately, we (arrive) on the late flight.
3 We are not recruiting, so we (not offer) you a position.
We (not take on) new staff until next January.
4 I (answer) your questions at the end of this presentation.
I (keep) on going until then.
5 (you / bring) Ms James to dinner later this evening?
If so, I (add) her to the guest list.
6 Tomorrow afternoon, you (still / take part) in the meeting.
So, I’ll go on ahead and we (meet) later at Royce’s.
7 you (go) to the office later?
I (drive) you there if you are.
8 He (give) a three-hour seminar on Friday afternoon.
I’m afraid he (not be) available.
9 They (move) to South Africa in a couple of months’ time.
They’ve both accepted new jobs and (start) work in the spring.
10 We (work) at the summer camp until mid-September.
We (not bother) booking a holiday until after we’ve finished.
EXPRESSING NECESSITY AND ABILITY

Replacing must with forms of have to
Must doesn’t have an infinitive or -ing form and is only used in the present tense. We use have to +
infinitive to express necessity for all other tenses.
My car has broken down, so I’ve been having to walk into work all week.
He had to think very carefully before he decided to change his profession.
I can check my balance without having to go into my bank.
Having to remember people’s birthdays is quite difficult for me.
I’ve had to help him with his housework because he’s broken his leg.
I’m going to have to go to the bank to deposit this money.
If you’d found a good accountant earlier, you wouldn’t have had to do your tax return yourself.
force and make

We can also use force or make when something creates an obligation for someone to do something.
We use the structures force + object + infinitive with to and make + object + infinitive (without to).
Please don’t force me to give a speech in front of everyone!
Going to a life coach has really made me think about what I want to do in the future.
Replacing can with forms of be able to

Can doesn’t have an infinitive or -ing form and is only used in the present tense. We use be able to
+ infinitive (without to) to express ability for all other tenses.
I was able to fix my computer, so I didn’t have to buy a new one.
He’ll be able to take a holiday when he finishes this job.
I have been able to pay all of my bills on time since I got a promotion.
Being able to swim saved his life.
enable, allow, let

We use enable, allow or let when something gives us the ability or permission to do something.
We use the structures enable / allow + object + infinitive with to or let + object + infinitive
(without to).
Getting a caravan will enable / allow us to go away at the weekend more often.
I hope you don’t let the children stay up too late tonight.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the expressions of necessity or
ability from the box.
allow be able to be able to enable force force have to have to let make
Thankfully, we were able to get to the bank before it closed.
1 You can now log into your wi-fi network without you put in a password.
2 Most importantly, these changes will us to invest more than anticipated.
3 This month’s poor sales figures have us to look more closely at our
marketing strategies.
4 Thanks to the new sponsorship deal, we’ll expand our offices and open
new branches.
5 Ultimately, our downsizing this month will us to be more competitive
going forward.
6 If we’d anticipated these problems, we wouldn’t have let 200 people go.
7 They paid the price of complacency. The economic downturn them think more
carefully about their target market.
8 Sooner or later, all of us are going to change profession at least two or three
times during our working lives.
9 Smart meters will us keep our home fuel costs down.
10 Technology is us to move at a faster pace, whether we want to or not.

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What are some common ways to express habits in the past and present?

What are some common ways to express habits in the past and present?

What are some common adverbs and phrases used to express the frequency of habits?

What are some common adverbs and phrases used to express the frequency of habits?

OUTCOMES

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc CONTENTS 3

Positive Negative Question

I played football constantly when I was a child.

Positive Negative Question

Do you listen to the radio often?

4 Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

Tick () the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

2 I tend not spending as much time studying nowadays.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 5

1 This prison is so secure that escape would be .

6 Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

For people the woman who / that / whom / whose

Clauses with no commas

Clauses with commas

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 7

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

Decisions about the future

8 Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

Likelihood of things happening

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 9

Complete the sentences with so, if or to.

1 You should use vinegar you want to clean a mirror well.

SHOULD AND SHOULD HAVE (SHOULD’VE)

Positive Negative Question

Steve should be very careful about criticising his boss.

Positive Negative Question

We shouldn’t be driving down this path. There aren’t enough lights.

Positive Negative Question

A: This chicken is a little dry, unfortunately.

1 A: I made a really insensitive comment to Louise.

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 11

Complete the sentences with so or such.

more (flour) you put in, thicker the sauce is.

Write sentences from the prompts. Use the …, the …

1 more / people / there / be / at / the party / merry

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 13

I / you / he / she / it / we / they should have seen

I / you / he / she / it / we / they shouldn’t have seen

1 Choose the correct option.

1 You (call) me when you landed.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLE

Positive Negative Question

I’ve been working here for three weeks.

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 15

Positive Negative Question

I haven’t eaten Indian food yet.

Tick () the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

1 I’ve been knowing Carmen for twenty years.

absolutely / very / really

a bit / quite / fairly / pretty / rather

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets • Upper Intermediate 17

2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

Positive Negative Question

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc CONTENTS 3

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