Browser console

$x('//div')
Works in Firefox and Chrome.

Selectors
Descendant selectors

h1 //h1 ?

div p //div//p ?

ul > li //ul/li ?

ul > li > a //ul/li/a

div > * //div/*

:root / ?

:root > body /body

Attribute selectors

#id //*[@id="id"] ?

.class //*[@class="class"] …kinda

input[type="submit"] //input[@type="submit"]

a#abc[for="xyz"] //a[@id="abc"][@for="xyz"] ?

a[rel] //a[@rel]

a[href^='/'] //a[starts-with(@href, '/')] ?

a[href$='pdf'] //a[ends-with(@href, '.pdf')]

a[href*='://'] //a[contains(@href, '://')]

a[rel~='help'] //a[contains(@rel,
'help')] …kinda
Order selectors

ul > li:first-child //ul/li[1] ?

ul > li:nth-child(2) //ul/li[2]

ul > li:last-child //ul/li[last()]

li#id:first-child //li[@id="id"][1]

a:first-child //a[1]

a:last-child //a[last()]

Siblings

h1 ~ ul //h1/following-sibling::ul ?

h1 + ul //h1/following-
sibling::ul[1]

h1 ~ #id //h1/following-
sibling::[@id="id"]

Other things

h1:not([id]) //h1[not(@id)] ?

Text match //button[text()="Submit"] ?

Text match (substring) //button[contains(text(),"Go")]

Arithmetic //product[@price > 2.50]

Has children //ul[*]

Has children (specific) //ul[li]

Or logic //a[@name or @href] ?

Union (joins results) //a | //div

jQuery

$('ul > li').parent() //ul/li/.. ?

$('li').closest('section') //li/ancestor-or-
self::section
 $('a').attr('href') //a/@href ?

$('span').text() //span/text()

Class check
//div[contains(concat(' ',normalize-space(@class),' '),' foobar ')]
Xpath doesn’t have the “check if part of space-separated list” operator, so this is the workaround (source).

Expressions
Steps and axes

// ul / a[@id='link']

Axis Step Axis Step

Axes

Axis Example What

/ //ul/li/a Child

// //[@id="list"]//a Descendant
Separate your steps with /. Use two (//) if you don’t want to select direct children.

Prefixes

Prefix Example What

// //hr[@class='edge'] Anywhere

./ ./a Relative

/ /html/body/div Root
Begin your expression with any of these.

Steps
//div
//div[@name='box']
//[@id='link']
A step may have an element name (div) and predicates ([...]). Both are optional. They can also be these other
things:
//a/text() #=> "Go home"
//a/@href #=> "index.html"
//a/* #=> All a's child elements

Predicates
Predicates
//div[true()]
//div[@class="head"]
//div[@class="head"][@id="top"]
Restricts a nodeset only if some condition is true. They can be chained

Operators
# Comparison
//a[@id = "xyz"]
//a[@id != "xyz"]
//a[@price > 25]
# Logic (and/or)
//div[@id="head" and position()=2]
//div[(x and y) or not(z)]
Use comparison and logic operators to make conditionals.

Using nodes
# Use them inside functions
//ul[count(li) > 2]
//ul[count(li[@class='hide']) > 0]
# This returns `<ul>` that has a `<li>` child
//ul[li]
You can use nodes inside predicates.

Indexing
//a[1] # first <a>
//a[last()] # last <a>
//ol/li[2] # second <li>
//ol/li[position()=2] # same as above
//ol/li[position()>1] # :not(:first-child)
Use [] with a number, or last() or position().

Chaining order
a[1][@href='/']
a[@href='/'][1]
Order is significant, these two are different.
Nesting predicates
//section[//h1[@id='hi']]
This returns <section> if it has an <h1> descendant with id='hi'.

Functions
Node functions
name() # //[starts-with(name(), 'h')]
text() # //button[text()="Submit"]
# //button/text()
lang(str)
namespace-uri()
count() # //table[count(tr)=1]
position() # //ol/li[position()=2]

Boolean functions
not(expr) # button[not(starts-with(text(),"Submit"))]

String functions
contains() # font[contains(@class,"head")]
starts-with() # font[starts-with(@class,"head")]
ends-with() # font[ends-with(@class,"head")]
concat(x,y)
substring(str, start, len)
substring-before("01/02", "/") #=> 01
substring-after("01/02", "/") #=> 02
translate()
normalize-space()
string-length()

Type conversion
string()
number()
boolean()

Axes
Using axes
//ul/li # ul > li
//ul/child::li # ul > li (same)
//ul/following-sibling::li # ul ~ li
//ul/descendant-or-self::li # ul li
//ul/ancestor-or-self::li # $('ul').closest('li')
Steps of an expression are separated by /, usually used to pick child nodes. That’s not always true: you can specify a
different “axis” with ::.
// ul /child:: li

Axis Step Axis Step

Child axis
# both the same
//ul/li/a
//child::ul/child::li/child::a
child:: is the default axis. This makes //a/b/c work.
# both the same
# this works because `child::li` is truthy, so the predicate succeeds
//ul[li]
//ul[child::li]
# both the same
//ul[count(li) > 2]
//ul[count(child::li) > 2]

Descendant-or-self axis
# both the same
//div//h4
//div/descendant-or-self::h4
// is short for the descendant-or-self:: axis.
# both the same
//ul//[last()]
//ul/descendant-or-self::[last()]

Other axes

Axis Abbrev Notes

ancestor

ancestor-or-self

attribute @ @href is short for attribute::href

child div is short for child::div

descendant

descendant-or-self // // is short for /descendant-or-

self::node()/

namespace

self . . is short for self::node()

 Axis Abbrev Notes

parent .. .. is short for parent::node()

following

following-sibling

preceding

preceding-sibling
There are other axes you can use.

Unions
//a | //span
Use | to join two expressions.

More examples
Examples
//* # all elements
count(//*) # count all elements
(//h1)[1]/text() # text of the first h1 heading
//li[span] # find a <li> with an <span> inside it
# ...expands to //li[child::span]
//ul/li/.. # use .. to select a parent

Find a parent
//section[h1[@id='section-name']]
Finds a <section> that directly contains h1#section-name
//section[//h1[@id='section-name']]
Finds a <section> that contains h1#section-name. (Same as above, but uses descendant-or-self instead of child)

Closest
./ancestor-or-self::[@class="box"]
Works like jQuery’s $().closest('.box').

Attributes
//item[@price > 2*@discount]
Finds <item> and check its attributes