Metals Engineering Manual PDF

Metals Industry Edition
Timken engineering manual

TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL
TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL - Lubrication And Sealing...............................................................95
Lubrication...............................................................................................96
METALS INDUSTRY EDITION Lubrication Fundamentals................................................................96
INDEX Main Lubricant Characteristics.......................................................99
Lubrication Selection......................................................................100
Timken Overview.................................................................................2 Sealing....................................................................................................110
Shelf Life Policy....................................................................................8 Sealing Types....................................................................................110
Storage..................................................................................................9 Sealing Systems...............................................................................112
Popular Bearing Types In The Metal Industry...................11 Application Challenges And Enhanced
Bearing Solutions.........................................................................115
Steelmaking.............................................................................................12
High-Performance Bearings...............................................................116
Continuous Casting.................................................................................13
Contact Fatigue.....................................................................................117
Rolling Mill Stands..................................................................................14
Debris......................................................................................................120
Radial Bearings..................................................................................14
Lubrication.............................................................................................122
Thrust Bearings..................................................................................16
Auxiliary Equipment................................................................................18 Corrosion................................................................................................124
Precision Rolling...................................................................................126
Application Considerations and Bearing Selection......21 High Acceleration.................................................................................127
Steelmaking.............................................................................................22
Continuous Casting.................................................................................27 Related Products...........................................................................129
Rolling Mill...............................................................................................33 Seals and Lubricant..............................................................................130
Flat Product Rolling...........................................................................33 Maintenance Tools...............................................................................131
Long Product Rolling.........................................................................35 Condition Monitoring Equipment........................................................133
Bearing Solutions: Radial Positions.....................................................36 Timken® Housed Units.........................................................................134
Work and Intermediate Rolls: Flat Product Mills..........................36 Timken Quick-Flex® Couplings...........................................................138
Work Rolls: Long Product Mills.......................................................43 Precision Chain Products....................................................................140

Backup Rolls.......................................................................................46
Bearing Solutions: Axial Positions.......................................................53 Bearing Storage, Handling and Installation.................143
Auxiliary Equipment................................................................................58 Bearing Packaging and Storage........................................................144
Main Mill Drive and Pinion Stand Gearboxes...............................58 Bearing Marking...................................................................................144
Pay-off and Rewind Reels................................................................60 Roll Neck Maintenance Guidelines...................................................147
Shears and Shear Drives..................................................................62 Chock and Roll Neck Maintenance Guidelines...............................151
Table Rolls...........................................................................................64 Mounting and Dismounting Roll Neck Bearings.............................157
Bearing Setting Techniques................................................................168
Bearing Life Calculations and Related Analysis.............67
Summary of Symbols..............................................................................68 Services...............................................................................................175
Fatigue Life...............................................................................................69 Gearbox Repair.....................................................................................176
Bearing Ratings.......................................................................................69 Bearing Reconditioning and Reclamation........................................177
Applied Loads..........................................................................................72 Chock and Roll Upgrades....................................................................180
Bearing Life Equations...........................................................................81 MILLTEC™ Rolling Mill Program.........................................................182
Bearing Internal Clearance...................................................................86 Service Engineering.............................................................................182
Advanced Analysis.................................................................................92 Training...................................................................................................182
TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL 1

TIMKEN
grow stronger with timken
GROW STRONGER WITH TIMKEN

Every day, people around the world count on the strength
of Timken. Our expertise in metallurgy, friction management
and mechanical power transmission helps them accelerate
improvements in productivity and uptime.
We supply products and services that can help keep your
operations moving forward, whether you need drive train kits
for commercial vehicles, durable housings for bearings in dirty
environments, couplings that avoid metal-to-metal contact
between motors and gearboxes, repair services for bearings
and gearboxes, roller chain for dry, abrasive and high-moisture
applications, steel for an aircraft engine shaft, or other
products or services for your applications.
When you choose Timken, you receive more than high-quality
products and services: you gain a worldwide team of highly
trained and experienced Timken people committed to working
collaboratively with you to improve your business.
Globally, our 20,000 people provide reliable answers for a
wide range of operations in manufacturing, mining, medical
equipment, aerospace, transportation, oil and gas – and other
diverse industries.
2 TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL

TIMKEN
increase your equipment uptime
INCREASE YOUR EQUIPMENT

UPTIME
In addition to high-quality bearings and mechanical power
transmission components, we provide valuable integrated
products and services. For example, we offer repair services
and equipment monitoring equipment that can alert you to
problems before they impact your uptime.
Additionally, we offer a broad selection of seals, premium
lubricants, lubricators, couplings and chain to keep your
operations moving smoothly.
Our technology centers in the United States, Europe and
Asia help pioneer tomorrow’s innovations with extensive
basic and applied scientific research programs. Through
internal development and strategic acquisition of innovative
companies, we continue to expand our portfolio of highly
engineered bearings and components.

TIMKEN
metals innovator
metals innovator Innovation and

Today, metal processing equipment handles heavier loads, Customer Support
faster speeds and greater output than ever before. Finished Timken operates technology centers around the world
product quality requirements increase, while across the dedicated to developing innovative concepts and products that
industry manufacturers continue to place a very high premium help you operate more efficiently. Our technical leadership and
on equipment uptime and performance. customer support reaches far beyond our products. Timken
customers have access to sales and service engineering
As the leader in friction-management and power-transmission
support at their plants and options for additional support from
solutions for the metals industry, Timken helps metals operators
application engineers, who specialize in the metals industry.
improve their equipment’s performance and uptime. We
accomplish this by providing custom solutions – from bearings
that can stand up to harsh environments to condition monitoring Core Capabilities
that helps minimize maintenance costs and improve Timken has evolved from its early roots as a bearing and
plant productivity. steel producer to a supplier offering much more, including
friction-management and power-transmission solutions that
We have more than a century of experience developing add value throughout the complete life cycle of a system. Our
bearings and related solutions that help equipment run material enhancements improve bearing life and can protect
more efficiently in a wide range of applications, including against debris and corrosion – two common challenges in
steelmaking, continuous casting and rolling both flat and long processing metals. Our precision manufacturing capabilities
products. and commitment to quality ensure global consistency in
design and manufacturing at every Timken facility. A global
distribution network provides our customers with easy access
to Timken products and services throughout the world.
We leverage these core capabilities as we work with

original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and designers
to integrate our technologies into equipment so that end
users can enjoy the performance benefits of Timken
products from the first day of operation. OEMs depend
on Timken for our engineering expertise, manufacturing
capabilities and emphasis on reliable performance.

TIMKEN
products and services
products and services ••Thrust roller bearings – Thrust roller bearings for rolling
mill applications are available in cylindrical, spherical and
We offer equipment builders and operators one of the most tapered designs. Thrust bearings are ideal for applications
extensive friction-management product and service portfolios experiencing heavy axial loads, such as mill stands,
in the industry. screwdown systems and piercing mills.
•• Ball bearings – Ball bearings are used extensively in

Bearings auxiliary applications that have light loads and/or high
We provide a broad range of bearing designs and speed conditions. Timken offers a range of radial, thrust
configurations for use in steelmaking vessels, caster segments, and angular-contact ball bearings in both metric and inch
work rolls, backup rolls, screwdown systems, mill drives, sizes. Please contact your Timken engineer for detailed
pinion stands, coilers, table rolls, and auxiliary equipment. information on these product ranges.
Bearing types include: ••Housed units – Timken® spherical roller bearing solid-
block housed units possess a unique cast-steel design
••Tapered roller bearings – Tapered roller bearings are that handles demanding conditions in metal industry
uniquely designed to manage both thrust and radial loads
applications. These solid-block housed units come in
and are available in single- and multi-row designs with a
several styles and five advanced locking configurations.
wide range of assembly options. Our extensive offering
Timken spherical roller bearing solid-block housed units
of tapered roller bearing combinations offers equipment
are designed for challenging circumstances. A full line of
builders and operators simple, reliable and less costly
primary seals, covers and housings is available to find the
design solutions.
right roller housed unit to fit your application. In case of
••Cylindrical roller bearings –This design generally offers high thrust loads, in excess of the spherical roller bearing
the highest possible radial load capacity for a given size carrying capabilities, the Timken® Type E is your solution.
compared to other roller bearing types. One row and two Timken also provides a broad range of split-block housings
row cylindrical roller bearings are ideal for many mill stand, in both metric and inch sizes.
gear drive and other auxiliary equipment applications,
while four row cylindrical roller bearings are used in roll
neck applications. Timken offers both single and multi-row
cylindrical roller bearing. Custom designs are available
upon request for specific applications.
••Spherical roller bearings – Spherical roller bearings offer

high radial and moderate thrust capacity together with
maximum static and dynamic misalignment capability.
Timken spherical roller bearings provide high-static load
capacity and advanced geometry that reduces friction and
heat generation. These bearings are available in a range
of dimensionally stabilized configurations to suit elevated
operating temperatures.

TIMKEN
High-Performance Bearing Timken manufactures precision roller

chain that are designed to meet
Solutions demanding steel industry applications.
Timken provides the metals industry with a variety of We build chains to precise specifications
high-performance bearing solutions, including Timken® for strength and maximum wear life. The
AquaSpexx®, DuraSpexx® and thin dense chrome bearings for offering includes a complete line of roller
corrosion protection. Our debris-resistant bearings are ideal chain, attachment chain and engineered
for contaminated and/or marginal lubrication conditions. conveyor chain.
We also provide customized bearing solutions such as special

race profiles to meet special application requirements.
In addition to component geometry and metallurgy, we find

many ways to enhance bearing performance by applying
unique surface finishes and special coatings on rollers,
raceways and other functional surfaces. Engineered surfaces
and topographical modification reduce surface roughness
to lower levels than can be achieved through conventional
grinding and honing methods. We also offer proprietary
coatings that can create a surface up to four times harder than
steel with twice the elasticity. For more information on Timken
high-performance bearings and engineered surfaces, see
the Application Challenges and Enhanced Bearing Solutions
section of this manual (pages 115-127).
POWER TRANSMISSION
COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Timken offers an expanding range of power transmission
components including seals, couplings and engineered chain.
Lubrication
Extreme temperatures and high contamination levels can
Timken lubricants reduce friction, reduce wear and protect
disable your equipment and significantly lower productivity.
bearing surfaces from corrosion. We offer a wide selection of
Timken develops seals using advanced material and process
solutions that help protect machinery and minimize plant lubricants, including Timken Mill Grease, which we formulated
downtime. We offer a comprehensive line of large-bore oil and to perform in the difficult roll neck bearing environment. Timken
grease seals and metallic and non-metallic bearing isolators. single- and multi-point lubricators and lubrication delivery
devices help mill maintenance professionals simplify their
Timken® Quick-Flex® couplings are highly durable, yet need lubrication practices, saving time and money.
minimal maintenance. They are easy to install and require no
lubrication. These couplings are designed to connect motors
and gearboxes with other moving equipment with capacity to
transmit the same or more torque than a gear coupling with
the same dimensions. The Quick-Flex coupling's innovative
design utilizes an advanced elastomeric element to transmit
the torque and therefore eliminates any interference between
coupling hubs that can damage equipment.

TIMKEN
Condition Monitoring
A constant awareness of your mill equipment’s condition can
help avoid unscheduled and costly downtime. Timken offers a
full line of condition-monitoring equipment including handheld
devices and continuous monitoring systems. Our range of
monitoring systems meet the various needs of your mill from
simple alarms to complex data collection. These products
allow you to detect and correct problems before they cause
damage or total system shutdown.
Maintenance Tools
Timken maintenance tools may extend bearing life by
facilitating proper installation, removal and service.
They also help simplify maintenance practices.
We provide induction heaters, impact fitting tools
and hydraulic and mechanical pullers.
Services
Used bearings and related components often can be returned
to their original specifications with less time and costs than
purchasing new. We offer complete remanufacture and
reconditioning services for many components, including
bearings, chocks, housings, rolls and more.
Our gearbox repair services are globally recognized as experts

in power transmission solutions for heavy industrial markets,
repairing virtually any large gearbox make or model, with
onsite emergency breakdown service available if needed.
Timken offers a full range of maintenance and reconditioning

services through our remanufacturing and repair operations.
Using these services can lead to improved plant efficiency and
reduced overall production costs. Training
Beyond bearing repair and depending on the location, we offer We offer industry-specific training programs designed for plant
chock maintenance and roll rebuilding to help mill operators professionals, as well as on-site customized training to meet
get the most out of their chock/bearing assembly. your specific needs. Our metals industry training programs
are available at select locations around the world and cover
In addition, our MILLTEC® rolling mill program provides every phase of bearing performance in the metal-making
around-the-clock management of the roll shop with the goal of environment. Class time is balanced with extensive hands-on
minimizing operational costs and downtime. training and tours of Timken facilities.

TIMKEN
how to use this catalog • shelf life and storage of grease-lubricated bearings and components
HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG SHELF LIFE AND STORAGE OF

We designed this catalog to help you find the bearings best GREASE-LUBRICATED BEARINGS
suited to your specifications. AND COMPONENTS
Timken offers an extensive range of bearings and accessories To help you get the most value from our products, Timken
in both imperial and metric sizes. For your convenience, size provides guidelines for the shelf life of grease-lubricated
ranges are indicated in millimeters and inches. Contact your ball and roller bearings, components and assemblies. Shelf
Timken sales engineer to learn more about our complete line life information is based on Timken and industry test data
for the special needs of your application. and experience.
This publication contains dimensions, tolerances and load

ratings, as well as engineering sections describing fitting SHELF LIFE POLICY
practices for shafts and housings, internal clearances, Shelf life should be distinguished from lubricated bearing/
materials and other bearing features. It provides valuable component design life as follows:
assistance in the initial consideration of the type and
characteristics of the bearings that may best suit your Shelf life of the grease-lubricated bearing/component
particular needs. represents the period of time prior to use or installation.
ISO and ANSI/ABMA, as used in this publication, refer to The shelf life is a portion of the anticipated aggregate design
the International Organization for Standardization and the life. It is impossible to accurately predict design life due to
American National Standards Institute/American Bearing variations in lubricant bleed rates, oil migration, operating
Manufacturers Association. conditions, installation conditions, temperature, humidity and
extended storage.
Updates are made periodically to this catalog. Visit www.
timken.com for the most recent version of the Timken Metals Shelf life values, available from Timken, represent a maximum
Engineering Catalog. limit and assume adherence to the storage and handling
guidelines suggested in this catalog or by a Timken associate.
Deviations from the Timken storage and handling guidelines
DISCLAIMER may reduce shelf life. Any specification or operating practice
This catalog is provided solely to give you analysis tools that defines a shorter shelf life should be used.
and data to assist you in your product selection. Product
Timken cannot anticipate the performance of the grease
performance is affected by many factors beyond the control
lubricant after the bearing or component is installed or placed
of Timken. Therefore, you must validate the suitability and
in service.
feasibility of all product selections.
Timken products are sold subject to Timken terms and

TIMKEN IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
conditions of sale, which include our limited warranty and
remedy. You can find these at http://www.timken.com/en-us/
SHELF LIFE OF ANY BEARING/COMPONENT
purchase/Pages/TermsandConditionsofSale.aspx LUBRICATED BY ANOTHER PARTY.
Please consult with your Timken engineer for more information European REACH Compliance
and assistance.
Timken lubricants, greases and similar products sold in
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy standalone containers or delivery systems are subject to the
of the information in this writing, but no liability is accepted for European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization
errors, omissions or for any other reason. and Restriction of CHemicals) directive. For import into the

TIMKEN
shelf life and storage of grease-lubricated bearings and components
European Union, Timken can sell and provide only those

lubricants and greases that are registered with ECHA
(European CHemical Agency). For further information, please
contact your Timken engineer.
STORAGE
Timken suggests the following storage guidelines for our
finished products (bearings, components and assemblies,
referred to as “products”):
••Unless directed otherwise by Timken, products should be

kept in their original packaging until they are ready to be
placed into service.
••Do not remove or alter any labels or stencil markings on the

packaging.
••Products should be stored in such a way that the packaging

is not pierced, crushed or otherwise damaged.
••After a product is removed from its packaging, it should be

placed into service as soon as possible.
••When removing a product that is not individually packaged

from a bulk pack container, the container should be
resealed immediately after the product is removed.
••Do not use product that has exceeded its shelf life as Most bearing components typically ship protected with a
defined in the Timken shelf life guidelines statement.
corrosion-preventive compound that is not a lubricant. These
••The storage area temperature should be maintained components may be used in oil-lubricated applications without
between 0º C (32º F) and 40º C (104º F); temperature removal of the corrosion-preventive compound. When using
fluctuations should be minimized. some specialized grease lubrications, we advise you to remove
••The relative humidity should be maintained below 60 the corrosion-preventive compound before packing the
percent and the surfaces should be dry. bearings components with suitable grease.
••The storage area should be kept free from airborne We pre-pack most housed unit types in this catalog with
contaminants such as, but not limited to, dust, dirt, harmful general-purpose grease suitable for their normal applications.
vapors, etc. It may be necessary for you to frequently replenish the grease
••The storage area should be isolated from undue vibration. for optimum performance.
••Extreme conditions of any kind should be avoided. Be careful in selecting lubrication, however, since different
Due to the fact that Timken is not familiar with your particular lubricants are often incompatible. You may order housed units
storage conditions, we strongly suggest following these pre-lubricated with a specified lubrication.
guidelines. However, you may be required by circumstances
When you receive a bearing or housed unit shipment, do not
or applicable government requirements to adhere to stricter
remove products from their packaging until they are ready for
storage requirements.
mounting so they do not become corroded or contaminated.
Store bearings and housed units in an appropriate atmosphere

so they remain protected for the intended period.

TIMKEN
shelf life and storage of grease-lubricated bearings and components
WARNING Failure to observe the following warnings could create a risk of serious injury.
Proper maintenance and handling practices are critical.

Always follow installation instructions and maintain proper lubrication.
Warnings for this product line are in this catalog and posted on
www.timken.com/en-us/products/warnings/Pages/default.aspx.
CAUTION Failure to follow these cautions may result in property damage.
If hammer and bar are used for installation or removal of a part, use a mild steel bar (e.g., 1010 or 1020 grade). Mild steel bars are
less likely to cause release of high-speed fragments from the hammer, bar or the part being removed.
Do not use damaged housed units. The use of a damaged housed unit can result in equipment damage and/or injury.
NOTE
Do not attempt to disassemble unitized bearings.
Components may become damaged and affect the performance and service life of the bearing.
Do not mix components of matched assemblies. Mixing components can reduce the service life of the bearing.
DISCLAIMER
This catalog is provided solely to give you analysis tools and data to assist you in your product selection.
Product performance is affected by many factors beyond the Control of Timken.
Therefore, the suitability and feasibility of all product selection must be validated by you.
Timken products are sold subject to Timken’s terms and conditions of sale, which include its limited warranty and remedy,
which terms may be found at http://www.timken.com/en-us/purchase/Pages/TermsandConditionsofSale.aspx.
Please consult with your Timken engineer for more information and assistance.
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this writing,
but no liability is accepted for errors, omissions or for any other reason.
To view the complete engineering catalog, please visit www.timken.com. To order the catalog, please contact your
Timken engineer and request a copy of the Timken Engineering Manual, order number 10424.
European REACH compliance Timken-branded lubricants, greases and similar products sold in stand-alone containers or
delivery systems are subject to the European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals)
directive. For import into the European Union, Timken can sell and provide only those lubricants and greases that are registered
with ECHA (European CHemical Agency). For further information, please contact your Timken engineer.
Updates are made periodically to this catalog.
Visit www.timken.com for the most recent version of the Timken® Engineering Manual - Metals Industry Edition.

popular bearing types in the METALs industry
Popular bearing types

in the metals industry
The following applications are covered in this
section:
••Steelmaking.
••Continuous casting.
••Rolling mill stands.
••Radial bearings.
••Thrust bearings.
••Auxiliary equipment.

POPULAR BEARING TYPES IN THE METALs INDUSTRY
STEELMAKING
STEELMAKING
The main support positions for the ladle furnace present a challenging application for bearings. They experience very high loads
and misalignment at very low speeds. In addition, cyclic and reversing rotation occurs. The Timken solution uses solid or split
high-performance spherical roller bearings mounted in custom-designed housings. The float position housing incorporates cylindrical
roller ladder bearings to accommodate the significant thermal axial growth of the furnace assembly.
SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS ladder bearings

EM Type cylindrical Roller Type
Composition: One double inner ring, one Composition: One top plate, one bottom plate, cylindrical rollers
double outer ring, two rows of spherical rollers with spring-centered retainer and one bottom seat.
with roller-riding brass cage(s).
Application: Linear bearing for float side BOF or AOD furnace
Application: Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or pivot bearing assembly.
argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) furnace
pivots (trunnions). Remarks: Used in pairs to provide ± 65 mm (2.5 in.) axial float.
Remarks: EM-type bearings are designed to

manage high radial loads when shaft deflection
is important.
Fig. 1. EM type.
Fig. 3. Cylindrical roller type.
SPLIT TYPE
Composition: One split
double inner ring with
clamp rings, one split
double outer ring, two rows
of spherical rollers with
brass split cages.
Application: BOF or AOD

furnace pivots (trunnions).
Remarks: Often used to

replace conventional
spherical roller bearings on
drive-side pivot (trunnion).
Fig. 2. Split type.

continuous casting
Continuous casting
The continuous caster presents one of the most challenging environments for bearings. Caster-roll support bearings are subjected to
high loads and low rotational speeds, often at elevated temperatures. Below the bender segments, the Timken ideal solution combines
our high-performance spherical roller bearing for the fixed position and our latest design innovation, the Timken® ADAPT™ bearing,
for the floating position.
Needle Roller Bearings Spherical Roller Bearings

NA Type EJ Type
Composition: One single inner ring, one single Composition: One double inner ring, one double
outer ring, one row of caged needle rollers. outer ring and two rows of spherical rollers with
stamped steel cages.
Application: Bender section support rolls.
Application: Caster rolls; fixed and float positions.
Remarks: Low radial cross section with
high radial dynamic and static load rating. Remarks: EJ-type spherical roller bearings feature
Available with special clearance and higher a hardened stamped steel window-type cage with
stabilizing heat treatment to accommodate face slots for improved lubrication. Designed to
continuous caster operating conditions. accept misalignment during operation and with
high radial load capacity for maximum reliability.
Fig. 4. NA type.
Fig. 6. EJ type.
Cylindrical Roller Bearings ADAPT™
NNCF Type Composition: One single cylindrical inner ring,
one single profiled outer ring, full-complement
Composition: One double inner ring, design with a roller/retainer assembly.
one double outer ring, two rows of
full-complement cylindrical rollers. Application: Caster rolls; float position.
Application: Continuous caster bender Remarks: The ADAPT full-complement roller

section support rolls. bearing is designed specifically for continuous
casters, combining traditional cylindrical and
Remarks: Available with special clearance spherical roller bearing configurations into a new
and higher stabilizing heat treatment ™ design so operators benefit from the key attributes
Fig. 7. ADAPT .
to accommodate continuous caster of both types (simultaneous full misalignment
operating conditions. This type includes and high axial displacement capabilities). This bearing also offers
Fig. 5. NNCF type. integral flanges on inner and outer rings high-static radial load capacity for optional reliability.
and can manage light axial loads in one
direction and permit small axial displacement.
WARNING
Failure to observe the following warnings could
create a risk of serious injury.
ADAPT™ bearings feature a separable inner ring. Care

must be taken when handling or installing a fully assembled
bearing to prevent the inner ring from accidentally sliding
out of the assembly. When using this bearing to replace a
unitized bearing it is important to check the design of the
installation for positive retention on the shaft.
Always follow installation instructions and maintain
proper lubrication.

rolling mill stands
rolling Mill Stands

Rolling mill applications typically encounter very high radial loads and varying degrees of axial load while running at slow to high-
speed. To accommodate these operating conditions, roll neck bearings must have enhanced contact surfaces, material strength
properties, and internal geometry and cage characteristics. Available designs include two-, four- or six-row tapered roller bearings,
and multi-row cylindrical bearings.
Radial Bearings
Tapered roller bearings
TQOW Sealed roll neck
Composition: Two double cones bearing
with tapered rollers, one cone Composition: Same
spacer, two single cups, two cup construction as the 2TDIW, plus
spacers, one double cup. two main seals, one bore seal,
and O-ring to seal statically in
A p p l i c a t i o n : Wo r k r o l l s ,
the chock bore.
intermediate rolls and backup
rolls. Typically used in mills with Application: Primarily used in
speeds up to 800 m/min. (2600 ft./ work rolls and intermediate rolls
Fig. 8. TQOW. min.) when used on backup rolls. and some backup rolls.
Fig. 10. Sealed roll neck bearing.
Remarks: The TQOW is a preset four-row assembly with Remarks: The sealed roll neck
hardened cone spacers to minimize face wear. The bearing bearing is supplied as a unitized, preset assembly with or
clearance in the TQOW design can be reset after extended use without grease.
by regrinding the spacers.
The bearing is mounted loose on the roll neck and in the chock.
Slots on the cone faces provide lubrication access to cone and
fillet ring faces for reduced wear. Available with spiral bore
groove for additional lubrication access to the roll neck.
2TDIW TQITS
Composition: Two double cones Composition: One double
with tapered rollers, four single cone and two single cones all
cups, and two or three cup with matched tapered bores,
spacers. four single cups, three cup
spacers.
Application: Work rolls,
intermediate rolls and backup Application: Backup rolls,
typically used in high-speed
rolls. Typically used in mills with
mills where strip speeds
speeds up to 800 m/min. (2600 ft./
exceed 800 m/min. (2600 ft./
min.) when used on backup rolls.
Fig. 9. 2TDIW. min.).
Remarks: The 2TDIW type interchanges with the TQOW type on Fig. 11. TQITS.
Remarks: The TQITS type
external boundary dimensions and achieves the same load rating.
mounts tight using a 1:12 taper on the roll neck and the bearing
Under combined axial and radial loads, the two central single
bore for accurate control of the interference fit. Typically used
cups of the 2TDIW bearing offer better load distribution than the
on high-speed mills to minimize neck wear.
double cups used in the TQOW type.

POPULAR BEARING TYPEs IN THE METALs INDUSTRY
rolling MILL STANDS
Cylindrical roller bearings

TQOWE and TQITSE RX
Composition: Same C o m p o s i t i o n : Tw o
construction as the TQOW cylindrical inner rings,
and TQITS respectively two flanged outer rings
with cone extension on and separated rib rings
one or both sides of the for roller spacing.
bearing. Typically includes a pin-
type cage(s).
Application: Work rolls,
intermediate rolls and Application: Backup roll
backup rolls. radial position for flat
Fig. 12. TQOWE. Fig. 14. RX.
product mills. Roll neck for
Remarks: The TQOWE long product mills.
and TQITSE versions
include cone extensions Remarks: The bearing is mounted tight on the roll neck and loose
to accommodate chock in the chock when used on backup rolls. Generally provided with
seals. This bearing design semi-finished (CF) inner ring races to be finished ground by the
allows an optimal chock customer once mounted on the roll neck. Separated rib rings
seal running surface. allow for complete disassembly for inspection. The RX style
The seal integration is usually preferred in bearings above 400 mm (15.75 in.) bore.
permits the bearing to be Long product mill applications are generally supplied as preset
positioned closer to the assembly and mounted tight on the roll neck.
roll face, which improves
the neck stiffness. RY and RYL
Fig. 13. TQITSE.
Composition: Typically one
single-piece inner ring, two
outer rings with triple flanges
(solid ribs). Fully machined
brass (RY) or steel (RYL) cages.
Application: Roll neck for long

product mills.
Remarks: The most recent RYL

design is specifically designed
Fig. 15. RY and RYL. for long-product mills and
features a machined-steel cage and enhanced design features
to maximize bearing life and optimize bearing handling. For
specific applications, four-row cylindrical roller bearings also
can be supplied with spiral grooves on inner ring bore, extended
inner rings or tapered bore.

rolling MILL STANDS
Thrust bearings
Applications mounted with cylindrical roller bearings, oil-film bearings or systems with axial shift or roll crossing, generally need an
additional thrust bearing.
tapered roller thrust bearings
TDIK TTDWK and TTDFLK

Composition: One double cone with tapered Composition: One double central ring with tapered rollers, two
rollers, two single cups, spacer or spacerless. outer rings.
Application: Backup and work roll thrust Application: Heavy-duty flat product mills with axial shift and
positions for flat product mills. long product mills.
Remarks: These bearings come designed Remarks: Double-acting thrust bearings come available in two
with steep angles to accommodate thrust versions with tapered central ring or flat central ring. Mounted
in both directions. Cups and cones are loose on the neck and in the housing.
mounted with a loose fit. The cone is keyed
onto the shaft to prevent cone rotation and
bore fretting.
Fig. 16. TDIK.
TDIK with spring system

Ti m k e n d e v e l o p e d a v e r s i o n w i t h
a spring system in the cups without a spacer
to ensure that the unloaded cup always
remains seated and to help prevent any
roller skewing.
Application: Work rolls, intermediate rolls

with axial shift, and backup roll equipped
with cylindrical roller bearing.
Fig. 19. TTDWK. Fig. 20. TTDFLK.
The tapered central ring version enables a smaller overall width

Fig. 17. TDIK with
spring system. of the bearing. These TTDFLK assemblies can be provided with
or without an outer spacer. However, we generally prefer to use
TDIK sealed with spring system the design without outer spacers and include a spring mounting in
Timken developed the sealed version of the the chock shoulders to ensure that the rollers of both rows remain
TDIK with a spring system. properly seated (see configuration on page 55).
Application: Work rolls, intermediate rolls

with axial shift, and backup roll equipped
with cylindrical roller bearing.
Fig. 18. TDIK with sealed spring system.

rolling MILL STANDS
spherical roller thrust bearing
TTHD TSR
Composition: Two tapered thrust rings, cage or cageless. Composition: One single inner ring with spherical
rollers with cage retainer and one single outer ring.
Application: Thrust positions for piercing mills, sendzimir mills
and auxiliary equipment. Application: Thrust position for gearboxes and
auxiliary equipment.
Remarks: This design offers up to 40 percent more capacity
than cylindrical and spherical bearings with the same envelope Remarks: Type TSR spherical roller thrust bearings
dimensions. Used only when axial loads are unidirectional. Medium maintain a high-thrust capacity and accommodate
speed capability when provided with a cage. A cageless design is misalignment.
available for high loads and low speeds.
Fig. 24. TSR.
Fig. 21. TTHD.
TTHDFLSX and TTHDFLSV 2TSR assembly

Composition: Identical to the TTHD construction with a top ring Composition: Two single
generally made with convex outer face (TTHDFLSX). A concave inner rings with spherical
(TTHDFLSV) top ring also can be supplied if needed. rollers and cage retainer
installed in a sleeve and
Application: Screwdown thrust bearing. two single outer rings, all
Remarks: Full-complement design for maximum capacity. Lifting mounted in a carrier.
holes exist in each ring for handling purposes. Application: Thrust
Both designs are also available with a tapered bottom race design position for gearboxes
(TTHDSX and TTHDSV). and auxiliary equipment.
Remarks: To maintain
loading in the row
unloaded by the axial
Fig. 25. TSR assembly. load, the whole assembly
is preloaded using springs
mounted in the carrier.
Fig. 22. TTHDFLSX.
Fig. 23. TTHDFLSV.

auxiliary equipment
Auxiliary equipment
Timken offers a wide range of bearings for auxiliary equipment applications such as gear drives, table rolls, coilers, end coilers,
levelers, pinion stands, handling equipment and more.
Tapered Roller Bearings

TS TDO
Composition: One single cone with tapered Composition: Two single cones,
roller and one single cup. one double cup and one cone
spacer.
Application: Saws, guiding rolls, scrap choppers
and small drives. Application: Mill drives, pinion
stands, coilers, uncoilers, side
Remarks: The TS is the most common tapered trimers and scrap choppers.
roller bearing that allows the designer a
large choice of mountings. TS bearings Remarks: The TDO is a preset
always are fitted in pairs, whether mounted assembly and works at fixed and
directly like a TDI or indirectly like a TDO. floating positions on rotary shaft
applications. Holes and circular
grooves are normally provided
Fig. 26. TS.
Fig. 28. TDO. on the double cup for lubrication
purposes, one counterbored hole is usually included. This permits
the provision of a locking pin to keep the loose-mounted cup from
rotating at the floating position. This is then referred to as a CD cup.
TDI and TDIT TNA and TNAT

Composition: One double cone, two Composition: Similar to the TDO
single cups, spacer or spacerless. version. Inner cone small faces are
extended to abut and eliminate the
TDI version with straight need for a spacer.
bore (illustrated).
TNA version with straight
TDIT version with a tapered bore. bore (illustrated).
Application: Edgers, bar mills and rod TNAT version with tapered
mills. We suggest the tight-fitted TDIT cone bores.
assembly when mill speeds exceed 600
m/min. (2000 ft./min.). Application: Mill drives, pinion
Fig. 27. TDI and TDIT.
stands, coilers and uncoilers.
Fig. 29. TNA and TNAT.
Remarks: TDI/TDIT bearings can be delivered as a preset
assembly. The cups and cones are normally mounted loose on Remarks: Preset assembly. These bearings provide a solution
the top version. The bearing works at fixed positions on rotating for many fixed or floating bearing applications where simplicity
shaft applications. For a rotating housing application, it can float of assembly is required.
on the stationary shaft.

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Spherical Roller Bearings
TNASWH EM Type
Composition: Same as the TNA Composition: One double inner ring, one double
bearing with one heavy section outer ring, two rows of spherical rollers with
double cup and two closures. roller-riding brass cage(s).
Application: Levelers, chock wheels, Application: Mill drives, pinion stands, coilers
conveyor car wheels, various railcars and uncoilers.
and crane sheaves.
Remarks: EM-type bearings manage high
Remarks: Preset assembly with radial loads when shaft deflection is important.
profile cup. Cones mounted loose on
the stationary shaft. Assembly also
could function as a wheel.
Fig. 30. TNASWH. Fig. 31. EM type.
EJ Type
WARNING
Failure to observe the following warnings could Composition: One double inner ring, one
create a risk of death or serious injury. double outer ring and two rows of spherical
rollers with stamped-steel cages.
Never spin a bearing with compressed air. Application: Gear drives, table rolls and
The components may be forcefully expelled.
auxiliary equipment.
Remarks: EJ-type spherical roller bearings

feature a hardened stamped steel window-
type cage with face slots for improved
lubrication flow. It offers high load ratings for
longer life.
Fig. 32. EJ type.

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Cylindrical roller bearings ball bearings

One-row ema type DEEP-GROOVE RADIAL
Composition: One single inner ring, one BALL BEARING
single outer ring, one row of cylindrical Composition: Inner and outer ring with a cage
rollers with a one piece, land-riding containing a complement of balls.
window-type brass cage.
Application: Gear drives, electric motors, fly
Application: Gear drives, electric motors. wheels and auxiliary equipment.
Remarks: Available in multiple configurations: Remarks: The standard deep-groove

NU, N, NJ, NF and more. construction handles radial and light axial
loads for moderate- to high-speed applications.
Available in multiple configurations.
Fig. 33. One-row

EMA type.
Fig. 35. Deep-
groove radial ball
bearing.
Two-ROW Cylindrical ANGULAR-CONTACT

roller bearings BALL BEARING
Composition: One single inner ring, Composition: Inner and outer ring with a cage
one single outer ring, two rows of containing a complement of balls.
cylindrical rollers with a one piece,
Application: Work roll thrust position for long
land-riding, finger-type brass cage.
product mill. Auxiliary equipment.
Application: Gear drives, crop shear.
Remarks: Designed for combination radial and
Remarks: Standard cage design axial loading. Single-row bearings have thrust
includes a drilled pocket, finger-style capacity in one direction. Typically used in pairs
brass retainer. to accommodate thrust in both directions.
Fig. 36. Angular-

Fig. 34. Two-row contact ball bearing.
cylindrical roller bearings.

application considerations and bearing selection
application
considerations
and bearing selection
The following processes are covered in this
section:
••Steelmaking.
••Continuous casting.
••Rolling mill.
••Flat product rolling.
••Long product rolling.
••Bearing solutions: radial positions.
••Work and intermediate rolls: flat product mills.
••Work rolls: long product mills.
••Backup rolls.
••Bearing solutions: axial positions.
••Auxiliary equipment.
••Main mill drive and pinion stand gearboxes.
••Pay-off and rewind reels.
••Shears and shear drives.
••Table rolls.

steelmaking
The basic processes for the production of semi-finished and Steelmaking

finished products includes the following stages: mining the ore,
smelting, alloying, casting, rolling and finishing. Depending on the
metal type and production method, the processes used during
The Basic Oxygen Furnace
the smelting stage, where the metal is extracted from the ore, In the BOF (fig. 37) and the mechanically similar bottom-blown
can vary dramatically. After the smelting stage, the processes oxygen process (BBOP) and argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD)
for metals production have much more in common. furnace, steel is melted for final alloy adjustment and purification.
The three furnaces are all types of converters. Each type has its
This section outlines the critical bearing applications used in the own configuration but they all are generally comprised of the
metals production process after the smelting stage. Specifically, following equipment:
it covers applications in basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) and
continuous casters used in steel production, as well as hot-rolling ••Furnace vessel. The furnace vessel usually resembles a
and cold-rolling mills that can be used in the production of flat barrel-shape with a dished bottom and a conical top. The
and long metal products. inside includes a refractory material lining and a retractable
hood that closes off the top of the conical section.
••Trunnion ring. A trunnion ring wraps around and supports

the vessel. The trunnion ring allows the vessel to tip
back and forth, pivoting on two stub shafts about 180
degrees apart.
Main support bearing and

housing assemblies
Drive assembly Furnace vessel
Trunnion ring
Fig. 37. Basic oxygen furnace.

steelmaking
••Main support bearings and housing assemblies. These The second key bearing locations exist within the drive for the
bearings come mounted to the stub shafts on the trunnion BOF rotation. The drive is generally comprised of several smaller
ring and support the entire weight of the loaded furnace enclosed gear reducers and motors mounted to a common
and its drive. gear case that also enclose the bull gear. Each of the smaller
••Drive assembly. The drive assembly rotates the vessel drive units has its own pinion that meshes with the bull gear.
Bearing selection for this application follows traditional power
forward and backward from the vertical position through
approximately 135 degrees in each direction. In modern transmission guidelines.
vessels, a trunnion stub shaft supports the drive and a
torque arm anchors it to the foundations. Main Support Positions
Top ring Nose (lip) The preferred bearing type for main support trunnion positions is
ring the spherical roller bearing due to its high-radial capacity, ability
Taphole to function as a fixed position bearing and high-misalignment
Top cone
Trunnion ring capability. Bearing selection is based primarily on static load
Float capacity because of the slow rotational speed. The target static
Slag shield bearing capacity-to-load ratio is 3:1 or greater. Typical sizes fall in the
Safety
lining range of 600 mm (23.62 in.) bore to 900 mm (35.43 in.) bore but go
as high as 1250 mm (49.21 in.).
Working
lining
We also must consider when establishing the bearing
requirements unique application conditions. These conditions
may include:
••Structural deflections that may exceed ±1.5 degrees.

••Very high loads at very low speeds and elevated
temperatures. This is particularly important in relation to
lubrication.
Fixed bearing (drive side)
••Oscillating motion through a maximum of 270 degrees of
Support brackets Barrel section rotation.
Torispherical bottom section Support pier ••Significant axial growth of the trunnion ring due to
temperature changes over a large bearing spread up to
Fig. 38. Bearing support on basic oxygen furnace.
12 m (40 ft.).
There are two key positions for roller bearings in BOF applications. ••Significant vibration from the agitation of the steel during
melting and from blowing oxygen through the liquid steel.
The first and most challenging include the two main support
Vibration is particularly extreme in AOD furnaces.
positions for the vessel and its trunnion ring (fig. 38). The second
lies within the drive. ••Highly contaminated operating environments and the
resulting demanding sealing requirements.
The main support position bearings allow the vessel to tip forward
for raw material loading and for pouring out the refined steel. ••Practical accessibility for inspection and future bearing
replacement.
The vessel tips backwards after the refined steel is poured off
(teemed) for slag removal. The melting completes with the vessel For these applications and operating conditions, Timken suggests
in the vertical position. The combined weight of the vessel, using a complete bearing and housing system that is tailored
trunnion ring and the melt max exceed 1000 metric tons. In modern to the specific installation. This system generally includes two
designs, where the drive mounts directly to the trunnion support housed assemblies – one for the float position and one for the
shaft rather than to the foundation, the loads can approach 1500 fixed position.
metric tons.

steelmaking
BOF trunnion float position This design does not require the float bearing to move axially in
its housing. This eliminates the risk of galling and wear that can
The float position assembly (fig. 39) generally mounts on the
occur on the bore or outer diameter surfaces when high radial
non-driven side of the vessel and must accommodate several
load forces the bearing to move. Ladder bearings are inclined
centimeters (inches) of axial movement. The typical bearing
towards each other in a shallow V configuration to stabilize and
solution mounts the support bearing in a cartridge supported
locate the cartridge in a crosswise direction.
on a pair of inclined linear bearings, often referred to as ladder
bearings (fig. 40). The main support bearing generally has a loose fit on the trunnion
shaft and in the cartridge to facilitate installation and removal. The
The ladder bearings typically offer a float capability of ± 60 to
floating cartridge assembly and ladder bearings mount in a fully
100 mm (2.5 to 4.0 in.) from its centered position. The static load
enclosed steel housing that also includes the main seals.
capacity of each ladder bearing approximately equals that of the
main support bearing.
float Side of BOF Housing Assembly: Ladder Bearing Arrangement
Positive lubrication through center of bearing. Full ring to contain radial bearing.
Bearing cartridge floats on ladder bearing to Spherical seat Plain seat

accommodate thermal expansion.
Complete assembly installed as a unit;
all bearing areas completely sealed.
Fig. 39. Float side of BOF housing assembly. Fig. 40. Ladder bearing arrangement.

steelmakinG
BOF trunnion fixed position assembly Initial mounting of standard bearing is done in one of two ways.
Either mount a straight bore bearing directly to the shaft using a
The fixed position assembly is simpler and smaller because it
tight fit; or mount a tapered bore bearing using a tapered adapter.
does not require the floating internal cartridge or ladder bearings.
The fixed position is usually on the drive side of the furnace. One The use of the adapter allows final control of the bearing
important design feature of the fixed position assembly involves position on the shaft and some adjustment of the bearing
the ability to replace the original standard bearing (fig. 41) with internal clearance. The adapter also facilitates bearing removal
a split version (fig. 42). This proves necessary because the through the use of hydraulic pressure that frees the bearing from
replacement of a standard bearing would require the removal the adapter.
of the complete drive assembly. This is a difficult and very time-
consuming task.
Fixed Side of BOF Housing Assembly:
Bearing with tapered bore and adapter sleeve.

Fig. 41. Standard bearing.
Bearing with tapered bore and adapter sleeve.
Fig. 42. Split bearing.

steelmaking
The use of a split replacement bearing facilitates removal of the Additional considerations for trunnion
standard bearing. First remove the housing cap, slightly raise the bearing selection
trunnion shaft, then remove the standard bearing by cutting or
Furnaces must tolerate the significant and sometimes violent
fracturing it into halves. If a tapered adapter was used, remove
vibration that occurs during furnace charging, melting and
it in the same manner. An axial slot in the adapter-bore facilitates
purification. Consider these factors during the design and
burn off without trunnion shaft damage. The new split bearing
selection of bearings and housings. For optimal bearing
builds up around the shaft before lowering back down into
performance, we prefer light-to-tight bearing fits on the shaft
the housing.
and in the housing. However, it also is important to consider the
The tight-fitted adapter helps reduce the risk of impact damage ease of installation and removal.
to the bearing components due to potentially violent vibration of
Minimized bearing radial clearance limits risks of fretting
the vessel during operation.
corrosion (false brinelling) of the rollers and raceways. Minimizing
Spherical roller bearings used in BOF housings have a standard operating clearances and applying light-to-tight fits also improves
misalignment capability of 1.5 degrees. When higher misalignment the seating of the bearing’s inner and outer rings and maximizes
is required, the bearing may be supplied with a wide outer ring the load zone within the bearing. These bearings are traditionally
that increases the misalignment capability to 3 degrees. Timken through-hardened but Timken also offers the bearings with case-
identifies bearings with this feature using W57 in the part number. carburized components for applications where shock loading is
a particular concern.
Timken usually supplies assemblies with sleeves located on the
trunnion shaft on both sides of the bearing. The backing sleeves In this application, the lubricant primarily functions to help prevent
facilitate axial clamping of the complete assembly onto the shaft corrosion and to help keep contaminants out. To achieve this,
and function as seal riding surfaces. When installing a split we suggest 100 percent grease fill of the bearing and housing
bearing, replace these sleeves with narrower versions to make cavity. These furnaces use an extremely slow rotational speed.
room for the wider inner ring. Rollers and raceways cannot generate a normal lubricant film.
A heavy consistency, extreme-pressure (EP) grease with a very
Because BOF bearing assemblies must function in the dust- high base-oil viscosity can improve lubrication conditions. We
contaminated and often hot environment of a steel mill, effective suggest synthetic base oil, lithium complex types.
sealing is critical. Bearings subjected to contamination by
abrasive converter dust may suffer premature wear. To help Timken also manufactures split and special bearing designs and
prevent this, robust sealing accommodates the displacement can review your specific application needs. For more details,
of the shaft that results from trunnion ring thermal growth contact your Timken engineer.
and deflection.

continuous casting
Continuous Casting
The continuous caster for producing steel slabs (fig. 43), blooms
and billets represents the most significant development in steel
production since the Bessemer converter. Compared to the
traditional, individually poured cast ingot route, the continuous
caster offers significant improvements in yield, consistency
and energy efficiency as well as reduced emissions and
waste products. In addition, the ability to cast thinner slabs
(alloy dependent) may significantly reduce the subsequent hot
rolling requirements.
Generally, the conventional slab caster produces slabs between

180 mm (7 in.) and 300 mm (12 in.) thick at speeds of 0.8 to
2.0 m/min. (2.6 to 6.5 ft./min.). The medium slab caster produces
slabs between 100 mm and 180 mm (4 and 7 in.) thick at speeds of
1.0 to 3.0 m/min. (3.3 to 10 ft./min.). The thin slab caster produces
slabs less than 100 mm thick at speeds of 3.0 up to 6.0 m/min. (10
to 20 ft./min.).
Fig. 43. Typical continuous slab caster layout.

continuous casting
Caster Design
Fig. 44 shows the main components of the continuous caster. Nearly all installations possess this overall configuration, although minor
variations will exist depending on the original equipment manufacture's technology, steel grade being cast, and end-user preferences.
The following description refers to slab casting but bloom and billet casters can receive similar considerations.
Foot rolls
Bender section
Bow section
Straightener section
Fig. 44. Continuous slab caster schematic. Horizontal withdrawing section
Sequence of Operations Below the mold, caster sections break down into eight to 12
discrete segments, each with five to seven roll pairs with one roll
First, molten steel transfers from the steelmaking furnace to the
of each pair above and one below the slab. One of the roll pairs
casting platform in a ladle.
is a driven pair that controls the speed of the slab. The other,
Then the ladle pours the molten steel into the tundish through idler rolls, support the slab and maintain its thickness and shape.
a shroud. Many casters will make a small reduction in the slab thickness as
it descends through the bow section. This is referred to as soft
Another shroud takes the molten steel into the water-cooled mold. core reduction and is done for metallurgical reasons rather than
The mold lining, typically comprised of a copper alloy, oscillates for slab thickness control.
to minimize the chance of the steel sticking to the mold. The steel
solidifies at the surface to form its shape (slab, billet or bloom) The top and bottom rolls are mounted on two separate frames and
before it emerges from the mold, attached to the dummy bar. The adjustment is provided to allow setting the position of the top rolls
dummy bar detaches at the exit end of the caster. relative to the bottom rolls. Each of the individual roll segments
can be removed from the caster as a complete assembly.
Once the slab leaves the mold, it proceeds through the top
zone (foot rolls) via the bender to the curved (bow) section External, high-volume water sprays cool the slab. The
through a straightener section and finally to the horizontal support rolls also are water cooled via rotary couplings and
withdrawal section. internal passages. Cooling the rolls and bearing housings
controls component temperature and the integrity of their
A straight-mold equipped caster includes a bender section that mechanical properties.
forms the slab to match the curvature of the bow section. Casters
with a curved mold do not require the bender. After the slab exits the straightener segment(s) it passes through
the horizontal withdrawal segments and is cut to length with a
traversing gas torch. Finally, the slab is brought to a cooling yard
where it is marked before being transferred to the hot rolling mill.

continuous castinG
Caster Bearing Positions Mold Oscillator

Oscillating the mold is critical to help minimize the sticking of the
Ladle Turret steel to the mold liner. Early caster styles achieved this oscillation
The rotating portion of the turret, supports the main bearing through mechanical mechanisms using cams or eccentrics and
application in the ladle turret. an electric motor drive. Hydraulic resonant oscillators replaced
most of these designs because they provide a more compact
Mould and design and control flexibility. The hydraulic design also eliminates
Ladles oscillator
assembly mechanical drive components that can wear quickly and require
frequent maintenance.
Mold oscillator bearings

Casters that use mechanical oscillators require bearings
Rotating specifically designed to handle the oscillating loads and
turret vibrations. Cylindrical, spherical and tapered roller bearings
commonly meet this need. They are generally specified with
high-strength cages and are manufactured with tight control of
internal clearances and run-out.
Foot Roll (Top Zone) and

Bender Sections
Fig. 45. Typical ladle turret layout. Tundish
This is the first section of slab support rollers directly beneath
the mold. The skin on the slab is thin and fragile so the support
Ladle turret bearings rollers are close together and small in diameter. These rolls are
The bearings must resist very high overturning moments resulting usually in the range of 120 to 160 mm (4.7 to 6.3 in.) in diameter
from the cantilevered loads. The highest overturning moments and are idler (non-driven) rolls.
occur when one side supports a full ladle while the other side
Roll construction utilizes a single, full-width arbor/axle built up
is empty. They also must tolerate shock loads that occur when
with roll section sleeves and intermediate support bearings. More
a full ladle is loaded onto the support arms. The total weight of
commonly, roll construction consists of individual roll sections,
the ladle turret, ladles and molten steel can exceed 1000 metric
each with a support bearing at both ends. These rolls utilize
tons, while the rotational speed reaches no more than 1 rev./min.
external cooling with water sprays.
Two turret design styles exist. The first (fig. 45) uses a single
Caster bearings endure tough conditions in this environment,
turntable attached to both support arms. The turntable is mounted
including heavy loads, high temperatures, low rotational speed as
onto a large-diameter slewing ring bearing that can measure
well as water, scale and steam contamination. The slab surface,
several meters in diameter. This is the most common design.
which passes just a few millimeters (a fraction of an inch) from
The second design utilizes a central column, or mast, around the bearing housing, reaches approximately 1000° C (2000° F).
which sleeve-attached support arms rotate around the center
column on radial and thrust bearings. This style can be configured
to accommodate independent rotation of each ladle support arm.
Bearing types used in the mast-style ladle turret will vary

according to the original equipment manufacturer. Generally,
cylindrical roller bearings provide radial support and a dedicated
thrust bearing provides the axial support. This thrust bearing can
utilize a tapered-, spherical- or cylindrical-roller type.

continuous casting
Foot roll section and bender bearings Slab Support Segments (Bow,
Due to these extreme conditions, bearings located at foot roll (fig. Straightener and Horizontal Sections)
46) and bender roll positions are usually removed from operation The slab support segments in the bow, straightener and horizontal
on a fixed schedule rather than on the basis of their condition at sections of the caster all possess similar configurations, but with
inspection. Replacement typically occurs every four to six months. variations in the number of rolls and the roll diameters. Segment
configuration provides for easy removal and replacement as
Sealing is usually achieved with the use of steel spiral rings or
complete assemblies.
piston rings since the temperatures are too high for elastomeric
seals. A continuous grease lubrication is typically used to keep The shell of the slab gets thicker as the slab moves down the
contaminants from entering into the bearing. caster, with complete solidification occurring somewhere in the
lower half of the bow section. This means that the slab support
Bearing types used here include single- and double-row needle
rollers can be placed further apart and can be larger in diameter
roller bearings in the NA49, NA59 and NA69 series, as well
than those at the top of the caster. The number of rolls in each
as spherical roller bearings and cylindrical roller bearings of
segment varies from 10 to 14, arranged in pairs, with one roll of
the toroidal or self-aligning type. Our specially heat-treated
each pair above and one beneath the slab.
bearings offer dimensional stability during operation at elevated
temperatures. These bearings are usually identified with a S2 or Drive roll
S3 as the suffix to the part number. This identifies the bearings
as being dimensionally stable at temperatures up to 250° C and
300° C (482° F and 572° F) respectively.
Bearing loads in these applications vary by the number of rolls,

the number of bearings per roll, roll position and the ferro-static
pressure within the slab. Speeds often fall in the range of 2 to
15 RPM, depending on the thickness of slab being cast. The low
rotational speed means that loading is considered static because
a hydrodynamic lubricant film generates outside the rollers and
the raceways of the bearing. The bearing’s static capacity is,
therefore, more important than the dynamic capacity. Generally,
bearing selection revolves around a static capacity-to-load ratio
of 3:1. However, the frequent replacement of the bearings means
that many installations operate with a ratio of 2:1. This need for Segmented idler rolls
frequent maintenance, combined with low speeds prompt loose Fig. 47. Typical roll configuration.
fits for both the inner and outer rings.
Generally, the center pair of rolls drives and controls the speed of
the slab through the caster (fig. 47). The remaining rolls are idler
rolls. The loading on the segment rolls in slab casters requires
intermediate support bearings along their lengths to minimize the
roll deflection. Slab quality demands this key parameter.
The idler support rolls often include two or three short roll sections
with each section having a bearing at either end. These rolls utilize
internal cooling and use rotary couplings to bring the cooling
Fig. 46. Typical foot roll bearing arrangement.
water to and from the rolls.
Staggered positions of the intermediate bearings fall in the

direction of material travel. This minimizes the effects to the
unsupported portion of the slab where it passes over the bearings
and housings.

continuous casting
Slab support segment bearings Casters may use idler rolls that use a single, full-width arbor
(shaft) and roll section sleeves. We may refer to this style as a
Bearing selection and mounting must allow for one fixed and one
stacked-arbor design (fig. 49). This stacked-arbor style uses a
or more float positions for each roll section. The spherical roller
single bearing in the intermediate support position that reduces
bearing usually achieves the fixed position selection.
the width of an unsupported slab compared to the two bearings
The float position bearings must accommodate up to 6 mm (0.25 in.) required with completely separate roll sections.
of roll thermal-axial growth and up to 0.5 degrees misalignment.
The bearing installation will usually follow standard fitting
Float position solutions include self-aligning cylindrical bearings,
practice guidelines. Avoid heavy-duty tight fits because they
toroidal roller bearings or Timken® ADAPT™ bearings (fig. 48) complicate installation and removal and increase the risk of
that combine the characteristics of both spherical and cylindrical damaging the bearing during removal. In the case of spherical
roller bearings. These designs will accept axial float within roller bearings, use C3 and C4 prevalent radial internal clearance.
the bearing as well as higher misalignment than a standard
cylindrical bearing. We suggest G6 shaft fit for conventional (non-split) bearings and
G7 or H7 for housing.
The spherical roller bearing also applies at the float position,
but in this case, loose fits are employed for the outer ring to
accommodate float in their housings.
Fig. 48. The design of the ADAPT™ bearing allows for

simultaneous axial float and misalignment. The rollers align with
the inner ring regardless of axial displacement and misalignment.
Fixed position Intermediate support position Float position

spherical roller bearing ADAPT™ ADAPT
(if applicable)
Fig. 49. Stacked arbor schematic with adapt bearing.

continuous casting
The drive roll needs the intermediate support bearing(s) and These assemblies must utilize split elements, including the
needs to transmit drive torque across the full width. The bearing inner and outer rings, cages (when used), seals and the
traditional design achieves this with a one-piece roll with split housing itself. Just like the conventional bearings and one-piece
bearings located at one or two positions (fig. 50). The bearing and housings used in the end positions, the assemblies used here
housing assembly used in a one-piece roll design are split for must also allow for water cooling of the housing caps and grease
mounting purposes. supply to the bearing.
These split bearing assemblies can utilize either spherical (fig. Common key features to both spherical and cylindrical roller
51) or cylindrical roller bearing assemblies. bearing types include the half outer ring, water-cooled housing
cap and triple or double sealing elements. Timken uses a patented
Split assemblies are usually designed as a complete system with serpentine cooling chamber (fig. 52) in the cap to optimize the
the bearing and housing designed together to suit a particular coolant velocity for maximum heat removal and minimum scale
caster roll configuration. Special bearings are required that do not build up.
conform to International Standard Organization (ISO) envelope
dimensions or tolerances. Spherical assemblies require a loose
shaft fit to allow axial float of the shaft. Cylindrical assemblies can
use a transition fit on the shaft. Use loose housing fits for both the
cylindrical and spherical roller bearing assemblies.
Axial float
clearance
Fig. 50. Solid drive roll with split intermediate bearing.
Fig. 51. Split spherical roller Fig. 52. Patented serpentine

bearing and water-cooled cooling chamber.
housing.

rolling mill
Rolling Mill In addition, instantaneous changes in speed and direction can

create punishing combinations of radial and thrust loads. When
choosing a bearing for your rolling mill application, you must
Flat product Rolling consider all operating parameters.
While there will be variations to the product flow resulting in cold
rolled strip, the process flow generally begins with material that Several significant differences exist between hot rolling and
either comes from a continuous caster, slabbing mill or directly cold rolling:
from an ingot. In this section, we focus on the bearings and their
relationship to the rolls they support (fig. 53).
••Mill speeds are significantly higher in cold rolling than hot
rolling.
The rolling mill is an extremely demanding application for ••The strip exiting the cold mill is controlled to much tighter
bearings, which must perform under high operating temperatures, tolerances and higher surface quality.
loads up to 8000 metric tons for the heaviest plate mills, and linear
speeds in excess of 2000 m/min. (6500 ft./min.) for the fastest
••The cold mill will typically have extended run times during
operation relative to the hot mill, particularly when the
cold mills. design of the mill calls for continuous operation, where coil
ends are joined together upstream; or in foil mills, where
final passes through the mill may last several hours.
Screwdown
Backup roll position
Work roll position
Driven side Operator side
Fig. 53. Rolling mill applications 4-Hi mill stand.

rolling mill
Plate Mill and hot mill Roughing Stands Cold mill

Roughing stands are used for rolling heavy slabs supplied from a The cold rolling process, unlike hot rolling, deforms metal at
slabbing mill, continuous caster or sometimes rolled directly from temperatures below its recrystalization temperature. This results
an ingot. Finished material thickness varies greatly in dimensions. in cold working of the material and an increase in its strength and
Mills can roll plates above 200 mm (8 in.) thick, 5 m (197 in.) wide, hardness. While cold rolling increases the hardness and strength
and 35 m (115 ft.) long. These three dimensions are determined by of a metal, it also results in a large decrease in ductility. Therefore,
the slab or ingot weight as well as the rolling mill’s size. most ferrous products exiting the cold mill must go through both
annealing (heating) and temper rolling operations.
Mill speed: less than 300 m/min. (1000 ft./min.)
Mill speed: 1000 m/min. (3300 ft./min.) to above 2000 m/min.
Roll neck bearings: (6500 ft./min.)
••Backup roll radial position: Roll neck bearings:
TQOW, 2TDIW, mutli-row cylindrical (RX), oil-film bearings
••Backup roll thrust position: ••Backup roll radial position:

Multi-row cylindrical (RX), TQIT or oil-film bearings
TDIK, 2TSR required with cylindrical bearing and
oil-film bearings ••Backup roll thrust position:
TDIK, 2TSR required with cylindrical and oil-film bearings
••Work roll radial position:
TQOW, 2TDIW ••Work roll radial position:
TQOW or 2TDIW
••Work roll axial position:
TDIK, 2TSR (in case of axial shift) ••Intermediate roll radial position:
TQOW or 2TDIW
Hot Mill ••Work roll and intermediate axial positions:
Hot rolling is primarily intended to reduce the thickness of the TDIK, 2TSR (in case of axial shift systems)
material that leaves the roughing stand or the continuous caster.
In modern hot strip mills, the dimensional control of the finished Temper Mill
strip is critical and affected by important strip characteristics The temper mill, also referred to as skin-pass mill, is a cold rolling
such as thickness, profile and flatness. The product from the mill used for tempering the strip by making a small thickness
finishing stands is coiled and, subsequently used as feed stock reduction (about two percent). The design of the rolling mill can
for cold rolling or used directly by fabricators. be 2-Hi, 4-Hi or 6-Hi. The physical properties that are enhanced
by the temper pass due to slight elongation of the product include:
Mill speed: generally less than 1000 m/min. (3300 ft./min.)
Dimensional trueness and repeatability,
Roll neck bearings:
Suppression of yield point elongation,
••Backup roll radial position: Improved surface finish, and
TQOW, 2TDIW, multi-row cylindrical (RX) or oil-film bearings
Improved shape and flatness.
••Backup roll thrust position:
TDIK, 2TSR, TTDWK required with cylindrical and Mill speed: generally <1200 m/min. (3950 ft./min.)
oil-film bearings
Roll neck bearings:
TQOW, 2TDIW ••Backup roll radial position:
Multi-row cylindrical (RX), TQIT
••Work roll axial position:
TDIK, 2TSR (in case of axial shift) ••Backup roll thrust position:
TDIK, 2TSR required with cylindrical

TQOW, 2TDIW
••Intermediate roll radial position:

TQOW, 2TDIW

rolling mill
Long Product Rolling Like flat product mills, these are extremely demanding
applications for the rolling mill bearings. In addition, the rolling
The long products description applies to a wide variety of semi-
of asymmetrical shapes can introduce axial loads that are higher,
finished and finished products. These include round, rectangular
relative to the radial loads, than seen in flat product mills. For
and hexagonal bar, seamless and welded tubes, structural
this reason the roll neck bearing configuration (fig. 54) usually
sections such as channels and beams, rails, rod and wire.
includes a separate thrust bearing.
Despite the wide range of products, the overall process is similar
Roll neck bearing selection criteria are similar to those for flat
to that for flat products. The starting point is a cast billet, bloom or
products but the variety of mill types and designs means that there
cast bloom that is processed through roughing and finishing mills
will be variations, due to dimensional constraints.
using both hot and cold rolling. After rolling the product moves on
to finishing operations such as straightening, reeling and sizing.
The wide range of long products is reflected in the many styles

of rolling mills used by their manufacturer. They include, but are
not limited to:
••2-Hi and 3-Hi reversing bar mills.

••Multi-stand 2-Hi bar mills with overhung (cantilevered) rolls.
••Piercing and sizing mills with inclined rolls for
seamless tube.
••Forming and welding lines for welded tube.

••Universal mills combining horizontal and vertical rolls for
sections and rails.
••High-speed, multi-stand mills for rod and wire products.
Fig. 54. Typical roll and bearing arrangement for a bar mill.

bearing solutions: radial positions
bearing solutions: The roll bending technique induces significantly higher radial
loads on the work roll bearings than are seen in conventional
radial positions mill stands. Bending loads (per chock) in excess of 80 metric
tons on cold mills and above 200 metric tons on hot mills are
work and intermediate rolls: typical. These higher loads combined with smaller chock
Flat product mills sections require careful consideration. A Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) of the chock/bearing system may be needed in order to
Work roll bearings have a smaller section height and a much
validate the catalog L10 life calculation due to the chock bore
narrower width than a backup roll bearing (see page 46 for
deformation resulting from the high applied loads. An example
backup roll solutions), because loads are significantly lower at
of how the loading may be distributed among the rollers around
this position.
the circumference of the bearing is illustrated below (see fig. 56).
The work roll bearing is sized as a function of the work roll’s This load distribution often is referred to as rabbit ears – where
neck and body diameters. The neck diameter is influenced by the roller loading at the center of the load zone is lower than at
the coupling diameter necessary to transmit the required torque. the adjacent quadrants where the chock section is larger.
The shape of the strip’s cross-sectional profile can be adjusted

dynamically by shape (or flatness) control systems. These
systems adjust the shape of the roll gap across the mill width,
such that flat strip can be produced. The need for closer
tolerances, improved strip flatness and increased productivity
all put increased demands on the work roll bearings. Several
of the techniques used for controlling strip flatness are
discussed below.
Flatness Control Techniques Fig. 56. Rabbit ears shaped roller load distribution.
Roll bending: Roll bending was first introduced as a means of These analysis have shown that both vertical and horizontal
improving the strip profile and flatness. Later, roll bending (fig. chock sections (a and b) in fig. 57 are critical to chock deflection
55) was introduced to hot strip mills to improve upstream product and bearing performance.
quality (profile).
b b
Separating force
a
Negative roll bending

Positive roll bending
a = 0.0625 x bearing O.D.

Bearing b = 0.1 x bearing O.D.
Fig. 55. Roll bending. O.D.
Fig. 57. Work roll chock sections (symmetrical chock).
Axial roll shifting and roll crossing: Roll shifting can be used in
addition to roll bending to further increase control of the roll gap
profile. Axial roll shifting (fig. 58) combined with a special roll body
profile is used to change the shape of the effective roll gap. Roll
shifting is generally applied without loads to the work rolls of a
4-Hi mill or to the intermediate rolls of 6-Hi mills.

In roll-crossing systems (fig. 59), additional mechanical actuators Bearing O.D. per chock section requirement: Work roll bearing
displace the roll ends in opposite directions in the horizontal plane selection requires careful analysis of the space available
resulting in crossing of the rolls. This crossing also results in a between the mill pass line and the backup roll chock. The
change of the effective roll-gap profile. minimum radius of the work roll body must exceed the height of
the work roll chock from the chock’s center-line to the pass line
Both of these flatness control systems generate higher roll thrust to ensure roll contact without chock interference.
loads than are seen in a conventional mill stand and typically
require a separate thrust bearing. With this configuration, The work roll chocks are either symmetrical (fig. 60) or
radial loads are absorbed strictly by the four-row bearing, while non-symmetrical (fig. 61) versus the chock’s center-line. The
the thrust loads are absorbed by the thrust bearing. There are non-symmetrical chock (with a smaller section height toward
exceptions where relatively steep angled four-row tapered roller the pass line) allows for a smaller minimum work roll O.D. for the
bearing (TQOW type) assemblies accommodate both the radial same bearing O.D.
and axial loads. However, these exceptions require detailed Bearing O.D.
Pass line
analysis to ensure appropriate bearing selection.
Thrust bearing selection is discussed later in this chapter.

Ka
Kb
Minimum roll diameter
Fig. 58. Axial roll shifting. Fig. 59. Cross rolling. Minimum roll diameter = 1.125 x bearing O.D. + 2 mm (0.078 in.)
Ka (min.) = Kb (min.) = 0.562 x bearing O.D.
Bearing Selection: Dimensional Criteria Fig. 60. Symmetrical work roll chock.
Work roll: The size of the work roll bearing assembly is Bearing O.D.
Pass line
constrained by the roll neck diameter, the chock outside
dimensions, and the position of the balancing and bending
cylinders. These constraints will limit the minimum allowable
bearing bore, the maximum allowable outside diameter (O.D.) Ka
and the proper position of the bearing rows.
Bearing bore per roll neck size requirement: The neck diameter
can vary greatly according to the material used for the rolls. The
neck-to-barrel ratio range is approximately 45 to 50 percent for Kb
cold mills where steel rolls are used and approximately 55 to
60 percent for hot mills where various grades of cast iron rolls
are used.
Minimum roll diameter
Minimum roll diameter = 1.100 x bearing O.D. + 2 mm (0.078 in.)
Ka (min.) = 0.550 x bearing O.D.
Kb (min.) = 0.575 x bearing O.D.
Fig. 61. Non-symmetrical work roll chock.

unsealed roll neck Bearings Type 2TDIW without cone spacer: Simplest and most compact
design. Tighter width tolerances allow simplified mounting
The four-row tapered roller bearing, TQOW type or 2TDIW type,
arrangement (fig. 62).
is the preferred solution for flat product work and intermediate
rolls as it offers many advantages: Type 3TDIW: The six-row tapered roller bearing also can be
••Unitized construction, once assembled in the chock, considered in order to achieve an even higher radial capacity
facilitates installation and removal from the roll neck. when the bearing’s cross section is particularly constrained.
••Rolling elements are protected against handling damage Six-row bearings are in use on the work rolls of some hot and
cold aluminum mills and also are designed into 4-Hi steckel mill
during chock removal and installation on the roll neck.
work rolls.
••Ability to handle both axial and radial loads simultaneously.
A separate thrust bearing is typically not required. Type extra-wide 2TDIW: Extra-wide central cone and cup
•• The bearing’s internal clearance can be reset, if necessary, spacers (fig. 63) are provided to separate the inboard two rows
after a period of use by regrinding spacers. from the outboard rows where roll shifting causes the radial load
••2TDIW with reduced axial tolerances enables more from the bending cylinders to shift with respect to the bearing
center-line. The wide spread allows for improved distribution of
compact and simpler mounting arrangements without
adjustable retaining system (see fig. 62). load among the four rows.
Fig. 63. 2Tdiw extra wide.
Extended ribs for added sealing (TQOWE or 2TDIWE): The

space necessary for an integral seal often requires a slight
decrease in bearing rating due to the seal’s space requirement.
An alternative to avoid any capacity decrease is to install, at the
original equipment manufacturer's stage, a four-row bearing
with extended small ribs on the double cones (fig. 64). Here,
the chock seal rides on the plunge-ground surface of these
extended ribs and provides a more efficient chock-bearing sealing
Fig. 62. 2TDIW simplified mounting arrangement. system. In addition to improved sealing, this configuration also
protects the seal from potential damage during chock assembly
Bearing types: Many existing mills have been designed with and disassembly.
steeper angle work roll bearings compared to the backup roll
bearings to cope with axial loads caused by poor mill alignment.
This situation may be encountered in older mills with worn chocks,
housings and liners. Although steeper angle designs increase the
bearing’s thrust capacity, the radial capacity is reduced.
Type TQOW: Widely used in the work roll position. This bearing
consists of two double cones, two single cups and one double
cup. The two cup spacers and hardened cone spacer are needed
to establish internal clearance at the factory.
Type 2TDIW with cone and cup spacers: Similar to the above Fig. 64. Tqowe extended ribs.
TQOW arrangement, but with the double cup replaced by two
single cups.

Sealed Roll Neck Bearings The main seal lip rides on the extended inner-race small rib
and functions to exclude contaminants and retain grease
Sealed roll neck bearings are popular due to the need to reduce
(fig. 66).
costs associated with grease consumption and disposal,
simplifying bearing maintenance and maximize bearing life. The The bore seal (fig. 67) is a static seal that prevents ingress of
sealed roll neck bearing does not require regreasing at each rolling solution from the cone bore, while allowing venting of
roll change, allowing for cleaner mills and less contamination excess internal pressure.
of roll coolants.
When used with an air-oil system, the bore seal can be omitted
In addition to reduced contamination and improved lubricant to help with venting and bore/roll neck lubrication. O-rings
retention, enhanced greases have been developed. These are incorporated in the O.D. of the outboard cups to keep
greases can further improve bearing performance. The sealed roll contamination from entering at the bearing’s outside diameter.
neck bearing is available non-greased or pregreased with one of a
range of enhanced mill greases to suit your particular application.
The space requirements for the seal are kept to a minimum in

order to maximize the bearing’s capacity. Timken sealed roll neck
bearings typically have the same capacity as the equivalent sized
open bearing (see product tables for further details).
The benefits of using sealed roll neck bearings include:
••Reduced risk of contamination ingress and related damage,

which increases bearing reliability and life.
••Minimized maintenance costs through reductions in grease

consumption and disposal charges.
••Reduced risk of strip staining and rolling solution Fig. 66. Main seal. Fig. 67. Bore seal.
contamination.
The sealed roll neck bearing can be supplied with allowance
••Extended maintenance intervals reducing the number of for in-chock regreasing. In this configuration, grease inlets are
inspections required per year. provided in the cup spacers and vent slots between the two
••Reduced grease contamination of cooling water and/or central cups as shown in fig. 67. Alternatively, sealed roll neck
bearings can be supplied with solid cup spacers and without
rolling solution resulting in cleaner environment.
vent slots for those applications where in-chock regreasing is
not a requirement.
Integrated seal design
The integrated configuration features two main seals that are Other features include:
mounted within counterbores in the extended outer cups. The
integrated seal design (fig. 65) is typically supplied according to ••Face slots on all cone faces (inboard and outboard) for
enhanced lubrication or to reduce face wear caused by
the configuration below.
cone creep.
••Spiral bore grooves that act as a neck lubrication reservoir

to reduce roll neck wear.
••The single cups provide optimal load sharing across the

four rows, however a center double cup also can
Fig. 65. Integrated seal design. be provided.
••Tight width tolerances simplify chock and roll neck design,

assembly and maintenance.

Seal carrier design 2. Reduced assembly width tolerance (2TDIW): Assembly on the
roll consists of a thrust ring, adjusting assembly (normally thread
The seal carrier design includes heavy-duty main seals in
ring and nut) and a split ring. Typically, at assembly, the adjusting
independent seal carriers. O-rings are incorporated in the seal
nut is tightened so that all components are axially seated against
carrier O.D. to prevent contamination entering at the carrier's
the fillet ring or roll neck shoulder. It is essential to then back off
outside diameter. The bore seal is similar to the design used in
the adjusting nut to leave an axial clearance of between 0.25 to
the integrated seal design.
1 mm (0.010 to 0.040 in.) or even more for large bearings. This axial
clearance allows the cone to creep relative to the roll neck without
additional friction from axial clamping forces.
In the case of the 2TDIW concept, the tolerance on overall inner

ring width is controlled so that it makes it possible to eliminate
Fig. 68. Seal carrier design. the adjustment system. The only components needed to locate
the bearing on the neck are the thrust ring (used also for seal
The seal carrier design configuration above (fig. 68) features seat) and the split-hinged ring. The 2TDIW assembly affords the
the same basic internal design features as the standard TQOW opportunity of shortening the roll neck considerably by eliminating
bearing, but includes separable extended inner rings and main the need for threaded adjustment rings (fig. 70).
seal carrier rings. This bearing is wider than the equivalent open
bearing and the roll neck/chock must be designed accordingly. This retaining system further ensures the cones are kept free
axially with the suggested clearance.
Optional roll neck Bearing Features Fillet ring
The TQOW assembly is the most
p o p u l a r f o u r- r o w a s s e m b l y.
However, there are variants to this 2TDIW
basic assembly that may be specified
to suit a specific application.
1. Spiral bore grooves in double

cone bore (TQOGW): Spiral grooves
in the cone bores (fig. 69) help
to retain and distribute lubricant
between the neck and inner ring. TQOW
However, Timken suggests that the
contact pressure between the roll Retaining ring
Fig. 69. Spiral groove in
bearing bore. neck and cone bore be less than 15 Fig. 70. Shorter roll neck possible with 2TDIW versus TQOW.
MPa (2175 psi) to minimize the risk of
premature neck scuffing. There are exceptions, however, where
mills running at slow speed have been able to increase this neck
contact stress limit up to 20 MPa (2900 psi).

application considerations: 3. Unclamped inner rings: The cone contact faces should be
four-row tapered bearings hardened to approximately 55 to 60 HRC in order to help prevent
excessive wear.
1. Mounting practice: Quick mounting and removal of the
chock-bearing system is mandatory due to the requirement for 4. Clamped outer rings: The end cover must clamp the cups
frequent work roll changes. Therefore, a loose fit on the roll neck tightly in the chock with specified bolt torque to ensure that the
is standard practice at the work and intermediate roll positions established clearance in the bearing assembly is maintained.
regardless of the rolling speed.
5. Roll neck hardness: The preferred minimum hardness level
Given that the roll neck diameter is smaller than the cone bore, is 45 shore C (33 HRC) to reduce wear at the cone bore to roll
there will be a natural tendency for the double cones to creep neck interface.
circumferentially on the neck. The roll neck and cone bore
essentially have the same linear velocity where they are in 6. Roll neck undercuts: To accommodate potential wear, an
contact with each other. The cone’s RPM is slightly less than undercut is required on the roll neck. The undercut depth is
the RPM of the roll neck as illustrated in fig. 71, due to the small typically 0.8 mm (0.032 in.) on diameter and extending 1.6 mm
diameter difference between roll neck and cone bore. Therefore, (0.063 in.) beyond the tangency points of the front face radius
it is essential that: beneath the cone spacer (fig. 72) and 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) beyond
the tangency point at the outer cone face.
••Axial clearance is provided between the cones and abutting
faces to allow the two cones to creep freely and avoid face
wear. Slots enable bearing
face and neck-to-
••The minimum roll neck diameter guidelines are respected to bore lubrication
avoid excessive neck wear due to this creep.
V
Cone front face radius
Roll neck Undercut depth =

diameter 0.4 mm (0.016 in.)
V (Roll neck) ≠ V (Cone bore)
1.6 mm (0.065 in.)
beyond cone front
Cone bore face radius each side
diameter
Fig. 72. Roll neck undercut at center of bearing assembly

(applies to loose-fit assemblies only).
7. Chock bore undercuts: Undercut 0.8 mm (0.032 in.) on diameter

and 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) beyond the tangency points of the cup
backface radii beneath each cup spacer and 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) at
Cone RPM = (roll neck diameter/cone bore diameter) roll RPM the end of the outer single cup. These undercuts are only required
NOTE: Diameter differences are exaggerated here for illustrative purposes.
in the backup roll chocks.
Fig. 71. Cone creep.
8. Retaining ring: The retaining ring is keyed to the roll neck and
2. Neck lubrication: The roll neck must be coated with a lubricant
sometimes includes an O.D. shoulder so that it will remain with
to minimize roll neck scuffing due to the creep phenomenon.
the chock and bearing assembly when removed from the roll
This lubricant is normally the same that is used in the bearing
assembly. In applications where neck wear may be excessive, neck (fig. 72). The suggested fit of the retaining ring on the roll
the use of specialized lubricants can be investigated. neck is similar to the fit used for the TQOW cone fitting practice.
When air-oil systems are used, the oil can be supplied to the 9. Fillet ring design: The fillet ring (fig. 70) should have a press-
neck through slots in the cone faces and radial holes in the ribs fit on the roll neck with a minimum tight fit of 0.00025 x bearing
of the inner rings. This supplements the initial roll neck/cone bore bore. The length of the cylindrical seat piloting the fillet ring must
lubrication supplied at roll mounting. provide sufficient press fit to prevent movement on the roll neck.
The seal seat should be plunge ground to a 0.25 to 0.50 μm (10
to 20 μin.) surface roughness. The seal seat should be 35 HRC
minimum to reduce wear caused by seal lip-pressure.

10. Cone backing (provided by fillet ring and retaining ring):
••The cone backing diameter should be the maximum

possible. All Timken assemblies have minimum suggested
backing diameters that should be considered in the design
of the mating components (fillet ring and retaining ring).
••Most roll neck bearings include double cones that include

slots in the cone front faces (DW suffix) and therefore, no
slotting is required of the mating surfaces.
••When using double cones with no face slots (D suffix),

the face of the fillet ring and retaining ring must include
lubrication slots. The edge of the slot and face should be Drain holes
well blended to minimize wear with respect to the mating Fig. 74. Machine two slots through the bottom dead center of
cone front face. chocks and cover plates to prevent water damming.
••Face hardness of both the fillet ring and retaining ring

should have a minimum hardness of 50 HRC and a preferred
hardness of 55 to 60 HRC.
11. End covers: In multi-row tapered roller bearings, the end
covers and screws need to resist the induced axial load and
must be sized accordingly.
12. Chock drainage (sealed

roll neck bearings):
Chock drainage slots (fig.
73) or holes (fig. 74) are a
Drain requirement between the
slots
chock seals and the bearing,
on both sides, when sealed
roll neck bearings are used.
This minimizes pooling of
Fig. 73. Sealed work roll bearing rolling solution or water
– drain slots.
against the bearing’s main
seals. We suggest to correctly size drain slots or holes, depending
on the application. They should be inspected and cleared of
trapped grease when necessary at each roll change.

work rolls: long product mills TDIT assembly for high-speed stands: The TDIT assembly (fig.
76) is mounted tight using a 1:12 taper on the roll neck and the
Long product mills are typically a 2-Hi construction, as compared bearing bore for accurate control of the interference fit. The
to the 4-Hi or 6-Hi constructions found in flat product mills. In tight fit allows higher roll speed mills of up to 1800 m/min. (6000
some cases a 3-Hi reversing mill also may be used in the roughing ft./min.). The bearing setting is preset prior to installation while
stands of long product mills. the cone fit is established by the fillet ring adjacent to the roll
In the 2-Hi construction the rolling loads are transferred directly body. The roll neck is drilled to allow removal of the cone with
to the mill frame through the work roll bearings. The dimensional hydraulic fluid pressure. As the cups are axially clamped within
constraints are only dictated by the work roll chocks and the the chock at both ends of the roll, the chock must float in the
roll neck because the bearings are not typically supported by stand to accommodate the roll's thermal expansion.
a backup roll position. The radial bearings are either four-row
cylindrical bearings with a separate thrust bearing or two- or
four-row tapered roller bearings.
tapered roller bearing

Two-row assemblies for bar and rod mills
Two-row tapered roller assemblies often are used when space
limitations (width constraints) would make it impossible to
integrate the wider four-row assembly. These two-row matched
assemblies are suitable for low to medium radial and thrust loads.
The selection of either the loose-fit TDIW assembly or tight-fit
options are dependent on the anticipated speed of the mill. Fig. 76. TDIT mounting.
TDIW or TDIGW assembly for lower speed stands: The TDIW TNAT assembly for high-speed pre-stressed mills: The TNAT
assembly (fig. 77) is mounted tight using a 1:12 taper on the roll
assembly (fig. 75) is mounted on the neck with a loose fit
neck and bearing bore. The clearance is preset prior to mounting
and is suitable for roll speeds approaching 760 m/min. (2500
in order to establish the needed running clearance during mill
ft./min.). The loose fit permits quicker roll changes. These bearing
operation. This arrangement is used in the case of pre-stressed
assemblies are typically found in roughing stands and follow
chocks where both chocks are fixed. As noted in fig. 77, the fixed
similar maintenance guidelines to the TQOW assembly, such
bearing at the operator side of the mill dictates that the double
as greasing the neck before installing the bearing and chock
cup be clamped axially, whereas the opposite chock includes
assembly. Spiral bore also are available in the double cone for
a gap between the chock’s shoulder and cover spigot to permit
additional lubrication access to the roll neck. floating of the cup within the chock bore.
Inspection hole (to be plugged)
Fixed position
Floating position
Fig. 75. TDIW mounting.

Fig. 77. TNAT mounting.

Four-row cylindrical roller bearing Type RY

Timken offers a wide range of four-row cylindrical roller bearing The RY bearing style incorporates two outer rings with triple
sizes used in long products starting at 145 mm (5.709 in.) bore. flanges (solid ribs). The inner ring is usually of single-piece
The most common designs are finger-type cages of the RY or RYL construction. The outer assemblies consist of the outer
type. The RX-type configuration is also used for the larger sizes. ring, rollers and cages that create a unitized construction. A
loading slot is used for roller insertion. Lubrication is generally
The fixed chock (normally at the operator side) requires an
accomplished via slots in the faces of the outer ring or lubrication
additional thrust bearing outboard of the cylindrical bearing
assembly. The thrust bearing type varies by mill type and builder groove and holes in the outer ring ribs (modification code W33).
but is typically a two-row thrust ball bearing to absorb external The cage is a single piece, fully machined brass or steel finger-
thrust loads inherent in the rolling process. For larger mills or type construction. The roller pockets are staggered between
mills with higher axial loads, spherical thrust or tapered thrust the races.
type TTDWK are used (fig. 78). The floating chock requires an
additional thrust bearing (generally a deep-groove ball bearing)
except when the floating chock is connected to the fixed chock.
Fig. 79. Ry construction with single inner ring (arvs).
Cylindrical part numbering system (RY type): The first three or

four digits representing the bore size (in. mm); RYS designates
the outer assembly with the first three or four digits representing
the diameter under roller (DUR); ARVS is used to designate the
one-piece inner ring design (fig. 79), and ARYS denotes the
two-piece inner-ring configuration.
Fig. 78. Bar mill with Ttdwk thrust bearing.
It also is important to note that the clearance designation
The housing fitting practice for the radial bearing usually results (typically C3 or C4) will only be shown for the inner-ring set (ARYS
in a loose fit to facilitate easy removal at regular maintenance or ARVS) and the complete assembly (RY).
intervals. The preferred roll neck fitting practice is to tight fit
the inner ring on the roll neck. There are occasions where
loose roll neck fits are applied, such as on some roughing-mill
equipment. In the cases where the roll neck fit is loose, inner
ring spiral bore grooves are incorporated. In order to facilitate the
dismounting, face slots can be added on the inner rings (W30B
modification code).
Inner rings can be ordered separately from the outer assembly

in order to equip additional spare rolls.

Type RYL Application considerations: four-row cylindrical

The most recent RYL designs are available in sizes up to 340 mm roller bearings
(13.39 in.) bore and specifically designed for long product 1. Fitting practice: Cylindrical bearings used in long products rolling
mills. Standard steel cage and enhanced design features are mills are generally mounted with a tight fit of the inner rings on the
included to maximize bearing life, reduce roller drop and optimize roll neck.
bearing handling.
The inner rings must be heated prior to installing on the roll neck
The RYL bearing style is similar to the RY except the standard (see page 162 for details).
lubrication is accomplished via slots in the faces of the outer ring
(fig. 80). Lubrication holes and groove in the outer-race ribs can be 2. Radial internal clearance (RIC): Four-row cylindrical roller bearings
specified by modification code W33. The cage is a single piece, fully are available with radial clearances according to DIN 620-4. Most
machined steel finger-type construction. long product applications use C4 or sometimes C3 radial internal
clearance values.
The RIC is established by two parameters: the diameter under rollers

(DUR) and the inner ring O.D. (IROD). The DUR is fixed for the bearing
assembly, while the IROD is determined by the RIC value, depending
upon the amount of tight fit of the latter. Both the DUR and IROD will
Fig. 80. Ryl construction with single inner ring (arvsL).
have an inherent tolerance on their respective diameters. This results
in a range of internal clearance (RIC).
The part number designation is similar to the RY type with the addition
of an L suffix to the assembly. RYSL designates the outer assembly Minimum DUR – Maximum IROD = Minimum RIC
and ARVSL or ARYSL is used to designate the inner ring set. Maximum DUR – Minimum IROD = Maximum RIC
The standard RYL features are: Four-row cylindrical roller bearings also are available with a
••Finger-type machined steel cages. tapered bore.
••Single- or two-piece inner ring. 3. Lubrication configuration: Timken bearings can be used with
••Lubrication slots on the outer-ring faces. grease, air-oil, oil-mist or circulating-oil systems. The bearings must
be correctly lubricated for maximum performance through either
••Profiled inner ring chamfers. lubrication grooves and holes in the outer-ring O.D. (W33 modification
••Reduced roller drop. code) or through integrated face slots on the outer-ring faces.
For mill operators with frequent roll changes, the RYL type is preferred.
The inner ring chamfer and reduced roller drop decrease the common
risk of bearing damage caused by collision damage between the inner
ring and the rollers during the roll change operations.
Complete outer assemblies are interchangeable with inner ring

assemblies and can be purchased separately.

backup rolls For highly loaded mills, Timken engineers can use FEA to better
evaluate the stresses and deflections at minimum chock sections
The first step in bearing selection is determining the amount of (A, B and C) in the vertical and horizontal planes.
space available for the bearing, which is dictated by both the roll
and chock design requirements. Minimum roll diameter
Bearing selection criteria: Initial bearing selection is based on

envelope requirements, including bore and O.D. constraints. Roll
neck bearings are first selected using the following parameters:
C
•• Ratio of roll neck diameter to maximum roll body size.
••Roll body size (minimum diameter). B
••Allowable roll neck stresses.
••Distance between mill screwdowns.
These considerations dictate the minimum remaining space for
the chock and bearing. It is important to balance the bearing
section (cup O.D. – cone bore) against the minimum chock section Bearing O.D. A
requirements. The mill builder is seeking to maximize chock
section and neck diameter, which directly impacts the bearing’s
size and capacity. According to the mill builder's expertise, the A minimum = 0.2 x bearing O.D.
space for the bearing is specified. B minimum = 0.1 x bearing O.D.
After a review of the bearing’s dimensional constraints, an C minimum = 0.038 x bearing O.D.
evaluation must be made of the bearing capacity as a function Minimum roll diameter = 1.075 x bearing O.D. + 2 mm (0.078 in.)
of the rolling schedule for each mill stand to determine design Fig. 81. Critical backup chock sections.
requirements. This is an interactive design process that
establishes the best balance between all mill components, A good approximation for calculating the maximum allowable
including the roll, chock and bearing that takes into consideration: bearing O.D. is to use the following equation:
••Roll neck to roll body ratio. Percent turndown = Max. roll dia. – Min. roll dia.
––––––––––––––––––––– x 100
••Minimum allowable chock sections. Max. roll dia.
••Roll neck fillet radius.
Roll neck compound fillet radius: The use of a roll neck fillet with
Roll neck to roll body ratio: The normal backup roll neck-to-barrel
a conventional single radius is not desired due to strength and
ratio is approximately 60 percent (between 58 percent and 62
space limitations. Compound or two-radii fillets are a practical
percent). However, there are some exceptions, such as heavily
solution because they offer a design similar to the optimum
loaded plate mills, where the required roll neck-to-barrel ratio
elliptical fillet contour, and are easier to machine.
may be as high as 68 percent. In these cases, a lighter section
bearing may be required since the bearing O.D. is limited by the Fig. 82 shows the development of the compound radii fillet
chock section requirements. In these cases, an enhanced steel from two predetermined fillet length and height dimensions:
material (MAP) can be used to increase the bearing's capability. ra and rb, respectively. Knowing the length and height (ra and
rb) of the fillet radii, you can then determine rc and rd using the
Backup chock section guidelines: The chock section guidelines
following formulae:
can be applied to all backup roll bearings that will be discussed
in this section including four-row cylindrical assemblies, loose- (ra - r b) 2 4rb - ra
rc = ra + –––––––– rd = ––––––
fitted tapered roll neck (TQOW) and tight-fitted tapered roll neck 2 (rb - r d) 3
bearings (TQITS).
where:
Timken’s heavy-duty backup bearings usually allow a neck-to-
barrel ratio between 58 and 62 percent, and a roll turndown from ra = Fillet length (ra is less than 2.5 rb for practical purposes)
new roll diameter of about 10 percent provided the chock section rb = Fillet height
dimension C is satisfied as shown below (fig. 81). rc = Major radius of compound fillet
rd = Minor radius of compound fillet

Mill housing centerline Note that DE and L can be approximated by the following equations:
Neck centerline DE = Cone bore (d) or neck O.D.
ra
L = B/2 + d/12
Neck O.D.
Roll barrel diameter

Ra where:
B = Bearing width
d = Cone bore
1
rb Ra = –– neck O.D.
rd 2
C After DE and L have been determined, the maximum roll neck

bending stress can then be calculated by the following equation:
rc
10.2 x SF(max.) x L
σ = ––––––––––––––
[2 x (DE ) 3 ]
where:
Fig. 82. Compound fillet radius. σ = Maximum bending stress daN/mm2
Calculating maximum roll neck bending stress: Fig. 83 shows SF(max.) = Maximum mill separating force daN
the working diameter, DE, and the working length, L, of the neck, L = mm
which are used in calculating maximum bending stress. An equal
DE = mm
stress curve is plotted to pass from Ra/3 to be tangent to the major
radius (rc) of the fillet. The equivalent neck diameter (DE) and 10.2 = Constant
effective working length of the neck (L) can then be conveniently
General guidelines for roll material selection, as a function of
determined by the graphical solution (fig. 83).
maximum bending stress, are given below. However, it is the mill
designer’s responsibility to make the final decision on roll material
Mill housing centerline
selection and acceptable stress limits:
Neck centerline
L Roll Material Maximum Bending Stress
Neck O.D.
5.5 daN/mm2
Roll barrel diameter
Ra DE Cast iron
Alloy iron 9.6 daN/mm2
Ra/3
Cast steel 10.3 daN/mm2
90º Alloy cast steel 13.8 daN/mm2

Forged steel 17.2 daN/mm2
Forged alloy steel 20.7 daN/mm2
rc For particularly highly loaded mills, Timken can run a FEA to

better evaluate the true bending stress in the fillet radius area
of the neck, where the bending stresses are highest. The final
roll neck design is a compromise between reducing the distance
between the bearing and roll face to reduce roll neck stress, and
increasing the distance for better sealing and/or bearing width
Fig. 83. Graphic solution.
to build in more capacity.

bearing selection: dimensional criteria Four-Row Cylindrical Roller Bearings

The first step in making your bearing selection is to understand Four-row cylindrical roller bearing assemblies are available in
the bore and O.D. requirements relative to the roll and chock size. sizes up to the 1040 mm (40.94 in.) bore. The RX type is typically
The cylindrical roller bearing offers maximized radial capacity, used in flat product mills where the bore size exceeds 300 mm
but requires a separate thrust bearing and needs larger internal (11.81 in.). The cylindrical bearing assembly is used in both hot
bearing clearance. Alternatively, the tapered roller bearing and cold mills due to its high-speed and precision capabilities, as
accommodates both radial and thrust loads without the need for well as its high radial capacity within a given bearing envelope.
a separate thrust bearing. Careful consideration must be given
The fixed chock (normally at the operator side) requires an
to the advantages that can be offered by both the cylindrical and
additional thrust bearing outboard of the cylindrical bearing
tapered bearing solutions before making a final selection. assembly to absorb external thrust loads inherent in the rolling
process (fig. 84). This thrust bearing often is a spring-mounted
Example: two-row TDIK assembly. The external bearing mounted in the
drive-side chock is referred to as a locator bearing, since it
Select either cylindrical or TQITS solution for a cold strip
is required to only position the chock relative to the roll neck.
mill running at 1000 m/min. rolling speed, having a maximum
However, the same thrust bearing often is used at both ends of
backup roll body diameter of 1200 mm and 10 percent roll
the roll for bearing commonality.
body turndown.
Step 1: Calculate minimum allowable roll neck diameter at
60 percent of maximum roll body diameter:
Roll neck diameter (minimum) = 0.6 x 1200 mm = 720 mm
Step 2: Calculate maximum allowable bearing O.D. based

on a minimum roll body diameter at 10 percent turndown
Minimum roll body @ 10 percent turndown = 0.9 x 1200 =
1080 mm
Bearing O.D. (maximum) = 1080 mm / 1.075 = 1000 mm
Fig. 84. Backup roll neck with four-row cylindrical roller bearing
Step 3: Select bearing from product tables and thrust bearing.
For this cold mill example, both the TQITS type or cylindrical-
type assembly are viable alternatives.

RX configuration Optional bearing features

The RX-style bearing (fig. 85) features two outer rings with 1. Oil-mist nozzle integration: The outer rings may be supplied
an integral center flange. The two outermost flanges and the with O-rings and oil-mist reclassifiers (fig. 86) for older mills using
center flange are separate components. The cages are pin-type oil-mist lubrication. This eliminates the need for integrating the
construction. The cage-roller assemblies are removed from the reclassifiers into the chock bore. The number of nozzles and holes
double-row outer ring for routine race inspections. Tapped holes per nozzle are dependent on the size of the bearing and required
are included in the cage rings for lifting purposes. air/oil flow to the bearing assembly.
Fig. 85. RX construction. Fig. 86. RX bearing with integrated oil-mist reclassifiers and
O-rings.
The inner rings are normally a two-piece assembly except for
2. Four-row cylindrical roller bearing with tapered bore (RXK):
very large sizes. The inner rings will typically include slots in both
Tapered bore versions of these assemblies are available and
faces for dismounting of the rings. However, these rings can be
designated as RXK assemblies. The standard bore taper is 1:12,
provided without slots for specific applications where a static
but a 1:30 taper is used on particularly wide assemblies. The
seal (O-ring) is used between the inner-ring face and adjacent
tooling used for gauging the roll neck for proper taper and size
roll neck components.
includes sine bars and ring gages. These tools are required for
The RX bearing is generally supplied with semi-finished inner all tapered bore roll neck applications.
rings that allow finish grinding to a specified size after installation
on the roll neck. This practice minimizes inner ring race to roll Application considerations: RX bearings
body eccentricity and permits tighter control of the bearing's
1. Fitting practice: Cylindrical backup bearings used in strip
mounted RIC.
rolling are mounted with a tight fit of the inner rings on the neck.
Complete outer assemblies are interchangeable with inner ring
Straight bore inner rings must be heated (expanded) for installing
assemblies and can be purchased separately.
on the roll neck (see page 162 for details).
In the cylindrical assembly part numbering (RX type): the
2. RIC: Four-row cylindrical roller bearings are available with radial
first three or four digits represents the bore size (mm); RXS
clearances according to DIN 620-4. Most long product applications
designates the outer assembly with the first three or four digits
use C4 or sometimes C3 radial internal clearance values.
representing the DUR. ARXS is used to designate the inner ring
set. The first three or four digits also represent the bore size The RIC is established by two parameters: the DUR and the IROD. The
in millimeters. DUR is fixed for the bearing assembly, while the IROD is determined
by the RIC value and also dependent upon the amount of tight fit of
It also is important to note that the clearance designation (for
the latter. Both the DUR and IROD will have an inherent tolerance on
example: CF1) will only be shown for the inner ring set (ARXS)
their respective diameters. This results in a range of RIC.
and the complete assembly (RX).
Minimum DUR – Maximum IROD = Minimum RIC
Example: Maximum DUR – Minimum IROD = Maximum RIC
Part number description of 900 mm bearing with customer 3. Inner ring finishing options: The cylindrical assembly is supplied
finished clearance either with semi-finished inner rings for finish grinding after
mounting, or finished inner rings and preset RIC.
Bearing Assembly: 900RX3444CF1
Inner ring: 900ARXS3444CF1 In the case of finished inner rings, it is very important that the roll
Outer Assembly: 989RXS3444 neck diameter is controlled for runout and that it is concentric
with the roll body diameter.

four-Row Tapered Roller Bearing with Application considerations: tqits bearings

Tapered Bore (TQITS) 1. Cone fitting practice – stepped versus uniform bore:
TQITS configuration
••Uniform bore: The bores of the three cones are matched so
that the fit on the roll neck is equal across the three cones.
The TQITS assembly (fig. 87) is a tapered bore roll neck assembly, However, this approach results in contact pressures at the
with two single-row cones, one double-row cone, four single bore/neck interface that are higher for the outboard cones
cups, and three cup spacers. All TQITS assemblies use a 1:12 relative to the inboard cone (adjacent the fillet ring) because
bore taper and may be provided with either a uniform fit or a the cone cross sections are thicker at the central and
stepped fit. Bearing clearance (BEP) is established by controlling outboard cones.
the widths of the three cup spacers. There are no cone spacers
included with the TQITS assembly.
••Stepped bore: The outboard cone has the largest section
thickness. In order to reduce the push-up force required
to mount the assembly as a unit, the stepped bore-fitting
practice is suggested to equalize the contact pressure for
all three cones. When considering a stepped fit across the
three cones, the total push-up force to install the bearing on
the neck is reduced by approximately 20 percent.
Outboard Central Inboard 2. Axial clamping through cones: The cones of the TQITS
single cone double cone single cone assembly must remain clamped after mounting to maintain proper
Fig. 87. TQITS construction. fit and internal clearance.
3. Fixed and float positions: The cups of the TQITS assembly
The TQITS tapered roller bearing meets the requirements for
are only clamped on the fixed position of the mill (normally the
high-speed mills. The tight fit and indirect mounting arrangement
operator side). On the floating side (fig. 88), the cups are permitted
provide high stability between the cones and the neck. This
to float axially in the chock bore. Suggested axial gap between
results in excellent load sharing across the four rows of the
cup faces and adjacent chock shoulder/cover face is 3 mm
assembly. Air-oil systems are typically used on more recent mills
(0.120 in.) on each side. The float side is not only permitted to
for lubricating these backup roll assemblies.
float through the cups within the chock bore, but also through the
Minimizing backup roll runout is key to the mill’s precision chocks in the mill housing’s window. This arrangement permits
capabilities. The TQITS assembly is normally provided with tightly free expansion and contraction of the roll caused by variation in
controlled runout to accommodate precision rolling requirements. roll temperatures.
Therefore, tight control of the concentricity of the roll neck to the
Sized fillet ring
roll body is important.
3 mm (0.12 in.) axial gap at each
end of cups to allow proper float
Optional bearing features in chock bore.
1. Oil-mist nozzle integration: See comments for cylindrical
bearings on page 49. Float
2. Higher precision: Lower runouts (Timken code 359) are provided side
when end products require very small thickness tolerances.
3. Sealed chock-bearing concept: To improve the running surface
Fixed
accuracy of the inboard chock seal, the inboard cone outer rib
side
can be extended (Type: TQITSE).
Fig. 88. tqits bearing arrangement.

4. Tapered roll neck parameters: Hardness, surface finish and roughing plate and hot finishing mill
surface cleanliness.
Roughing plate mills operate at slow speed and often are
••Roll neck surface hardness for tapered necks should be reversing, with several passes normally used to reduce the slab
minimum of 27 to 37 HRC. thickness. The mill stand requires extremely high separating
••Roll neck surface finish should be no greater than 0.80 μm forces in order to take the large thickness reductions on slabs
(32 μin.). that may be in excess of 300 mm (12 in.) in thickness. The rolling
mill may use one or several roughing stands, typically of a 4-Hi
••The TQITS assembly requires a very clean and dry roll neck configuration. Backup roll body diameters may be as large as
to maintain the maximum grip due to the interference fit
2500 mm (100 in.) and bearing bores as large as 1500 mm (59.06 in.).
between the cone and neck.
5. Tapered roll neck measurement: Special tools are used for Typically, the roughing plate and hot mill backup rolls use four-row
measuring roll neck taper, roll neck size and fillet ring length. tapered roller bearings.
These tools are essential to control proper assembly fit and
The TQOW (fig. 89) has been selected and applied successfully
mounted internal clearance, once the lead cone is seated
over many decades on roll necks in all types of mills operating
against the fillet ring. Use of the sine bar and optional ring gage
at low to medium speeds. The loose fit on the roll neck limits
are covered on page 160.
the acceptable mill to approximately 800 m/min. (2600 ft./min.).
6. Tools used for mounting and dismounting the TQITS assembly: Timken also has experience with mills running at 1000 m/min.
••Mounting: The bearing and chock assembly is mounted on (3300 ft./min.), but this requires a more detailed review of the
to the roll neck using a hydraulic ring jack. The hydraulic application (eg. provisions for bore to roll neck lubrication).
ring jack is used to push the bearing up the tapered roll
neck until the inner cone seats against the fillet ring.
•• Dismounting: The roll neck must include axial and radial holes
leading to the interface of the roll neck O.D. and each of the
three cones. These holes supply high-pressure hydraulic
fluid or oil to the cone bore/roll neck interface to release
them from their tight fit on the neck. Each cone is released in
succession starting with the outboard cone.
See the Bearing Storage, Handling and Installation section on
pages 143-174 for further details on mounting and dismounting.
7. Roll interchangeability: Tight control of the large end cone

bore diameter and of the roll neck size (controlled by the fillet
ring length) permits interchangeability of the bearing from one Fig. 89. Typical backup roll assembly with tqow assembly.
roll neck to another.
The four-row cylindrical assembly (RX type) also might be a viable
8. Lubrication: The primary system used for lubricating the TQITS
choice used in hot rolling, finishing stands.
arrangements is air oil.
9. Fillet ring fit: For tapered bore bearing assemblies, the fillet ring
should be tight-fitted on the roll neck with a minimum interference
fit ratio of 0.00050 x bearing bore.

Optional backup roll Bearing Features The decrease in the bearing rating due to its smaller size
is offset by incorporating one or more of the following
The TQOW and the 2TDIW assemblies are the most popular
product enhancements:
four-row assemblies. However, there are variants to this basic
assembly that may be specified to suit a specific application.
••Ultra-clean steel.
1. Radial holes through double cone’s large rib (fig. 90): This ••Enhanced raceway profiles.
feature is used with oil lubrication to feed the oil between the roll
neck and cone bore. Plate mills with large bore bearings running
••Enhanced surface finish properties.
under relatively low speed but with high radial load can benefit Another alternative to consider is the six-row tapered roller
from this feature. Alternatively, the roll neck can be rifle drilled bearing instead of four-row. In this case, attention has to be given
to lubricate the neck and cone bore contact. to the position of the bearing relative to the screwdown position.
Increased Strip Accuracy

There are several different mill configurations and control
systems used to control both the longitudinal thickness of the
strip and its transverse profile.
Fig. 90. Tqow bearing with oil holes through the large rib.
Controlling strip transverse profile: The strip’s profile is primarily
Plate mill backup roll bearings are subject to high loads. To controlled by systems that are linked to the work roll (and also
minimize the contact stress between the roll neck and the bearing to the intermediate roll in the case of 6-Hi mills). These systems
bore, spiral grooves in the cone bore are not suggested. often are referred to as shape control.
2. Increased neck diameter for extreme high-load applications: Controlling strip longitudinal accuracy: An essential element in
In heavily loaded backup rolls, which often run at slow speeds the cold rolling process is the roll gap adjustment system.
(example: plate mills or roughing stands), a larger neck diameter
is needed to cope with the higher bending stress. Based on this Most modern mills use a hydraulic adjusting system because it
need, the conventional heavy-duty bearing size, represented by provides much faster and accurate control than the traditional
bearing A (fig. 91), may not be suitable. electro-mechanical screwdown system.
For these high-load applications, lighter section bearings are One of the factors contributing to longitudinal thickness variation
suggested (represented by bearing B in fig. 91) with approximately (also referred to as gage accuracy), is the eccentricity of the
the same outer diameter as the heavy-duty bearings, but with a backup roll‘s rotation. It is influenced by both the bearing type
larger bore. These lighter bearings offer an increased neck-to- and precision.
barrel ratio (d/D ~ 68 percent) and a smaller bearing width, that The gage accuracy can be improved by selecting either four-
reduces the axial distance between the screwdown and the row cylindrical or four-row tapered bearings (TQITS type) that
barrel face. are tight-fitted on the roll neck. The tight-fitted inner race also
eliminates the wear that can occur between the roll neck and
Centerline bearing A Centerline bearing B
bearing bore with the loose fitted bearing assembly.
Bearing A Bearing B
Bearing precision for optimized gage accuracy is discussed in
further detail on page 126.
D
d1 d
Fig. 91. Optimizing roll neck diameter.

bearing solutions: axial positions
bearing solutions: TDIK with springs

axial positions Timken offers a variant of the standard TDIK assembly that
includes spring-loaded thrust pistons integrated into both single
cup large faces. These thrust pistons apply preload to the bearing
Work and intermediate rolls assembly after final installation into the housing (fig. 92).
Both axial roll shifting and cross-rolling systems exert large
The TDIK version, with integrated springs, is considered for new
thrust forces on work rolls and intermediate rolls. In these cases,
mills to simplify the overall design, or for retrofitting to existing
a dedicated thrust bearing is needed (fig. 92). Axial positions
mills. This bearing has two primary advantages with respect to
always are mounted with a clearance fit in the housing to avoid
an externally preloaded TDIK mounting.
any interference with radial load. The inner rings are loose fitted
to the shaft to enable easy chock removal from the neck, and ••The surrounding mounting arrangement is simplified since
keyed to avoid rotation between the inner rings and the neck. springs are no longer required in the either the housing
shoulder or follower. This minimizes the potential for either
There are several bearing options to consider: losing or damaging the external springs needed for the
••Spring-loaded TDIK standard TDIK assembly.
••Spacer-type TDIK ••The spring size, stiffness and quantity per cup are selected
to provide the appropriate preload force.
••2TSR assembly or
••Double-directional/heavy duty axial bearing The gap between the spring-loaded cup face and housing is 0.15
mm (0.006 in.) and 0.30 mm (0.012 in.) on each side (fig. 93). This
(TTDWK or TTDFLK)
ensures spring preloading of the system and that springs remain
with the bearing upon its removal.
Axial gap = 0.15 to 0.30 mm

(0.006 to 0.012 in.)
to set spring preload
Diametral loose fit at cup O.D.

= 2 to 3 mm (0.080 to 0.120 in.)
Fig. 92. Separate axial position accommodates high axial loads.

Timken TDIK (double-row tapered roller bearing with spring-
loaded cups).
Fig. 93. TDIK with integrated springs; simplifies design
and mounting.

Spacer-type tdik Double-directional, heavy-duty axial

Timken offers an alternative to the spring-loaded TDIK bearing. bearings (Ttdwk or TTDFLK)
This bearing does not include the spring system, but instead uses For strip mills that generate particularly large thrust forces, such
a more conventional cup spacer to control bearing setting. Either as cross rolling systems, the double-directional axial tapered
a T-shaped or standard cup spacer can be used. The T-shaped roller bearing assembly should be considered. The TTDWK (fig.
cup spacer should be keyed to the chock cover to prevent rotation 95) bearing includes two flat washers – one on each side and
and the cups mounted tight within the T-shaped spacer. one double-race thrust ring at the center of the bearing, as well
as two sets of rollers that are retained as a unit in a pinned cage.
This bearing assembly is typically set with a small axial clearance
of approximately 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) endplay to minimize the risk The TTDFLK (fig. 96), a variant to this TTDWK configuration, uses
of damage to the unloaded row. two tapered washers (one on each side) and a flat, double-race
thrust ring at its center.
2TSR thrust bearing assembly

The 2TSR thrust assembly includes two single-row spherical
bearings. Typically, the mill builder will mount two single-
row bearings back-to-back in a cartridge (fig. 94). These
TSR assemblies are best suited for applications where
accommodation of heavy roll bending and high misalignment is
required. These assemblies are capable of handling misalignment
between the inner and outer ring of up to 2.5 degrees in either
direction. Spring preload is used in the same manner as the
spring-loaded TDIK bearing. Fig. 95. Ttdwk assembly Fig. 96. TTDFLK assembly
(with flat outer washers). (with flat double inner).
Bearing outer rings must be mounted with a generous loose fit to
insulate them from radial loads and allow axial float. This avoids The TTDWK offers a narrower width for identical bearing capacity
transmitting radial loads to the bearing under bending conditions. due to its center-tapered race design.
Radial
clearance
Fig. 94. Double-directional 2TSR.

Roll neck mounting: A spring mounting (figs. 97 and 98) for the Angular-contact ball bearing assembly
flat races is normally used to provide proper seating force on the
For higher rolling speeds and light axial
unloaded row of rollers (similar to the TDIK mounting).
loads, the angular-contact bearing is
commonly used to accommodate the
thrust loads. As the angular-contact
ball bearing type can only accept axial
loads in one direction, they are used in
pairs (fig. 99), with the contact angles
mounted in opposite directions. Typical
applications include foil mills and
high-speed wire mills where they are
used at the axial position in combination
with a four-row cylindrical roller bearing
at the radial position (fig. 100).
Fig. 99. Angular-

contact ball bearing
Fig. 97. TTDWK thrust assembly typical mounting. assembly.
The TTDFLK thrust bearing assembly can be provided with an

outer spacer. However, it is generally preferred to include a
spring mounting in the chock shoulders to ensure the rollers of
both rows remain properly seated.
Fig. 100. Angular-contact ball bearing assembly typical mounting.
Fig. 98. TTDFLK thrust assembly typical mounting.

Backup Roll Locating bearing for float chock

When the backup roll employs either a cylindrical roller or an The cylindrical assembly at the float side of the mill also requires
oil-film type bearing, a separate heavy-duty thrust bearing must a thrust bearing to locate and retain the chock on the roll end.
be incorporated at the fixed side of the mill (normally the operator This locator bearing is not required if spreader bars are used to
side). At the float side, the same thrust bearing may be used for locate the float chock relative to the fixed chock. A deep-groove
commonality of design, but a lighter-duty locator bearing, such ball bearing is usually sufficient to provide axial location of the
as a deep-groove ball bearing also is suitable. float side chock as noted in the illustration below (fig. 102).
In conventional mills (with no roll shifting or crossing), these thrust

loads are typically the result of roll misalignment or a wedge
profile on the incoming strips.
If the design of the mill includes roll crossing or roll shifting,

these thrust loads may be significantly higher and require higher
capacity thrust bearings to be selected.
TDIK for fixed chock

Axial gap
The thrust bearing = 0.15
most oftentoused
0.30 in
mm
(0.006 to 0.012 in.)
the fixed chock is the TDIK assembly.
to set spring preload
This bearing assembly will absorb
external roll thrust in either direction
and normally features a spring
preloaded system (fig. 101). The
spring force needed to seat the rollers
against the large rib is typically less
than two percent of the bearing’s axial
capacity, Ca90. Fig. 102. Float chock with deep-groove ball bearing at thrust
Fig. 101. TDIK assembly. position.
The standard TDIK assembly includes
one double cone and two single cups.
Screwdown systems
Diametral loose fit at cup O.D.
The double cone is typically keyed to the
= 2 to 3 mmroll(0.080
neck on
tothe outboard
0.120 in.) The operating speed of screwdown systems is very low during gap
face. The keyways are provided in both faces of the double cone adjustment. Modern mills will either use the electromechanical
so that the bearing assembly can be reversed to extend its life if screwdown system in conjunction with a hydraulic roll force
roll thrust is predominately in one direction during mill operation. cylinder, or will solely use the hydraulic roll force cylinder. The
While keyways are normally located in the faces, bore keyways primary benefit of hydraulic roll force cylinders is their fast
also can be provided. response time compared to the electro-mechanical screwdown
systems, but the mechanical system gives more precise location
The fitting practice for the outer rings is always loose to ensure with small displacements.
that the thrust bearing is only absorbing thrust loads and is
isolated from radial loading. This loose cup fit should have a 2 to When the mechanical system is used, the screwdown thrust
3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) clearance on diameter. The fitting practice bearing is applied between the main mill screw and top chock.
for the inner rings (cones) is a loose fit on the roll neck with The loads transmitted through these screwdown bearings are
positive axial clamping. extremely high, typically equivalent to half of the mill's separating
force that can be several thousand tons. The operating speed is
basically zero as the screw's rotational speed is very slow during
adjustment. For this reason, the bearing selection is based on its
static capacity (C0).

Timken offers a wide range of these heavy-duty thrust bearings APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS:
as follows: screwdown bearings
1. Bearing cartridge: The bearing is mounted in a cartridge
TTHDFLSX primarily to contain the lubricant needed for the assembly,
but also to unitize the entire bearing assembly.
The traditional screwdown assembly uses a flat-bottom race and
a tapered-top race. The top race is provided with a special convex 2. Tapered-bottom race: If the bottom race is tapered (TTHDSX)
profile (fig. 103) to match the end of the screw or its aligning as illustrated in fig. 105, then a 3 mm (0.120 in.) radial clearance
washer. Both upper and lower races are supplied with threaded is suggested relative to the O.D. of the race to ensure that the
lifting plugs to facilitate handling. These assemblies are a full- bottom race will self-align with respect to the upper tapered
complement design (cageless) to maximize bearing capacity. race. Otherwise, the roller ends will not be properly seated
against both the upper and lower large ribs simultaneously. A
piloting bushing is pressed into the cartridge and is used for
centering the upper race and rollers. The bottom race will be
centered by the upper race and roller set.
3. Flat-bottom race: If the bottom race is flat (TTHDFLSX), then
apply close fit as per fitting practice guidelines. The flat race
permits radial self-aligning of the rollers and conical washer.
4. Sealing: An oil seal is mounted in the upper plate that is
bolted to the cartridge to keep contaminants from entering
Fig 103. TtHDFLSX convex upper race design. the bearing assembly.
5. Lubrication: Adequate lubrication is maintained by filling
TTHDFLSV the bearing with high-quality EP grease having a viscosity of
The TTHDFLSV assembly is the same as the above TTHDFLSX approximately 450 cSt at 40º C (104º F).
except that the upper race has a concave profile (fig. 104) to
match the screw or its aligning washer. This design is less
common than the convex version due to the thinner sections of
the tapered race.
Piloting
bushing
Required
clearance
Fig. 104. TtHDFLSV concave upper race design. Fig. 105. TTHDSX assembly with tapered-bottom race.

auxiliary equipment
Auxiliary Equipment Double-helical gearing or herringbone

Double-helical gears (fig. 107) do not generate external thrust
Main Mill Drive and Pinion loads. The thrust loads from one half of the gear are cancelled
Stand Gearboxes out by those of the other half. A requirement of these gears is
the freedom to allow mating gears to align themselves axially to
Mill drives are generally comprised of a speed reducer or allow loading across both halves of each gear.
increaser and a pinion stand. The pinion stand splits the drive
into two counter rotating elements for connecting to the mill rolls. The resulting bearing selection must fix one end of only one shaft
The reducer and pinion stand can be either separate units or a and allow all other positions to float. The fixed bearing positions
single, combined unit. the whole gear and shaft system within the gearbox housing.
Double-row tapered roller bearings often are selected at the
These drives can range in power from a few hundred to more than fixed position due to the combined radial and thrust load capacity.
10000 kW at output speeds up to 1200 RPM or more. For example,
a light gage aluminum mill may operate at a higher speed while a The floating bearings must accommodate the relative axial
hot-roughing steel mill would operate at a lower speed. movement between the shaft and housing. The cylindrical roller
design supports relatively heavy loads and permits free axial
displacement. Spherical roller bearings, or TDO tapered roller
bearing selection bearings may be used if the sliding pressures between the outer
ring and housing bores are not excessive.
There is tremendous variety of gearbox configurations, including
single reduction and double reduction. Despite the variations, all Main drives for larger mills may be subject to high-inertial
these gearboxes are considered heavy-duty and are designed load accelerations and decelerations. The speed changes that
for high reliability, with a typical target bearing L10 life of 50000 originate at the mill rolls are amplified by the reducer that is in
hours or more (see Bearing Life Calculations and Related Analysis the drive system. As a result, the drive input shaft will see even
section on pages 67-93 for more details). higher speed changes in the same time span.
The above high-inertial load situation can give rise to torsional

Single-helical gearing vibration in the drive as the many elements involved combine
Single-helical gears (fig. 106) generate opposing thrust loads that to create a complex torsional spring-mass system. In extreme
must be absorbed by one of the bearings supporting each gear cases, this can result in torque reversals.
shaft. The bearing configuration is typically designed so each
shaft in the gearbox has one fixed and one float position bearing.
Single-helical gearing is generally used in the smaller mill drives.
Fig 107. Double-helical gearbox.
Fig 106. Single-helical gearbox.

auxiliary equipment
The factors on the previous page mean that bearings must The factors that most impact the bearing's operating clearance
be selected with consideration of cage strength and internal include:
clearances.
••The fitting practice that is used, as tight fits result in
Cage strength must be sufficient to withstand roller impact reduced clearances.
outside of the load zone while simultaneously accommodating ••The temperature gradient that will exist across the
the inertial loads originating from the rollers within the load zone. bearing from inner ring to outer ring is largely a function of
operating speed more so than load.
Application considerations ••The desired minimum running clearance at normal
The gearing type and the operating parameters of the mill are operating temperatures.
important when selecting bearings for these drives. The following Radial, cylindrical and spherical roller bearings require a positive
factors must be considered: loads and speeds, shaft and housing running clearance, but tapered roller bearings can operate well
fits, operating temperature range and lubrication. with much smaller clearance up to light, preloaded condition.
1. Operating conditions: The bearing loads are a function of Cylindrical and spherical roller bearings' initial radial clearances
the gearbox torque that is being transmitted and are a result are preset by the manufacturer. The clearances for these bearings
of the tangential, separating and axial forces developed at are normally selected from industry standard ranges, however,
the gear meshes. The formulae for deriving these forces are special clearances are available to suit particular applications.
included in the Bearing Life Calculations and Related Analysis
section on pages 67-93. The specific gearing type results in The initial clearance of two-row tapered roller bearings can be
quite different bearing requirements. The operating speed further optimized to obtain the desired running clearance. The
range and load cycles are required to determine fatigue life axial clearance in a tapered roller bearing is adjustable. The most
time, heat generation, lubricant flow rate and bearing setting. accurate method is to custom grind the bearing spacer at the time
2. Fitting practice: Shaft and housing fits influence bearing of assembly based on actual component and seating dimensions.
performance and must be selected with care to give correct This removes the effect of tolerances for shaft diameter, bearing
and adequate journal support. By convention, inner rings bore and spacer width on the final mounted clearance (or preload),
are tight fitted and outer rings loose fitted, although each leading to a narrower setting range.
application must be reviewed on its merits. Contact your
Timken engineer for more information.
3. Lubrication: As with all rolling-element bearings, the lubricant
specification is paramount when striving to maximize
performance. Mill drives conventionally utilise the gear
lubricating oil for the bearings. The lubricant must have
adequate viscosity at the operating temperature to generate
an EHL and supplied at a rate to aid heat transfer.
4. High speed: For high-speed applications, double outer rings of
tapered roller bearings are available with a locking pin recessed
in the outer ring. This eliminates any creep of the outer ring in
its housing, as well as the accompanying wear and debris. The
recess is combined with a lubrication hole and is used with a
hollow dowel pin.
5. High acceleration and deceleration: Regardless of gearing
type and gearbox configuration, there are many factors in
addition to basic radial and thrust capacity that must be
considered when selecting bearings, including high inertial
loads and their impact on vibration in the drive.
6. Operating bearing clearance: Selection also must consider
the influence of operating clearances. A low operating
clearance is beneficial as it increases the load zone and
reduces the number of unloaded rollers free to impact the
cage. Smaller clearances also reduce the backlash in the
drive system and give better guidance to the unloaded rolling
elements within the bearing.

auxiliary equipment
Pay-off and Rewind reels Full-face expanding mandrels engage the full length of the coil.
The expand and collapse function allows the coil to be loaded
Strip mills or process lines generally include a coil process as and unloaded (collapsed) but also to transmit considerable torque
part of the rolling or processing function. Therefore, they have a (expanded). These reels are prevalent in hot- and cold-strip mills
minimum of one reel to either pay-off or rewind the strip. These where strip tensions and coil weights are relatively high. When
reels go by a variety of names, including uncoilers, unwinders, coil weights are high, as for large and wide steel strip, an outboard
coilers, winders and tension reels. bearing is usually added in order to minimize mandrel deflection
(fig. 108).
An integrated hot-strip mill may have up to three heavy-duty reels
to allow continuous or semi-continuous rolling. Each reel uses a The expand and collapse feature in modern mills is actuated by
mandrel to support the coil. a rotary hydraulic cylinder mounted on the back of the mandrel
shaft. The mandrel shaft is usually incorporated into the drive
Two common reel styles are twin-stub mandrels and full-face
gearbox as the output shaft. A variation on this utilizes a gearbox
expanding mandrels.
with a hollow output shaft that the mandrel assembly is plugged
Twin-stub mandrels are mounted on each side of the coil and into. This design facilitates rapid change of the mandrel assembly.
only engage the coil bore at each end. The stub mandrels can
be either solid cones with drive keys or the expanding type, and
are generally used for light-gage aluminum strip and foil mills
because the coil itself is built upon a steel tube. This facilitates
coil handling that does not support the coil on its outside diameter,
thus reducing the chance of damage to the soft and often
surface-critical material.
Outboard bearing support
Fig. 108. Full face mandrel with outboard bearing.

auxiliary equipment
application considerations: reels

Duty cycle
The duty cycle of bearings in pay-off and rewind reel applications
needs special consideration as the load/speed are constantly
changing during coiling and uncoiling. The pay-off reel starts
with the full coil weight but at low speed. As the coil is rolled,
the coil weight steadily decreases while the speed steadily
increases. The opposite applies to a rewind reel. The weight of
the mandrel shaft also must be included with the loads resulting
from the strip tension.
Load and life analysis for the bearings can be done in one of two
ways. The easiest method is to use weighted average coil weight
and speed values. A selection of coil weight and associated
diameters and speeds also can be used. These must represent
the conditions at various times during the rolling of a coil and
are used to calculate a mean life for the bearings. Refer to the
Bearing Life Calculations and Related Analysis section on pages
67-93 for bearing load and life calculations.
Bearing selection
Bearing selection criteria is similar to main drives, including the
normal considerations for fixed and float positions, operating
clearances and speed capabilities. However, the loading of
these bearings needs special consideration. Preferred bearing
arrangements include:
••Two-row tapered roller bearings in both fixed and float

positions.
••Two-row tapered roller bearings in the fixed positions and

cylindrical roller bearings in the float positions.
••The two-row TDO-type bearing is the preferred selection

for the front (closest to coil) position on the output/mandrel
shaft because of high radial and axial load capability and
high stiffness. Spherical bearings also are used for fixed
and float positions where significant shaft deflections need
to be accommodated.

auxiliary equipment
Shears and Shear Drives Flying Shears

The operating conditions of shears and their drives can generate The type of flying shear considered here is the drum shear, but
challenging loading conditions for bearings. Special attention is similar considerations apply to other types as well. The drum
required when making bearing selections. shear is comprised of two parallel drums with one located above
the strip and one below the strip (fig. 109). The drums are a fixed
There are a variety of shear designs used in rolling mills and distance apart and each drum is fitted with either one or two
process lines. Most are either stationary shears or flying shears. A blades positioned 180 degrees from each other. The drums are
stationary shear requires that the material being cut is stationary,
geared together so that their rotation causes the blades to come
whereas a flying shear makes cuts while the material is moving.
together and make a cut. They are driven by a high-power motor
through a gearbox. The rotational speed of the drums at the time
High-speed Stationary Shears of the cut is controlled so that the blades are moving at the same
speed as the material being cut. However, the shear and its drive
These shears typically use a low power drive motor that
are static between cuts.
continuously drives a flywheel through a gearbox. The flywheel
is connected to the shear by a clutch and brake. When a cut is Operation of the shear involves rapid acceleration of the drums
made, the clutch is engaged and the shear draws energy from from the parked position up to a speed that matches blade speed
the flywheel. Engagement and disengagement of the clutch only to material speed. For single-blade drums this must occur within
takes a fraction of a second and results in a shock load being
less than one revolution of the drum. For two-bladed drums, it must
transmitted back through the drive. Bearing loads are relatively
occur in less than one half rotation.
high for a brief period of time.
Fig. 109. Drum type flying shear.

auxiliary equipment
application considerations: shears

1. Operating conditions: The duty cycle on the bearings involves
rapid changes in speed and load that can be higher than those
seen in the main mill drive. These can result in high-inertia/
impact loads on the bearing components particularly between
the retainers (or cages) and the rolling elements.
2. High acceleration and deceleration: It’s important to note

that accelerations and decelerations originating at the shear
itself are amplified as they are transmitted back through
the drive gearbox (reducer) to the input shaft. Therefore,
it is the input shaft bearings that will see the most abrupt
speed changes (acceleration and deceleration effect).
Bearing selection must consider high-inertial and impact loads
within the bearing itself. Special attention needs to be paid to
the bearing cage, especially on the input shaft. In addition,
bearing internal clearances should be as low as possible in
order to lower these inertial/impact loads and reduce the
chance for roller skidding during the light load portions of the
duty cycle.
3. Bearing selection: Bearings used in the shear itself do not

normally experience speed changes that require special
considerations, but bearing loads can be very high at the
instant the cut is made. Multi-row tapered and cylindrical
roller bearings are generally used in the high-load positions.
Heavy-duty drum shears often use multi-row, full-complement
cylindrical roller bearings in order to maximize capacity within
a given space. These bearings require a separate thrust
bearing that often is incorporated into the axial adjustment
mechanism for the drums. Tapered, spherical and cylindrical
roller thrust bearings can all be used in this position.

application considerations AND bearing selection
auxiliary equipment
Table Rolls
All rolling mills and process lines contain rolls that support, pinch,
deflect or tension the material being processed (figs. 110 and 113).
These rolls can be solid or hollow, driven, or non-driven and there
are a variety of bearings and bearing combinations that can be
used to support them. The most commonly used bearings are
spherical and two-row tapered roller bearings. Cylindrical roller
bearings also are used but only on float positions and are paired
with a tapered or spherical roller bearing in the fixed position.
The spherical roller bearing offers high radial capacity, moderate

thrust capacity and can accept high degrees of misalignment.
Fig. 110. Hot-strip mill roller tables.
A practical guideline for thrust-load capability is that it should
not exceed one-third of the applied radial load. Thrust loads For particularly demanding applications such as reheat furnace
greater than this introduce the risk of unloading one of the two discharge tables, the Timken solid-block housed units can be
rows of rollers. The misalignment capability varies depending considered. They offer spherical roller bearings mounted in
on the series. extremely strong one-piece housings.
The flexibility of the spherical roller bearing for these applications

is further enhanced when they are mounted in a housed unit
or pillow block (fig. 111). The housed unit assembly offers a
unitized and sealed assembly that can be used with grease or oil
lubrication and that can be configured for use in a fixed or float
position. The unitization facilitates installation.
Fig. 111. Table roll supported by spherical roller bearings mounted

in a housed unit.

auxiliary equipment
The two-row tapered roller bearing offers higher load capacity, Tapered roller bearing solutions do not offer the same tolerance to
but it's wider for a given bore size than the spherical roller. For misalignment as the spherical roller bearings. If the roll deflection
table roll applications, the two-row tapered roller bearings is is such that the slope of the shaft through the bearing exceeds 0.5
commonly used as an AP™ type assembly (fig. 112). The AP mrad then the tapered roller bearing is generally not suggested.
assembly is supplied with seals and seal wear rings together
with a wide range of mounting accessories. All AP bearings
feature case-carburized rings and rollers that offer higher
fracture toughness than through-hardened material. This can be
a consideration when significant impact loads are anticipated.
Fig. 112. Table roll supported by AP™ type tapered roller bearing assemblies.
Fig. 113. Hot-strip mill transfer roller table.


bearing life calculations and related analysis
BEARING LIFE CALCULATIONS

AND RELATED ANALYSIS
The following topics are covered in this section:
••Summary of symbols.
••Fatigue life.
••Bearing ratings.
••Applied loads.
••Bearing life equations.
••Bearing internal clearance. Load path arrows
••Advanced analysis.
Note
Further information can be
found in the Timken Engineering
Manual (order no. 10424).
FtP
FsG
FsP
FtG

summary of symbols
SUMMARY OF SYMBOLS USED TO DETERMINE APPLIED LOADS

AND BEARING ANALYSIS
Symbol Description Units (Metric/Inch System) Symbol Description Units (Metric/Inch System)
a1 Reliability Life Factor unitless FaP Thrust Force on Pinion N, lbf

a2 Material Life Factor unitless Fs Separating Force on Gear N, lbf
a3 Operating Condition Life Factor unitless FsG Separating Force on Gear N, lbf
a3d Debris Life Factor unitless FsP Separating Force on Pinion N, lbf
a3k Load Zone Life Factor unitless Ft Tangential Force N, lbf
a3l Lubrication Life Factor unitless Fte Tractive Effort on Vehicle Wheels N, lbf
a3m Misalignment Life Factor unitless FtG Tangential Force on Gear N, lbf
a3p Low-Load Life Factor unitless FtP Tangential Force on Pinion N, lbf
b Tooth Length mm, in. gG Bevel Gearing – Gear Pitch Angle deg.
Basic Dynamic Load Rating of Timken Single-Row N, lbf gP Bevel Gearing – Pinion Pitch Angle deg.
Assembly at One Million Revolutions Converted
C1 H Timken's Geometry Dependent Factor For C90 unitless
from its C90 Rating, Which is Based on 90 Million
Revolutions Rating Equation
Basic Dynamic Load Rating of Timken Double- H Power kW, hp

C1(2) N, lbf
Row Assembly at One Million Revolutions i Number of Rows of Rollers in a Bearing unitless
Converted from its C90 Rating, Which is Based on
K Tapered Roller Bearing K-factor; Ratio of Basic unitless
90 Million Revolutions
Dynamic Radial Load Rating to Basic Dynamic
C1(4) Basic Dynamic Rating of Timken Four-Row N, lbf Thrust Rating in a Single-Row Bearing
Assembly at 1 Million Revolutions Converted L Distance Between Bearing Geometric Center Lines mm, in.
from its C90 Rating, Which is Based on 90 Million Adjusted Life of Bearing with 90 Percent
Revolutions L10a hours
Reliability for Given Condition...Multiplies Factors
C90 Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating of a Single- N, lbf Such as A3l and A3m To L10
Row Bearing for an L10 of 90 Million Revolutions Weighted Life of Bearing Over Given Set of
or 3000 Hours at 500 RPM L10wt hours
Conditions
C90(2) Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating of a Double- N, lbf L10 Bearing Life millions of revolutions
Row Bearing for an L10 of 90 Million Revolutions
or 3000 Hours at 500 RPM Leff Roller Effective Length mm, in.
C90(4) Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating of a Four-Row N, lbf M Bearing Operating Torque N-m, N-mm, lb.-in.
Bearing for an L10 of 90 Million Revolutions or
3000 Hours at 500 RPM Mc Timken Material Constant For C90 Rating Equation unitless
Ca90 Basic Dynamic Thrust Load Rating of a Single-Row N, lbf m Gearing Ratio unitless
Bearing for an L10 of 90 Million Revolutions or 3000
Hours at 500 RPM Bearing Operating Speed or General Term
n RPM
for Speed
Co Basic Static Radial Load Rating N, lbf
nG Gear Operating Speed RPM
Cr Basic Dynamic Radial Rating of Single-Row N, lbf
Bearing as Defined by Iso/Abma Rating Equation nP Pinion Operating Speed RPM
for an L10 of One Million Revolutions
NG Number of Teeth in the Gear unitless
d Bearing Bore Diameter mm, in.
NP Number of Teeth in the Pinion unitless
D Bearing Outside Diameter mm, in.
Pa Dynamic Equivalent Axial Load N, lbf
do Mean Inner Ring Diameter mm, in.
Pr Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load N, lbf
Dh Housing Outside Diameter mm, in.
R Percent Reliability, Used in the Calculation of the unitless
DmG Mean or Effective Working Diameter of the Gear mm, in. A1 Factor
DmP Effective Working Diameter of the Pinion mm, in. Percent Time for Condition, See Weighted Life
TX 0 to 100 percent
Formula
Tapered Roller Bearing Outer Ring Mean
Do mm, in.
Raceway Diameter Y Dynamic Thrust (Axial) Load Factor unitless
DpG Pitch Diameter of the Gear mm, in. Z Number of Rolling Elements unitless
DpP Pitch Diameter of the Pinion mm, in. α Ball Bearing Nominal Contact Angle deg.
dS Shaft Inside Diameter mm, in. δH Interference Fit of Outer Ring in Housing mm, in.
Dwe Mean Roller Diameter mm, in. δS Interference Fit of Inner Ring on Shaft mm, in.
Fa Applied Thrust (Axial) Load N, lbf Temperature Difference Between Shaft/Inner
∆T ˚C, ˚F
Fac Induced Thrust (Axial) Load Due to Centrifugal Ring/Rollers and Housing/Outer Ring
N, lbf
Loading φG Normal Tooth Pressure Angle for the Gear deg.
Fae Net External Thrust Acting on the Shaft N, lbf φP Normal Tooth Pressure Angle for the Pinion deg.
FaG Thrust Force on Gear N, lbf ΨG Helix (Helical) or Spiral Angle for the Gear deg.
Fai Induced Thrust (Axial) Load Due to Radial Loading N, lbf ΨP Helix (Helical) or Spiral Angle for the Pinion deg.

fatigue life • bearing ratings
Fatigue Life Bearing Ratings

Bearing selection involves analyzing several different Bearing manufacturers assign load ratings to bearings that permit
performance criteria including bearing fatigue life, rotational designers to calculate bearing life expectancy. Two standard
precision, power requirements, temperature limits and speed reference ratings are widely used. C90 is the reference load
capabilities. This section focuses on bearing life as it relates to rating for 90 million revolutions and C1 is a standard reference
material-associated fatigue. Here we define bearing life as the for one million revolutions. The C90 rating is predominantly used
length of time, or number of revolutions, until a fatigue spall of for tapered roller bearing life calculations, while C1 is more
6 mm2 develops. Due to the large size of rolling mill bearings, commonly used for spherical and cylindrical roller bearings.
bearings commonly operate beyond this limit and greater life Since bearings operate at loads other than either of the standard
can be expected. references, it is important that the proper life equation is used
with the respective rating.
Because metal fatigue is a statistical phenomenon, bearings that
may appear to be identical can exhibit considerable differences
in life when tested under identical conditions. Therefore, it is
necessary to base life predictions on a statistical evaluation of
a large number of bearings operating under similar conditions.
The Weibull distribution function is commonly used to predict the
life of a population of bearings at any given reliability level. For
rolling mill bearings, where it is impractical to test a large number
of bearings, Timken engineers can help you in your bearing life
calculation.(1)
A bearing’s recorded life depends on factors such as load,

speed, lubrication, fitting, internal bearing clearance, operating
temperature, contamination, maintenance and many other
environmental factors. It is important to note that, statistically,
the life of a system with multiple rows will always be less than
the life of any given row in the system.
Rated life (L10), as shown in fig. 114, is the life that 90 percent of
a group of apparently identical bearings will complete or exceed
before a fatigue spall reaches a defined limit. L10 is associated
with 90 percent reliability for a single bearing under a certain
load. The median life, or L50, is approximately 3.5 times the L10 life.
Rated life Median life

20 L10
Percentage of bearings not survived
1.50
15
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Life in multiples of rating life, L10
Fig. 114. Theoretical life frequency distribution of one hundred

apparently identical bearings operating under similar conditions.
(1) Note
The life of an individual bearing cannot be precisely defined.

BEARING RATINGS
Timken Dynamic Ratings C90 The system life of both rows determines the rating for double-
row bearings in which both raceways have the same geometry.
Timken developed and validated a specific rating method for
roller bearings, taking into account continuous improvements in C90(2) = 24/5 x C90 or C90(2) = 1.74 x C90
material cleanliness and manufacturing technology. Two times the double-row rating is the basic radial load rating
of a four-row assembly.
radial load ratings
C90(4) = 2 x C90(2)
The published Timken C90 ratings are established on a basic
rated life of 90 million revolutions, or 3000 hours at 500 rev/min. To Three times the double-row rating is the basic radial load rating
ensure consistent quality worldwide, Timken conducts extensive of a six-row assembly.
bearing fatigue life tests in our laboratories. These audit tests
result in a high level of confidence in our ratings. C90(6) = 3 x C90(2)
To estimate the life of a rotating bearing, we use basic dynamic
load rating, which is formulated as: Timken Dynamic Rating C1
C90 = McH (iLeff cos α)4/5 Z7/10 Dwe16/15 Our Timken rating for one million revolutions is:
C1 = C90 x 903/10 = C90 x 3.857
where (fig. 115):
The Timken C1 rating enables you to make a direct comparison
C90 = Radial rating (est.)
between Timken bearings and other manufacturers using ratings
Mc = Material constant evaluated on a basis of one million revolutions. However, a direct
H = Geometry-dependent factor comparison between ratings of various manufacturers may be
i = Number of rows within an assembly misleading due to differences in rating philosophy, material,
manufacturing, design and validation testing.
Leff = Roller effective length (in.) (1)
α = Bearing half included outer-race angle in degrees In order to make a true geometrical comparison between the
ratings of different bearing suppliers, only use the rating published
Z = Number of rollers per row
by the International Standards Organization (ISO) equation.
Dwe = Mean roller diameter (in.) However, by doing this, it does not account for differences in steel
(1) Roller effective length is the roller-raceway length able to take the load. It qualities from one bearing manufacturer to another.
is a function of roller body length L and the geometry of the roller radii and the
corresponding raceway.
Dwe
α
L
Dwe
Dwe
α α
Fig. 115. Bearing geometry parameters

used in the dynamic load rating formula.

BEARING RATINGS
Dynamic Axial Load Rating for Radial Axial load-carrying capacity of cylindrical bearings is principally
Roller Bearings determined by the ability of the flanges on the inner and outer
rings to support a load, as well as by the thermal conditions at
The specific bearing type determines the axial load-carrying the roller/flange contact area. The sliding contact between the
capability of radial roller bearings. In tapered roller bearings, roller end and flange, which is influenced by bearing operating
where the design is particularly suited for combined loading, temperature, lubrication, misalignment and loads, regulates
the race angle of the bearing's outer ring primarily determines thermal conditions. Under normal operating conditions, the axial
the axial load rating. For every tapered roller bearing, Timken load should not exceed 10 percent of the applied radial load.
publishes a K-factor, which is the ratio of the dynamic radial-load
rating to the thrust-load rating of a single-row bearing:
C90
Static Load Rating Co
K = –––––– Standard bearing fatigue life is calculated in terms of bearing
Ca90
revolutions. However, for static applications, the concept of
where: fatigue life is not appropriate. In this case, we determine bearing
selection by the maximum permissible load we can apply. We
C90 is the basic dynamic radial load rating and Ca90 is the basic
define this as the load that we can apply without altering the
dynamic thrust load rating, based on a rating life of 90 million
physical properties in a way that degrades bearing performance.
revolutions (3000 hours at 500 rev/min.).
For static conditions, the maximum contact stress at the
The smaller the K-factor, the steeper the bearing cup angle and the bearing raceway must be less than 4000 MPa (580 ksi), which is
greater the axial load-carrying capability of the bearing (fig. 116). considered to be the Brinnell limit for bearing steel. Stress levels
above this value may plastically deform the contact surfaces and
create initiation sites for future spalling, even under lighter loads.
Co is the basic static load rating for Timken bearings. We base this
on a maximum contact stress of 4000 MPa (580 ksi) at the center
of contact on the most heavily loaded rolling element.
α α If sound, vibration or torque is critical, or if a pronounced shock

load is present, apply a lower load limit.
For more in-depth knowledge on these ratings, please contact

your Timken engineer.
a) Shallow angle for b) Steep angle for
predominant radial load predominant thrust load
Fig. 116. Shallow-angle versus steep-angle configuration.
The relationship also is geometrically expressed as:
K = 0.389 x cot α
where:
α = Half included outer-race angle
We design spherical bearings for either pure radial or radial-

and axial-combined loading. The axial load limit is not published
because spherical bearings are not intended for pure axial
loading.

APPLIED LOADS
applied loads Separating force

FsG = FtG tan ϕG
The traditional approach to bearing life calculation begins with
the determination of applied forces and calculation of a bearing's
dynamic equivalent load. From there, the expected catalog life is Single-Helical Gearing
calculated for single- or multiple-row bearings.
In rolling-mill applications, the determination of the applied forces

depends on the mill configuration and a wide range of conditions FtP
given by the rolling-mill schedules. It would, therefore, not be
adequate to develop a standard calculation based only on the FsG FaG
maximum load and/or speed. Only through a close partnership
with your engineering department and a per-project basis can you
make a realistic estimation of bearing life. Experience with similar
FsP
applications provides a good starting point for initial evaluation.
FaP FtG
Common bearing applications within rolling mills include mill
drives, pinion stands, backup, intermediate and work-roll
positions, screwdown systems and auxiliary equipment. To
determine applied forces developed by machine elements in the Fig. 118. Single-helical gearing.
applications, we use the following equations:
Tangential force
Additional gearing types can be found in the Timken
(1.91 x 107) H
Engineering Manual (order no. 10424). FtG = –––––––––– (metric system)
DpGnG
(1.26 x 105) H
GEARING = –––––––––– (inch system)
DpGnG
Spur Gearing
Separating force
FtG tan ϕG
FtP FsG = ––––––––––
cos ψG
FsG
Thrust force
FsP FaG = FtG tan ψG
FtG
Fig. 117. Spur gearing.
Tangential force
(1.91 x 107) H
FtG = –––––––––– (metric system)
DpGnG
(1.26 x 105) H
= –––––––––– (inch system)
DpGnG

applied loads
Straight Bevel and ZeroL Gearing with Separating force

ZeroL Degrees Spiral FsP = FtP tan ϕP cos γP
In straight bevel and zerol gearing, the gear forces tend to push
the pinion and gear out of mesh, such that the directions of the Straight Bevel Gear
thrust and separating forces are always the same, regardless
of direction of rotation (fig. 119). In calculating the tangential FtP
force (FtP or FtG) for bevel gearing, use the pinion or gear mean
diameter (DmP or DmG) instead of the pitch diameter (DpP or DpG).
Calculate the mean diameter as follows:
FaP
DmG = DpG - b sin γG
FsP
DmP = DpP - b sin γP
In straight bevel and zerol gearing: Fig. 120. Straight bevel gearing.
FtP = FtG
FaG
FsG
Posit
wi
se thrust a ive
+ way fro
m
k
Cloc
pinion a
pex
k w is e
loc
FtG
Co
rc
u n te
Tangential force
Fig. 119. Straight bevel and zerol gears – thrust and separating (1.91 x 107) H
forces are always in same direction regardless of direction of FtP = ––––––––––– (metric system)
rotation. DmP np
Pinion (1.26 x 105) H

= ––––––––––– (inch system)
DmP np
Tangential force
(1.91 x 107) H
FtP = ––––––––––– (metric system) Thrust force
DmP np FaG = FtG tan ϕG sin γG
(1.26 x 105) H
––––––––––– (inch system) Separating force
DmP np FsG = FtG tan ϕG cos γG
Thrust force
FaP = FtP tan ϕP sin γP

applied loads
Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gearing

In spiral bevel and hypoid gearing, the direction of the thrust and
separating forces depends upon the spiral angle, hand of spiral,
direction of rotation and whether the gear is driving or driven
(see table 1 on next page). To determine the hand of the spiral,
note whether the tooth curvature on the near face of the gear
(fig. 121) inclines to the left or right from the shaft axis. Viewing
toward the gear or pinion apex will determine direction of rotation.
In spiral bevel gearing:

FtP = FtG
In hypoid gearing:
FtG cos ψP
FtP = –––––––––
cos ψG
Hypoid pinion effective working diameter:

( )(
DmP = DmG NP cos ψG
––– –––––––
NG cos ψP )
Tangential force
(1.91 x 107) H
FtG = ––––––––––– (metric system)
DmG nG
(1.26 x 105) H
= ––––––––––– (inch system)
DmG nG
Hypoid gear effective working diameter:

DmG = DpG - b sin γG

applied loads
FtP
FaP
FsP
FaG ise Pos

kw thrust itive
+ away
c
from
Clo
FsG
pinion
wise
apex
ock
Nega
rcl
Counte – thrust tive
towar
d
pinion
apex
FtG
Fig. 121. Spiral bevel and hypoid gears – the direction of thrust
and separating forces depends upon spiral angle, hand of spiral,
direction of rotation and whether the gear is driving or driven.
Table 1. Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gearing Equations
Driving Member Rotation Thrust Force Separating Force
Driving Member Driving Member

FtP FtP
FaP = –––––– (tan ϕP sin γP – sin ψP cos γP) FsP = –––––– (tan ϕP cos γP + sin ψP sin γP)
Right-hand spiral clockwise or cos ψP cos ψP
Left-hand spiral counterclockwise Driven Member Driven Member
FtG FtG
FaG = –––––– (tan ϕG sin γG + sin ψG cos γG) FsG = –––––– (tan ϕG cos γG – sin ψG sin γG)
cos ψG cos ψG
Driving Member Driving Member

FtP FtP
FaP = –––––– (tan ϕP sin γP + sin ψP cos γP) FsP = –––––– (tan ϕP cos γP – sin ψP sin γP)
Right-hand spiral counterclockwise or cos ψP cos ψP
Left-hand spiral clockwise Driven Member Driven Member
FtG FtG
FaG = –––––– (tan ϕG sin γG – sin ψG cos γG) FsG = –––––– (tan ϕG cos γG + sin ψG sin γG)
cos ψG cos ψG
Note
Please refer to page 68 for a summary of symbols used in the equations.

applied loads
rolling load paths Generally, backup roll bearings take the rolling load, commonly
referred to as separating force, plus all the other loads generated
in the system. The work-roll and intermediate-roll bearings take
Backup and Work-Roll Positions
the balancing load and bending forces if they exist. Depending on
For a conventional 4-Hi mill stand, the roll stand and rolled the mill design, there will be some parasitic axial loads created
material transmits the basic loads on the bearings as shown from misalignment, roll geometry, etc., which can represent 0.5
in fig. 122. These bending forces may add or subtract from percent to two percent of the total rolling load. In some new mills,
the larger roll-separating force used for strip thickness backup and work-roll bearings also take the axial loads induced
reduction, depending on the location of the roll balance and/or by the roll crossing and/or by the axial shift systems that require
bending cylinders. a separate thrust bearing position.
When the applied loads on the bearings are known and have a
defined duty cycle, the more accurate the predicted bearing life
calculation will be with the actual bearing performance.
Load path arrows
Fig. 122. Typical 4-Hi mill with roll load path.

applied loads
Equivalent Dynamic radial Spherical Roller Bearings

Loads (pr) The dynamic equivalent load is determined using the following
equations. First calculate the ratio of axial to radial load, then
The dynamic equivalent radial load (Pr) is defined as a single compare this ratio to the e value for the bearing.
radial load that, if applied to the bearing, results in the same
life as the combined radial and axial loading under which the Fa
Pr = Fr + YFa for ___ ≤ e
bearing operates. This general expression represents the Fr
dynamic equivalent load:
Pr = XFr + YFa Fa
Pr = 0.67Fr + YFa for ___ > e
Fr
where:
Pr = Dynamic equivalent radial load Values for e and Y are available in product tables, by part number.
X = Radial load factor

Fr = Applied radial load Tapered roller bearings are ideally suited to carry all types
of loads including pure radial, pure axial or a combination of
Y = Axial load factor
both loads. Due to the tapered design, a radial load induces an
Fa = Applied axial load axial reaction within the bearing that must be equally opposed
to avoid separation of the inner and outer rings. When a
The values of X and Y, which vary by bearing type, are discussed single-row bearing is used, it must be paired against another
in further detail below. single-row bearing. For multiple-row bearing configurations,
an induced axial force will act in the load zone, requiring
Cylindrical Roller Bearings correctly sized end caps and screws to withstand it and maintain
clamping function.
Cylindrical roller bearings can be configured to accommodate
a small axial load. However, for heavy-duty applications in
the metals industry, it is practical to add a second bearing to Single-row mountings
specifically take any thrust loading. In this case, the cylindrical The equations for determining thrust reactions and dynamic
roller bearing will support radial loading only and the dynamic equivalent radial load in a system of two single-row bearings are
equivalent radial load is equal to the net radial load. based on the following assumptions:
Pr = Fr •• Load zone of 180 degrees in one bearing (the set-up

bearing) and,
•• Load zone of 180 degrees or more in the opposite bearing
(seated bearing).
Load zone is the angular representation of the number of rollers
in the bearing(1). Catalog analysis makes these simplifying
assumptions about load zone, however, in a more advanced
analysis, the actual load zone (a function of both radial
and axial-bearing reactions) within the bearing is used to
correlate the bearing reaction to the dynamic equivalent
radial load. This sophisticated analysis requires numerical
and analytical tools developed by Timken and other leading
bearing manufacturers.
(1) See page 84, load zone life factor (a ).
3k

applied loads
For single-row bearings, the following table can be used to

calculate the dynamic radial equivalent load. First, determine
if bearings are mounted in a direct or indirect arrangement
and to which bearing the thrust load (Fae) is applied. Once the
appropriate bearing arrangement is established, check the table
to determine which thrust load and dynamic equivalent radial
load equations apply.
table 2. Combined radial and thrust load (single-row)
Bearing A Bearing B
Bearing A Bearing B
n n
FrA Fae FrB FrA Fae FrB
ISO Method Timken Method

Thrust Condition
0.5 FrA 0.5 FrB 0.5 FrA 0.5 FrB 0.47 FrA 0.47 FrB 0.47 FrA 0.47 FrB
––––– ≤ ––––– + Fae ––––– > ––––– + Fae –––––– ≤ –––––– + Fae –––––– > –––––– + Fae
YA YB YA YB KA KB KA KB
Axial Load
0.5 FrB 0.5 FrA 0.47 FrB 0.47 FrA

FaA = ––––– + Fae FaA = ––––– FaA = –––––– + Fae FaA = ––––––
YB YA KB KA
0.5 FrB 0.5 FrA 0.47 FrB 0.47 FrA
FaB = ––––– FaB = ––––– - Fae FaB = –––––– FaB = –––––– - Fae
YB YA KB KA
Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load

Bearing A
FaA
PA = FrA, if ––– ≤ eA or
FrA
PA = FrA PA = 0.4 FrA + KAFaA (1) PA = FrA
FaA
PA = 0.4 FrA + YAFaA, if ––– > eA
FrA
Bearing B
FaB
PB = FrB, if ––– ≤ eB or
FrB
PB = FrB PB = FrB PB = 0.4 FrB + KBFaB (1)
FaB
PB = 0.4 FrB + YBFaB, if ––– > eB
FrB
ISO 281 Factors where: (1) If P

A < FrA, use PA = FrA and if PB < FrB, use PB = FrB
e = 1.5 tan α = 0.59 K α = Half included cup angle
Y = 0.4 cot α = 1.03 K K = 0.389x cotα

applied loads
Double-row bearings
For double-row tapered roller bearings, or for single-row bearing pairs, table 3 is used. In this table, only bearing A has an applied
thrust load. If the external thrust load is applied to bearing B, the A’s in the equations should be replaced by B’s and vice versa.
table 3. Combined radial and thrust load (double-row)

FrAB FrC FrAB FrC
Bearing A Bearing B Bearing C Bearing A Bearing B Bearing C
n n
Fixed bearing Fae Floating bearing Fixed bearing Fae Floating bearing
FrAB ISO Method FrC FrAB Timken Method FrC

Bearing A Bearing B Bearing C Bearing A Bearing B Bearing C
Thrust Condition
Fae Fae 0.6 FrAB 0.6 FrAB
–––– ≤ e –––– > e Fae > –––––– Fae ≤ ––––––
FrAB FrAB KA KA
Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load
n n
PAB = 0.4 FrAB + KA Fae PA = 0.5 FrAB + 0.83 KA Fae
PAB = FrAB + Y1AB Fae PAB = 0.67 FrAB + Y2AB Fae
FB = 0 PB = 0.5 FrAB - 0.83 KA Fae
PC = FrC PC = FrC
Fixed bearing Fae Floating bearing PC = FrC Fixed bearing PC =FaeFrC Floating bearing
ISO 281 Factors

e = 1.5 tan α = 0.59 K
Y1 = 0.45 cot α = 1.15 K
Y2 = 0.67 cot α = 1.72 K

applied loads
Four- and six-row bearings Six-row bearing

A six-row bearing may be appropriate in conditions where the
Pure radial load
strip width is very large or roll shifting is used to control the
In the case where axial loading is excessive, an additional thrust strip profile.
bearing is used to take the axial load. The four-row bearing is
only carrying radial loads. For pure radial loads, the bearing The radial load is equally shared on each pair of rows and one
life calculation is done by making the dynamic equivalent radial of the three pairs takes 40 percent of the thrust load and the two
load (Pr) equal to the radial load and by using the dynamic radial others 30 percent each. The heaviest loaded pair then takes 33
rating for four rows, which defines the system life of the bearing percent of the radial load and 40 percent of the axial load (fig. 124).
assembly. Six-row bearings are available for special applications,
consult your Timken engineer for life calculations. 100%
Combined radial and axial loads

33% 33% 33%
When no additional thrust bearing is used, the life of the four- or
six-row bearing is considered to be almost equal to the life of
the heaviest loaded pair of rows. Once the load on the heaviest
loaded pair of rows is determined, bearing life is calculated using
the life calculation for a two-row bearing.
Four-row bearing
Due to precision manufacturing and assembly tolerances, it is
assumed, for calculation purposes, that for a four-row bearing
the radial load is equally shared between each pair of rows and 100% 40% 30% 30%
that the axial load is shared 40 percent on one pair and 60 percent
on the other pair. In this case, the heaviest loaded pair takes 50
percent of the radial load and 60 percent of the axial load (fig. 123).
100%
50% 50%
Fig. 124. Combined load sharing in a six-row tapered roller

bearing for basic life calculations.
Equivalent Thrust Dynamic

Loads (Pa)
100% 60% 40% Cylindrical and Tapered Thrust

Bearings
Cylindrical and tapered thrust bearings should be mounted in a
way that only thrust loads apply. Avoid radial loading by providing
appropriate clearances between the bearing rings and the non-
piloted surfaces. If the radial load is zero, Pa will be equal to
the applied thrust load (Fa). If any radial load is expected in the
application, consult your Timken engineer for advice on bearing
Fig. 123. Combined load sharing in a four-row tapered roller selection.
bearing for basic life calculations.

applied loads • bearing life equations
Spherical Thrust Roller Bearings Bearing Life Equations

For spherical thrust roller bearings, thrust dynamic loads are
determined by: Catalog Bearing Life Equations
Pa = 1.2 Fr + Fa Typically, bearing life based on one million cycles (L 10) is
calculated as follows for roller bearings under radial or
While spherical thrust bearings are designed for radial and axial combined loading where the dynamic equivalent radial load has
combined loading, the applied load should be predominantly axial been determined:
( ) ( )
with Fr ≤ 0.55 Fa. Because of the steep roller angle and the fact 10/3
Cr 1 x 106
that the bearing is separable, a radial load will induce a thrust L10 = ––– –––––– hours
component (Fai =1.2Fr) that must be resisted by another thrust Pr 60n
bearing, an axial load greater than Fai, or spring loading. Where:
=
Slow-Rotating Equipment n Rotational speed in rev/min.
In some applications, such as continuous casters, rotational For thrust bearings, the catalog life equations are:
speed can be as slow as 1 rev/min. Low rotational speeds mean
( ) ( )
that a hydrodynamic lubricant film cannot develop between the Ca 10/3 1 x 106
rollers and raceways, therefore, the bearing is not working in a L10 = ––– –––––– hours
Pa 60n
true dynamic regime, and a static analysis is more appropriate.
Generally, bearing selection can be based on a 3:1 ratio of the
bearing static capacity (Co) to the applied equivalent radial Tapered roller bearings often use a dynamic load rating based
load (Pr). In cases where application loads are very high, the on 90 million cycles, as opposed to one million cycles, changing
contact stress profile between the rollers and the races must be the equations as follows:
considered. If the maximum stress is higher than 2750 MPa (400
( ) ( )
C90 10/3 500
ksi), then a special modified roller profile should be considered
L10 = ––– ––– x 3000 hours
to balance the stress along the roller-race contact line (fig. 125). Pr n
Standard profile and
Contact
( ) ( )
Modified profile Ca90 10/3 500
stress
L10 = ––– ––– x 3000 hours
2750 MPa Pa n
(400 ksi)
Acceptable
L10 is generally used throughout the industry in rolling mill
limit calculations, especially for original equipment manufacturers'
(OEM) bearing selections. L10 refers to catalog life calculations
using only load and speed, where no environmental effect is
considered. This is why L10 also is referred to as catalog life.
Raceway length
Fig. 125. Stress distribution along the race width.

bearing life equations
Life Calculation for a Given The Timken expanded bearing life equation is:
Load Cycle L10a = a1a2a3da3ka3la3ma3p L10
Rolling mills work in more than one defined condition. Therefore,
where:
it is preferable to calculate the bearing life at different loads,
speeds and durations, then summarize the results in a weighted a1 = Reliability life factor
bearing life L10wt. After the duty cycle is defined (loads, speeds a2 = Material life factor
and percentage of time), the weighted L10 life is obtained as
a3d = Debris life factor
shown below.
a3k = Load-zone life factor
100
L10wt = ––––––––––––––––––––––––– a3l = Lubrication life factor

T1
(T2
L10(1) L10(2)
Tn
–––– + –––– + ... + ––––
L10(n )
n
) a3m = Misalignment life factor
a3p = Low-load life factor. For rolling-mill
where: applications, this factor is taken as 1.
The L10a expanded life refers to the bearing life where adjustment
nn = Number of load conditions
factors are considered for bearing analysis and selection.
T = Percent time for each condition Bearing system analysis and adjusted life calculations are seldom

done by hand since the analysis is very complex. Bearing system
L10 = L10 life for each condition (hours) analysis is part of the Timken® Syber Bearing System Analysis
program that is used to model rolling-mill applications. Syber
L10wt = Weighted bearing life (hours)
uses a finite element approach on shafts, bearings and housings
based on data received from customers.
Adjusted Bearing Life Equations A typical analysis includes bearing, housing and shaft behaviors
With increased emphasis on the relationship between the for given loads, speeds, specified lubricant type, operating
reference conditions and the actual environment in which temperature and other environmental factors. The program
the bearing operates, the traditional life equations have been analyzes behaviors such as deflections and deformations, contact
expanded to include further variables that affect bearing stresses, film thickness, torque, operating clearance and adjusted
performance. life, to name a few.
The ISO/ABMA expanded bearing life equation is: For more information on such detailed analysis, consult your
Timken engineer.
L10a = a1a2a3 L10
To be noted that the accuracy of the Timken technical
where: reviews is dependent upon the validity and completeness
of information supplied to The Timken Corporation. Actual
a1 = Reliability life factor
product performance is affected by many factors beyond the
a2 = Material life factor control of The Timken Corporation. Therefore, the suitability
and feasibility of all designs and product selection should
a3 = Operating condition life factor be validated by customers. For the above reasons, Timken
(to be specified by the manufacturer) application reviews are submitted solely to provide customers
of The Timken Corporation or their parent or affiliates, with
data to assist in their design. No warranty, expressed or
implied, including any warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose, is made by Timken by the submission of application
reviews. Timken products are sold subject to the Limited
Warranty which is set forth in Timken's terms and conditions
of sale.

Reliability Life Factor (a1) Material Life Factor (a2)

Reliability, in the context of bearing life for a group of apparently The quality of the steel used in bearings is very important. Under
identical bearings operating under the same conditions, is the repeated stress conditions, non-metallic inclusions initiate the
percentage of the group that is expected to attain or exceed spalling process and a fatigue spall can develop.
a specified life. The reliability of an individual bearing is the
probability that the bearing will attain or exceed a specified life. At Timken, we develop and manufacture our own steel. We have
improved our steel quality over the years. Our life equation takes
The reliability life adjustment factor is: into account this material improvement by way of the steel-quality
adjustment factor a2. For standard Timken bearings manufactured
( )
100 2/3
a1 = 4.26 ln ––– + 0.05 from bearing-quality steel, a conservative factor of 1 is used.
R

Due to the special demands on bearings used in metal processing,
ln = natural logarithm (base e) Timken offers bearings manufactured from maximum air-melt
steels. Premium steels contain fewer and smaller inclusion
To adjust the calculated L10 life for reliability, multiply by the a1 impurities than standard steels and provide extended bearing
factor. If 90 (90 percent reliability) is substituted for R in the above fatigue life where it is limited by non-metallic inclusions.
equation, a1 = 1. For R = 99 (99 percent reliability), a1 = 0.25. The
following table 4 lists the reliability factor for commonly used For example, Timken® DuraSpexx® bearings, which feature
reliability values. enhanced materials, surface finishes and profiled geometries,
often are used in rolling-mill applications. DuraSpexx bearings
TABLE 4. reliability factors include air-melt steels that improve cleanness by reducing the
R (percent) Ln a1 number of inclusions and modifying the shape of the inclusions.
90 L10 1.00 The published dynamic rating for selected DuraSpexx bearings
95 L5 0.64 with maximum air-melt steels is increased by 23 percent,
96 L4 0.55
extending fatigue life (similar to applying an a2 factor of 2).
97 L3 0.47
Application of the material life factor requires that fatigue life
98 L2 0.37
is limited by non-metallic inclusions, contact stresses are less
99 L1 0.25
than 2400 MPa (350 ksi) and that adequate lubrication is provided.
99.5 L0.5 0.175 It is important to note that improvements in material cannot
99.9 L0.1 0.093 offset poor lubrication or misalignment in a bearing's operating
system. Consult your Timken engineer for applicability of the
Note that the equation for reliability adjustment assumes there is a
material factor.
short minimum life below which the probability of bearing damage
is minimal (e.g., zero probability of bearing damage producing a
short life). Extensive bearing fatigue life testing has shown the
minimum life, below which the probability of bearing damage is
negligible, to be larger than predicted using the above adjustment
factor. For a more accurate prediction of bearing lives at high
levels of reliability, consult your Timken engineer.

Load-Zone Life Factor (a3k) Lubrication Life Factor (a3l)

The fatigue life of a bearing is, in part, a function of roller and Bearing life is directly linked to the lubricant film thickness. In
raceway stresses and the number of stress cycles that the loaded turn, film thickness depends on lubricant viscosity, operating
bearing surfaces experience in one bearing revolution. Stresses temperature, load, speed and surface finish of the bearing.
depend on the applied load and on how many rollers support
that load. In addition, the number of stress cycles depends on Extensive testing has been done by Timken to quantify the effects
bearing geometry and the number of rollers supporting the load. of lubrication-related parameters on bearing life. It is known
Therefore, for a given external load, bearing life is related to the that lubrication film is related to the amount of asperity (metal-
angular measurement of the number of rollers sharing the load, metal) contact between the bearing surfaces and that improving
or load zone, of the bearing (fig. 126). roller and raceway surface finish has the most notable effect
on improving lubricant film thickness and bearing performance.
360˚ 180˚ 90˚ Additional factors, such as bearing geometry, material, load
Load zone Load zone Load zone
zone and speed also play important roles in film thickness and
corresponding life.
The lubrication life adjustment factor will consider operating

temperature, but does not take into account problems related
to inadequate lubrication that can be caused by a number of
circumstances, including:
Bearing life rating ••Contamination.

reference condition 150˚
••Poor lubricant circulation.
Fig. 126. Bearing load zone. ••Incorrect oil-delivery system.
The size of the load zone in a bearing is determined by the internal
••Improper lubricant type or grade.
clearance, either radial or axial, depending on the bearing type. ••Improper lubricant additives, grease or oil fill.
It also depends on structural system stiffness, deflection and ••Inadequate sealing.
thermal gradients. A load zone of 150 degrees is assumed for
initial bearing selection and a3k equals 1.0. Reducing internal
••Presence of water.
clearance would increase the number of rollers sharing the load, The a3l factor ranges from a maximum value of 2.88 to a minimum
resulting in a larger load zone and subsequently longer bearing of 0.20 for case-carburized bearings and 0.13 for through-
life provided that preload is not achieved. hardened bearings. The maximum lubricant-life adjustment value
represents a high film thickness and minimal asperity contact.
The determination of this factor requires detailed knowledge of
The minimum a3l factor is a function of the material core condition
the bearing internal geometry. Contact your Timken engineer for
because through-hardened bearings may produce lower bearing
more information.
life in thin film conditions when compared with case-carburized
bearings given equivalent surface finishes.
The determination of this factor requires detailed knowledge of

the bearing internal geometry. Contact your Timken engineer for
more information.

Misalignment Life Factor (a3m) For tapered and cylindrical roller bearings, accurate alignment of
the shaft relative to the housing is critical for best performance.
Misalignment between bearing rings is the relative angle
The reference condition for the load rating is defined at 0.0005
between center-lines of the inner and outer rings as shown in
radians (0.03 degrees) maximum misalignment, where a3m = 1.
fig. 127. The amount of permissible misalignment differs for the
various bearing types and the effect of misalignment on bearing For applications where misalignment is present, the stress
life depends on the magnitude of misalignment, internal bearing profile across the raceway is represented by fig. 128 and 129.
geometry and applied loads. The misalignment life factor (a3m) In this case, a3m will be less than one. Special profiles are
calculates the effect on bearing life due to alignment, raceway applied to optimize the raceway stress distribution and improve
contact truncation and raceway profiles. a3m. The misalignment life factor can exceed one if the actual
conditions produce a better contact stress distribution than the
reference condition.
Bearing performance under various levels of misalignment can be

Outer predicted using Timken Syber Bearing System Analysis. Consult
race Misalignment
axis angle your Timken engineer for more information.
Inner
race
axis
Fig. 127. Bearing misalignment.
The misalignment life factor for spherical bearings is equal to

one, a3m = 1, due to the self-aligning capabilities of a spherical Fig. 128. Roller-raceway Fig. 129. Roller-raceway
stress distribution with high stress distribution with
roller bearing. The allowable misalignment in a spherical roller misalignment and no special special profiling to minimize
bearing is between ±0.5 degrees and ±1.25 degrees, depending profile. effect of misalignment.
upon the bearing series, as detailed in table 5. Bearing life will
be reduced, due to roller-raceway contact truncation, if these
misalignment limits are exceeded.
Table 5. Maximum permissible misalignment for

spherical roller bearings based on series
Bearing series Maximum misalignment

238 ±0.5º
222, 230, 231, 239, 249 ±0.75º
223, 240 ±1.0º
232, 241 ±1.25º

BEARING INTERNAL CLEARANCE
Bearing Internal Clearance Spherical and Cylindrical Roller

The internal clearance in roller bearings greatly influences Bearings
bearing performance including fatigue life, vibration, torque, heat- Radial internal clearance (RIC) is the radial play within a bearing.
generation and ease of assembly. Consequently, the selection of Timken bearing standard RIC (C0 or CN) for spherical and
the proper internal clearance is one of the most important tasks cylindrical bearings allows a standard tight fit with sufficient
when choosing a bearing after the type and size are determined. internal clearance remaining after installation for normal
operating conditions.
Bearing internal clearance is the combined clearance between
the rings and the rolling elements. The radial and axial clearances For values of C0 and CN, see Timken Engineering Manual (order
are the total amount that one ring can be displaced relative to no. 10424).
the other in the radial and axial directions respectively (fig. 130).
Spherical and cylindrical roller bearings with tapered bore (K
Correct bearing mounting and fitting practices are key suffix) require a slightly greater interference fit on the shaft
components of proper bearing setting. The amount of clearance than would a cylindrical bore bearing. The effect of this greater
or interference within a mounted bearing is affected by the interference fit is a larger reduction of RIC. For tapered bore
mounted fit of the inner and outer rings to the shaft and housing. bearings, it is critical to select a larger RIC to compensate for
Although mounted clearance is required for some bearings in the this requirement. This RIC reduction is reflected in the standard
metals industry, each application position should be analyzed to clearance tables, that differentiate between cylindrical and
determine the optimal setting. For this, dependent factors like tapered-bore spherical and cylindrical roller bearings.
load, speed, installation method, materials, runout accuracy,
thermal conditions, hoop stress and shaft and housing design Several factors influence RIC reduction. As an example, inner
must be taken into consideration. rings pressed on to solid-steel shafts expand to approximately
80 percent of the interference fit. Outer rings pressed into steel
Radial internal clearance (RIC) or cast-iron housings reduce RIC by an amount dependent on the
housing diameter and stiffness. To calculate the RIC reduction as
a result of fitting practice, refer to page 88.
Radial
clearance
Timken spherical and cylindrical roller bearings are supplied with
standard RIC unless otherwise specified.
Axial
clearance
When only radial load is applied to a tapered roller bearing, for
convenience in catalog life calculations, it is assumed that half
the rollers support the load. The equations for determining bearing
thrust reactions and equivalent radial loads in a system of two
Radial
clearance single-row bearings are based on the assumption of a 180-degree
load zone in one of the bearings and 180 degrees or more in the
opposite bearing.
Fig. 130. Bearing internal clearance examples.
The load zone, which has direct influence on bearing life, is
directly linked to the bearing's internal clearance, called bearing
setting. For tapered roller bearings, the clearance is determined
in the axial direction. For single-row bearings, the setting must
be established through measurements. Multi-row bearings (two
rows or more) may have preset clearances referred to as either
bench endplay (BEP) or bench preload (BPL), where the setting
is achieved via spacers.

Operating setting is calculated by considering the initial bench Influence of Fitting on the
setting, the mounting fits and the thermal expansion in the
system because it is not possible to measure the setting under
Setting
operating conditions. Bearing fitting practice has a direct influence on bearing internal
clearance and effects bearing life and performance. Bearing fit
Operating Setting = is the amount of clearance or interference between a mounted
BEP - Fitting Effect +/- Thermal Effect bearing and the housing and shaft. A general rule consists of
tight fitting the rotating members while stationary components
Although maximum life is obtained with the bearing operating are either tight- or loose-fitted as a function of the application
in slight preload (fig. 131), this setting is generally avoided in design. An exception to this rule is the application of four-row or
rolling-mill applications where the operating conditions vary six-row, straight-bore tapered roller bearings on roll necks where
significantly. In these instances, the targeted operating setting loose fitted assemblies are used.
is usually slight endplay, where the load zone is between 120
degrees to 160 degrees. Typical roll-neck bearing operating load Generally, when bearings are mounted with interference on a
zones range between 90 degrees and 110 degrees. shaft or in a housing, the rings either expand or contract, removing
some internal clearance from the bearing. In the case where both
A computer analysis can be provided to show the influence of
inner and outer rings are loose-fitted, the internal clearance is
preload or endplay on bearing life.
not affected by mounting the bearing. Many factors such as load,
For more details, refer to the Bearing Storage, Handling and temperature and mounting requirements must be considered
Installation section. when selecting the proper fit.
The effect of tight fits for spherical and cylindrical roller bearings
L10 life
is given as a reduction in the radial internal clearance. The fit
effect for the tapered roller bearing is given as a reduction in the
Light preload
axial clearance or endplay.
Large endplay
The formulas on page 88 are used to calculate the effect of fitting
Heavy preload
practice for simple shaft and housing designs. For spherical and
cylindrical roller bearings, the fit effect is determined in the radial
Zero clearance
direction, where as for tapered roller bearings this is determined
in the axial direction.
Preload Bearing operating setting Endplay
360 180 160 120

Bearing load zone (degrees)
Fig. 131. Bearing life versus setting and load zone.

Spherical Roller Bearings Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Radial loss of internal clearance due to fit effects of inner race Radial loss of internal clearance due to fit effects of inner race
mounted on a solid or hollow shaft: mounted on a solid or hollow shaft:
Solid Shaft:
()
Solid Shaft:
()
d d
Fit Effect (inner ring) = cos α –– δS Fit Effect (inner ring) = –– δS
do do

( )
{ } { }
ds 2
( )
ds 2
Hollow Shaft: 1 - –––
()

d Hollow Shaft: 1 - –––
()
d

d d
Fit Effect (inner ring) = cos α –– –––––––––– δS
( )
do Fit Effect (inner ring) = –– ––––––––––
δS
( )
1- d 2 d0
1 - ds 2
s
–––
do –––
do

Radial loss of internal clearance due to fit effects of outer-race Radial loss of internal clearance due to fit effects of outer race
mounted in a thin wall section housing: mounted in a thin wall section housing:
( )
{ }

D 2
{ }
1 - –––
( )
D 2
()

Do DH –––
Fit Effect (outer ring) = cos α ––– –––––––––– 1-
()
δH
DH
( )
D 2 Do
1- Do Fit Effect (outer ring) = ––– –––––––––– δH
–––
( )
D
DH 1 - Do 2
–––
DH

DH
α Do D
do
do d Do D d ds
Fig. 133. Cylindrical roller bearing nomenclature.
δ S = Interference fit of inner race on shaft

δ H = Interference fit of outer race in housing
d = Bearing bore diameter
Fig. 132. Spherical roller bearing nomenclature. do = Mean inner-race diameter
D = Bearing outside diameter
δS = Interference fit of inner race on shaft
Do = Mean outer-race diameter
δH = Interference fit of outer race in housing
dS = Shaft inside diameter
d = Bearing bore diameter
D H = Housing outside diameter
do = Mean inner-race diameter
D o = Mean outer-race diameter
dS = Shaft inside diameter
DH = Housing outside diameter
α = Contact angle

Tapered Roller Bearings δS = Interference fit of inner race on shaft
Axial loss of internal clearance due to fit effects of inner race δH = Interference fit of outer race in housing
mounted on a solid or hollow shaft:
K = Bearing K-factor
Solid Shaft: d = Bearing bore diameter
( )( )
K d
EPLoss = ––– –– δS
0.39 do do = Mean inner-race diameter

{ }
( )
Hollow Shaft: dS 2
Do = Mean outer-race diameter
1 - –––
( )( )

K d d
EPLoss = ––– ––– –––––––––– δS dS = Shaft inside diameter
( )
0.39 do
1 - dS 2 DH = Housing outside diameter
–––
do
For special applications, where a very accurate setting is required
Outer race mounted in a thin wall section housing: (high-speed coilers, mill drives, side trimmers, slitters, etc.), the
spacer width adjustment is tightly controlled based on measured
( )( ) { }
( )
D 2 component sizes that influence the interference fit. This practice,
1- ––– referred to as custom setting, helps minimize the influence of the

K Do DH
EPLoss = ––– ––– –––––––––– δH interference fit range in the setting.
( )
0.39 D 2
1 - Do With a tapered-bore tapered roller bearing mounted on roll
–––
DH necks, the fit and final mounted setting are controlled by the
final position of the cone against the backing ring. For tapered
Note bore bearings, the interference fit is controlled within a very
For single-row bearings, multiply by 0.5 to get the small tolerance range that results in a tightly controlled mounted
effect on one row. internal clearance.
Fit Effect (one row) inner race mounted on a solid shaft:
( )( )
K d
EPLoss = 0.5 ––– –– δS
0.39 do
DH
Do D
do
d dS
Fig. 134. Tapered roller bearing nomenclature.

Influence of Temperature Spherical and Cylindrical

Bearing setting during operation is known as the operating Roller Bearings
bearing setting and is the result of change in the ambient bearing If the temperature differential between the inner and outer rings
setting due to thermal expansion encountered during service. during operation is not known, thermal effects can be estimated
for normal load conditions as follows:
Once a bearing is properly mounted, we must account for the
steady-state condition when the system has reached its operating
temperature. It is important to determine the expected operating
Spherical Roller Bearings
temperature gradient between the shaft and housing in order to ΔT = 13 º C (55 º F) when the operating speed is greater than two-
calculate the change of bearing internal clearance. This gradient thirds of the catalog reference speed.
can vary greatly from one type of application to another.
Thermal effects are approximated based on bearing size and

Cylindrical Roller Bearings
rotational speed. In some cases, the thermal effect on operating ΔT = 10 º C (50 º F) when the operating speed is greater than two-
clearance is neglected if there is no real temperature gradient thirds of the catalog reference speed.
across the bearing. Loss of bearing internal clearance effects
can be represented by: Thermal effects on operating radial internal clearance are more
accurately predicted based on actual operating data or with
Clearance loss = α (ΔT) Do Timken modeling software.
where:
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
ΔT = Temperature difference between shaft/inner ring and

housing/bearing outer race
Do = Mean inner-race diameter
Spherical and cylindrical bearings should not operate with

negative internal clearance (preload). Thermal effects should
be carefully considered when selecting the bearing RIC. If the
influence of temperature may lead to negative internal operating
clearance, a larger RIC should be considered.

Tapered Roller Bearing If the application operating temperatures of a tapered roller

bearing are not known, lateral losses due to thermal changes at
When the temperature gradient between the inner and outer rings
operating conditions can be estimated by calculating the bearing
is known, the loss of endplay is determined as follows:
rib speed, and determining the corresponding default temperature

= α ΔT
{( K1
–––– x –––
0.39 2) (
Do1 K2 Do2
+ –––– x –––
0.39 2 )} ±L
gradient as given in table 6.
Rib speed = Mean rib dia. x π x speed (RPM)

where:
Estimated mean rib diameter = (d + D) / 2 (fig. 137)
L = Distance between bearing geometric center-lines
Use positive values for direct mounting (fig. 135) and negative
values for indirect mounting (fig. 136).
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
Do = Mean cup diameter
Mean rib diameter

ΔT = Temperature gradient between cone and cup
D d
1 2
Do
Fig. 137. Mean rib diameter estimation.

L
Table 6. Default ΔT Versus Rib Speed
Fig. 135. Direct mounting.
Rib Speed ΔT
m/min. (fpm) º C (º F)
0 - 600 (0 - 2000) 5.5 (10)
600 - 900 (2000 - 3000) 11.0 (20)
1 2
900 - 1200 (3000 - 4000) 16.5 (30)
Do For rib speeds above 1200 m/min. (4000 fpm), contact your
Timken engineer.
Fig. 136. Indirect mounting.

advanced analysis
Advanced Analysis Minimum Chock Section

Timken developed several advanced analysis tools, including Thickness
Syber, and heat-transfer models based on our long experience in Timken engineers have established empirical relationships
bearing calculations. This leads to more accurate life calculations for minimum chock thickness. There are situations where the
by taking into account the environment of the bearing (fig. 138). designer may not be able to maintain the minimum thickness for
In addition, these advanced modeling tools more accurately many reasons. In such cases FEA provides insight into predicting
calculate the deflections and stresses within the bearing. actual stresses and deformations for a particular chock geometry
subjected to maximum loads.
For more accurate results, perform a finite element analysis (FEA)
on the bearing housing. The chock is modeled so its behavior and
the resultant stresses are determined under different loading
conditions. Displacements are then calculated and the effect on
bearing life is assessed.
Fig. 138. Roll neck bearing-chock system as modeled in Syber (a bearing analysis tool developed by Timken).
Maximum Loaded Roller

Stress Calculation
Bearing raceway stress and stress distribution are key indicators
of bearing performance. Using proprietary analysis tools,
Timken engineers evaluate the raceway contact stresses in
the bearing. The chock stiffness obtained from FEA is used for
this purpose.
When using multi-row bearings in metal processing applications,

it is essential to have even distribution of loads among the rows.
Uneven load sharing among the rows may lead to premature
damage due to geometric stress concentration (GSC). Using FEA
with Timken proprietary analysis tools, the load distribution across
the bearing rows is calculated and the influence on bearing life
and minimum chock sections obtained.

advanced analysis
Evaluation of the Chock Bore

Deformation
The deformation pattern in the chock bore always is uneven due
to the variation in the cross section. This differential deformation
impacts the bearing performance. This phenomenon is analyzed
with FEA (fig. 139) and with Timken’s available proprietary analysis
tools (fig. 140).
Fig. 139. Finite element chock stress analysis and finite element deformation.
In some cases, such analysis shows that even under significant

chock deformation, bearing life can be greater than the
expected life.
Advanced analysis is not carried out for every bearing calculation,

but is restricted to critical applications. For more information on
finite element analysis, please contact your Timken engineer.
Fig. 140. Roller loads resulting from chock deflections.


lubrication and sealing
LUBRICATION AND SEALING

The following topics are covered in the this section:
••Lubrication.
••Lubrication fundamentals.
••Main lubricant characteristics.
••Lubrication selection.
••Sealing.
••Sealing types.
••Sealing systems.
Oil level
Static bore sea

lubrication
Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

Lubrication is essential to achieve successful performance and Lubrication controls friction and wear between adjacent bearing
expected life from your roller bearings. Effective lubrication surfaces by developing a lubricant film.
depends on several considerations, including the lubricant’s
physical and chemical properties, the quantity required and the The formation of a very thin elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubricant
method of delivering the lubricant to the bearing. film between adjacent surfaces depends on the elastic
deformation of these surfaces and the hydrodynamic properties
The presence of water and rolling solutions in roll neck of the lubricant itself.
applications requires robust sealing arrangements. See page
110 for further details. When load applies to a bearing, the surfaces of the roller and
race elastically deform and contact over a finite area. The contact
between two elastic bodies (referred to as a Hertizan contact)
Lubrication Fundamentals gives rise to a pressure distribution over the region of contact
Bearing lubricants provide the following functions: with the maximum Hertizan pressure at the center (fig. 141).
••Minimize rolling resistance of the rolling elements and Hertizan pressure

raceway by separating the surfaces.
••Minimize sliding friction occurring between rolling

elements, raceways and cage. Roller
••Heat transfer (with oil lubrication).
••Corrosion protection.
Lubrication also can function as a sealant (with grease
Ring
lubrication), helping the seal keep liquid and solid contaminants Hertizan
out of the bearing cavity. region
Fig. 141. Pressure distribution over contact area.

European REACH compliance
Typical maximum Hertizan pressure in rolling element bearings
Timken-branded lubricants, greases and similar products sold
loaded to capacity can exceed 1400 MPa. Hydrodynamic fluid
in stand-alone containers or delivery systems are subject to the
pressures are generated in the inlet region just ahead of the
European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and
Hertizan deformation area (fig. 142).
Restriction of CHemicals) directive. For import into the European
Union, Timken can sell and provide only those lubricants and
Pressure
greases registered with ECHA (European Chemical Agency). For
more information, please contact your Timken engineer.
WARNING
Failure to observe the following warnings could Speed
create a risk of death or serious injury.
h h min.
Always follow installation instructions and maintain Speed
proper lubrication.
Inlet zone Hertizan region Outlet zone
Fig 142. Hydrodynamic fluid pressure separates contact surfaces.

lubrication
In the contact region, the hydrodynamic fluid pressure tries to The major factors influencing lubricant-film thickness include
separate the two surfaces while the load tries to force them operating viscosity and speed. Load has less influence. The
together. The high contact pressure in the inlet zone produces generated EHD film thickness is generally quite small at a few
a rapid rise in viscosity, which results in sufficiently high tenths of μm or μin. Often, the EHD film is only slightly greater
hydrodynamic film pressures that separate the two surfaces. than the height of the individual asperities (surface roughness)
Within the contact area, the lubricant pressure can increase to due to the roughness of the surfaces in contact.
the point where the fluid may behave as a semi-solid. The effect
of high pressure on increasing viscosity is not uniform for all When surfaces are not fully separated, the EHD film leaves local
lubricants and depends on the pressure-viscosity coefficient areas of asperity contact that are vulnerable for the initiation of
characteristics of the particular fluid. surface fatigue.
The fatigue life of a bearing is related to speed, load, lubricant,

Film Thickness on the Raceway temperature, setting and misalignment. Speed, viscosity and
temperature primarily determine the lubricant's role in this
The EHD lubrication mechanism is important because the
interaction. The effect of these factors on bearing life can be
lubricant-film thickness between the two contacts relates to the
dramatic. In testing, two bearing groups were subjected to
bearing operating conditions.
constant speed and load conditions. Different film thicknesses
The thickness of the generated film depends on the following were achieved by varying operating temperature and oil grade
operating conditions (ranked by influence): and, as a result, oil operating viscosity. Life was dramatically
reduced at higher temperatures, with lower viscosity and thinner
1. Surface velocity resultant films (table 7).
2. Lubricant viscosity
Table 7. Relative bearing fatigue life versus EHD film
3. Pressure-viscosity relationship thickness (constant speed – variable temperature)
The following include the analytical relationships for calculating Test

Temperature Visc. @ EHD Film (hmin.)
Test Temp. Life Percent
the minimum and the average film thickness: Group
º C (º F) cSt (SUS) μm (mil)
Minimum film thickness (Dowson's equation): A-1 135 (275) 2.0 (32) 0.038 (0.0015) 13 - 19
A-2 66 (150) 19.4 (95) 0.264 (0.0104) 100

hmin. = 2.65 x (μ x V)0.7 x α0.54 x W-0.13 x R0.43 x E'-0.03
Average film thickness (Grubin's equation): Another test made at constant temperature on two groups of
bearings (table 8) demonstrates that in this case a higher speed
h

()
E'
= 1.95 x ––– x R0.364 x (α x μ x V)0.727
W
generates a higher film thickness and a higher life.
Table 8. Relative bearing fatigue life versus EHD film

where: thickness (variable speed – constant temperature)
h, hmin.= Average and minimum film thickness in m Test Speed EHD Film (hmin.)
Life Percent
Group rev/min. μm (mil)
μ = Lubricant viscosity in Ns/m2
B-1 3600 0.102 (0.0040) 100
V = Relative surface velocity in m/s B-2 600 0.028 (0.0011) 40
α = Lubricant pressure viscosity coefficient

(2.2 x 10-8 m2/N is a usual value)
W = Load per unit length in N/m

1
R = ––––––––– , R1, R2 surface radii of curvatures in m
1/R1 + 1/R2
E' = Reduced Young's modulus. E' = 2.2 x 1011 N/m2

for steel on steel

lubrication
Film Thickness at Sliding Contact Lambda Ratio (λ)

(Rib and Roller-End Contact) Lubrication-film thickness is a very important factor in maintaining
To ensure good bearing performance, particularly in tapered roller the performance of a bearing. Film thickness, combined with the
bearings, the contact area between the large end of the roller and composite surface finish of the roller and raceway in contact,
the cone rib also must be separated by an adequate lubricant are used to determine the lambda ratio. The lambda ratio is used
film. The contact stresses at the rib and roller-end juncture are as a life adjustment factor for lubrication in bearing system
much lower than those developed on the bearing raceways (fig. analysis and proves helpful in diagnosing application problems.
143). However, there are applications where the lubricant film in
the cone rib/roller-end contact may be insufficient for preventing Film thickness
λ = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
asperity contact. If severe enough, this can result in scoring and/or Composite roughness of two surfaces
welding of the asperities. This may be related to speed, oil viscosity,
load or inadequate lubricant supply to the cone rib/roller contact. where:
If you expect severe operating conditions, using a lubricant with The composite roughness is the sum of the two surfaces
an extreme-pressure (EP) additive may help prevent scoring in contact.
damage in the cone rib/roller-end contact. EP additives are
The optimal lambda ratio for a bearing and lubricant depends on
chemically complex materials that, when activated by localized
the application’s operating conditions. For typical rolling bearing
high temperatures, form a low shear-strength film at the contact
applications, a λ ratio of 1.5 is considered to be sufficient to
that helps prevent scoring.
separate the contact surfaces and indicates that the lubrication
film thickness is 1.5 times the combined asperity height. A λ ratio
less than 1.0 may allow asperity contact to occur, which under
Sliding contact
extreme application conditions could potentially lead to roller
and race peeling damage (fig. 144).
Roller Roller
Rolling contact
h
Race Race
λ < 1.0 λ > 1.0

Fig 143. Illustration of rolling and sliding contact.
Fig. 144. Visual representation of film thickness (h) in conditions
where the lambda ratio is less than and greater than 1.0.
Thickness of the generated film depends on operating conditions

such as:
••Temperature: Higher temperatures reduce the viscosity of

the lubricant.
••Lubricant viscosity: Heavier lubricants increase total

friction in the application.
••Surface finish: Rougher finishes may not be completely

covered by the lubricant.

lubrication
Main Lubricant Characteristics Pressure Viscosity Coefficient

Pressure viscosity is the change of a lubricant's viscosity under
Viscosity pressure. It is calculated as:
Viscosity is the most important physical property of a lubricant. It μ = μ0 eασ
is a measure of a lubricant's flow characteristics and relates to
its consistency. Viscosity varies inversely with temperature; the where:
lower the temperature, the higher the viscosity (fig. 145).
μ = Viscosity at contact pressure
VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION COMPARISON
μ0 = Viscosity at atmospheric pressure
10000
2000
1500 1500
7500 e = Base of natural logarithm (e ≅ 2.718)
5000
1000 1000
800
250 min. 4000 α = Lubricant pressure-viscosity coefficient
680 3000
600
140
2000
σ = Contact pressure
400 460
Viscosity, Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 38˚ C (100˚ F)

300 320 1500
ISO VISCOSITY SYSTEM
Kinematic Viscosity, Centistokes (cSt) at 40˚ C (104˚ F)
220 90 1000 500000

200 50
100000 ISO/ASTM Viscosity System
150 150 700 For Industrial Fluid Lubricants 200000
40 85W min. 20000 ISO 3448
500 50000
100 100 ASTM D2422
400 5000 Assumes 90 Viscosity Index
80 30 10000
68 300 1000 5000
60 80W min.
500 2000
46 20 200
40 200 1000
Viscosity, Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS)

32 150
Kinematic Viscosity, Centistokes (cSt)
30 100 500
10W min. 70W min.
20 22 100 50
5W min. 200
SAE ISO VG
15 15 Gear Oil 75
SAE 20 680 100
Crankcase Oils 60 460
10 10 320 75
8 50 10 220
7 ISO/ASTM Grade Designations 150 50
6
ISO/ASTM Viscosity Range 100
5 40 Viscosity Grade cSt (mm2/s) at 40ºC* 68
4 5.00
1500 1350-1650 46 40
3 4.00 1000 900-1100
3
35 680 612-748 32
3.00 460 414-506
2 33 320 288-352 35
2
220 198-242
ISO/ASTM 2.00
150 135-165 33
Viscosity Grade 100 90-110
68 61-75
46 41-51
1.50 32 29-35
Fig. 145. Comparison between ISO/ASTM grades (ISO 3448/ASTM 22 20-24
D2442) and SAE grades (SAE J 300-80 for crankcase oils, *Rounded off to the nearest
whole number
SAE J 306-81 for axle and manual transmission oils). 1.00
0 50 100 150
Temperature Degrees Celsius
Viscosity Index (V.I.) 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300
The viscosity index helps define the rate of viscosity change 210
Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit
with fluctuations in temperature (fig. 146). Ideally, lubricants
used in metals applications should have a high viscosity Fig. 146. Viscosity change with temperature.
index so they can perform successfully across a wide range
of operating temperatures, from a cold start to maximum
running temperatures.

lubrication
Lubricant Additives Lubrication Selection

Chemical additives are often used to improve specific lubricant Proper lubrication depends on loads, speeds, temperatures,
properties, such as viscosity index. However, inorganic additives environmental conditions and the type of lubrication-delivery
have no significant benefits in most bearing applications. Fatigue system. Both grease and oil have advantages and disadvantages
testing shows that additives may have positive or negative impact that you should consider when selecting the right lubricant for
on bearing life. When using additive, take care to consider the your application.
possible negative consequences on bearing performance.
Types of lubricant additives include: Grease Lubrication

Grease is a semi-solid product obtained by dispersion of a
••Oxidation inhibitors: Interrupt oxidation by absorbing thickener in a base oil. Therefore, grease properties are linked
oxygen.
to the nature of the gelling agent and to the liquid lubricant.
••Rust/corrosion inhibitors: Block corrosion by creating a Most grease types also contain additives to obtain specific
barrier to water or emulsifying water. characteristics, such as water resistance or extreme-pressure
••Demulsifiers: Separate water from lubricant. capabilities.
••Viscosity-index improvers: Decrease viscosity sensitivity to Many different types of grease exist, depending on the thickener
temperature. and the base oil used. To select the right grease, consider its
EHD film thickness in operating conditions. This film thickness is
••Pour-point depressants: Lowers the point at which a directly linked to the viscosity of the base oil.
lubricant will pour or flow.
••Anti-wear agents: Phosphorous compounds used in Advantages:

hydraulic fluids to reduce wear.
••Lower system cost.
••Extreme-pressure additives: Sulphur-phosphorous
compounds activated by localized high temperatures. Ideal ••Additive sealing properties.
for gears or other sliding contact applications. ••Less probability of leakage.
••Tackiness agents: Improve adhesive properties. •• Improved protection in case of extended non-running
periods.
Disadvantages:
••Speed limitations.
••Heat dissipation capability.
••Retains contamination particles.
••Greater maintenance time for cleaning.
••Grease disposal.
Starting torque in grease-lubricated applications typically
increases significantly at cold temperatures. Starting torque is
primarily a function of the rheological properties of the grease
(flow characteristics versus temperature).
The high-temperature limit for grease is generally a function of

the thermal and oxidation stability of the base oil in the grease
and the effectiveness of the oxidation inhibitors.

lubrication
Grease type Required initial grease quantity

Grease-lubricated steel mill equipment, roll necks and auxiliary To avoid excessive heat generation, don't over grease the bearing.
equipment, such as table rolls, can be lubricated with EP steel The required quantity of grease is based on the free internal
mill grease. Because of the nature of metal mill equipment, the volume of the bearing,
grease must be a heavy-duty product capable of withstanding
heavy loads and abnormal shock loading. Calculated as:
( )

Suggested EP steel mill grease properties π M
V = ––– x (D2 - d2) x T - –––
4 A
Soap type: Lithium, calcium, sulfonate or equivalent
Consistency: NLGI No. 1 or No. 2 Where:
Additives: Corrosion and oxidation inhibitors V = Free volume in the bearing (cm3 [in.3])
EP additive (1)
D = Outer-race O.D. (cm [in.])
Base oil: Solvent-refined petroleum or synthetic oil
d = Inner-race bore (cm [in.])
Base oil viscosity: Usually 320 to 460 cSt (at 40º C [104º F])
T = Overall width (cm [in.])
Viscosity index: 80 minimum
M = Bearing weight (kg [lb.])
Pour point: -10º C (14º F) maximum
A = Average steel density: 0.0078 kg/cm3 (0.282 lb./in.3)
(1) ASTM D-2509: 15.8 kg (35 lb) minimum Timken OK Load
EP steel mill grease contains EP additives to prevent scoring To determine the corresponding weight of grease, approximate
under severe service conditions. The grease should have the grease density to 0.9 kg/dm3 (0.032 lb./in.3).
excellent mechanical and chemical stability and should not readily
Roller bearings are filled with grease from one-third to one-half
emulsify or washout in the presence of water or mill emulsion. It
of their free internal volume, depending on the application. For
should contain inhibitors to provide long-term protection against
speeds below 10 RPM, fill the bearing 100 percent of the free
grease oxidation in high-temperature applications and protect
internal volume. This also applies to the space adjacent to the
the bearings from corrosion in the presence of moisture. The
bearing. However, this is not applicable to applications where
grease should not contain materials corrosive or abrasive to
synthetic greases might be used or where the builder has defined
roller bearings or seal material.
a specific lubrication cycle.
Fig. 147. Timken grease offering.

lubrication
Regreasing Grease lubrication layout for low- and medium-

Over-greasing generates excessive heat and the bearing can speed mills
burn up. After initially filling the bearing with grease, consider Figs. 148 and 149 show the arrangement normally used with a
the following parameters to determine the normal regreasing centralized grease lubrication system. The lubricant is applied to
requirements: the bearing through the ports (1 and 2). Grease is applied to the
closure seals through port (3) for the sealing. Air-relief vents are
••Temperature. provided near the top of the chock, through fittings (4).
••Seal efficiency.
4
••Contamination. 3
4
General guidelines for regreasing depend on the efficiency of
the sealing system and are based on experience. It is general
practice to regrease roll neck bearings at every roll change for
unsealed bearings and at every bearing inspection (about 500 to
1000 hours) for sealed roll neck bearings.
When replenishing grease, we suggest the following guidelines:
••Open (un-sealed) bearing: one-third of initial fill every roll

change.
••Sealed bearing: one-third of initial fill every bearing 1

inspection.
2
Use one-third of initial fill with the bearing in chock and 100
percent of initial fill if the bearing has been cleaned if refilling
Fig. 148. Chock lubrication and venting layout for TQOW bearings
between normal maintenance operations. in low-medium speed mills (section view).
3
4
1 2
Fig. 149. Chock lubrication and venting layout for TQOW bearings
in low-medium speed mills (front view).

lubrication
Compatibility of grease Oil Lubrication

Avoid mixing greases with differing grades or additives. This may There are five basic types of oil lubricating systems used in Timken
cause interactions that degrade grease properties. Maintenance bearing mill applications: air-oil lubrication, oil-mist lubrication,
personnel and end users also should make sure that when oil bath, oil splash and forced-feed oil lubrication. The selection
switching from one bearing grease type to another, the former of a particular type of system is based on thermal considerations
should be completely cleaned out before the new grease or the ability of the system to remove the heat generated by the
is applied. bearing and/or the gear system in the application.
Note Advantages:
Mixing greases can result in improper bearing lubrication. Always
follow the specific instructions of your equipment supplier. ••Heat dissipation capability (while circulating).
••Removes contamination particles.
Timken grease offering ••Controllable oil levels or flows.
We offer a wide range of lubricants and delivery devices for metal ••Cooling and filtering possibilities.
production facilities (fig. 150).
••Oil inlets (jets) can be directed on critical locations.
Our full line of lubricants includes greases specifically formulated Disadvantages:
for mill applications. We also offer single- and multi-point
lubricators that simplify maintenance operations and help reduce ••Higher system cost.
occurrences of bearing damage or total seizure due to insufficient
lubrication. Contact your Timken engineer for more information
••Need for improved sealing systems to guard
against leakage.
on specific formulas available.
Fig. 150. Timken lubrication offering.

lubrication
Air-oil lubrication systems

In recent years, air-oil lubrication has become a popular solution
Oil Entry
for multi-row tapered (fig. 151) and cylindrical (fig. 152) roll
neck bearings.
Typically, the air-oil system may be safely operated with a

maximum rolling speed of about 2100 m/min. (6900 ft./min.). Higher-
speed applications may require special attention and testing.
The advantage of an air-oil lubrication system is its reliability

to supply a constant quantity of oil to the bearings at all times. Fig. 152. Air-oil layout with four-row cylindrical roller bearing
This reliability is essential for a lubrication system designed to and TDIK type bearings.
consume small quantities of oil. It also is more environmentally
friendly than oil-mist lubrication. Oil quantities
The oil is transported along the inside wall of a pipe and is For heavily loaded and low-speed mills, air-oil lubrication systems
distributed via nozzles mounted in the chock. Oil droplets are allow very high oil viscosities to be selected (about 460 cSt at
effectively distributed among the different lubrication points in 40° C [104° F] or more) as the oil no longer has to be in mist form.
the chock. The quantity of oil entering through the main entry Oil consumption is usually lower, according to equipment
hole of the chock needs to be evenly shared among the different suppliers, when compared with the quantity of oil consumed
bearing rows and seal-lip positions. by an oil-mist system. These quantities are based on equations
The air pressure inside the bearing chamber (about 0.2 to 0.3 bar) developed by air-oil systems suppliers and should be discussed
can also be an added barrier against the ingress of the rolling and defined with the supplier.
coolant, depending on the sealing and/or venting system. Obtain an approximation of the oil-flow rate by using the
If upgrading from an oil-mist to air-oil lubrication system, pay following equation:
particular attention in removing the oil-mist nozzles from the V = 0.00005 x bearing O.D. (mm) x bearing width (mm)
bearing or from the chocks.
Vm3/hr. = 0.002 x bearing O.D. (in.) x bearing width (in.)
Typical layouts
As in all other lubrication systems, the proper air-oil quantities
are finally set when the mill is tested in operation. The initial
Oil entry calculation primarily defines the size of the installation.
The quantity of oil required must be evaluated to effectively

lubricate the bearing races and rollers. This minimum quantity of
oil is based on the surface of the bearing races to be coated. The
risk of having insufficient oil available at any moment is reduced
by the presence of the minimum oil level in the bottom of the
chock in the safety oil sump, which is usually specified with this
type of lubrication system.
The position of the oil level in the bottom of the chock must be
properly controlled to avoid additional heating due to oil churning
(particularly for high-speed mills). Usually the level should be just
above the bearing outer races, as shown in fig. 153.
Vent and oil level
Inner seal
vent and drain
Oil drainage
Fig. 151. Air-oil layout with TQIT type bearings (layout is the same
for TQO type bearings).

lubrication
The small quantities of oil used in air-oil lubrication systems are Oil-mist lubrication systems
not capable of removing the heat generated in the bearing system
On roll necks, oil-mist lubrication systems are used when
of high-speed mills. The equilibrium temperature will depend
conventional grease lubrication is no longer safe and reliable
almost entirely on the heat dissipation capacity of the bearing’s
due to the operating speeds of the work roll and/or backup
surrounding parts (chocks and rolls) to be able to operate at a
roll bearings.
stabilized bearing operating temperature that is still considered
safe. Our experience shows that our bearings can operate safely In recent years, it has become a less-common system due
at temperatures up to 130° C (266° F). to environmental considerations, but it is still used on some
older mills.
The oil is atomized into fine particles (about 2 μm [80 μin.]) in

an oil-mist generator (fig. 154). Next, the oil is conveyed by the
low-velocity and low-pressure (nominal 0.05 bar) air stream to
the nozzles located in the drillings provided in the chocks. These
nozzles (usually three or four per chock) should be located in
Oil level
the chock bore in line with the lubricant entries provided in the
bearings and seals, as shown in fig. 155 (on next page). These
nozzles also can be located in the bearing outer ring.
Fig. 153. Proper oil level in an air-oil lubrication system.
Ventury Baffle Manifold
Oil characteristics for air-oil systems
Air inlet
Base oil: Solvent-refined, high viscosity index Mist outlet
petroleum oil
Additives: Corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, Heavy oil particles

EP additive (1)
Oil lift tube
Viscosity index: 80 minimum
Oil reservoir
Pour point: -12° C (40° F) maximum
Viscosity grade: 320 – 460 cSt at 40° C suggested Fig. 154. Principle of the oil-mist generation.

lubrication
Typical layout Oil characteristics (for oil-mist systems)
The nozzle ensures proper distribution and control of the amount Base oil: Solvent-refined, high viscosity index
of oil-mist. This is achieved by the number/length/size of the holes petroleum oil
per nozzle and the distribution of these nozzles among the various
points to be lubricated in a given chock (usually two per bearing Additives: Corrosion and oxidation inhibitors,
and one or two for the seal lips). EP additive (1)
The required quantity of oil is not specifically calculated based Viscosity index: 80 minimum
on heat generation within the bearing, but rather according to
Pour point: -12° C (10° F) maximum
the size and the number of rows of the bearing. However, the
minimum expected amount of oil to be consumed is established Viscosity grade: 220 – 320 cSt at 40° C (104° F) suggested
based on the oil-mist density defined by the manufacturers of
the oil-mist generators.
Additionally, nozzles increase the size of the fine oil particles

suspended in the low-velocity air stream just before entering
Oil-bath and oil-splash lubrication systems
the bearing. This is achieved by the turbulence created by the This is the simplest type of lubrication system, but also the most
velocity increase when the oil mist passes through the nozzle limited. The bearings are partially submerged in a static oil
holes, or what are otherwise called reclassifying nozzles. It is reservoir, or oil bath. These systems are typically suitable for
important to provide adequate venting in the chock, so as not to low- and moderate-speed applications (less than 18 m/s [3400 ft./
disturb the pressure drop through the nozzle holes and the mist min.] rib speed) and have limited ability to transfer heat. Sealing
velocity increase. The vent-holes area should be at least twice plays a major role in the proper functioning of oil-bath systems
the area of all nozzle holes in the system. since a minimum oil level must be maintained (fig. 156 on next
page). Take proper care when selecting seals for their equipment.
The location of these venting holes will determine the minimum oil It is suggested to provide a provision for a sight glass to monitor
level within the bearing. This oil level is required during the start- the oil level at any point in time particularly in critical applications.
up phase. It also is suggested to ensure that this level exists when
starting the mill after an extended long period of non-operation. Oil-bath and oil-splash lubrication systems are found on drives,
pinion stands and coilers. Oil refill is not frequently required in
Nozzle these systems. It is very important to ensure effective sealing to
Oil entries
maintain an adequate oil level and prevent contamination.
You can improve heat dissipation if the oil is splashed on the

entire inner surface of the housing. Most of the time, the gears
will handle this job. The goal is to recapture the oil and channel
it to the bearing. You can achieve this by the use of oil-catching
devices. To maintain an oil level in the bearing, you can use oil-
dam systems, as shown in fig. 157 on next page.
Oil-splash systems can be used at moderately high bearing

speeds (up to 20 m/s [3900 ft./min.] rib speed) if properly designed
Vent and oil level with a large oil reservoir and large cooling surfaces. The
housing design also will play a major influence on the degree of
Oil drainage cooling provided.
Vent and drain

Fig. 155. Typical oil-mist passages.

lubrication
Oil characteristics (for oil-bath and oil-splash)
The oil is primarily selected from a viscosity standpoint that is

dictated by the application's speed, load and environmental
factors.
Since viscosity varies inversely with temperature, the viscosity

value must always be defined in relation to the expected operating
temperature, which also is linked to the initial oil viscosity. In
most of the above mentioned applications, using an oil-bath
system with petroleum-type oil (viscosity between 220 and 460
Oil level cSt at 40° C [104° F]) is generally suggested. Additives validated
to avoid negative impacts on bearing performance can be used
Fig. 156. Proper oil level in an oil-bath lubrication system.
to improve the oil behavior. The most common additives include:
Oil inlet hole ••EP additives to prevent scoring under boundary lubrication
conditions.
••Oxidation inhibitors for increasing lubricant service life.

••Rust or corrosion inhibitors to protect bearing surfaces.
••Anti-wear agents.
In gear drive applications, oil choice is often guided by the
gearing needs.
Oil dam
Fig. 157. Examples of catch trough and oil dam.

lubrication
Forced-feed oil lubrication systems Oil inlet hole

Forced-feed lubrication systems are used in applications in
which a high amount of heat needs to be dissipated due to the
operating parameters, like in medium- to high-speed gear drives.
Oil flow also can be gradually adapted to the required level of
heat dissipation. If necessary, you can add an oil-cooling unit.
In certain applications or environments, you might need to pre-

heat the oil to avoid start-up of machinery with too thick oil.
In a typical oil-circulation system (fig. 158), oil is pumped from
a central reservoir to each bearing. In tapered roller bearing
applications, to take advantage of the natural pumping action,
the oil is introduced at the small end of the bearing and drained
away at the large end.
Oil drain
This kind of circulation can be used for rib speeds up to 25 m/s
(5000 ft./min.). If the rib speed exceeds this value, as on very
Fig. 158. Oil circulation system.
high-speed drives or coilers, forced-feed systems with oil jets are
used (fig. 159). The position of the jets allow them to direct the oil
to the space between the cage and the small rib.
heat generation and dissipation Oil jet
Heat generation
Churning of excess lubricant can be the major source of heat
if filling instructions are not properly followed or if lubrication
intervals are not properly maintained. In a properly lubricated
bearing, the majority of heat is developed between the rolling
elements and the raceways.
The heat generated by a bearing is defined by the following

formula (product of running torque and bearing speed).
Qgen = k4n M
where:
Qgen = Generated heat W (BTU/min.)
M = Running torque N.m (lb.in.)

Oil drain
n = Rotational speed rev/min.
k4 = 0.105 for Qgen in W when M in N.m

Fig. 159. Forced-feed oil system with oil jet.
= 6.73 for Qgen in BTU/min. when M in lb.in. x 10-4

lubrication
Heat dissipation by the circulating oil
In a circulating-oil system, the oil removes the majority of the

heat. The following equation represents a good approximation of
the amount of heat removed by the circulating oil if the lubricant
properties are not known for petroleum oils. Consult your lubricant
provider for specific values.
Qoil = k5 f (θ0 - θi)
where:
k5 Dimensional factor to calculate heat carried away by

a petroleum oil Fig. 160. Bearing damage due to abrasive particles.
k5 = 28 for Qoil in W when f in L/min. and θ in º C
Bearings operating in a contaminated lubricant exhibit a high
= 0.42 for Qoil in BTU/min. when f in U.S. pt./min.
initial rate of wear. With no further contaminant ingress, this
and θ in º F
wear rate quickly diminishes as the contamination particles are
Qoil Heat dissipation rate of circulating oil W (BTU/min.) reduced in size when they pass through the bearing contact area
during operation.
θi Oil inlet temperature º C (º F)
In general, the important parameters influencing bearing
θo Oil outlet temperature º C (º F) wear are contaminant particle size, concentration, hardness
and lubricant-film thickness. Increases in all of these
f Lubricant flow rate L/min. parameters except film thickness will increase bearing wear.
(U.S. pt./min.) Increasing lubricant viscosity reduces bearing wear for a given
If the lubricant flow is unrestricted, the flow rate can freely pass contamination level.
through the bearing. The quantity of lubricant effectively cooling Filtration equipment is suggested for oil applications where
the bearing depends on bearing size and internal geometry, particle contamination is likely to have a significant effect on
direction of oil flow, bearing speed and lubricant properties. bearing performance. Nominally, 40 μm (1600 μin.) rated filters
In a splash or oil-bath lubrication system, heat is transferred are common for most industrial applications.
within the bearing through convection. The heat-dissipation
rate with this lubrication method can be enhanced through Water and rolling emulsions
the use of housing-cooling coils, a housing sump or a housing-
In lubricating oils or greases, dissolved or suspended water and
splash system.
rolling emulsions make a negative impact on bearing life.
influence of contaminants Water and rolling emulsions can cause corrosion and bearing
etching when the bearings are stationary. See page 122 for
further details.
Abrasive particles
The primary cause of bearing damage in a clean environment is Water and rolling emulsions also are detrimental to bearing
the fatigue of the races where rolling contact occurs. However, fatigue life. The exact life mechanism is not fully understood,
when particle contamination enters the bearing system, it is but it has been suggested that water and rolling emulsion
likely to cause damage such as bruising and peeling, which will enters microcracks in the bearing races, which are caused
shorten bearing life. by repeated stress cycles. This then leads to corrosion and
hydrogen embrittlement in the microcracks, which accelerates
Under these conditions, case-hardened steel is preferred, as it is crack propagation.
more tolerant to debris than through-hardened steel. Furthermore,
when dirt from the environment or metallic-wear debris from Using grease with good water-absorption properties can mitigate
some component in the application is allowed to contaminate the severity of bearing corrosion.
the lubricant, wear becomes the predominant cause of bearing
damage (fig. 160).

sealing
Sealing Seal Types

To maximize the service life of a bearing assembly, efficient
sealing is imperative. Dynamic seals, which are key components Contacting Seals
in a bearing system, have two functions: With contacting or rubbing seals, a physical contact occurs
between the sealing members. They are frequently used in the
••To exclude the contaminants from the bearing system. low- to medium-speed ranges where the heat generated by the
••To retain the lubricant inside the bearing. contact forces is acceptable.
The proper seal design depends on which of these two functions
During operation, a lubrication film must exist between the seal
is more critical, as well as bearing operating conditions.
lip and the seal seat. Otherwise, seal damage will quickly appear.
To select the proper seal design for any Timken bearing
There are two basic types of contacting seals – radial lip seals
application consider:
and face seals (fig. 161).
••The type of lubricant. Face seal
••The foreign material to be kept out of the bearing cavity. Lubricant entry
••The speed of the application.
••The expected operating temperature.
••The type of application.
••Other general environmental and operating conditions.
Foreign material, such as dust, scale or any hard, abrasive
substance, will act as a lapping agent and cause rapid bearing
wear. Water-based rolling solution (generally acidic) will
deteriorate the lubricant and seals, which results in bearing
damage as well as lubricant washout.
Radial lip seal Extended inner ring
The seal material needs to be checked for compatibility with the Fig. 161. Radial and face seal-lip configuration.
lubricant additives and the rolling solutions, whenever a change
is made to lubricant, rolling solutions or seal material type. Radial seal lips used in the rolling mill industry are mainly
manufactured with three different materials – Nitrile (NBR),
hydrogenated Nitrile (HNBR), and fluoroelastomer (FKM) or
(DuPont™ Viton®). These three materials can be used either for
mineral oils or for synthetic oils.
Nitrile seals are used for lip-seat speeds up to 14 m/s (2800 ft./min.)
and operating temperatures up to 100° C (212° F). Hydrogenated
Nitrile seals offer better performance and handle operating
temperatures up to 125° C (257° F). For applications that require
high thermal stability and chemical resistance, we suggest using
fluoroelastomer seals for operating temperatures up to 160° C
(320° F).
A correct lip efficiency is obtained with a lip-seat hardness of 45

to 60 HRC and a roughness Ra of 0.25 to 0.50 μm (10 to 20 μin.). The
seal seat must be plunge-ground to avoid any grind lead. These
suggestions help to establish and maintain a stable lubricant film,
preserve the surface texture and prevent excessive seat wear.
DuPont™ and Viton® are registered trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company or its affiliates.

sealing
Static seals
To obtain complete sealing of a bearing, consider utilizing static
seals between non-rotating parts. O-rings or compressible
gaskets situated between the outer ring (cup) cover and the
housing (chock) help achieve this.
Non-contacting Seals
Non-contacting seals include various types of labyrinth (fig. 162)
and hydrodynamic seals that maintain a clearance between the
sealing elements. Leakage through these seals depends on the
amount of clearance and the seals' ability to reduce the kinematic
energy of the fluid that may enter the labyrinth.
Labyrinth seals are available in a variety of configurations.

Theoretically, labyrinths act as leakage-reduction mechanisms,
but not leakage-elimination mechanisms. Labyrinth seal leakage
rates are directly proportional to radial clearance. Therefore,
these clearances should be kept to a minimum. Non contacting
seals often are proposed for high-speeds (above 25 m/s [5000
ft./min.]) where elastomeric contact seal-lips cannot be used.
Fig. 162. Labyrinth seal configuration.

sealing
Sealing Systems To have the seals remain with the chock and the bearing
assembly, use extended cones (TQOWE). This design permits
the chock and bearing to become a sealed-unit system. This also
Roll Necks
eliminates the usual problem of handling damage and rolled-over
Roll neck applications require a robust sealing arrangement at seal lips as the seals are kept on their seats during roll change.
the barrel roll side in both ferrous and non-ferrous mills. This is
especially important during wet rolling, where the rolling solution In addition to the extended ribs, you need a smaller backing ring
flows directly over the backing (fillet) ring, and for bearings to obtain a correct sealing arrangement. On the retaining ring
installed in a highly contaminated mill environment. Various side, whatever the retaining device, use one or possibly two
sealing designs can be used. For more information on seal designs radial seal lips.
not shown here, contact your Timken engineer.
The sealed bearing concept (fig. 164), which is completely
The sealing design depends on the available space between interchangeable with the Timken unsealed (open) bearing, helps
the bearing and the barrel roll face, which also corresponds to to decrease grease consumption and extend bearing life. An
the backing ring length. Many arrangements have been used additional seal fitted into the bearing will offer additional bearing
successfully to meet various types of operating conditions. protection, but it is still important to keep the chock's external
Most of these have one or two radial seal lips, sometimes in sealing arrangement well maintained.
combination with a face seal or labyrinth for additional protection.
You can receive sealed bearings with solid-cup spacers if they
Orientation of the seal lips differs depending on the lubrication don't need regreased during operation. See page 39 for more
system used. In oil-lubricated systems, the seal configuration details on sealed roll neck bearing solutions.
usually appears as shown in fig. 163. In grease systems, both lips
Static seal (O-ring)
are usually orientated away from the bearing.
Where a pair of radial seal lips is used as a unit in an oil

lubricated system, a separate lubricant entry between the two
seals is required to prevent lips from rotating on a dry seat. The
illustrated arrangement (fig. 163) could vary slightly depending
on the available space. The backing rings are generally mounted
tight on the roll necks to prevent the entry of the rolling solution Static bore seal Radial dynamic seal
through the backing ring bore. Fig. 164. Integrated sealed work roll bearing concept.
Fig. 163. Two radial seal-lip configuration.

sealing
Auxiliary Equipment
Auxiliary equipment, such as coilers, uncoilers, pinion stands and
reducers, are not exposed to highly contaminated environments.
In this case, simpler sealing arrangements are possible. Many
types and styles of radial seal lips are commercially available to
meet different sealing requirements.
In cleaner environments, where the primary requirement is the

retention of lubricant in the bearing housing, a single seal lip with
the lip pointing inward often is used (fig. 165).
In contaminated environments, the lip is usually pointed outward.

In even more critical environments, a double seal lip or possibly
Fig. 165. Single seal lip.
two seal lips are used. An additional labyrinth should be used as
primary sealing where extremely dirty conditions are present so
that the seal lip and sealing surface stay protected from wear
and premature lip-seal damage.
In the case of grease lubrication and a clean environment, you

can use metal stamping closures (fig. 166). In dirty environmental
conditions, these stampings are used in combination with other
closure elements to provide an effective labyrinth against the
entry of contaminant. For more efficient grease retention and
foreign-matter exclusion, use machined flingers with an annular
groove closure provided on the stationary part (fig. 167).
Fig. 166. Single seal lip plus labyrinth.
Fig. 167. Machined flinger combined with annular groove closure.


application challenges and enhanced bearing solutions
application challenges
and enhanced bearing
solutions
This section contains information on the following
topics:
••High-performance bearings.
••Contact fatigue.
••Debris.
••Lubrication.
••Corrosion.
••Precision rolling.
••High acceleration.

high-performance bearings
High-Performance bearings Targeting the most demanding environments, our high-

performance bearings are designed to provide:
Metals applications include ladle furnaces (basic oxygen
furnace [BOD]/argon oxygen decarbuization [AOD]), casters, ••Higher-value finished product.
rolling mill stands and auxiliary equipment such as gear drives,
coilers and shears. These demanding applications operate in
••Increased bearing performance and longer life.
tough environments. Potential challenges include heavy loads, ••Increased power density with more power throughput
shock loads, high speeds, acceleration, high temperatures, capacity in the same bearing envelope size.
debris contamination and corrosion that can adversely affect ••Reduced equipment maintenance and servicing costs.
the performance of standard bearings, prohibiting them from
reaching their full life potential.
••Increased equipment uptime and productivity.
You can implement high-performance bearings at any stage,
Timken enhanced-bearing solutions from prototype to end use, without requiring a system
help reduce overall equipment- redesign. Through sophisticated, application-focused analytical
design and operation costs. To tools, our engineers suggest the ideal product for your
increase bearing life and reliability, operating environment.
we offer high-performance bearing
solutions that apply proprietary Our high-performance bearing technology aims to improve
technology in materials, design, bearing service life by minimizing most of the primary damage
surface finishing, profiled contact modes caused by contact fatigue and overloading, marginal
geometry and coatings. These lubrication, corrosion and debris denting/contamination.
include DuraSpexx ® , debris
resistant bearings, engineered
surfaces (fig. 168), and corrosion
Fig. 168. Engineered surface
high-performance bearing. resistant bearings. Each bearing
solution is designed to enhance
performance for a specific set of primary damage modes. In
various environments, typical service life improvements from
one and one-half times to six times have been demonstrated.
Performance varies depending on applications and operating
environments.

contact fatigue
Contact Fatigue Point Surface Origin (PSO) Spalling

Point surface origin (PSO [fig. 170]) spalling is the result of very
Contact Fatigue Challenges high and localized contact pressure causing the bearing to
prematurely fatigue. The spalling damage is typically caused
Fatigue damage is the normal result of rolling contact, stress and
by the combination of boundary lubrication/thin-film operating
environmental conditions.
conditions with high stress at the microasperity contact points
Any bearing, under given operating conditions, possesses a from fatigue spalling, nicks, dents, debris, etching or hard particle
statistically calculated life expectancy based on laboratory contamination. PSO spalling is the most common spalling damage
testing and field experience. Refer to the Bearing Life Calculations and often propagates as an arrowhead-shaped spall due to oil film
and Related Analysis section on pages 67-93 for details on bearing hydraulic pressure that raises the metal and peels the surface.
life calculations.
Spalling is the pitting or flaking away of bearing material on the

races and the rolling elements.
There are many types of primary bearing damage that will

eventually deteriorate into a secondary damage mode of spalling.
We classify three distinct types of spalling damage.
Inclusion Origin Spalling

Inclusion origin spalling (fig. 169) results from material fatigue at
localized areas of the sub-surface following millions of alternate
loading cycles accelerated by the presence of non-metallic
inclusions in the steel. The damage appears in the form of
localized, elliptically shaped spalls. Fig. 170. Point surface origin spalling (PSO).
Fig. 169. Inclusion origin spalling.

contact fatigue
Geometric Stress Fig. 172 shows that the use of our super-clean steel can result in
Concentration (GSC) Spalling up to two times improvement in bearing life.
Geometric stress concentration (GSC) spalling (fig. 171) is the
Life Adjustment Factor – a2

3
result of misalignment, deflection or edge loading that initiates Life Adjustment Factor:
Timken Standard Material
high stress at localized regions of the bearing. The damage 2 vs. Super-Clean
occurs at the extreme edges of the race/roller paths and is usually 1

caused by problems with the shaft, housing or high loads.
0
Standard Steel Super-Clean Steel
Fig. 172. Clean steel effect on bearing life.
Our super-clean steel provides the benefit of extending bearing

fatigue life when limited by non-metallic inclusions (inclusion
origin spalling of the raceway).
Situations where super-clean steel provides the most benefits
include:
••Mill revamps with increased bending forces and existing

bearing envelopes are fixed.
••Gear drives, where increased horsepower can be

accommodated by using cleaner steel.
Fig. 171. Geometric stress concentration spalling.
••Applications that demand compact equipment design.
Contact Fatigue Solutions If the primary failure mode is not related to inclusion origin
spalling, the benefits of using super-clean steel may not be
In most cases, one or more enhancements alleviate contact
realized, such as in the following situations:
fatigue challenges and help maximize bearing life.
••High-misalignment/high-edge stresses.
Cleaner Steel ••Low lubricant-film/asperity contact.
If the damage is material-related, improved steel cleanness may ••Heavy debris contamination environments.
maximize bearing fatigue life. Non-metallic inclusions in bearing
steel serve as stress risers. The fewer and smaller the inclusions,
the less chance there is of one of these inclusions being in the
stressed volume below the surface. Consider super-clean bearing
steel for highly loaded applications. This type of steel also can be
combined with enhanced surface finishes and bearing profiles
to help maximize performance.

contact fatigue
Special Profiling Timken® Duraspexx® bearings

We routinely apply a profile to our bearing components to Timken® DuraSpexx® bearings (fig. 177) feature special finishes
minimize the edge stress that can occur at either the large or on the rollers, cone and cup races to help reduce surface-related
small end of the roller. These standard profiles help accommodate modes of damage point surface origin (PSO) and advanced
normal loads. geometry profiles to minimize edge stress concentrations caused
by high loads or misalignment. Coupled with enhanced materials
In certain application conditions, experiencing extremely high to reduce inclusion-related damage, these bearings can provide
loads or misalignment, you may need a special roller profile a relative life up to four times higher than our standard bearings.
to distribute the stress across the raceway more evenly. The
geometric stress concentration at the end of the roller contact
must be reduced significantly to minimize the potential for spalls
at the edge of the roller path (geometric stress concentration
[GSC] spalling).
Figs. 173 – 175 show the pronounced effect of adding special

profiling to a tapered roller bearing. This stress profile analysis
makes up one component of the Timken Syber Application
Analysis program.
Profile enhancement effect on bearing life

Fig. 177. DuraSpexx® bearings.
Fig. 173. Roller-race Fig. 174. Roller-race Fig. 175. Roller-race

stress distribution stress distribution stress distribution
under high load- with misalignment with special
standard profile. present – standard profiling to minimize
profile. effect of edge
loading.
Our enhanced profile technology can result in an improvement of

up to four times bearing life by providing more evenly distributed
stress (fig. 176) under high loads or misalignment.
5
Standard Geometry
Enhanced Profile Geometry
4
Relative Life
0
Load: 50% C(90) 100% C(90) 150% C(90) 200% C(90)
Misalignment: 0.001 Radians 0.002 Radians 0.003 Radians 0.004 Radians
Fig. 176. Profile enhancement effect on bearing life.

debris
Debris Roller
Ring
Debris Challenges Roller speed
Debris commonly causes premature bearing damage, particularly
in harsh rolling mill environments. Contaminants such as grit,
dirt, heat-treat scale and metallic wear particles from gears,
splines and failed or spalled components that come in contact Ring speed Lubricant
with bearing roller and raceway surfaces can create dents Hard contaminated particle Particle becomes trapped
(fig. 178). The damage that results from debris significantly in the lubricant is entering in the roller-ring contact zone.
deteriorates bearings, reduces fatigue life and ultimately causes the roller-ring contact zone. Under load, the particle
damages (indenting) the
bearing damage. surfaces.
Fig. 179. Graphical representation of dent formation.
Large particles travel through the bearing within the lubrication

and bruise the contacting surfaces.
The dents form shoulders – some severe – that act as

surface-stress risers, causing premature surface damage and
reducing bearing life (fig. 179). Metallic debris particles can
cause the most severe bearing damage for a given particle size
and concentration.
In many cases, our standard case-carburized bearings provide

superior performance by minimizing the impact of debris in a
given system. In fact, in controlled laboratory tests under identical
debris conditions, our standard bearings consistently equaled or
out-performed bearings from several major competitors.
In cases where significant debris problems exist, we offer an

advanced level of protection and performance – the Timken®
debris-resistant bearing. It is available in a wide variety of sizes
and bearing types.
Fig. 178. Debris damage on bearing raceways.

debris
Debris Solutions To help determine whether our debris-resistant bearings are

appropriate for your operating systems, our engineers have
developed computer-based analysis tools that allow them
Debris-resistant Bearings
to model the severity of your operations debris by reviewing
We created our debris-resistant bearings using a combination dents and other debris damage on a bearing’s raceway
of proprietary alloy and heat-treatment modifications and hard- surface (fig. 181). Conclusions from damage inspections
film coating technology to optimize their mechanical properties. provide more data from which to choose the most appropriate
Our debris-resistance technology interrupts adhesive wear and debris solution.
self-repairs microcracking, which can provide you with extended
life performance.
Debris-resistant bearings show increased performance up

to three times that of standard Timken bearings in a debris
environment under low-lubrication conditions (fig. 180).
Relative (L16) life in thin film
3.0
2.0 Tested with up to 3x life increase
1.0
0.0
Standard Standard Debris-resistant
baseline baseline bearing
(clean lube (in debris) (in debris)
reference)
Fig. 181. Field of indentation sites generated in our debris
Fig. 180. Fatigue test results – moderate debris. signature analysis program.
Our debris-resistant bearings typically come in tapered, spherical

and cylindrical bearing designs starting at 200 mm (7.874 in.)
outside diameter. Our debris-resistant bearings fit into your
application’s existing envelope size to help you avoid costly
redesigns. In addition, advanced manufacturing processes allow
us to offer them economically in both large and small quantities.
With our debris-resistant bearings, you can experience increased

bearing life and productivity without system redesign.

lubrication
Lubrication Lubrication Solutions

Lubrication Challenges Surface Finish Enhancement
Inadequate lubrication creates a wide range of damage Lubrication and lubrication film thickness are critical factors
conditions. Damage happens when the lubricant intended for a in maintaining proper bearing performance. Film thickness,
bearing is not sufficient enough to separate the rolling and sliding combined with the composite surface roughness of the roller
contact surfaces during service or when insufficient lubrication and raceway in contact determine the lambda (λ) ratio (fig. 144
is supplied. on page 98). If the lambda ratio is too small (less than 0.8), then
asperity contact may occur, which will potentially lead to roller
Tapered roller bearings also can experience another damage and race peeling damage (fig. 184) or PSO spalling.
mode that often is attributed to marginal lubrication called roller-
end scoring (fig. 182). While scoring damage may be attributed to
excessive preload or excess heat generation at the rib contact, it
is most frequently associated with the thin-film lubrication layer
separating the roller-end and rib contact.
Fig. 184. Roller peeling damage.
Fig. 182. Typical rib-roller end scoring on a tapered roller bearing. Our enhanced-finishing technology can generate up to four times
improvement in bearing life by smoothing and reducing the height
It is very important that the proper lubricant amount, type, grade,
of surface contact asperities (fig. 185).
supply system, viscosity and additives be defined for each bearing
system. The right selection is based upon history, loading, speeds, 6
sealing systems, service conditions and expected life. Without
5
proper consideration for these factors, less than adequate Standard finish
Enhanced finish
bearing and application performance may be expected. 4
Relative life
3
The damage caused by inadequate lubrication varies greatly in
both appearance and progression. Depending on the level of 2
damage, it may range from very light roller end or rib discoloration 1
(fig. 183) to total bearing seizure.
0
λ= 1.1 2.1 0.4 1.5 0.6 2.1
Test condition 1 Test condition 2 Test condition 3
Where:

Film thickness
λ = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Composite roughness of two surfaces
Fig. 185. Surface-finish enhancement impact on bearing life.
Fig. 183. Roller end and rib discoloration.

lubrication
Timken Engineered Surfaces

We create engineered surfaces (ES) through both topographical
modification (changing the surface finish) and special coatings.
Topographical modifications include our ES10 and ES20 processes.

These finishing methods reduce the surface roughness to levels
much lower than with conventional approaches. The smoother,
topographically modified surface (figs. 186 and 187) have fewer
prominent asperities (microscopic high spots) that can interact
with the surfaces of mating components as they come into
contact, helping to reduce friction and wear.
The engineered surfaces created through coatings (ES200 and Fig. 188. Coated bearings.
ES300 series) feature a thin film, nano-composite, metal-carbide
matrix having a thickness of 1 to 3 µm (40 to 120 µin.) that provides Bearings featuring our engineered surfaces are commonly used
extremely hard and low-friction surface properties. where optimal bearing performance and uptime are critical.
We apply the coatings (fig. 188) using a physical vapor deposition The combination ceramic- and polymer-like properties of our ES
process, creating a surface up to two times harder, yet more coatings inhibit microwelding and adhesive wear at the roller and
elastic, than steel. The coatings have a friction coefficient that is race interfaces, significantly minimizing metal-to-metal contact.
less than 50 percent that of steel in sliding experiments.
ES coatings can provide debris resistance, reduced friction
We apply our coatings at temperatures that do not affect the and torque at sliding or poorly-lubricated interfaces, reduced
hardness of the substrate material (less than 160° C [320° F]). component scuffing and smearing damage, increased life in
thin-film lubrication, decreased false brinelling wear and oil-out
protection.
We've tested and optimized ES coating formula for maximum

performance in challenging applications. Test data for bearings
featuring engineered surfaces verifies bearing life improvements
up to nine times over standard designs.
Fig. 186. Ground finish surface topography.
Fig. 187. ES20 finish surface topography.

lubrication • Corrosion
Appropriate Engineered Surface Corrosion

selection
The selection of the appropriate engineered surface finish or Corrosion Challenges
coating requires an evaluation of the application tribological A leading cause of antifriction bearing damage in roll neck
conditions. While greatly simplified, table 9 demonstrates how we applications is water-based corrosion damage.
consider the lubrication effectiveness (lambda) and contact mode
to select the proper type of finish or coating for an application. Water ingress causes line corrosion to occur at contacts between
raceways and roller bodies. Although water rarely presents
Table 9. Selecting the Proper Engineered a problem while bearings are in operation, a loss of lubricant
Surface Finish or Coating
film when the bearings remain stationary leaves little to no
Tribological Condition
Solution to Concern Mechanism
protection. Water that penetrates defective or damaged seals,
Damage Mode
or condensation that forms inside the chock due to temperature
Low /(thin film) Hard coated surface acts as changes, drains to the bottom of the chock and comes into
reduced fatigue life dissimilar material to reduce
due to poor or thin
ES302 coating
adhesive wear and polish contact with the rollers and raceway surfaces. This causes
on roller
film lubrication uncoated mating surfaces corrosion, starting in the form of black oxide, that is called staining
conditions increasing effective lambda ratio
(fig. 189). Most of the time, you can remove staining with a fine
ES200 or ES300 abrasive material and re-use the bearing. With longer exposure
Coating forms a barrier to
Scoring damage from coatings on roller
adhesive wear and to moisture, this corrosion will cause pitting of the bearing
loss of lubrication ends (sliding
reduces friction
surfaces)
material (fig. 190), which eventually leads to more severe damage
Hard coated surface acts as called etching (fig. 191). At this stage, the bearing must be either
dissimilar material to reduce
Reduced fatigue life ES300 or ES302
adhesive wear and reduce discarded or refurbished, depending on the depth of the damage.
due to debris coating on roller
shoulders height around debris
dents on uncoated raceways Poor storage conditions, together with improper washing and
False brinelling,
ES300 or ES302
Coating forms a barrier to drying when they are removed for inspection, also can cause
fretting, scuffing the adhesive wear mechanism
and smearing
coating on roller
on raceways considerable damage (fig. 192).
Fig. 189. Staining without Fig. 190. Pitting on roller.

pitting.
Fig. 191. Deep etching on an Fig. 192. Damage caused by

outer ring race. poor storage conditions.

corrosion
After cleaning and drying, you should coat bearings with oil or Corrosion Solutions
another preservative and wrap them in a protective paper (fig.
193) before putting them into storage. Always store new or used
Timken® Aquaspexx® Bearings
bearings in a dry area and in appropriate packaging (fig. 194) to
reduce risk of corrosion appearing before mounting. Timken® AquaSpexx® bearings (fig. 195) combat bearing damage
caused by water ingress and water-based corrosion by using a
proprietary, electrically bonded, zinc-alloy coating that protects
raceways and other functional surfaces.
This process provides an iridescent appearance, which may

vary from piece to piece. The corrosion protection provided
by the coating is classified as galvanic and applied directly to
finished components.
Fig. 193. Oil protection and special protective paper.

AquaSpexx® cup after testing Uncoated cup after testing
Fig. 195. Comparison of AquaSpexx® and standard bearings after

testing in a corrosive application.
Timken Thin-Dense-Chrome Bearings

Thin-Dense-Chrome (TDC) bearings feature a proprietary thin,
hard, chrome-based, barrier coating that provides superior
corrosion resistance and superior performance in wet or
corrosive environments. These bearings resist corrosion by three
to nine times that of traditional bearings.
TDC bearings specifically provide increased performance in

harsh corrosion environments. This includes some acidic and
Fig. 194. Vacuumed and hot-sealed aluminum foil bags for large basic solutions where standard, unprotected bearings will
bearings. experience premature damage.

precision rolling
Precision rolling Cone wall thickness variation will appear as repeating runout
(synchronous [fig. 197]) while roller size variations will cause
non-repeatable (asynchronous [fig. 198]) variations.
higher Bearing Precision for
Optimized Gage Accuracy Runout
Roll neck bearing precision directly impacts the quality of rolled

product. In cold rolling operations, runout in the backup roll
bearings can be transferred to the product being rolled and
appears as longitudinal variations in product thickness. Precision
bearings offer reduced runout and can improve the thickness
control capability of the rolling mill.
The accuracy of four-row cylindrical roller bearings in backup

Min.
roll positions is typically enhanced by finish grinding the inner
rings after mounting on the roll neck. Inner rings are mounted
on the roll neck and their races are ground to minimize any
Max.
eccentricity of the inner ring outside diameter (O.D.) with respect
to the backup roll body.
Fig. 197. Repeatable runout (synchronous).
The accuracy of standard four-row tapered roller bearings in
backup roll positions can be further enhanced by specifying Synchronous error
higher precision tolerances that provide an improved level motion trace
of accuracy.
Our manufacturing capabilities allow us to hold the inner ring

wall section variation to very tight tolerances.
Diametral variation It is important to control

wall section and roller
size variation (fig. 196)
Rmin
because any high spots
Rmax
in individual bearing
components will result
in radial movement or Asynchronous
runout of the bearing. error
Bearing runout, which is Fig. 198. Non-repeatable runout (asynchronous).

Fig. 196. Roller size variation comprised of repeatable
(tapered roller bearing example).
runout (wall section
variation) and non-repeatable runout, or roller size variation
and roller-end roundness.

high acceleration
HIGH ACCELERATION Cage solutions

Cages, also called retainers, perform an important function in We developed a proprietary calculation tool called CageDyn to
the proper operation of roller bearings. They maintain uniform study the performance of cages in dynamic conditions. CageDyn
rolling-element spacing as the rolling-elements pass into and out performs fast and precise calculations to identify the damage
of the load zone. Demanding dynamic working conditions, like risks and assess the influence of cage design and material
high accelerations or decelerations, vibrations or shocks with selection.
high amplitude and frequency, as well as high bearing operating
clearance, all influence the cage behavior. For challenging applications subjected to high loads, vibration,
speeds or accelerations, special cages may be required to
minimize damage occurrence. Potential solutions include:
Cage challenges
Under the demanding dynamic working conditions described
••Material change.
above, the rollers will accelerate or decelerate at a high rate. The ••Enhanced design to minimize stresses.
resultant impact of the rollers against the cage bridges, fingers ••Reduced cage window – roller clearance.
or pins, depending on the cage type, creates a dynamic bending
cycle (fig. 199) that may generate fatigue cracks that will damage ••Wider cage bridges or finger width.
the cage. We developed several cage types and materials to meet ••Increased cage material stock.
various service requirements. ••Optimized bearing internal clearance.
Using CageDyn to simulate the performance of bearing cages in
difficult application conditions is useful in minimizing the amount
of prototyping and testing for a new design, saving time and cost.
Detailed studies can be done quickly, improving accuracy and
reducing product lead time. CageDyn also can analyze bearing
applications to ensure that the correct type of cage is specified
and reduce the chance of cage problems in service.
For a detailed analysis of bearing cage performance behavior in

your application, please contact your Timken engineer.
Fig. 199. Example of stamped-steel cage and roller interaction due
to one roller accelerating and impacting the cage bridge (maximum
stress shown with dark grey in the stress distribution picture).


power transmission and related products
related products
This section contains information on:
••Seals and lubricant.

••Maintenance tools.
••Condition monitoring equipment.
••Timken® housed units.
••Timken® Quick-Flex® couplings.
••Precision chain products.

seals and lubricant
In addition to our line of bearings, we also offer a wide range ••Timken Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR)
of related products tailored to the metals industry. This section Blue Industrial Seals – Recommended for applications with
includes information about seals, lubrication, maintenance tools, a continuous operating temperature of approximately
condition monitoring equipment, housed units products. 300° F. Peak temperature is 350° F.
••Timken Flouroelastomer (V) Green Industrial Seals –

Seals and Lubricant Recommended for applications with a continuous operating
temperature of approximately 400° F. Peak temperature is
450° F.
Seals
Our line of industrial seals includes a variety of different material Timken Nitrile (N)
options to suit almost any industrial application. Our seals are (Black seals)
ideal for tough applications and provide resistance to extreme
temperatures, pressure, debris and most chemicals. They also
provide excellent sealing capability in thick, viscous fluids,
higher tensile strength and lower cold flow and creep than PTFE
(PolyTetraFluoroEthylene) materials.
Timken offers a range of seal solutions, including:

Oil and grease seals – These seals prevent abrasives, corrosive
moisture and other harmful contaminants from entering the Timken fluoroelastomer (V)
mechanics of machines in a variety of environments. Timken hydrogenated nitrile (Green seals)
Butadiene rubber (HNBR)
V-Seals™ – Made of Nitrile or Viton®, these highly elastic seals (Blue seals)
ease installation, fit a broader range of shaft sizes and can be
Fig. 200. Timken high-performance seals.
used on eccentric and misaligned shafts.
Redi-Seals ® service – Through this innovative program, Lubricants

customers can receive high-quality sealing devices within 24
hours of order. Around the world, customers use our lubricants for rolling
mills, rail bearings, power generation equipment, construction
Redi-Sleeve™ technology – These steel wear sleeves, designed and transportation vehicles, and other industrial applications.
to be pressed onto a shaft, provide an option to quickly repair Specially developed for steel mill applications, Timken Mill
damaged, grooved or worn shafts. Grease improves water washout resistance, protection
against rust and corrosion, high-temperature performance and
Shaft repair kits – These kits are alternatives to shaft oxidation stability.
replacements.
The Timken line of application- and environment-specific
Redi-Coat ® – This patented sealant fills nicks and scratches in
lubricants was developed by leveraging our knowledge
poorly finished bores.
of tribology and anti-friction bearings and how these two
Our industrial seals are available in small-bore sizes, up to 13 elements affect overall system performance. Timken lubricants
inches or 325 mm, as well as in metric and high-temperature help bearings and related components operate effectively in
varieties. We also provide tools to speed installation, deter seal demanding industrial operations. High temperature, anti-wear
and bearing damage and prevent premature seal leakage. The and water-resistant additives offer superior protection in
seals and tools can be applied in a full range of equipment used in challenging environments.
thousands of applications, including manufacturing, off-highway,
The seven primary lines of Timken lubricants compliment our
power transmission and oil refineries.
G-Power and M-Power single-point lubricators, C-Power
Timken oil seals are offered in a variety of choices to fit your centralized multi-point lubricators and our global offering of
individual application and operating specifications. In addition, lubrication products. G-Power, M-Power and C-Power units
they are color coded for easy identification (fig. 200). consistently distribute grease into machine operations. These
canisters can be filled with Timken lubricants or many other types
••Timken Nitrile (N), Black Industrial Seals – Recommended of commercial lubricants and mounted into place with a full line
for applications with a continuous operating temperature of
of Timken accessories.
approximately 200° F. Peak temperature is 250° F.

maintenance tools
Maintenance tools Timken® EcoPower™

Induction Heater
Hydraulic pullers Use the new Timken® EcoPower™ Induction Heater (fig. 203) to
We offer a wide range of self-contained portable hydraulic mount and dismount tight-fitted components. The flexible design
pulling systems that have capacities from 4 to 30 tons. They are eliminates the need for the yoke.
ideal for removing all kinds of shaft-fitted parts. Our practical
This new heater type consists of a generator and a selected
self-centering hydraulic pullers convert easily to either a two-
induction tool. The latter is a Fixed-Coil type – specified for certain
or three-arm puller (fig. 201). The compact design is ideal for
given dimensions – or a Flex-Coil type – like a cable wrapped
pulling a wide variety of press-fit parts including bearings,
around the outside or inside of the work piece. This tool gives the
wheels, bushings, gears and pulleys. The pump handle rotates
opportunity to adapt a magnetic field onto a workplace surface
360 degrees, providing flexibility to use the puller in the most
of many different sizes and shapes. It also is possible to connect
convenient position.
a heating table to the generator.
You can achieve significant time savings due to the high efficiency
of the generator/coil system that brings up to 90 percent of the
input power directly to the workpiece. The main contributing
factor is the induction coil (fixed or flexible coil) that is placed
directly on the surface that needs to be heated.
Fig. 201. Hydraulic three-arm puller.
Induction Heaters
Use our yoke-type induction heaters (fig. 202) in demanding
industrial applications. They can rapidly heat and radially
Fig. 203. Timken® EcoPower™ induction heater.
expand a wide variety of gears, rings, couplings, bearings and
other components. We produce all heaters in accordance
with international (IEC) and European (CE) health and safety
requirements. They feature a microprocessor-controlled power
supply, built-in time and temperature control, and automatic
demagnetization.
Fig. 204. Example of a 1300 kg (2900 lb.) gear wheel wrapped with
two flex coils.
You only need a total of 23 minutes from flex coil installation to

shaft dismounting of a 1300 kg gear in the above example (fig. 204).
Fig. 202. Timken yoke-type induction heaters.

maintenance tools
ChockLok™
The Chocklok™ (fig. 205) locking ring assembly retains a chock/
bearing assembly on a roll. It replaces the heavy OE split ring and
adjusting nut to simplify chocking/dechocking. This easy-to-use
system has only six bolts to tighten, can be mounted on most
mill designs and typically reduces the chock installation and
dismounting time by half.
Fig. 206. Three-legged fixture. Fig. 207. Sliding-foot.
We deliver most sealed tapered roller bearings pregreased.

Handle and mount it into the chock as an assembled unit. You can
also use this solution to mount a standard, non-greased two- or
four-row assembly as an unit.
Fig. 205. Timken ChockLok™.
Roll Neck Handling tools

Handle roll neck bearings safely and carefully when mounting
them into or removing them from the chock to avoid any damage
to the critical surfaces. You can use a variety of tools depending
on bearing type, size, weight, cage type and if bearing parts are
assembled separately or as a unit (i.e., sealed bearings).
For example, in the case of large bore four-row tapered bearings

with pin-type cages, single and double cones can be lifted by
using eye-bolts mounted in the threaded holes provided in the
cage rings.
Bearings with stamped-steel cages use special lifting fixtures.
We offer two basic styles of lifting fixture:
••Three-legged (fig. 206).

••Sliding-foot (fig. 207).
Often, operators use their own tools. But if you do so, take care
not to damage the bearing components.
Fig. 208. Sealed roll neck bearing and lifting fixture.

maintenance tools • condition monitoring equipment
Fig. 208 (previous page) shows how the sliding foot lifting fixture StatusCheck™ wireless
clamps to the bearing at both ends to lift the entire sealed bearing
assembly into and out of the chock. Accessing through the cone
condition monitoring system
bore, the fixture supports the bearing at the bottom and clamps The StatusCheck™ system is a unique wireless system that
through the top cups. It supports the bottom of the bearing at detects and monitors excessive levels of temperature and
the cup to lift the entire bearing. Chock designs should allow vibration. It provides a cost-effective method to report changes in
clearance for lifting-foot access to the cup end faces for proper temperature and vibration in real time, giving you an opportunity
lifting support of the complete bearing assembly. to correct a potential problem before it becomes critical.
It ultimately helps prevent damage, expensive repairs and
prolonged downtime.
Condition monitoring
equipment Design attributes
In the metals industry, you aim to maximize uptime, safety and ••Wireless configuration.
profitability. You must avoid any unscheduled downtime. You
should identify any unsafe condition and repairs must be made
••Dual mounting (magnetic or threaded).
immediately. We have a broad offering of condition monitoring ••Contact temperature probe.
products and services that include portable instruments, ••Two-axis vibration detection.
continuous monitoring devices and online systems. We can help
you maximize uptime by developing cost-effective solutions that
••Acceleration and velocity measurement.
achieve maximum output and reliable service. Increasing the ••Multiple connectivity options.
useful life and productivity of your machinery directly impacts
the bottom line. Timken online
Our handheld Bearing Tester is portable and pocket-sized as well intelligence system
as reliable, affordable and easy to use. The bearing tester offers The Online Intelligence System continuous monitoring platform
users the flexibility to perform periodic machine condition checks, takes sophisticated, reliable readings from the most rugged and
helping avoid production losses from unplanned downtime and challenging operating environments. It then compiles that data
reducing overall maintenance costs. Its compact and lightweight into manageable, easy-to-use information for decision making
design makes the bearing tester a convenient tool for assessing that improves reliability and profitability. The Online Intelligence
the health and lubrication condition of ball and roller bearings in System helps reduce inconsistencies in data to ensure that
many industrial environments. potential problems are not missed.
The Online Intelligence System

allows you to adjust measurement
parameters to meet current conditions
and still handle fluctuations with
precision. Then, when it detects
a problem, our service engineers
analyze the data, conduct additional testing and suggest a
solution to enhance your equipment availability.

timken® housed units
TIMKEN ® HOUSED UNITS SEAL APPLICATIONS

SNT seal options include double-lip, labyrinth, V-Ring,
SPLIT-BLOCK PLUMMER and taconite
(PILLOW) BLOCKS
••Double-Lip Seals (TSNG): Most common seals with Timken
Timken offers a broad range of SNT metric plummer block and SNT housings. This seal is made of polyurethane for good
SAF inch pillow block line which includes a wide range of sizes, wear resistance in challenging environments.
housing designs, seals and accessories developed to meet your
specific requirements. Constructed of cast iron, the standard line ••Labyrinth Seals (LO): The labyrinth non-contact seals
have multiple labyrinth stages effective in sealing out
of Timken split-block housings is designed to protect bearings. For
contaminants such as dirt and dust and sealing in grease.
more rugged applications, choose housings made from ductile
iron or cast steel that are up to two times stronger than cast iron. ••V-Ring Seals (VR): Two-piece seal that excels in
applications high speed applications or where shaft
Inside Timken split-block housings, you’ll find high-performance roughness is an issue.
Timken® spherical roller bearings featuring precisely engineered
geometry and raceway finishes. Plus, our spherical roller ••Taconite Seals (TA): Heavy-duty labyrinth seals that are
ideal for high contamination areas. They can be re-
bearings feature a unique design that allows them to run cooler
lubricated to enhance sealing qualities and extend life.
and more efficiently on misaligned shafts up to ± 1.5 degrees
without a reduction in life expectancy. SAF pillow blocks come standard with LER seals, options include
Timken Guard (superior protection against contamination),
dustac and taconite seals.
BENEFITS OF TIMKEN SPLIT HOUSINGS
••Standard shaft sizes available ranging from: ••Timken Guard (TG) Seal: Helps prevent lubrication from
• SNT from 20 mm to 400 mm shaft sizes. escaping and contamination from entering. This design
• SAF from 1 3/8 in. to 19 1/2 in.) shaft sizes. reduces frictional heat, exerts little to no torque on the
• Custom designs available for larger shaft sizes. system and leads to longer lives for the bearing and seal.
••Reduce downtime through fast shipments from inventory ••DUSTAC® seal: Helps shut out residual and airborne
on most standard shaft sizes and prompt replacement contaminants using a V-shaped nitrile ring that rotates with
components through comprehensive inventory levels of the shaft and applies pressure to the cartridge face.
housings, bearings, mounting hardware and seals. ••RLS series: Forms a wedge-shaped cavity around the shaft
••Design options include a tapered bore design for easy and labyrinth that is filled with heavy grease.
mounting or a straight bore design for better axial location. ••SRLS series: Features an O-ring in the bore as part of a
Readily convert the block from fixed to float by removing the split face labyrinth seal. Designed to prevent contaminant
stabilizing ring. ingress and axial displacement.
••Easy ordering for a full assembly or a few parts through a Split plummer (pillow)blocks handle demanding heavy industrial
well-stocked inventory typically enables quick shipment of operations:
standard parts and assemblies.
••Power Generation (Coal)
SPECIFIC CONFIGURATIONS ••Mining
Rugged cast-iron (standard) construction handles tough ••Aggregate/Cement
environments. Ductile iron and cast-steel housings are also
available for extremely heavy-duty jobs. Timken ® high-
••Metal Mills
performance spherical roller bearings provide reliable, longer ••Pulp & Paper/Sawmills/Forestry
service. Numerous bore sizes and configurations help you find ••Water Treatment
what you need. Easy-to-install separate cap and base allow
quick bearing inspection and replacement. Advanced sealing and
••Food Processing
lubrication options suit your specific needs. Mounting flexibility ••Warehousing
for tapered and straight bores with adapters and stabilizing rings ••Movable Bridges/Structures Fig. 209. SNT metric
solve challenging installations. Easy conversion from fixed to float
reduces inventory needs.
••Industrial Fans/Blowers plummer block.

SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARING SOLID- Housing Styles

BLOCK HOUSED UNITS We offer solid blocks in several styles, including pillow blocks
Equipment operating in metal mill environments needs roller (figs. 210 and 211), flanged blocks (fig. 212), piloted flanges
bearing housed units rugged enough to deliver exceptional (fig. 213), and take-up blocks (fig. 214) that interchange with
performance under tough conditions. We designed our competitor units that simply don’t offer the strength of these
spherical roller bearing solid-block housed units for these solid-block designs.
challenging circumstances.
Made of cast-steel housings and Timken high-performance

spherical roller bearings, these solid-block housed units offer
protection from contaminants. Available advanced primary seal
options and auxiliary steel covers can create another layer of
protection for the bearing.
Typical metals applications include tunnel furnace roller bed

Fig. 210. Two-bolt pillow block. Fig. 211. Four-bolt pillow
conveyors, feed rolls, reel drives, loopers, blooming tables, block.
run-out tables, reel drives, transfer decks and re-entry decks
Our spherical roller bearing solid-block housed units can run
efficiently on misaligned shafts up to ±1.5 degrees, without a
reduction in life expectancy.
With a full line of precision-made, shaft-locking styles, primary

seals, covers, housings and modular design concept, finding
the right roller housed unit to fit your metals application is easy.
The Timken family of housed units provides enhanced bearing Fig. 212. Flange block. Fig. 213. Piloted flange cartridge.
protection in a multitude of harsh conditions. Our housed units
feature robust sealing options – enhancing bearing protection
in debris filled, contaminated or high-moisture environments.
Industries around the world count on our wide range of housed
units to deliver performance and uptime they can count on.
We offer a full line of precision-made locking styles, seals and

housings, so you can easily find the right housed unit to fit your
application. Timken is the only supplier of spherical roller bearing
housed units to offer a steel solid-block housing as standard.
Fig. 214. Take-up block.
WARNING
Failure to observe the following warnings could create a risk of death or serious injury.
Proper maintenance and handling practices are critical. Always follow installation instructions and maintain proper lubrication.
Overheated bearings can ignite explosive atmospheres. Special care must be taken to properly select, install, maintain and
lubricate housed unit bearings that are used in or near atmospheres that may contain explosive levels of combustible gases
or accumulations of dust such as grain, coal, or other combustible materials. Consult your equipment designer or supplier for
installation and maintenance instructions.
Do not use excessive force when mounting or dismounting the unit.
Follow all tolerance, fit and torque recommendations.
Always following the Original Equipment Manufacturer’s installation and maintenance guidelines.
Ensure proper alignment.
Never weld housed units.
Do not heat components with an open flame.
Do not operate at bearing temperatures above 250°F (121°C).

Locking Configurations Sealing Options

We offer multiple locking solutions, including the eccentric and The three principle sealing options used in the metals industry
V-Lock® designs: include:
EC Series – Eccentric Lock (fig. 215): Labyrinth Seals – DuPont™ Teflon® (fig. 217):
••Extra heavy duty. ••High-speed applications.
••Increased shaft holding power. ••Superior in moist and dirty conditions.
••Reduced shaft damage under extreme shock loads. ••Able to operate at high temperatures.
••Designed not to release in reversing applications. ••Resistant to most chemicals.
••Abrasion-resistant.
Fig. 217. Labyrinth Seal.

Fig. 215. EC series – eccentric lock.
Triple-Lip Seals – Nitrile:
V-Lock® Series – Double-Taper Lock (U.S. Pat. ••Self-purging.
No. 7344313) (fig. 216): ••Excellent in moist and dirty applications.
••Extreme heavy duty. ••Chemical- and corrosion-resistant.
••360 degree shaft holding.
••Designed to eliminate over tightening. Triple-Lip Seals – Urethane (fig. 218):
••Mechanical withdrawal for easier removal. ••All the benefits of Nitrile, plus resistance to abrasion.
••Larger bearing and higher load rating compared to
competitive products having same bore size.
Fig. 218. Triple-lip seals.
DuPont™ Teflon® is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

or its affiliates.
Fig. 216. V-Lock® series – double-taper lock (U.S. Pat. No.

7344313).

AUXILIARY COVERS DOUBLE-LIP SEALS

Housed unit roller bearings get extra By helping to keep debris and water out while retaining
protection with rugged, cost effective grease longer, maintenance intervals can be reduced, thereby
covers (fig. 219) designed to fight contributing to lower maintenance costs. The seals in our Type E
heavy contamination in industries with housed units optimize contact geometries that promote greater
particulate challenges. These steel grease retention and significantly reduce contaminant ingress.
covers use black oxide for enhanced
corrosion protection.
PREMIUM GREASE
Fig. 219. Optional auxiliary
covers. Maintenance costs are further reduced due to the extra
protection provided by Timken® premium all-purpose industrial
grease. Our unique grease formulation contains extreme pressure
TIMKEN® TYPE E TAPERED ROLLER and antiwear additives as well as corrosion inhibitors. This grease
BEARING HOUSED UNITS works effectively in applications with operating temperatures
Timken engineers have applied more than 110 years of expertise ranging from -40° F to +300° F (-40° C to +149° C). It is compatible
in bearing technology – and leadership in tapered roller bearings with calcium and lithium- thickened greases.
– to bring you an optimized performance tapered roller bearing
housed unit. We have improved our own design to create the new HOUSINGS AND LOCKING COLLARS
standard in performance. Timken delivers the highest dynamic
Our designs incorporate ASTM-A48 Grade 30 Cast Iron for the
load ratings in the industry. From the bearings, seals and grease
housing. Featuring better corrosion resistance than the industry-
to housings and collars, our innovative design incorporates
standard powder coating, our electro-disposition coating
features that can help withstand the most demanding application
(e-coating) on the housing and locking collars helps reduce
conditions – resulting in less downtime, reduced maintenance
overall maintenance costs by protecting exposed surfaces.
intervals and an overall lower cost of ownership. We have
In addition, our Type E roller housed units are dimensionally
optimized the core components so that their performance is
interchangeable with all other leading brands.
elevated to a level we consider as the next generation of roller
housed units. How do we do it? The answer is in our unique
product design. TIMKEN® TYPE E TAPERED ROLLER BEARING
HOUSED UNITS
ENHANCED-PERFORMANCE BEARINGS Timken® Type E tapered roller
Timken® Type E roller bearings have a significantly higher load bearing housed units are
carrying capability. We have designed in enhanced surface available in a wide variety of
textures and optimized profiles resulting in the highest load sizes and configurations to meet
ratings in the industry. Our Type E bearings also experience lower the requirements of demanding
internal contact stresses and frictional drag. Beyond bearing life, applications. They are
these bearings are designed to deliver the ability to manage up to dimensionally interchangeable
Fig. 220. Type E tapered roller
three-times more misalignment than industry-standard designs. bearing. with current suppliers for all
key characteristics, including
the bolt hole and shaft centerline dimensions. Popular part
numbers are in stock for immediate availability. Metric sizes also
are available in shaft diameters ranging from 35 mm to 125 mm.

TIMKEN® QUICK-FLEX® COUPLINGS
Timken® Quick-Flex® Couplings Quick-Flex couplings handle a variety of metal mill jobs with
misalignment of up to 2 degrees:
In metal manufacturing and processing, motors and
gearboxes connect with other moving equipment through ••Motor to gearbox (low torque/high speed).
shafts held together with couplings. Timken ® Quick-Flex ®
couplings can handle high and low torque and high and
••Gearbox to driven equipment (high torque/low speed).
low speeds. Plus they are sized to fit virtually all needs. ••Drive shaft to driven-shaft applications.
They provide strong links for shafts separated by 25 mm to Typical applications include tunnel furnace roller bed conveyors,
3 m in range (1 in. to 120 in.). feed rolls, reel drives, loopers, blooming tables, run-out tables,
reel drives, transfer decks, re-entry decks, slitters and coilers.
Quick-Flex couplings are durable enough to face the challenges
of metals mills, yet need minimal maintenance. They are easy to There are multiple cover and element configuration options able
install and require no lubrication. With a lifespan that can match to withstand some of the most extreme environments (figs. 221
that of the rotating equipment, these couplings help keep the and 222).
overall cost of ownership competitively low.
The couplings connect motors and gearboxes with other moving

equipment. They have the capacity to transmit the same or more
torque than a gear, grid, chain or other elastomeric coupling with
similar dimensions.
Quick-Flex couplings operate without any metal-to-metal contact.

The design helps eliminate interference between coupling hubs Fig. 221. Standard coupling Fig. 222. Splined hub
(shown with high-speed coupling (shown with
that can damage equipment. As needed, operators can replace cover). hp cover).
the elsatomeric element quickly and easily without removing
the hubs. Because the metal hubs don’t wear, the elastomeric Table 10 below shows the features and benefits for Timken Quick-
element is the only spare part needed. flex compared to competitors.
Table 10. quick-flex comparison
Quick Jaw Grid Gear Chain Tire

Flex Coupling Coupling Coupling Coupling Coupling
Easy to Replace Without Moving Hubs • • • •
High and Low Torque Ratings • •
High-Speed Capability • •
Low Lifetime Cost •
Hubs Not Damaged When Urethane Inserts Need to be Replaced • •
No Lubrication Needed • • •
No Hub Teeth Wear •
Cushioned Shock • • • •
Compact Design • • •
Note
Couplings accept shaft misalignment, up to 2 degrees.

TIMKEN® QUICK-FLEX® COUPLINGS
POWERFUL CONNECTIONS ••Use in applications with moderate to high torque, such as

gear, grid or chain-style couplings.
Timken Quick-Flex Couplings transmit higher levels of torque in
most cases, compared with the corresponding gear coupling.
Plus, the elastomeric coupling never needs lubrication because
HIGH TEMPERATURE WHITE INSERT
there’s no metal-to-metal contact. ••Withstands application temperatures up to 177° C, 350° F.
••Provides torque capabilities similar to the Quick-Flex
QUICK-FLEX INSERTS blue insert.
STANDARD RED INSERT HIGHEST TORQUE BLACK INSERT

••Relatively soft urethane excels in vibrational dampening ••Stiffest urethane.
and cushioning of shock loads.
••Use in applications with very high torque, such as gear-
••Use in reversing applications or applications with quick style couplings.
starting and stopping of high inertial loads.
Table 11 details the gear coupling comparison by shaft size and
torque capabilities.
HIGH TORQUE BLUE INSERT
••Relatively stiff urethane provides moderate flexibility and
vibrational dampening.
Table 11. gear coupling comparison by shaft and torque capability
Quick-Flex Couplings Quick-Flex Couplings GEAR AVG GEAR

Quick-Flex Series Torque Improvement Ranges of Shaft
Maximum Torque (1) Maximum Speed (1) Coupling Size Maximum Torque (2)
kNm kNm
r/min
in.-lbs. in.-lbs.
1.4 0.9 1-6.25”
QF25 7000 1 65%
12,449 7,560 60MM
3.0 1.9 2-375”
QF50 6000 1.5 56%
26,479 17,010 65MM
6.1 3.6 3.00”
QF100 4800 2 70%
53,642 31,500 75MM
10 6.4 3.875”
QF175 4200 2.5 56%
88,257 56,700 98MM
13.4 10.7 4,125”
QF250 3800 3 26%
118,930 94,500 104MM
24.8 16.4 4,250”
QF500 3400 3.5 51%
219,429 144,900 114MM
24.8 24.9 4,250”
QF500 3400 4 0%
219,429 220,500 114MM
35 34.1 6.188”
QF1000 3000 4.5 3%
310,466 302,400 157MM
62.5 46.2 7.5625”
QF1890 2800 5 35%
553,982 409,500 192MM
62.5 60.4 7.5625”
QF1890 2800 5.5 3%
553,982 535,500 192MM
98.3 78.2 9.125”
QF3150 2000 6 26%
871,139 693,000 231MM
188.6 113.8 11.250”
QF10260 1200 7 66%
1,670,826 1,008,000 285MM
188.6 149.3 11.250”
QF10260 1200 8 26%
1,670,826 1,323,000 285MM
188.6 202.6 11.250”
QF10260 1200 9 -7%
1,670,826 1,323,000 285MM
(1) Based on Timken Quick-Flex coupling with split cover and black elastomeric insert
(2) American Gear Manufacturers Association standard

precision chain products
PRECISION CHAIN PRODUCTS We offer precision roller chain in sizes 35 to 240, including multi
strand chain. Features of our chain include:
From high temperatures to heavy loads, we engineer the optimum
chain for your application to increase uptime and reduce ••WIDE WAIST The wide-waist design of 60H and larger
maintenance costs. Our entire range of ANSI standard roller chains are manufactured with maximized ball heights from
chain, attachment chains and engineered chain meet or exceed special alloy steels for added strength. The wide link plate
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard B29.1. profile improves stress distribution, leading to improved
fatigue resistance and enhanced performance.
••SOLID ROLLERS We utilize solid rollers on all carbon roller

chain. The solid roller allows for smooth rotation on the
bushing, reducing the impact load as the chain engages the
sprocket tooth.
••FACTORY PRE-LOADING AT 50 PERCENT MUTS Our

chains are pre-loaded to 50 percent of minimum ultimate
tensile strength (MUTS), which is especially important for
applications involving fixed center-to-center sprockets
without take-ups. Applications can withstand shock loads
up to 50 percent of the chain’s MUTS which minimizes
premature elongation.
••SHOT PEENED PARTS All precision roller chain rollers and

link plates are shot peened for greater fatigue strength.
Fig. 223. Large pitch precision roller chain.
••PRELUBRICATION After final assembly, we hot-dip the roller
chain in a special lubricant. This process ensures that all
DRIVE CHAIN the load-bearing surfaces are initially protected from metal-
The following factors must be considered when selecting roller to-metal contact, improving the wear life of the chain.
chain for drive applications: In addition to our standard roller chain offering, our Extended
Life CHP® series chain features a chrome-hardened pin that
••Source of input power. can increase the wear life up to three times over conventional
••Drive machine type of driven equipment. premium chains for particularly demanding applications.
••Horsepower to be transmitted. For corrosive environments, our Silver Shield CR® series chain
••Revolutions per minute (RPM) of driving and driven shafts. combines the strength of our standard roller chain with a zinc-
••Diameter of driving and driven shafts. aluminum compound coating to resist corrosion.
••Center distance of the shafts. For high shock-loading applications, our HZ riveted and cotter
series chain feature ballized plates, which provide increased
bearing area for optimum press fits, improving fatigue life and
working loads. They also feature through-hardened shot-peened
pins for protection from unpredictable overloads. Our HZ series
is available in sizes 60H to 240H, including multi strand chain.

precision chain products
CONVEYING CHAIN
WARNING
Failure to observe the following warnings could
create a risk of death or serious injury.

Always follow installation instructions and maintain
proper lubrication.
caution
Fig. 224. E series chain and metal transfer chain. Failure to follow these cautions may result
in property damage.
The following information is needed to design a chain for
conveyor applications: Use only subassemblies for assembling chain strands.
Do not use individual chain components and do not mix
••Type of conveyor (slat conveyor, bucket elevator, etc.). subassemblies from different chain manufacturers.
••Method of chain travel (horizontal, inclined or Do not reuse sections from damaged chains. Damage from
overloading or yielding may be present though not apparent.
vertical conveyor).
Do not use worn chain or install new chain on
••Type, weight and size of materials to be conveyed. worn sprockets.
••Weight of materials to be transported per foot of

conveyor length.
••Conveyor speed.
••Conveyor length.
••Lubrication.
••Considerations for special environments.
For conveying applications, we offer attachment roller chain
in sizes 40 to 160 and C2040 to C2160H. These are available in
standard carbon steel, stainless steel, Extended Life CHP® series
and our Silver Shield CR ® series. We also offer engineered class
chain, which is custom designed for your application. Contact
your Timken engineer for more information.

Bearing Storage, Handling and Installation
Bearing Storage,
Handling AND Installation
This section includes information on:
••Bearing packaging and storage.

••Bearing marking.
••Roll neck maintenance guidelines.
••Chock and roll neck maintenance guidelines.
••Mounting and dismounting roll neck bearings.
••Bearing setting techniques.

Bearing Storage, Handling AND Installation
BEARING packaging and storage • bearing marking
Bearing Packaging and Storage Store bearings on a pallet or shelf in an area where they won’t
be subjected to high humidity or sudden and severe temperature
We supply large-bore bearings used in the metals industry in changes that may result in condensation forming. Do not store
either individual carton boxes or packed in wooden crates (fig. bearings directly on concrete floors, where water can condense
225) for the larger sizes. on them. An assembled bearing must be fixed in its box to prevent
movement of rings against rollers since vibration can occur
Our standard packaging protects the product for five years from
during shipment. Bearings should always be placed with their
the original pack date, provided that the customers meet the
axis vertical in order to avoid ring distortion.
conditions below:
If bearings are removed from service and are going to be stored
••The product remains in its original package. for future use, they should receive a thorough cleaning and be
••The product is stored in a clean, dry area. covered with a rust-preventative fluid, as well as an adequate
••The product is not exposed to extreme climate wrapping, to protect against rust and corrosion for the intended
temperatures or humidity. storage duration.
Bearing Marking
Identification and Traceability
To facilitate identification and traceability, Timken bearings may
include the following marking in addition to the part number:
••Manufacturing source: We mark a plant code or symbol on

our products.
••Country of origin: We typically mark the country of origin on

finished bearing products. If we don't mark the country of
origin on the product, we will mark a plant code.
••Date code: This letter code uniquely links every component

Fig. 225. Large-bore bearing packaging. with its manufacturing history and the heat of steel used.
We ship our bearings with a protective lubricant and then a ••Serial number: We mark components used in non-
rust-preventative coating. We typically wrap them in a protective interchangeable bearing assemblies with a serial number
paper, plastic bag or aluminum foil bag and ship them in a carton and face designations to enable endusers to reassemble
or crate (fig. 225). The rust-preventative coating on the bearing components from the same assembly and stack them in the
is compatible with most lubricants. Do not wash or clean the proper sequence.
bearing when you remove it from its packaging.
NOTE
When receiving new or remanufactured bearings, do not remove
the bearings from their packaging until you're ready to install the
bearings in the application.
When handling bearings, care must be taken to ensure that

they won’t rust or corrode. Even a small amount of water or
contaminant, left on an unprotected bearing, can result over time
in an etched area that will reduce bearing life.

bearing marking
assembly sequence (stacking) Outer ring Load-Zone quadrants

When you stack up a bearing assembly, you must follow the (FOUR-ROW BEARINGS)
proper assembly sequence for the bearing to maintain the Because the bearing outer rings remain stationary in the chocks,
correct setting. one part carries the rolling load at any one time. This portion
is called the load zone. Most tapered and cylindrical roll neck
Tapered roller bearings feature a lettering system to help facilitate
bearing outer rings are marked (fig. 226) on their faces to show
proper stacking of all assemblies with two or more rows. The
four quadrants. These markings enable operators to keep a record
assembly components are lettered in alphabetical order. These
of which quadrants have been used in the load zone.
letters are marked on each side of the inner and outer rings,
whereas the spacers include marks on the outside diameters. A good practice is to mount the bearing with quadrant number one
of each outer ring in the load zone, then go through two, three, four
For cylindrical roller bearings, each roller row must always
on subsequent inspections. Next, repeat the procedure starting
be assembled with the corresponding outer race. You can
at one. If the load-zone position is not obvious, as is the case with
easily I.D. the assembly components by matching race
work roll chocks with roll bending, it is common to use the zone
letters, serial number and the date code. This requirement is
adjacent to the pass line as the reference for periodically rotating
important, as each roller row is matched to its outer race to
the outer rings to index the sector that will carry the load zone.
maintain the correct diameter under rollers (DUR). You can
interchange inner rings if they have the same part number and
assembly code.
A schematic marking example is illustrated (fig. 226) for typical

four-row tapered and cylindrical roller bearings used in roll
neck applications.
Fig. 226. Example of quadrant marking.
The roll neck bearing service record card (fig. 227) offers an easy
means of keeping a record of the load zones that have been used.
The rotation of the outer rings at every inspection will extend
the useful life of the bearing by incrementally distributing the
load over the entire outer-ring raceway. In all cases, any spall
in the raceway that has been repaired should be kept out of the
load zone.
Roll Neck
Bearing Service
Record
Fig. 227. The Timken roll neck bearing service record card.

bearing marking
Roll Neck Bearing Marking Examples

Four-row tapered roller bearing marking – 2TDIW
AB Cup B Cup BC Cup CD Cup D Cup DE Cup
spacer spacer
Part DE side E side
Part A side B side number BC side CB side CD side DC side
number
Load zone Width
(number Serial
1, 2, 3, 4) letter
Serial Bench
letter lateral
Serial Serial
number number
A BA B BC CB C CD DC D DE E
A CA CE E
Part
number
Part number Width
Serial letter Serial
letter
Serial number Bench
lateral
A side CA side Serial CE side E side
number
C Cup Cone
AC Cone spacer spacer CE Cone
Fig. 228. Four-row tapered roller bearing marking – 2TDIW.
Four-row cylindrical roller bearing marking – RX D Flange ring

Mark on flange A Flange ring AB Outer ring Spacer ring CD Outer ring Mark on flange
ring O.D.: Part number ring O.D.:
Part number Part number
Serial letter Serial number Serial letter
Serial number Part Serial number
number
Serial
letter
Serial
number
Load zone
(number 1, 2, 3, 4)
A D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
Serial
number
A B C D
Cage and roller Cage and roller Cage and roller Cage and roller
set set set set
AB CD
Inner ring Inner ring
Fig. 229. Four-row cylindrical roller bearing marking – RX.

roll neck maintenance guidelines
roll neck maintenance Bearing Handling

guidelines You can lift and move large bearings using a variety of slings,
The useful life of any bearing depends on handling, mounting and hooks, chains and mechanical devices.
maintenance practices. This rings especially true in steel industry
applications, where operating conditions tend to be harsh, loads
are heavy and contamination from dirt and scale are common.
Bearing problems can result in costly downtime, equipment
damage and breakdowns. To attain reliable operation with high
equipment performance and the lowest possible maintenance
costs, follow proper practices. These include bearing removal,
handling, cleaning, inspection and installation. Always follow the
original equipment manufacturer’s maintenance instructions to
maintain product integrity and performance levels.
Bearing Removal
The bearing removal procedure varies according to the bearing
type. But regardless of the type, you must remove the bearing with
extreme care. If done incorrectly, you can damage the bearing,
as well as shafts and/or housings, requiring expensive repairs.
Fig. 230. Handling bearing components with threaded lifting hole.
For smaller bearings, there are a variety of standard pullers
available to assist with bearing removal. We manufacture some large bearings with tapped holes in the
face of inner rings, pin-type cage rings or outer rings. You can
For large bearings installed with a tight or press fit, or that have mount eyebolts or other points of attachment in these lifting holes
become locked in place on a shaft and can’t be removed with (fig. 230). You can also insert specially designed lifting pins in the
a mechanical puller, you can heat the inner ring of the bearing outer ring lubrication holes.
to ease removal. If you need to reuse the bearing or return it for
repair, do not use heat from a torch. It can alter the bearing's A clean, heavy-duty nylon sling provides one of the best means
hardness and metallurgical structure, resulting in irreparable of handling large bearing components, because it eliminates the
damage. In these situations, an induction heater should be used. possibility of burring or scratching.
Regardless of what method is used to lift the bearings, use care

WARNING to avoid damaging any of the bearing surfaces. Be especially
Failure to observe the following warnings could cautious when lifting or moving (turning) bearings equipped with a
create a risk of serious injury. protruding cage. The cage is typically the most fragile component
of the bearing and can be easily damaged.
Always follow installation instructions and maintain All lifting equipment (eyebolts, slings, etc.) need to be well
proper lubrication. designed, maintained and certified by the appropriate governing
body. In all cases, extreme care should be taken to avoid
Tensile stresses can be very high in tightly fitted bearing
components. Attempting to remove such components human injuries.
by cutting the cone (inner race) may result in a sudden
shattering of the component causing fragments of metal
to be forcefully expelled. Always use properly guarded
presses or bearing pullers to remove bearings from shafts,
and always use suitable personal protective equipment,
including safety glasses.

Bearing Cleaning Larger pin-type cage tapered roller bearings may have one
or two rollers for race inspection that are held in place with
For cleaning large numbers of bearings, use special cleaning threaded removable pins. You can dismount these pins by taking
tanks containing either neutral oil (20 cSt @ 40° C [104° F]) heated out the locking wire and unscrewing the pin. After completing
at 150° C (302° F) or appropriate alkaline cleaners mixed with hot
the inspection, reinstall the inspection roller(s), retighten the
water. Many typically use electrical coils to heat the tanks. Final
threaded pin(s) and place the locking wire(s) (figs. 231 – 233).
cleaning and rinsing are done by suspending the bearing and
using a hose to flush away any remaining contamination using We also offer several other resources to assist you in analyzing
alkaline solutions (trisodium phosphate, sodium metasilicate or bearing damage, including online resources at www.timken.com
soda ash) mixed to 1.5 to 2 percent in hot water. and publications with photos representing all common types of
bearing damage.
After cleaning, carefully inspect the bearing for damage and
wear, and repair it if necessary. If the bearing is not going To avoid the presence of sharp edges and particles that may
back to operation immediately, cover it with a coating of light detach in operation, rework minor damage such as superficial
oil or preservative and pack it properly to protect against rust staining, light spalls, nicks or gouges. You can perform this
and corrosion. rework with hand tools such as an emery cloth, a hand grinder
and wire brushes.
Bearing Inspection and
Minor Repair
When inspecting bearings, make sure that you clean the
inspection area and ensure it's free from dirt and debris to avoid
contaminating the bearing. Inspect the races of the outer and
inner ring for any unusual wear, nicks or spalls. Also inspect
the surface of each roller for unusual wear or spalls. Inspect for
damage, wear or discoloration on bearings with ribs or flanges.
For tapered roller bearings, inspect the large rib.
On smaller tapered roller bearings, the rollers and cage may Fig. 231. Removing locking wire from an inspection pin.
prevent a clear view of the cone race. Check for any nicks or
spalls by sliding a soft metal probe under the cage and working
it back and forth across the cone race to feel the condition. You
can catch spalls and nicks quite easily with this tool.
Fig. 232. Removing the threaded pin.
Fig. 233. Inspecting inner race.

Bearing Installation
Example A (for heating):
Heating or cooling methods A 250 mm (9.843 in.) bore bearing inner ring fitted with
In applications that require a tight fit of the inner ring on the shaft, 0.100 mm (0.004 in.) tight fit will require to be heated to
it is always easier to install the bearing if it is physically expanded approximately 85° C (185° F). Under this condition, the
by heating. For applications that require a tight fit of the outer bore will expand by 0.200 mm (10.008 in.) to overcome the
ring in housing, it also may be possible to heat the housing or to 0.100 mm tight fit.
freeze the outer ring to facilitate installation. 0.100 x 2
T° C = –––––––––––– + 20 = 86.6 rounded to 85° C (185° F)
Avoid overheating or overfreezing bearing components before 250 x 12 x 10-6
their installation. It may change the bearing’s steel structure,
Example B (for freezing):
hardness and geometry, resulting in reduction in bearing life.
A 350 mm (13.78 in.) outside diameter bearing outer ring fitted
Determine the required heating temperature to expand the
with 0.150 mm tight fit will require to be frozen to -50° C. Under
ring to the needed loose fit value prior to mounting. Use the
this condition, the outside diameter will contract by 0.300
following equations:
mm (0.0118 in.) to overcome the 0.150 mm (0.006 in.) tight fit.
Required heating or cooling temperature (T° C) 0.150 x 2
T° C = 20 - –––––––––––– = -51.4 rounded to -50° C (-58° F)
Heating: 350 x 12 x 10-6
∆s x 2
T° C = ambient θ° + ––––––––––
ø x 12 x 10-6 As a general practice, table 12 provides guidelines for heating
or and cooling standard class bearing rings during installation
∆s x 2 or removal (temperatures and times are maximum limits and
T° F = ambient θ° + ––––––––––
ø x 6.3 x 10-6 should not be exceeded):
Table 12. Heating and cooling guidelines

Cooling:
Heating Components Freezing Components
∆s x 2
T° C = ambient θ° - –––––––––– 90° C (195° F) …………. 24 hours
ø x 12 x 10-6
or 120° C (250° F) ………… 8 hours -55° C (-65° F) ………… 1 hour
∆s x 2 150° C (300° F) ………… 4 hours

T° F = ambient θ° - ––––––––––
ø x 6.3 x 10-6
Where: Freezing bearings

∆s = Diametric tight fit in mm (in.) Obtain low temperatures by using a mixture of alcohol or
dry ice, or by using a thermostatically controlled freezer. When
ø = Shaft diameter in mm (in.) the bearing returns back to ambient room temperature, dry
and lubricate the bearing components to eliminate the condensed
2 = Security factor for handling
water and avoid rust. Never dip bearing components in
liquid nitrogen.

Heating bearings Infrared or shop floor bulb heating

Whatever the method used to heat bearing components, you Use infrared or shop floor bulb heating only for small size
must continuously control the temperature. Also, take extreme bearings found in the auxiliary equipment. Position the bearing
care to ensure the needed safety equipment is in place to avoid at an adequate distance relative to the infrared lamp or light bulb
maintenance operator burn injuries. without contacting it. The time to heat should be evaluated based
on experience and tests, considering the lamp or bulb power,
Heating methods will depend on bearing size and volume. the placement distance and the environmental conditions like
Some methods include: airflow presence or ambient temperature. This heating method
••Oil-bath heating. requires regular checks or continuous temperature monitoring
to avoid exceeding the maximum temperature and generating
••Infrared lamp or shop floor bulb heating. reduced race hardness.
••Dry industrial oven heating.
••Induction heating. Dry industrial oven heating
••Direct-flame heating. This heating method uses an electrical oven to heat a confined
volume. The configuration of the volume dictates the size of the
WARNING bearing that can be heated. To heat a bearing, an electrical oven
Failure to follow these cautions could must meet the requirements below:
create a risk of injury.
••The heating parameters are controlled (target temperature,
heating rate).
Remove oil or rust inhibitor from parts before heating
to avoid fire and fumes. ••The temperature gradient in the heated volume
is minimized.
Oil-bath heating ••There needs to be easy access to the heated bearing in the
oven to avoid bearing cooling.
For large-bore bearings or housings heated using an oil bath
maximum temperature and time should not exceed the suggested
Induction heating
values described in table 12 on page 149 for Timken bearings and
the temperature must be constantly controlled. Using induction heating technology is the simplest method of
safely heating bearings. Induction heating systems work very
You should position the bearing in the center of the tank and not quickly and safely while offering a lot of other advantages:
allow it to come in direct contact with the heat source. This would
result in locally exceeding the maximum temperature. ••Full control of both temperature and time.
As a rule of thumb, bearings typically require at least one minute
••Environmentally friendly.
of soak time per millimeter (25 min./in.) of inner ring cross section ••Easy to use.
to fully heat in an oil tank. A general suggestion: leave the ••Cost effective.
component submerged for at least 30 minutes.
••Multi-purpose applications.
See page 131 for information on our induction heaters.
Direct flame
Only use this method to dismount bearings, providing that you
don't plan to re-use the bearing. Do not use direct flame to install
a bearing.
NOTE
Never expose any surface of a bearing to the flame. Do not
heat bearing beyond 149 °C (300 °F).

chock and roll neck maintEnance guidelines
chock and roll neck Inspection of chock wear plates

maintEnance guidelines Inspect rocker plates to make sure they are in serviceable
Chock bores, roll neck seats and shoulders are important contact condition and have proper bevels permitting the chock to rock
surfaces that are subject to wear and distortions. Maintain these and align under roll neck deflections. Check keeper plates for
surfaces for optimal bearing performance. Chocks that have wear and cracking. This will ensure that you maintain proper
seen extended service may be reconditioned to restore the wear clearance between the chock and the windows in the mill frame.
surfaces (fig. 234). The keeper plates on the operating side are set over flanges on
the chock face and bevelled as shown in fig. 235. This permits the
chock to rock and follow the normal deflection of the roll and the
neck. The keeper plates on the work rolls are similarly designed
with a flat and a double chamfer at both ends to permit complete
flexibility between the work roll chock and the legs of the backup
roll chocks or the piston blocks in which they are mounted. This
flexibility ensures that the thrust loads developed in the mill are
carried into the bearing without a significant overturning moment,
should misalignment occur between the normal axes of the work
rolls and the axes of the backup rolls.
Fig. 234. Reconditioned chocks.
A A
B B
Slope of 2% Slope of 2%
Flat (25% of Flat (25% of

chock bore) chock bore)
Fig. 235. Keeper plate configuration.

chock and roll neck maintenance guidelines
Fig. 236 shows a usual method of mounting the work roll in the legs and the window. Check wear plates on a regular basis to prevent
of the backup roll chocks. The work roll chocks are fixed against introducing roll crossing and/or misalignment, which adversely
axial movement into the backup roll chocks on the operating side influence bearing life.
of the mill and float on the drive side of the mill. You must have
sufficient clearance between the work roll chocks and the backup The rocker aligning device between the bottom of the backup
roll chock legs to allow the work roll chocks to float freely. Wear roll chocks and the base of the window permits these chocks to
plates are generally used between the work roll chocks and the rock to follow the roll and neck deflections. You'll see different
backup roll chock legs, as well as between backup roll chocks rocker designs in fig. 237.
Fig. 236. Example of mounting of the work roll in the legs of the backup roll chocks.
Slope of 2% Slope of 2%
Flat (25% of chock bore)

Fig. 237. Rocker aligning devices.

Inspection of Chock Bore Table 13. Chock bore rework limits when using
inch tolerance system bearings
Chock Bore Rework Limits

Chock Bore –
Size Range Variance from Nominal Out of
Cup O.D. Taper
Bearing O.D. Round
New Reworked
Over Incl. Min. Max. Max. Max. Max.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
304.8 +0.051 +0.076 +0.200 0.080 0.040
12.00 +0.0020 +0.0030 +0.0080 0.0030 0.0015
304.8 609.6 +0.102 +0.152 +0.380 0.150 0.050
12.00 24.00 +0.0040 +0.0060 +0.0150 0.0060 0.0020
609.6 914.4 +0.152 +0.229 +0.580 0.230 0.080
Fig. 238. Polishing out chock bore corrosion. 24.00 36.00 +0.0060 +0.0090 +0.0230 0.0090 0.0030
914.4 1219.2 +0.203 +0.305 +0.760 0.310 0.100
Regularly inspect the chock bores and measure them at the time 36.00 48.00 +0.0080 +0.0120 +0.0300 0.0120 0.0040
1219.2 1524 +0.254 +0.381 +1.010 0.380 0.130
of bearing inspection. If the chocks need to be reconditioned, it 48.00 60.00 +0.0100 +0.0150 +0.0400 0.0150 0.0050
is done in sets of four to help maintain a common center line of 1524 +0.305 +0.432 +1.220 0.460 0.150
the mill. To complete a chock inspection, remove the bearing 60.00 +0.0120 +0.0170 +0.0480 0.0180 0.0060
assembly. Thoroughly clean the chock, including all lubrication
Note: For tapered bore bearings in mills running at 1200 mpm
and vent holes. If you use oil-mist or air-oil lubrication, pay (4000 fpm) or higher consult with your Timken engineer.
special attention to ensure that the mist re-classifier fittings or
air-oil pipes are clean. Table 14. Chock bore rework limits when using metric
tolerance system bearings
Polish out heavy corrosion or fretting in the chock bore (fig. 238).
Chock Bore Rework Limits
Make sure that backing shoulders in the chock are free of burrs to
Chock Bore –
allow proper seating of the cups or outer rings. Burrs can detach Variance from Nominal
Size Range Out of
from the chock and lead to spalling and premature equipment Cup O.D. Taper
Bearing O.D. Round
damage if they enter the bearing. New Reworked
Over Incl. Min. Max. Max. Max. Max.
Thoroughly check all seals and replace any that are worn or torn. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Seals play a major role in keeping lubricant in the bearing and in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
contaminants out. 120.0 +0.036 +0.058
4.72 +0.0014 +0.0023
120.0 180.0 +0.043 +0.068
Make periodic chock checks (at least once per year also refer 4.72 7.09 +0.0017 +0.0027 +0.170 0.080 0.040
to the equipment manufacturer's instructions) for bore size and 180.0 250.0 +0.050 +0.079 +0.0070 0.0030 0.00150
geometry, and record them to confirm they are still within the 7.09 9.84 +0.0020 +0.0031
acceptable limits of the original manufacturer’s specifications 250.0 315.0 +0.056 +0.088
9.84 12.40 +0.0022 +0.0035
for size, roundness and taper. Chocks can become distorted after
315.0 400.0 +0.062 +0.119
long periods of service. See tables 13 and 14 for suggestions for 12.40 15.75 +0.0024 +0.0047
permissible chock bore out-of-roundness and over-size limits 400.0 500.0 +0.068 +0.131 +0.330 0.150 0.050
15.75 19.68 +0.0027 +0.0052 +0.0130 0.0060 0.0020
due to service for inch and metric system bearings respectively.
500.0 630.0 +0.076 +0.146
19.68 24.80 +0.0030 +0.0058
630.0 800.0 +0.080 +0.160
24.80 31.50 +0.0031 +0.0063 +0.490 0.230 0.080
800.0 1000.0 +0.086 +0.176 +0.0190 0.0090 0.0030
31.50 39.37 +0.0034 +0.0069
1000.0 1250.0 +0.098 +0.203 +0.630 0.310 0.100
39.37 49.21 +0.0038 +0.0080 +0.0250 0.0120 0.0040
1250.0 1600.0 +0.110 +0.235 +0.860 0.380 0.130
49.21 63.00 +0.0043 +0.0093 +0.0340 0.0150 0.0050
1600.0 +0.120 +0.270 +1.060 0.460 0.150
63.00 +0.0047 +0.0106 +0.0420 0.0180 0.0060
Note: For tapered bore bearings in mills running at 1200 mpm

(4000 fpm) or higher consult with your Timken engineer.

Have your maintenance department keep a record of each Inspection of Roll necks
chock inspection and measurement and they can make repairs
when necessary. Fig. 239 illustrates a typical chock record sheet. In roll necks using tapered roller bearings, the cones typically
have a loose fit to the shaft roll neck and will creep on the necks,
causing wear. Lubricating the necks prior to bearing installation
can limit wear. Bearing face slots, spiral grooves in the bearing
bore, or oil holes in the cones are sometimes used to improve
roll neck lubrication.
After cleaning, inspect the roll neck and check it for size and
general condition. See tables 15 and 16 on the following page for
suggestions for permissible service wear limits on roll necks for
four-row tapered roller bearings type TQOW or 2TDIW.
Fig. 240. Restoring minor roll neck damage.
Store or file down any raised nicks or gouges on the roll neck
before reassembly (fig. 240). Heavy burrs can cause difficulties
Fig. 239. Chock record sheet.
when mounting the cones on the neck, particularly on new rolls
with nominally sized necks. Polish the seal rubbing surfaces
if required. Remove sharp edges that could cut the seal lip at
assembly. Coat the roll neck with a suitable lubricant to help
combat scuffing and wear. Carefully handling the chock and
bearing while sliding it on or off the roll neck will help to avoid
seal mounting damage.
Have your maintenance department keep a record of each roll

neck inspection and measurements and make neck repairs
when necessary. Fig. 241 on page 155 illustrates a typical roll
neck record card.

Table 15. Roll neck diameter wear limits when used

with loose-fit inch system bearings
Roll Neck Diameter Wear Limits
Roll Neck Diameter

Variance from Bearing
Bearing Bore Bore Nominal Taper
New Reworked
Over Incl. Min. Max. Min. Max.
mm mm mm mm mm mm
in. in. in. in. in. in.
127.0 -0.127 -0.102 -0.280 0.040
5.00 -0.0050 -0.0040 -0.0110 0.0015
127.0 152.4 -0.152 -0.127 -0.360 0.040
5.00 6.00 -0.0060 -0.0050 -0.0140 0.0015
152.4 203.2 -0.178 -0.152 -0.430 0.050
6.00 8.00 -0.0070 -0.0060 -0.0170 0.0020
203.2 304.8 -0.203 -0.178 -0.510 0.050
8.00 12.00 -0.0080 -0.0070 -0.0200 0.0020
304.8 609.6 -0.254 -0.203 -0.610 0.080
12.00 24.00 -0.0100 -0.0080 -0.0240 0.0030
609.6 914.4 -0.330 -0.254 -0.840 0.100
24.00 36.00 -0.0130 -0.0100 -0.0330 0.0040
914.4 1219.2 -0.406 -0.305 -1.120 0.130
36.00 48.00 -0.0160 -0.0120 -0.0440 0.0050
1219.2 -0.432 -0.305 -1.220 0.150
48.00 -0.0170 -0.0120 -0.0480 0.0060
Fig. 241. Typical roll neck record card.
Table 16. Roll neck diameter wear limits when used

with loose-fit metric system bearings In roll necks mounted with cylindrical roller bearings, the inner
ring may be re-ground on the roll neck. In this case:
Roll Neck Diameter Wear Limits
Roll Neck Diameter ••The minimum outside diameter of the cylindrical roller
Variance from Bearing bearing inner rings must be respected to retain the required
Bearing Bore Bore Nominal Taper
radial internal clearance, once the bearing outer ring
New Reworked assembly is mounted on the roll neck.
Over Incl. Min. Max. Min. Max.
mm mm mm mm mm mm ••The reconditioned roll neck should be within acceptable
in. in. in. in. in. in. limits for size and taper (see tables 15 and 16).
••All roll neck surfaces should be dimensional checked and

120.0 -0.155 -0.120 -0.300 0.040
4.72 -0.0061 -0.0047 -0.0120 0.0015
120.0 180.0 -0.185 -0.145 -0.380 0.040 validated for conformity against the roll neck detail drawing
4.72 7.01 -0.0073 -0.0057 -0.0150 0.0015
for proper mounting, sealing and lubrication.
180.0 250.0 -0.216 -0.170 -0.460 0.050
7.01 9.84 -0.0085 -0.0067 -0.0180 0.0020 The inner ring is dismounted only if the bearing raceway becomes
250.0 315.0 -0.242 -0.190 -0.540 0.050 damaged beyond repair. If the inner ring is dismounted, the roll
9.84 12.40 -0.0095 -0.0075 -0.0210 0.0020
neck may require to be reground prior to mounting a new inner
315.0 400.0 -0.267 -0.210
12.40 15.75 -0.0105 -0.0083 ring. In this case, the roll neck dimension after grinding should
400.0 500.0 -0.293 -0.230 -0.680 0.080 allow minimum recommended tight fit, once the bearing inner
15.75 19.66 -0.0115 -0.0091 -0.0270 0.0030
ring is mounted.
500.0 630.0 -0.330 -0.260
19.66 24.80 -0.0130 -0.0102
630.0 800.0 -0.400 -0.320
24.80 31.50 -0.0157 -0.0126 -0.940 0.100
800.0 1000.0 -0.450 -0.360 -0.0370 0.0040
31.50 39.37 -0.0177 -0.0142
1000.0 1250.0 -0.530 -0.425 -1.240 0.130
39.37 49.21 -0.0209 -0.0167 -0.0490 0.0050
1250.0 -0.600 -0.475 0.130 0.150
49.21 -0.0236 -0.0187 0.0050 0.0060

Shim or gasket selection for Using a compressible gasket:

chock end cover 1. Select a compressible gasket having a width equal to the
Axially clamp the outer bearing rings to prevent outer ring rotation measured gap, plus 15 percent to account for compression
in the chock. This happens by selecting either a compressible (for cork gaskets, allow 35 percent for compression).
gasket made from a material such as cork, a solid shim pack, 2. Make four notches at 90 degrees to be able to re-measure the
or peelable shims between the end cover flange and chock initial gap after installation (fig. 242).
face (fig. 242). 3. Fit the gasket and cover.
Whatever the bearing type, use the procedure below to determine 4. Tighten the bolts while measuring the gap until you obtain the
the appropriate shim pack or gasket width: initially measured gap value.
5. If harder or softer materials are used, the above mentioned
••Adjust the cover without any gasket or shims using four percentage will have to be adjusted accordingly.
equidistant bolts slightly tightened. The torque (referred to
as “finger tight”) should be small enough to avoid deflecting Using a shim pack or peelable shims:
the bearings and the cover, while allowing the cover
1. Select a shim pack equal to the measured gap minus
extension to mate with the cup back face. If an exact torque
0.050 mm (0.002 in.) for positive compression.
value is needed, please consult with your Timken engineer.
2. Fit the shim pack and cover.
••Rotate the bearing assembly while tightening the bolts. 3. Using a torque wrench, tighten the bolts alternatively to the
••Measure the gap between the cover and chock faces at specified torque value.
four locations close to the bolts and determine the average
gap value. NOTE
The compressible gasket thickness or the peelable shim
thickness defined for a bearing and chock during assembly
Cover
should not be used for another bearing assembly because of
gasket
the overall width variation that will affect the cover gap
distance and may result in un-clamped mounting.
Bolt torque specification

The final bolt torque value must follow the mill builder's
suggestions according to loading conditions of the particular
application. The number of bolts, their size and steel grade
Fig. 242. Chock and cover gasket. together with their position on the covers are inputs in selection
of the torque to apply to each bolt. The total axial force acting
on the cover must be greater than the sum of the axial loads in
the mill. For tapered roller bearings, the induced axial loads also
must be taken into consideration. Please consult with your Timken
engineer, if there is a need to validate the final bolt torque value.

mounting and dismounting roll neck bearings
Mounting and Dismounting Another type of arrangement eliminates the threaded components
(fig. 244). By maintaining tighter tolerances on the bearing width
Roll Neck Bearings and on the surrounding components, it helps to establish the
required axial gap as a result of the tolerance stack without any
four-row Tapered Roller further adjustment procedure.
bearings with Cylindrical Bore
Four-row tapered roller bearings are available in both TQOW
and 2TDIW versions.
Whatever the position of the bearing in the mill stand arrangement,
the cups must be clamped axially in the chock (see shim or gasket
section on page 156 for chock end covers). Failure to provide
adequate clamping across the cups leads to increased mounted
Tolerance
internal clearance in the bearing assembly. stack
After fitting the chock equipped with the bearing assembly onto
Fig. 244. Non-adjustable retainer design.
the roll neck, you need to set an axial gap varying from 0.25 to 1
mm (0.01 to 0.04 in.) depending on the bearing size, between the Another advantage of this retaining method is that the roll neck
cone face and the mating component. This gap prevents wear to total length is reduced and its design considerably simplified
the cone faces as they creep on the roll neck. It also allows minor compared to the threaded nut solution. A Timken performance
float to take place through the loose fit of the cones. code needs to be specified to ensure reduced total bearing width
tolerance.
A common approach involves using a retaining nut (fig. 243). The
nut features a certain number of slots on its periphery for suitable Slots are generally provided in the cone front faces (TQOW
locking and positioning. The number of slots corresponds to and 2TDIW types) to allow lubrication of the roll neck surface,
twice the pitch, in millimeters, which allows you to achieve the bearing bore and the cones front faces. In cases where slots do
required axial clearance with just one slot on the threaded and not exist on the cone face (TQO type), these slots should be in the
keyed retaining ring. Then use a locking key to prevent the nut intermediate ring and the fillet ring faces. These faces generally
from rotating. The procedure consists of tightening the nut to have a hardness of approximately 55 to 60 HRC in order to prevent
axially lock the system and then loosening the nut by a fraction of excessive wear.
a revolution corresponding to the desired axial gap, considering
the thread pitch, and finally securing the nut. Remove the chock and bearing assembly as a complete unit from
the neck by unlocking and removing the retaining device. Transfer
this unit from one roll to another while protecting the rolling
elements and preventing any possible bearing contamination.
Fig. 243. Common retaining nut design.

Bearing lubrication at mounting 1. The stacking sequence begins with the A side down. Install
into the chock bore the AB cup, the AC double cone, the B cup
When using grease to lubricate the bearings, pack components
spacer, the BD cup, the C cone spacer and the D cup spacer.
containing roller sets with grease as they are assembled into the
chock. Evenly weigh and distribute the correct amount of grease 1
11
needed to lubricate the assemblies between the rows. Fill the gap D Cup spacer
D Cup spacer
between each roller with grease. Add additional grease through D
C Cup spacer
Cone spacer
the regular fittings after the bearing is completely assembled into C Cone spacer
C 1 C
BD Cone spacer
Double cup
the chock. Figs. 245 and 246 show lubrication of a tapered roller C BD Double cup
C D
BD
B Cup spacer
Double cup
Cup spacer
bearing, double cone and roller components. Cylindrical roller B Cup spacer
bearing outer rings and roller assemblies are lubricated with C
B
AC Cone spacer
Cup spacer
Double cone
AC Double cone
grease at mounting time. C BD
AC
AB Cup cup
Double cone
AB Cup
B
AB Cup spacer
2. Install the CE double cone. AC Double cone
2
22 AB Cup
Fig. 245. Lubricating a tapered Fig. 246. Installing a greased

roller bearing with grease. component in the chock. 3. Install the DE cup.3
33
If using circulating oil, air-oil or oil-mist lubrication, put a light
coating of oil on the components as they are assembled. Add
additional oil to meet the required oil level after setting the 3 CE Double cone
chock upright. CE Double cone
CE Double cone
bearing Installation in the chock CE Double cone

When stacking a bearing assembly, follow the proper sequence so
that the bearing has the correct setting. Follow the components'
letter marking, as discussed earlier in this chapter on page 144.
4. Select the shim or4 gasket width to achieve clamping across
When installing in the chock, you can stack a bearing assembly 44
the outer rings. Torque the end cover bolts to the original
with either the first letter end or the last letter end down at the
equipment manufacturers' specifications. DE Cup
bottom of the chock (axis vertical), while maintaining the needed DE Cup
component sequence. Also, align load zone markings with each 4 DE Cup
other and position them appropriately in the chock with respect
to the passline. DE Cup
Fig. 247 shows the typical steps of a TQOW bearing installation

into the chock (2TDIW is similar):
Figs. 247. TQOW assembly sequence.
Stand chock up (axis horizontal) and cover it for protection if you

don't immediately assemble it onto the roll neck.

Roll neck mounting procedure FOUR-row TQITS with Tapered Bore

Thoroughly clean and coat the roll neck with lubricant to facilitate Fig. 248 shows a TQITS four-row bearing mounted on a roll neck.
installation and prevent scuffing and wear in operation. The cups of this bearing type are only clamped on the fixed or
operating side. On the floating or drive side, the cups float axially
Carefully align the chock and bearing assembly with the roll
in the chock bore due to clearances between the cup and the
neck, making sure that the chock is square to the roll neck and
cover faces. The drive side is not only permitted to float through
the cone bores are centered. Use a guiding sleeve to avoid roll
the cups of the bearing, but also through the chocks in the mill
neck indentations.
frame window. This arrangement permits free expansion and
Slowly move the chock onto the roll neck and continue sliding until contraction of the roll caused by variations in roll temperatures.
it is completely onto the roll neck. Install the retaining device or
The cones are mounted on a 1:12 tapered neck and pushed up
thrust bearing to locate the chock and bearing assembly.
against a correctly sized fillet ring and retained through a suitable
Take care to avoid damage to the seals during chock assembly clamping system. A clean, dry roll neck is required to maintain
installation. Using chocking machines can assist in ensuring a maximum holding power of the interference fit between cone and
fast and correct chock assembly installation. A well-designed neck. The sized fillet ring will provide the correct interference
machine will maintain chock alignment with the roll center or the fit between the cone and the roll neck. As the cone bores are
bearing journal by rotating the roll during assembly. ground to a tolerance typically less than 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.),
all bearings are interchangeable on all roll necks.
Dismounting the chock and A tight fit is applied that corresponds to a contact pressure of
bearing assembly approximately 15 MPa (2175 psi) for the inner cone, which has the
smallest section. To reduce the push-up force required to press
Support the roll assembly on the roll body outside diameter so
the three cones together, we suggest a stepped tight fit reducing
that the chocks can move freely. Install the lifting devices on the
the tight fit for both the double center cone and the heavy-section
chock and ensure it is secured. Remove the split-hinged ring if
outboard cone because of their larger sections.
you use such a device.
This practice allows a uniform contact pressure for all the cones
Slide the chock and bearing assembly out from the neck. Orientate
and reduces the necessary push-up force by approximately
the chock with the axis vertical, then dismount the bearing in
20 percent.
the reverse sequence used for mounting as illustrated in fig. 247
(previous page).
Drive
side
(floating)
Operating
side
(fixed)
Fig. 248. Typical Tqits roll neck assembly.

Measuring tools for tapered roll necks Ring gage for fillet ring length definition
We will assist original equipment mill designers and mill operators Fig. 250 illustrates the tight-fitted fillet ring in place (against the
in procuring and using measuring tools required for tapered barrel face). To determine its length (L) for the particular neck
roll necks. Typical designs have been proven on many mill on which it will be fitted, use a ring gage. We can supply this
designs (fig. 249). tool on request.
L=A-X
Sine bar for roll neck taper and size checking
where:
The sine bar permits the roll neck taper and size to be checked
L = Fillet ring length
using a conventional O.D. micrometer. Check the taper of the
neck by taking micrometer readings at both ends of the sine bar A = Measured dimension between face of roll barrel and
and comparing them (fig. 249). ring gage
X = Fixed dimension etched on ring gage flange
Sine bar
Y = Fixed dimension etched on O.D. of ring gage body
Brackets
In the case where the extended cone version is used (TQITSE)
and the bearing assembly is directly in contact with the barrel
face, the above tool is not necessary. It could be used to check
whether the roll neck has been correctly sized.
Roll neck
A
L X
Y
Micrometer
Fig. 249. Sine bar installed on roll neck.
Ring gage
Fig. 250. Ring gage positioned on roll neck.

Mounting procedures for 13. Clamp the bearing assembly tightly in place and lock to
TQITS bearings the next tightest position. The clamping device must be
positively clamped to maintain the tight fit obtained with the
Consider different mounting procedures to mount a four- hydraulic jack.
row tapered bore bearing on the roll neck after having been
previously fitted in its chock. Fig. 251 illustrates the hydraulic ring Dismounting procedures for
jack method. TQITS bearings
Inspection hole Disassemble the TQITS tapered bore bearings mounted on the
roll neck by using an oil-pressure system. The system requires
one or three axial holes and radial holes leading to grooves under
the outboard, central and inboard bearing cones. Find these
radial holes and oil grooves around the neck's outside diameter
at the approximate neutral pressure zone for each cone section
(fig. 252).
3
Hydraulic ring jack 2
Fig. 251. Mounting TQITS with hydraulic ring jack.
Installation of TQITS bearing using a hydraulic ring jack is

described below.
1. Remove all oil and/or grease from the surface of the roll neck Fig. 252. Roll neck axial holes for TQITS dismounting.
and cone bore. This ensures that there is no lubricant leakage
from the bearing during this operation. You don't need to loosen the front chock cover screws when
2. Assemble the bearing and chock on the roll neck. removing the bearing and chock assemblies from the roll neck.
3. Assemble the hydraulic ring jack in place. The piston of the
ring jack must be fully retracted. FOUR-row Cylindrical Roller
4. Assemble the split-hinged ring in the groove on the neck. Bearings
5. Apply hydraulic pressure to the hydraulic jack with a suitable Four-row cylindrical roller bearings are engineered for roll-neck
hydraulic pump. Take care to ensure that the pressure used backup positions in flat product mills and work roll positions in
to mount the bearing does not exceed the shear stress limit long product and structural mills. They are available in three most
of the split-hinged ring backing shoulder. Push-up pressure is commonly used configurations: type RY, RYL and RX.
normally between 30 to 40 MPa (4400 and 5800 psi).
6. Using a feeler gage, check through the inspection hole to The cylindrical bearings used in backup and work rolls are
ensure that the cones are seated against the fillet ring or mounted with tight fit inner rings on the neck. The inner ring
against the roll shoulder for the extended cone version. always determines the internal radial clearance. Inner rings
of work rolls are provided in a finished state with no additional
7. Plug the tapped inspection hole after ensuring that the cone
grinding required. Backup roll inner rings also can be provided
is tight against the fillet ring.
in a semi-finished condition with appropriate grind stock to allow
8. Release the pressure and back off the piston. mill operators to optimize the roll’s precision by finish grinding the
9. Remove the split-hinged ring. inner ring after mounting it onto the roll neck. The part numbers
10. Remove the hydraulic jack. for these semi-finished and inner ring and bearing assemblies
11. Install the appropriate clamping device. are identified by a CF suffix.
12. Reinstall the split-hinged ring.

Tight inner rings fitting procedure
Fitting procedure 0º 1
The following procedure describes the step-by-step approach 2
3
to achieve the fitting operation of inner rings. 4
90º
1. Clean and dry roll neck and inner ring bores, as well as the
roll neck shoulders and inner ring faces. Shoulders and fillet
rings must be square and free of nicks. The roll neck diameter
size must be carefully controlled before installing the inner
rings to make sure that you achieve the proper interference.
2. Thermally expand the bearing inner ring by heating it to a Fig. 253. Measuring points on inner ring.
maximum of 120° C (248° F) with temperature control, using
an oil bath, an induction heating system or a dry oven. Check the ground inner races O.D. size by measuring twice 90
NOTE degrees apart at four different locations along a ring (see fig.
Never allow the bearing component to be in direct contact with 253). Record your findings.
the heating source or use a flame on the bearing.
After grinding, oil and protect the roll neck to avoid rust and
handling damage.
WARNING
Failure to follow these cautions could
create a risk of injury. Dismounting of inner rings
You can remove inner rings by using a customized induction
Remove oil or rust inhibitor from parts before heating heating device, such as the Timken® EcoPower™ Induction
to avoid fire and fumes.
Heater (page 131). When the inner rings heat up to the suggested
temperature, use a withdrawal device to help pull the rings off
3. Once you reach the target temperature, slide the inboard the roll neck.
inner ring onto the roll neck using appropriate and safe tools.
4. Keep the inner ring in contact with the backing shoulder
during the cooling period. The inner ring must be continually Mounting the outer ring and roller
axially clamped to make sure it remains seated against the assembly into the chock
roll neck shoulder. All ring components have a serial number marked on their faces,
5. Remove the clamping devices and repeat the operation for along with a letter to indicate the stacking sequence during
the next inner ring, once the inboard inner ring cools to the installation into the chock. The four outer-races have a load
ambient temperature. zone marking from one to four, at 90-degree intervals. A line on
the outside diameter indicates load zone one. Each roller set is
Customer finished grinding (CF) of inner rings matched to a specific outer raceway and must be maintained in
When you receive bearing assemblies with semi-finished ground that location to obtain the mounted radial clearance.
inner ring races (CF clearance), you obtain the final bearing radial
internal clearance (RIC) by grinding the tight-mounted inner ring Before installing the outer ring of the bearing, thoroughly clean
races on the roll neck. the chock including any lubrication ports. Remove burrs, chips
and dust to prevent them from contaminating the bearing.
After finish grinding, check the inner rings for size and geometry Properly level the chock, with its axis oriented vertically to allow
while meeting the following requirements: the bearing components to be lowered into the chock.
••Inner ring O.D. final size range (refer to the respective Fig. 254 (next page) shows the typical steps of a 4-row cylindrical
bearing drawing). No hollow profile, lobing or visual chatter. outer ring and roller assembly mounting into the chock.
••Max 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) taper O.D. across inner ring width.
••No grind injury, burns or tears.
••Surface finish = 0.4 μm (16 μin.) maximum.

CD Outer ring
mounting
CD Outer ring
and dismounting roll neck bearings
CD Outer DringCage and roller set D Cage and roller set

Bearing mounting into chock 4. Install the CD outer ring with the C and D cage and roller sets
matching the rightD Cage and roller set C Cage and roller set
C raceway.
1. Decide the stacking sequence, either A or D face down. In
the following procedure we will start with the A face down. CD Outer CringCage andCD
roller set ring
Outer
A Flange ring A Flange ring
Install the A flange ring into the chock bore.
D Cage and roller set D Cage and roller set
A Flange ring
CD Outer ring
C Cage and roller set C Cage and roller set
D Cage and roller set
A Flange ring A Flange ring
C Cage and roller set
A Flange ring
5. InstallDtheFlange ring
D flange D chock
ring into the Flange ring
bore.
B Cage and roller setB Cage and roller set D Flange ring
A Cage and2. Install
roller A AB
setthe Cage and
outer roller
ring withset
the A and B cage and roller sets
B Cage and roller setABthe
matching raceways.
Outer ring
AB Outer ring
A Cage and roller set
D Flange ring D Flange ring
AB Outer ring
B Cage and roller setB Cage and roller set
A Cage and roller setA Cage and roller set D Flange ring
AB Outer ring AB Outer and
ringroller set
B Cage
A Cage and roller set
AB Outer ring
6. Select the shim or compressible gasket width to achieve

clamping across the outer rings. Torque the end cover bolts
to the original equipment manufacturer's specifications.
3. Install the spacer ring.
Spacer ring Spacer ring
Spacer ring
Spacer ring Spacer ring
Spacer ring
Fig. 254. Four-row cylindrical roller bearing assembly sequence.

Roll Neck mounting procedure for

four-row cylindrical roller bearings
Carefully align the chock with the roll neck inner ring assemblies,
making sure that the chock is square and centered to the roll
neck. Use a guiding sleeve to avoid damage from roller-to-
inner-race contact during mounting. Slowly move the chock
onto the roll neck (fig. 255) and continue sliding the chock
until it is completely in location. Take care to avoid damaging
the seals during installation. Using chocking machines can
facilitate the installation. A well-designed machine will maintain
chock alignment with the roll axis by rotating the roll during
assembly. Install the retaining device to locate the bearing and
chock assembly.
Fig. 256. Typical Tdik and TqoW bearing arrangement.
We suggest using the TDIK assembly with a spring system to seat

the unlocked cup on its set of rollers to minimize roller skewing
(fig. 257). You achieve and control the spring stroke by using
metal shims between the flange and the housing. The spring
system then develops the correct axial force that will seat the
unloaded row.
Sometimes a spacer-preset
Axial TDIK
gap = 0.15 to 0.30 mm
assembly mounted
(0.006 to 0.012 in.) is
into a carrier
Fig. 255. Installing chock assembly onto roll neck and inner ring.
used insteadtoofset
thespring
springpreload
system
incorporated in the cups. In both
cases the mounting is similar.
axial position
A keyway is provided in the cone
In most cases, when four-row tapered roller bearings are used on to prevent the cone from rotating.
work rolls, no additional axial positions are required. When systems
Keyways in the cups also are
like axial shift or roll crossing are employed, the thrust loads might
occasionally provided (example:
be so high that you may need an additional thrust bearing to ensure
reversing mills). If you use this
proper roll support. For cylindrical roll neck bearings, such axial Fig. 257. TDIK with spring
system. solution, the key and keyway
positions are mandatory on the fixed side.
alignment needs to be ensured at
the mounting stage.
Two-row TDIK Diametral loose fit at cup O.D.
= 2 to 3 mm (0.080 to 0.120 in.)
Fig. 256 shows a two-row TDIK tapered roller bearing used at the
axial position of the roll neck. This thrust position is located at the
fixed operator side and used in combination with a radial four-row
tapered roller bearing on work rolls and flat mill intermediate rolls
or adjacent to a hydrodynamic bearing or four-row cylindrical
bearing assembly on the backup rolls.

Two-row TDIK mounting procedure Width across cups

(does not include
The following provides a detailed procedure on mounting the button protrusion)
bearing assemblies with incorporated springs (fig. 258): (Dim1)
Step 1. Record the measured width across the cups (Dim1). We

include this information with the measuring sheet provided with
the bearing assembly. The installer also can measure it (if wear
has occurred). If you measure Dim1, apply the appropriate axial
load and take the bearing rotation to ensure that the roller sets
are correctly loaded against the double cone central rib. Step 1.
Step 2. Measure and record the depth of the chock bore from the
front face to the housing shoulder (Dim2).
Step 3. Measure and record the length of the chock cover’s

spigot that extends into the chock bore (Dim3). From steps
one to three, calculate the required shim thickness using the Depth of chock
following equation: bore (Dim 2)
Required shim thickness = Dim1 + Dim3 - Dim2 + (0.40 +/-0.05 mm Step 2.

[0.016+/0.002 in.])
Dim3
Step 4. Install the metal shim between the chock and cover.
Rotate the cone to ensure proper seating of the rollers against
the large rib. Tighten the bolts alternately and progressively to
original equipment manufacturer's suggested torque value for
proper clamp up. The springs (internal to the bearing) will be
compressed equally on each side of the bearing, so the gap
is equally measured between the cup back face and adjacent
shoulder. Step 3.
The bearing is now set up in light preload prior to mounting on the

roll. Measure the gap between the cup back face and shoulder
face with a feeler gage. If the measurement falls outside the
specified range, adjust the shim thickness to achieve a gap
measurement within the range.
For bearing assemblies with incorporated springs in the chock, 0.2 mm (0.008 in.)
follow a similar procedure as the one used above for incorporated gap after final
assembly, both sides
springs bearings. In this case, the total width across the cup back
Step 4.
faces is not provided and must be measured at mounting time.
Fig. 258. TDIK assembly sequence.

Two-row TTDWK/ttdflk mounting Fig. 260 shows a different axial bearing type – TTDFLK. It features
procedure a flat central ring and an outer spacer. The bearing is preset and
does not require adjustment during mounting. If the bearing is
The TTDWK double-acting thrust bearing offers higher axial supplied without a spacer, then the same spring arrangement and
ratings than the TDIK-type bearing. It is an alternative choice for adjustment as the TTDWK must be used.
anticipated high axial loads.
This TTDWK double-acting thrust bearing always is mounted in

combination with a radial bearing at the fixed position (fig. 259).
Such an assembly is fitted in a separate housing that will be

mounted on the chock.
The outer races are not axially clamped, but adjusted to obtain
the required axial clearance, allowing the springs to develop
the correct axial force to seat the unloaded row. A keyway is Fig. 260. TTDFLK thrust bearing.
generally provided in the center double-race ring to stop it from
Metal Shims or compressible gasket
rotating on the roll neck.
Fig. 261. Ttdflk thrust bearing mounted in housing.
Fig. 259. Typical TTDWK thrust bearing arrangement. You must axially clamp the assembly using metal shims or a
compressible gasket following the same procedure for radial
bearings (fig. 261). You also can order this bearing without the
spacer and then mount it like the TTDWK (fig. 259).
You can only install these double-acting bearings (TTDWK and

TTDFLK) as a unit. Take care to ensure that the flat races are
correctly centered when lifting or lowering this bearing into the
housing.

thrust spherical mounting procedure

Thrust spherical roller bearings also are used at axial positions
on long product mill, flat product, cold mill work or intermediate
rolls with axial shifting. To support axial loads in both directions,
the spherical thrust bearings are mounted in pairs back to back. A
spring system maintains the outer races in contact with the rollers
on the unloaded row. You need to establish an axial clearance
at mounting time using a shim pack between the chock and the
cover, in a similar manner to the TDIK.
A cartridge sometimes is used with the inner rings tight fitted

on a sleeve and the sleeve loose fitted and keyed on the shaft
(see fig. 262). Fig. 263. Typical screwdown support configuration using a
TTHDSX thrust bearing.
These bearings are assembled into a housing or cartridge. Follow

these steps when installing these assemblies:
1. Prepare the housing, retaining and sealing plates, thrust

bearing races and roller components for mounting.
2. Place the lower race in the housing using a lifting tool.
3. Place the rollers on the lower race, one by one, making sure
that the rollers do not damage the raceway. Align all lightly
greased or oiled rollers into a full circle on the lower race,
ensuring that the circle is concentric with the inner ring and
the rollers are in contact.
4. Slowly lower the top race onto the rollers. Use caution to
ensure correct mounting and avoid a roller being trapped out
of position between the lower and upper races which would
result in bruises on roller body or raceways.
Fig. 262. Two TSR assemblies on a sleeve. 5. Rotate the assembly slowly by hand to ensure free movement.
6. Mount the upper retaining and sealing plate.
Tapered thrust bearing mounting 7. Fill the housing with a high quality extreme pressure (EP) oil
procedure for screwdown systems having a viscosity of approximately 460 cSt at 40° C.
The bearings used in screwdown systems include single When you finish the maintenance, follow the dismounting steps
row tapered thrust designs that are available in a variety in the reverse order. Pay particular attention to avoid accidents
of configurations (see pages 56-57 for further details). The due to rollers falling out of the housing during dismounting.
heavy-duty thrust bearing makes the connection between the
screwdown and the top roll chock, as shown in fig. 263.
Auxiliary equipment and other bearing
type mounting procedures
For industry-standard bearing types, please refer to the following
Timken catalogs for mounting procedures: Timken Tapered
Roller Bearing Catalog (order no. 10481), Timken Cylindrical
Roller Bearing Catalog (order no. 10447), Timken Spherical Roller
Bearing Catalog (order no. 10446) and the Timken Engineering
Manual (order no. 10424).

bearing setting techniques
bearing setting techniques Non-adjustable bearings

Depending on the application's running conditions and the With the exception of certain versions of cylindrical roller
bearing type, a bearing operates with an internal clearance (end bearings, these bearing types have non-separable rings. They
play) or preload defined either radially or axially. The clearance come as a unit with a certain amount of internal clearance from
or preload is referred to as bearing setting. the factory called RIC. You can't adjust the clearance at mounting
unless a separate tapered sleeve is designed into the application.
Adjustable and non-adjustable The following lists the five different types of bearings considered
bearings non-adjustable:
Adjustable bearings
••Radial ball bearings, also called deep-groove ball bearings.
We consider the following three types of bearings as adjustable:
••Spherical roller bearings.
••Cylindrical roller bearings.
••Tapered roller bearings. ••ADAPT™ roller bearings.
••Angular-contact ball bearings. ••Needle roller bearings.
••Spherical thrust bearings. Built-in RIC, as supplied from the factory, conforms to International
Standards Organization or ABMA standards and is classified in
The above bearing types feature separable races that can be
an increasing order from C2 to C5.
moved one relative to another. This modifies the clearance
and obtains the right setting in a system of two interdependent C2 Less than normal
bearings. For these styles of bearings, the clearance in the system
is measured axially along the bearing centerline. -- Normal (C0 or CN not mentioned in the part number)
Built-in internal clearance from the factory is not applicable on C3 Greater than C0
this type of single-row bearing, as clearance is adjusted at the
time of assembly. For multi-row assemblies, a spacer or a specific C4 Greater than C3
internal bearing component allows the bearing to be supplied
C5 Greater than C4
as a preset assembly with a certain amount of axial endplay or
axial preload. The vast majority of adjustable bearings used in Special C clearances (e.g C6, C7, etc.) are bearing-specific.
the metals industry come with axial endplay. In specific cases,
the bearings come with axial preload. The alpha-numeric combination in the part number indicates
the RIC (ex: 23052YMBW507C3), except for C0 RIC, which is
not designated.
Clearances differ between straight bore versus tapered bore

bearings of same product family series for a given standardized
clearance. Factory RIC is reduced during assembly due to the
amount of tight fit between the inner race and the shaft and
between the outer race and housing.

Multi-row Tapered roller Influence of fitting on the bearing

bearing setting setting (BEP)
As a general rule, the bearing rotating members are mounted with
Bearing bench endplay (BEP) a tight fit, while stationary components are mainly loose fitted,
Most multi-row tapered roller bearings (two-rows or more) come with some exceptions based on application design specifics.
as preset assemblies. We achieve the setting through spacers. As a general rule, the bearing rotating members are mounted with
For Timken® tapered roller bearings, we call the bearing setting a tight fit, while stationary components are mainly loose-fitted,
before mounting BEP. It is a factory setting of the axial clearance. with some exceptions based on application design specifics. Due
The BEP is determined at bearing assembly by Timken through to frequent roll neck changes, four-row tapered roller bearings
measurement and matching of the bearing components. All used on rolling mill roll neck are the notable exception.
components are marked with a serial number (see page 144). The straight-bore of four-row tapered roller bearings are
The nominal BEP typically has a tolerance of ±0.025 mm commonly mounted with loose-mounted cones and cups. In this
(±0.001 in.) for standard class assemblies. case, the mounted endplay (MEP) will be the same as the BEP.
For any other industrial application where bearings are tight-fitted
either onto the shaft and/or in the housing, the loss of enplay is
determined using the relationships on page 88 and 89.
Bearing mounted endplay (MEP)

During the mounting operation, the initial BEP (supplied from
the factory) will be reduced due to the effect of the tight fit
between the cones and the shaft, and/or between the cups and
the housing. The resulting setting value is called the mounted
setting or MEP.
The general relationship is:

MEP = BEP – Loss of endplay due to tight fit
Because all the parameters involved in this calculation

are dimensions with tolerances (shaft O.D., housing I.D.,
cone bore, cup O.D., BEP), the MEP range will be a function of
these tolerances.

See below for a metric example of an MEP range calculation: Controlling bearing assembly setting
Example: MEP range calculation Check multiple-row tapered roller bearings on a regular basis
to determine whether or not the initial BEP needs readjustment.
Bearing assembly: TDO M249749 / M249710CD / M249749XB.
Dimensions: Tapered two-row assembly

Bore = 256.000 mm measurement
O.D. = 358.775 mm Use the drop-method procedure below to measure the BEP
Width = 152.400 mm (fig. 264).
K = 1.76 A
BEP = 0.305 mm
A A C
The BEP tolerance ±0.025 mm
Fitting practice example (METRIC) AB CB
Cone Bore Shaft Seat Cone Fit Cup O.D. Housing I.D. Cup Fit B AC B B
mm mm mm mm mm mm
254.025 254.038 0.013 T 358.826 358.877 0.051 L
254.000 254.064 0.064 T 358.775 358.927 0.152 L
C C A
The fitting practice for this example appears in the table
C C A
above.
Fig. 264. Tapered two-row assembly measuring sequence.
To calculate the loss of endplay, we use the relationships
from page 89. Step 1:
For this example, the mean cone diameter is assumed equal

••Stack the bearing components on a flat, solid surface like
a bench.
to the cone backing diameter available in the catalog product
tables (274 mm). Please contact your Timken engineer for ••Alternately set up both cones CB and AB this way and stack
an exact calculation. the corresponding raceway of the double cup on the cone.
The calculated range of the loss of endplay in the two row:

••After carefully rotating and oscillating the cup while
applying a downward force to seat the rollers, measure the
corresponding distance from small cone face to small cup
Loss of endplay max. = (1.76/0.39) x (254/274) x 0.064 = 0.267 mm
face at four locations, 90 degrees apart, and the average
Loss of endplay min. = (1.76/0.39) x (254/274) x 0.013 = 0.054 mm value determined, respectively AB and CB.
Step 2:
MEPmin = BEPmin. – Loss of endplay max
= 0.305 – 0.025 – 0.267 ••Measure double-cup width AC at four locations and
= 0.013 mm determine the average value.
MEPmax = BEPmax – Loss of endplay min.

••Calculate the distance B between both small cone face
(corresponding to a zero BEP spacer width):
= 0.305 + 0.025 – 0.054
B = AB + CB – AC.
= 0.276 mm
••If the measurement checks the actual BEP of an existing
The MEP range will therefore be 0.013 – 0.276 mm. assembly, then the actual BEP value = spacer width – B.
Use the same method to determine the spacer width when an
NOTE assembly is set for a target BEP. In this case, spacer width = B +
The same procedure is followed for inch dimensions. target BEP +/- BEP tolerance.

Tapered four-row assembly

measurement
Check BEP on four-row bearing assemblies at least once a year
(also refer to the equipment manufacturer's instructions) to
determine if any wear has occurred.
For BEP measurements, stack the bearing without spacers on a

flat, solid surface with the lower cup supported in a base fixture.
This base fixture must be counter bored for cage clearance
Fig. 267. Applying light oil to rollers and race.
and allow for free rotation of the cone assembly. Add weight to
the bearing being measured to properly seat the components You may need to repeat this bearing rotation to fully seat the parts.
(fig. 265). You can easily check proper roller seating with a 0.05 mm (0.002
in.) feeler gage inserted between the large end of the rollers
and the cone rib. Check all four sets of rollers for seating at four
different locations.
With all the components seated, measure the B, C and D gaps

at four places, 90 degrees apart around the bearing (fig. 268).
Use the average of the four measurements for each gap for that
specific gap.
Fig. 265. Applied weight for seating rollers.
The weight applied should be comparable to the weight of the

bearing you're measuring. It also should be made to pilot on the
bearing cup outside diameter and counter bored to clear the cage.
Bearings with a long service life particularly need this weight
since components may be out-of-round and can be difficult to
seat properly. As a safety precaution, keep the chains or slings
used to lift the added weight in place with slight slack at all times.
Fig. 268. Measuring B or D gap.
Anytime you stack up the bearing, whether for measurements (in
which case the cup and cone spacers are left out) or for assembly Also measure the B, C and D spacers to obtain their width (fig.
in the chock, follow the proper stacking sequence to have the 269). Bearings properly set with endplay always will have a spacer
setting clearance (see fig. 266 for an example of cup marking, as width greater than the corresponding spacer gap.
well as the bearing marking section on page 144).
Fig. 269. Measuring spacer width.

Fig. 266. Example of E cup marking.
The difference between the spacer width and gap measurement
Stack the bearing with either the A cup down or the E cup down,
in the two adjacent rows of rollers is the BEP.
but the components must remain in sequence. After stacking the
bearing, apply light oil on the raceways to help seat the rollers
and to protect the bearing (fig. 267). You must rotate all the parts
separately to seat the rollers.

Tapered four-row assembly BEP

Example:
readjustment
You can adjust bearing setting by regrinding each spacer width. Spacer regrind when BEP is two times the original setting.
Usually, it is not necessary to regrind the spacers until the moment
the BEP increases to double the amount of the original value. In Bearing BEP Readjustment
this case, you need to regrind the spacer widths to provide for 1.5
mm
times the original bearing BEP. Keep a record of the spacer gaps BEP Reference Values
in.
and spacer widths on the roll neck bearing service record card.
0.31
Original BEP of the bearing (new)
0.012
Below shows a calculation example of bearing BEP readjustment.
0.46
Regrind spacers to provide 1.5 times original BEP
E 0.018
Spacers Width Calculations

B
Gap Gap measurement
26.01
B 1.024
Gap
B C 0.46
CA Target BEP
0.018
CE Regrind spacer width to

26.47
1.042
D
Gap All three B, C and D spacer widths are calculated using the actual values of
D B, C and D gap measurements plus 1.5 times the original BEP.
D
E
Fig. 270. B, C and D gap measurements.
Spacer width B
Spacer width C
Spacer width D
Fig. 271. B, C and D spacer width measurements.

Cylindrical Roller Bearing Bearing RIC

setting We can supply the four-row cylindrical bearing in either of two
Four-row cylindrical bearings feature inner race assemblies ways related to its RIC:
that are interchangeable with outer race and roller assemblies.
1. Fixed RIC range: Examples include C0, C2, C3 and C4 suffixes.
There is no specific matching between them. The most important
The inner rings are delivered finished to a final O.D. size range.
parameter to ensure interchangeability is the DUR, dimension F
This size range, coupled with the bearing's fixed DUR, results
(fig. 272) that can be found in the Timken Metals Product Tables
in the published unmounted RIC listed in our product tables.
(see table 17 for an example).
The end user or builder should consider the loss of radial
clearance due to the tight fit of the inner ring when making
C their selection of the appropriate RIC selection to order.
2. Customized mounted RIC: Examples include CFi suffixes
(where i is a numeral; ex. CF1). The inner rings possess a
targeted amount of added grindstock to remove from the
inner rings, after the inner rings have been mounted with an
B interference fit. Roll suppliers frequently perform this inner ring
O.D. grind operation because it increases the mills precision by
Dd ds F Ds
mating the inner rings O.D. to the roll body's outside diameter.
Further eliminating the variable related to the interference fit
of the inner rings, reduces the total range of the mounted RIC.
Influence of bearing fit on the RIC

Four-row cylindrical roller bearing inner rings are tight fitted onto
the roll neck. The amount of fit interference depends upon the size
Fig. 272. DUR dimension F. of the bearing, its type and the application on which it is used (i.e.
a 4-Hi mill backup roll neck or a 2-Hi long product mill roll neck).
Table 17. DUR product table example
The tight fit will make a direct impact on the outside diameter
Bearing Dimensions Load Ratings
of the ring that will elastically expand according to the formula:
Dynamic
Static
(1)
D2 = D1 + Diametric Increase
Bore O.D. Width Width DUR
d D B C F C1 C0 where:
mm mm mm mm mm kN kN
in. in. in. in. in. lbf. lbf. Diametric Increase = Loss of RIC due to tight fit
145.000 225.000 156.000 156.000 169.000 1100 1832 = d1 / D1 x tight fit
5.7087 8.8583 6.1417 6.1417 6.6535 248000 412000 and,
160.000 230.000 130.000 130.000 180.000 894 1440 Tight fit = d2 – d1
6.2992 9.0551 5.1181 5.1181 7.0866 202000 324000
Since D1 is not a published dimension, use the DUR dimension
F instead.
Half diametric increase

(half loss of RIC due to tight fit)
D 1 d1 d2 D2
Fig. 273. Cylindrical inner ring O.D. increase after tight fit on the
roll neck.

For finished ground inner rings, consider this diametric increase Fig. 274 shows the mounted RIC as measured with the chock
to define and calculate the resultant mounted RIC (fig. 273 freely supported on the roll neck.
previous page):
Mounted RIC = Unmounted RIC – diametric increase
The final result for the mounted RIC range will have a range equal
to the sum of all radial tolerances, because all the parameters
involved in this calculation are dimensions with tolerance (shaft
diameter, inner ring bores, unmounted RIC).
The range for the mounted RIC acts as a function of the tolerance
of the roll neck diameter, the bearing bore and the range of the
unmounted RIC. The following metric example illustrates this.
Example (metric): RIC range calculation
Bearing assembly 160RYL1467C3

Mounted RIC
Unmounted RIC 0.115 – 0.165 mm
Roll neck diameter 160.043 – 160.068 mm

Fig. 274. Mounted radial internal clearance (Ric).
Bearing bore 160.000 – 159.982 mm
For non-ground inner rings (CF suffix), the O.D. diametric increase
Resulting fit 0.043 – 0.086 mm (Tight) doesn't impact the RIC because the ring is ground after fitting on
the roll neck.
Loss of RIC 0.038 – 0.076 mm
Mounted RIC min. = Unmounted RIC min. – Loss of RIC max.

= 0.115 – 0.076 = 0.039 mm
Mounted RIC max. = Unmounted RIC max. – Loss of RIC min.

= 0.165 – 0.038 = 0.127 mm
The mounted RIC range will therefore be 0.019 – 0.107 mm.
NOTE
The same procedure is followed for inch dimensions.

Services
Services
This section outlines our service capabilities that can
improve your operation:
••Gearbox repair.
••Bearing reconditioning and reclamation.
••Chock and roll upgrades.
••MILLTEC® rolling mill program.
••Service engineering.
••Training.

services
gearbox repair
GEARBOX REPAIR UPGRADE OPPORTUNITIES

Timken repairs virtually any gearbox make and model, with on-
site emergency breakdown service available if needed. Whether LONGER GEAR LIFE THROUGH METAL
it’s a part of a predictive maintenance routine or if your gearbox HARDENING
shows signs of wear (fig. 275) and increasing noise levels, it may We strengthen gears through a wide range of options available.
be time for an in-depth inspection. We handle a variety of processes from relatively simple through-
hardening techniques, to the more complex case-hardening,
We offer globally recognized expertise in power transmission
such as nitriding and carburizing. Heat treating techniques and
solutions for the world’s heavy industrial markets. We have a
advances in gear grinding technology make it possible to grind
large installed base of drives through our proprietary brands and
casehardened gears, resulting in dramatic and positive affects
provide mission-critical gear solutions for basic oxygen furnace
to the equipment’s overall lifecycle.
(BOF) and other heavy applications in the metals industry.
COUPLING ANALYSIS ENSURES OPTIMUM

POWER TRANSMISSION
Whether you are using gear type or grid type couplings in a
standard or reverse mounted configuration, you do not have to
remove them from the input or output shafts before sending your
gearbox to one of our service centers for overhaul or upgrade. We
suggest you leave the half couplings on the gearbox shafts so we
can inspect the condition of the teeth, seals, bores and key ways.
Our site engineers ensure the coupling is properly rated for the
gearbox, which is very important when a gear ratio change or an
upgrade to the load rating has occurred. Our service centers can
upgrade the existing coupling to help ensure better efficiency.
Fig. 275. Before and after gearbox repair example.

SMART ADD-ONS REDUCE ANXIETY
SCOPE OF WORK Our upgrades include diagnostic instrumentation to warn against
pending failure, reinforced housings to add stability, or user-
Technical services available for gearbox repair include: friendly oil filtration systems.
••Condition Monitoring With more than 120 years of design experience for critical heavy
••Diagnostics equipment in the power generation, infrastructure and military
defense industries, Timken leverages our capabilities by offering
••Drive Exchange Program world-class engineering and technical field service support for
••Engineered Upgrades power transmission equipment. Our engineers utilize state-of-the-
••GearLogicSM Preservation System art inspection and measurement equipment as well as techniques
that provide qualified answers to critical gear questions.
••On-site Inspection
••Predictive Maintenance For more details, please contact your Timken engineer.
••Renewal Part Specification

Our experience includes all major gear types, bearings,
hydroviscous clutches and brakes.

services
bearing reconditioning and reclamation
bearing reconditioning and Bearing Reclamation

reclamation We also offer reclamation services for bearings from 76 mm to
It is critical to lower the cost per ton rolled and achieve a higher 300 mm (3 to 12 in.) bore. Reclamation can save anywhere from
yield to keep a metals plant competitive in today's market. 20 to 70 percent off the cost of buying new.
One of the best ways to deliver performance is to make sure Reclamation works for applications that use small bearings in
the mechanical components remain part of an integrated large quantities, like continuous casters, ferrous and non-ferrous
maintenance plan. strip levelers, pallet mills and tables, transfer and conveyor rolls.
We offer a full range of maintenance, reconditioning and reliability Our reclamation process begins with an initial inspection to
services for the metals industry. Through our remanufacturing determine the level of service required. We disassemble and
and repair operations, we can help bearings reach their full clean serviceable bearings. Then we apply a polishing finish using
design-life potential by restoring worn and stressed materials, specialized, Timken-developed processes to return bearings back
reducing operating costs and improving plant uptime. With our to serviceable condition. We then measure, reassemble and
reliability products, remote monitoring and training services, we lubricate the reclaimed bearing components before returning
can customize your maintenance programs for maximum plant them to the customer with a written report.
performance. Using these services can lead to improved plant
efficiency and reduced overall production costs.
Advantages of Reconditioning
Bearing Reconditioning and Reclamation
Both our bearing reconditioning and reclamation programs
Much time, effort and money goes into designing bearings for
provide many advantages.
maximum service life. Unfortunately, most bearings are removed
from service before they reach their full useful or economic life. ••Overall cost reduction. Reconditioning costs considerably
When integrated into a regular mill maintenance program, bearing less compared to the cost of a new bearing.
repair can play an important role in extending bearing life and
preventing mill downtime. ••Improved product quality. A reconditioned bearing
with proper clearance and endplay provides greater
Equipment that benefits the most from a bearing reconditioning performance and reliability than a bearing with worn
program includes highly loaded applications such as continuous settings and materials, which cause unnecessary vibration
casting machines, rolling mill chocks (work rolls, intermediate and chatter.
rolls and backup rolls), mechanical screwdown units, pinion ••Reduced lead times compared to buying new bearings.
stands, gear units, tension leveling units, overhead cranes and Bearing repair offers shorter lead times than manufacturing
table rolls. new bearings.
We offer reconditioning services for all bearing types and brands, ••Increased application uptime by detecting the origin of the
including non-Timken products. Our experienced engineers help problem. Downtime in a mill may lead to extensive losses
you identify the type of bearing damage, determine the root cause in production and revenue. When performed in a timely
of the problem and suggest a proper repair solution. Bearings manner, bearing reconditioning helps reduce the potential
sized from 250 mm to 2000 mm (10 to 80 in.) outside diameter for sudden equipment failures and subsequent downtime.
(O.D.) are ideal candidates for repair. We suggest grouping Bearing inspection during the reconditioning process
bearings smaller than 250 mm (10 in.) outside diameter (O.D.) into can establish the damage mode, which helps identify
economical quantities. root problems within the application and avoids repeat
occurrence.

services
Impact of bearing repair on When to Repair a Bearing

performance Proper planning minimizes total bearing lifecycle costs. If you
Fig. 276 shows how a bearing that goes without repair may reach a remove bearings from service too early, you won't use them to
potential life as shown by the dotted red line. The black line shows their full potential and you won't capture their useful remaining
the potential life increase of the bearing if it undergoes repairs life. Conversely, leaving bearings in service too long increases the
throughout its service. Maintenance personnel always should risk of operating them past the point of economical repair. Even
evaluate the total repair cost involved compared to the expected more importantly, it puts your entire process in jeopardy with
life improvement to determine if repair is an economical choice. the risk of damaging other components in the system. Scrapping
expensive components or experiencing unplanned downtime for
100% hours, days or weeks can result from catastrophic failures that
Performance begins to degrade due
to corrosion, contamination, etc. can be avoided. You maximize cost savings when you remove
bearings from service at just the right time (fig. 277).
Bearing Life Remaining
Theoretical
bearing life
50%
Bearing Cost
Zone A: Zone B: Zone C:

Bearings are not being Bearings being repaired Bearings being operated
used to their full and operated in most past the point of repair.
0% potential. Good life still economical manner. New replacement
Potential life Potential life Ultimate remaining in bearing bearings need to be
without repair with repair bearing life when removed. purchased.
Time in Service
Fig. 276. Potential life comparison of bearings with and without Amount Produced
repair. Fig. 277. Bearing operational stages – when to repair.
Repair often is economical for roll neck bearings, which are

designed to withstand very high loads, shocks and speeds.
Depending on the operating conditions (i.e., overload) and
environmental factors (i.e., mill stand condition, chock condition,
lubrication), bearing life can vary dramatically from one mill to
another, even among identical mill types.
Damage done to bearings from improper handling and installation,

as well as damage caused by rolling solution ingress, improper
setting, lubrication and operating conditions, creates the largest
percentage of premature failure.
Before assessing any bearing for repair, you need to have a

good understanding of different forms of bearing damage. Once
you establish the nature of the failure at an early stage, you can
take a suitable action to fix the bearing and avoid reoccurrence.

services
Indicators that bearing attention Timken bearing repair types

is required Depending on the extent of damage, you may send a bearing to
Some of the following scenarios indicate that a bearing may be a Timken repair facility. Our experienced service engineers can
ready for service or repair. assist your maintenance crew in macro assessing the damaged
bearing and analyzing the root cause of the problem. In some
••When the bearing exceeds suggested operating instances, on-site repairs are possible. For times when you need
temperatures. A continuous running temperature above in-depth, detailed repairs, we offer several repair types to suit
the suggested levels indicates a problem that will impact various needs as described in table 18 below.
proper lubrication. This is valid only if the temperature
hasn't reached the point where heat will cause irreversible Table 18. Timken reconditioning types
and work description
damage to the steel.
••When any bearing component starts to show excessive Repair

Type
Services Performed Applicability
vibration. The bearing may be running with too much
clearance or endplay. The contact of the rolling surfaces Bearings are cleaned, examined,
measured for verification of internal If bearing storage is
may experience spalling. Timely inspection and repair can I
clearances and preserved and > five years.
reduce the potential for high vibration, which has a negative packaged.
impact on product quality. Bearings are cleaned, examined and
••When there is a sudden lubricant drop or gain or excessive II

measured for verification of internal
clearances. Components are polished.
Large bearing preventive
maintenance.
temperature of the oil in contact with the bearing. This Bearings are preserved and packaged.
may be an indication of an abnormality in the bearing or the
Bearings are cleaned and examined.
system that requires attention. Raceways are reground and new
Large/expensive bearing
III roller sets are manufactured. Internal
or long lead times.
clearances are reset and bearings are
What cannot be repaired or is not preserved and packaged.
economical to be repaired Bearings are polished utilizing our

Large population of
IV proprietary vibratory process, then are
It is not possible to repair every damaged bearing. Usually, in the preserved and packaged.
smaller bearings.
following situations, components cannot be repaired:
Bearings are cleaned, examined and
••If there is evidence of overheating from improper mounting V
clearances. Components are polished Large bearings.
or removal. and cup races are reground. Bearings
••Heavy spalling exists on the extreme large end of the inner are preserved and packaged.
race of a tapered/cylindrical roller bearing. Special features may be added to
••If there is any deep/heavy line or water etching across

existing or new bearing assemblies.
These features are used to enhance Spacer modification,
VI
the raceway. performance, retrofit to special special coating, etc.
applications, or even upgrade to our
••If any spall is observed spread across the raceway. most recent product designs.
••If extreme out-of-round conditions exist for outer-race O.D. Bearings are cleaned, inspected and
and inner race bores. VII clearances. Any stress risers or spalls On-site small damages.
••An inner race with an oversized bore can only be repaired discovered are hand relieved onsite and
clearances are adjusted, if necessary.
with customer approval (loose cone fits).

services
bearing reconditioning and reclamation • chock and roll upgrades
Timken Repair expertise chock and roll upgrades

We back our commitment to providing high-quality repair and We offer a variety of capabilities to produce new or remanufactured
reclamation services with: equipment (up to 50 tons) for steel and aluminum mills and other
industrial equipment.
••People. Our repair engineers are highly trained and
knowledgeable about repairing all types of bearings.
Chock and Roll Rebuilding
••High-tech equipment. Our state-of-the-art equipment Services
helps maintain close tolerances and Original equipment
manufacturers' specifications. Reliable component repair is essential to maximize uptime and
••Engineering. Our engineers specialized in products, plant performance. Beyond bearing repair and depending on the
location, we offer chock maintenance and roll rebuilding. All of
applications, service, sales and manufacturing, work
together to share best practices to maximize repair these services also may be integrated into the Timken MILLTEC®
services. rolling mill program.
••Quality assurance. Our repair operations are ISO-

compliant. Our facilities' high-quality laser and gaging Chock and Bearing Maintenance
equipment can measure within a few microns. Our maintenance services help mill operators get the most out
••New components. We make all new components at our of their chock/bearing assembly.
repair or manufacturing facilities and hold them to new
We evaluate the assembly condition and provide an inspection
Timken product quality standards. We make all components
report and quotation for chock and bearings before reconditioning
with qualified bearing-grade steels.
begins.
••Heat treatment. We perform heat treatment to the same
specification as our new products. The reconditioning consists of:
••Metallurgy. Our full-time metallurgical staff provides ••Disassembly and cleaning.

support to our repair operations.
••Inspecting and repairing all individual components.
••Computer-aided design. Tools developed by our bearing ••Reassembling, lubricating and repacking.
design engineers determine geometry for reconditioning
purposes and develop processing prints for repairing ••Storing the assembled chocks based on customer
requirements.
competitor's product back to original equipment
manufacturers' standards. Additionally, and on your request, our maintenance experts can
train your personnel on how to identify and prevent various types
••Controls and detailed documentation. We maintain of damages.
an organized record-retention process for incoming
inspections, process documentation, final inspections and
assembly. We uniquely mark bearings for traceability.
Establishing an Integrated
Repair Program
The most cost-effective program is one that integrates
maintenance and repair of all mill-stand equipment, including
bearings, chocks and rolls. Timken Services Group offers a full
range of rebuild and remanufacturing capabilities to simplify
your maintenance schedules. To find out how your company
can benefit from an integrated repair and maintenance program,
contact your Timken engineer. Fig. 278. Chock maintenance before and after photos.

services
chock and roll upgrades
Improving Existing Chocks timken gears and services

Our repair process can make a chock stronger than new with Timken Gears and Services is a globally recognized expert in
our mini- and full-rebuild services, all while saving you up to power transmission solutions for the world’s heavy industrial
60 percent off the cost of buying new. We work on hundreds of markets. We have a large installed base of drives through our
chocks each year and have the experience to assess and correct proprietary brands (listed below) and provide mission-critical
key problems that occur in work-roll and backup-roll chocks. Our gear solutions for basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and other heavy
full-service chock rebuild and manufacturing capabilities allow us applications in the metals industry.
to rework critical surfaces and return your equipment to like-new
condition. We customize our services to meet specific needs. With more than 120 years of design experience for critical heavy
For example, we offer mini-rebuilds (rework of critical surfaces), equipment in the power generation, infrastructure and military
full rebuilds (equipment returned to like-new condition) and the defense industries, Timken Gears and Services leverages our
manufacture of new chocks. capabilities by offering world-class engineering and technical
field service support for power transmission equipment. Our
We subject all work to three independent quality checks. Work engineers utilize state-of-the-art inspection and measurement
comes with a one-year limited warranty. equipment as well as techniques that provide qualified answers
to critical gear questions.
Roll Overlays and repair We repair virtually any gearbox make and model, with on-site
Timken Services Group's roll repair and overlay operations feature emergency breakdown service available if needed. Whether
technological capabilities that deliver high-quality, reliable and it’s a part of a predictive maintenance routine or if your gearbox
cost-effective solutions to maximize customer's mill maintenance shows signs of wear and increasing noise levels, it may be time
and production schedules. When original rolls are worn down for an in-depth inspection.
to a minimum diameter, roll overlays can save in excess of 50
percent compared to the cost of scrapping them and buying new. For more details, please contact your Timken engineer.
Through our dedicated roll facility, we remanufacture cast,

forged-fabricated and weld-overlaid rolls for rolling mills. Our
services accommodate a wide variety of roll applications
and sizes.
Mill Clad Technology helps ensure metal consistency for

increased life and optimal performance. Mill Clad is a highly
engineered line of wear- and corrosion-resistant alloys that we
apply to a roll’s surface to improve life, resulting in lower roll
costs per ton.

services
MILLTEC® rolling mill program • service engineering
MILLTEC® Rolling Mill Program service engineering

Through our customized MILLTEC® rolling mill program, you can Timken service engineers help keep you up to date by optimizing
concentrate on other important issues while we manage the mill's your bearings on all of your critical equipment. By knowing what's
roll shop operations. Our on-site technicians help ensure minimal going on inside, you can maximize uptime and avoid unscheduled
downtime due to roll changing, roll grinding, bearing overhaul and downtime.
other maintenance procedures. MILLTEC is available for both
hot and cold rolling mills and also can accommodate customers Building on our metals industry knowledge and experience within
using oil film bearings. our steelmaking and rolling mill facilities, our sales and service
engineers help eliminate guesswork in maintaining steel and
MILLTEC offers customized service packages to deliver reduced aluminum mills – improving your productivity.
cost-per-unit of output and improve profits. Depending on each Timken service engineers are trained and experienced in the
mill’s needs, the MILLTEC program can include the following practical issues of mounting, adjusting and maintaining bearings.
services: We apply our application knowledge to bearing damage analysis
••Assembly and disassembly of bearings, chocks and chock to determine the root cause and suggest preventative solutions.
Working on site with your design, maintenance and service
assemblies on rolls.
personnel, Timken Service Engineers, help reduce maintenance
••Periodic monitoring and maintenance of chock assemblies. costs and increase productivity and uptime.
••Bearing repair. Our service engineers are trained and certified in all applicable
••Grinding rolls and shear blades. safety areas including personal protective equipment such as
••Ultrasonic testing (UST) and eddy current testing (ECT) safety boots, high-visibility vests and heat-rated clothes.
of rolls.
••Electro-discharging texturing (EDT) and shot blasting of Timken Online Monitoring

rolls (as required). Systems and Services
••Record keeping and tracking rolls, chocks and bearings. For the most critical assets in a plant, periodic predictive
••Regular greasing and maintenance of mill drive spindles. maintenance may not be frequent enough to ensure complete
reliability. For systems such as overhead cranes, furnace fans and
••Condition monitoring and equipment health management. rolling mills, an unexpected failure can have safety, environmental
••Supply of roll shop consumables, including grease seals and operational consequences. We offer a complete line of wired
and gaskets. and wireless online monitoring solutions, including:
Contact your Timken engineer to explore further options available
with the MILLTEC rolling mill program. ••Timken Online Intelligence System.
••Timken® StatusCheck® wireless condition monitoring.
••Custom-designed monitoring solutions.
Fig. 279. MILLTEC rolling mill program.

services
training
Training Bearing Certified Maintenance

Proper bearing handling and maintenance are critical to keeping Program
equipment running and increasing productivity. Our engineers To verify that your facility adheres to appropriate bearing
have in-depth knowledge of what needs to be done to optimize maintenance practices, you can seek the designation Timken
the life and performance of bearings in many types of equipment. Bearing Certified. For in-house mill maintenance shops,
These engineers are available for standard and customized the Bearing Certified designation confirms that you have
training that suits your facility's particular needs. solid processes and the appropriate equipment for proper
bearing maintenance.
Our training details the fundamentals of antifriction bearings,
giving you the basics of how they operate and what you need to Prior to training, a Timken engineer conducts a pre-audit. This
know to ensure maximum bearing life. We also offer maintenance rigorous evaluation documents the quality of the processes
application-specific training where bearings play a particularly and equipment you have in place to store, remove, install and
crucial role and where we have special expertise. maintain bearings.
We follow up training with a post-training audit by our engineer.

Rolling Mill Training Depending on how well your facility scores, you can earn one
This three-day program helps rolling mill maintenance teams of several bearing certified levels. You’ll also receive actionable
and operators reduce maintenance costs and increase uptime. information about any suggested improvements.
Training covers every phase of bearing performance in the rolling
mill environment.
Learn and Lead Technical
••Bearing fundamentals. Training
••Rolling mill configuration and design. This five-day course is ideal for design, reliability and maintenance
engineers working for original equipment manufacturers of metal
••Rolling mill related equipment. processing mills. It provides detailed classroom instruction and
••Bearing damage analysis. hands-on experiences related to bearing systems. Held near
••TQOW maintenance and hands-on instruction. our global headquarters in Canton, Ohio, USA, the course also
includes facility tours and open forum discussion groups.
••TQITS demonstration.
••Gear drive bearing adjustment and assessment. Bearing Maintenance Training
••Condition monitoring. Targeted to maintenance personnel at mills in Europe, these
Following the course, you can request an audit to earn the Timken
hands-on programs feature instruction on the proper methods
Bearing Certified designation.
to remove, install and maintain bearings (Bearing Maintenance
and Adjustment Training) and how to store, handle and mount
Industrial Maintenance bearings (Bearing Mounting and Handling Training). We hold
Training these two-day training sessions at our facilities in Colmar, France;
Ploiesti, Romania; and customer locations.
The performance and reliability of metals processing equipment
depends directly on the condition of the bearings. Our industrial
maintenance training program provides you with practical
information you need to ensure that your bearings and equipment
deliver reliable service at maximum performance levels.
You can schedule courses from a half day to two full days, and you
can customize it to fit your needs. Following the course, you can
request an audit to earn the Timken Bearing Certified designation.

10M 1-13: 29 Order No. 10668 | Timken is a registered trademark of The Timken Company. | © 2013 The Timken Company | Printed in U.S.A.
®
The Timken team applies their know-how to improve the reliability and performance of machinery in diverse www.timken.com
markets worldwide. The company designs, makes and markets high-performance mechanical components,
including bearings, gears, chain and related mechanical power transmission products and services.

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Metals Industry Edition

Timken engineering manual

Timken Overview.................................................................................2 Sealing....................................................................................................110

Shelf Life Policy....................................................................................8 Sealing Types....................................................................................110

Storage..................................................................................................9 Sealing Systems...............................................................................112

Application Considerations and Bearing Selection......21 High Acceleration.................................................................................127

Rolling Mill...............................................................................................33 Seals and Lubricant..............................................................................130

Flat Product Rolling...........................................................................33 Maintenance Tools...............................................................................131

Long Product Rolling.........................................................................35 Condition Monitoring Equipment........................................................133

Bearing Solutions: Radial Positions.....................................................36 Timken® Housed Units.........................................................................134

Work Rolls: Long Product Mills.......................................................43 Precision Chain Products....................................................................140

TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL 1

GROW STRONGER WITH TIMKEN

of Timken. Our expertise in metallurgy, friction management

and mechanical power transmission helps them accelerate

improvements in productivity and uptime.

We supply products and services that can help keep your

operations moving forward, whether you need drive train kits

for commercial vehicles, durable housings for bearings in dirty

environments, couplings that avoid metal-to-metal contact

between motors and gearboxes, repair services for bearings

and gearboxes, roller chain for dry, abrasive and high-moisture

applications, steel for an aircraft engine shaft, or other

products or services for your applications.

When you choose Timken, you receive more than high-quality

products and services: you gain a worldwide team of highly

trained and experienced Timken people committed to working

collaboratively with you to improve your business.

Globally, our 20,000 people provide reliable answers for a

wide range of operations in manufacturing, mining, medical

equipment, aerospace, transportation, oil and gas – and other

2 TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL

INCREASE YOUR EQUIPMENT

transmission components, we provide valuable integrated

products and services. For example, we offer repair services

and equipment monitoring equipment that can alert you to

problems before they impact your uptime.

Additionally, we offer a broad selection of seals, premium

lubricants, lubricators, couplings and chain to keep your

operations moving smoothly.

Our technology centers in the United States, Europe and

Asia help pioneer tomorrow’s innovations with extensive

basic and applied scientific research programs. Through

internal development and strategic acquisition of innovative

companies, we continue to expand our portfolio of highly

engineered bearings and components.

TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL 3

metals innovator Innovation and

We leverage these core capabilities as we work with

4 TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL

•• Ball bearings – Ball bearings are used extensively in

••Spherical roller bearings – Spherical roller bearings offer

TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL 5

High-Performance Bearing Timken manufactures precision roller

We also provide customized bearing solutions such as special

In addition to component geometry and metallurgy, we find

6 TIMKEN ENGINEERING MANUAL

Our gearbox repair services are globally recognized as experts

Timken offers a full range of maintenance and reconditioning