IN COLD BLOOD - :low the CIA CLIFFORD]

Executed Che
by Nichele Ray ate economic arsenal at Washington's. command, had dramatic
Litt Ramparts har 68 ion effects. In the ensuing months communists were ousted from
cosi ice the cabinets of France and Italy; the noncommunist Small-
ent( holders Party in Hungary was eviscerated and the noncommu-
nist Peasants Party in Poland reduced to impotence. By fall,
[THE WAR CRY OF AMERICAN BUSINESS] Moscow had organized the Cominform, which issued a
counter-challenge to the Truman Doctrine, echoing the mes-
monopolistic concen- sage of fundamental world division. The year 1948 saw the

T
_ HE COLD WAR, BY ACCELERATING
tration and state intervention in the economy, had of coup d'etat in Czechoslovakia, the Berlin blockade and air-
course put the coup de grace to that "free enterprise lift, the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform, and the
system" which Clifford and his colleagues so lovingly first steps toward NATO, which was formed the following year.
—and cynically—invoked. In reality, the corporate liberals
were nearly as dedicated in their opposition to "free enter- [COMING HOME TO ROOST]
prise" as they were to communism. Clifford's role as an
antitrust lawyer—defending corporate giants accused of
dividing markets, fixing prices and generally conspiring to
1-1 HE COLD WAR HAS MEANT permanent mobilization, a
peacetime conscription unique in American history, a
eliminate free competition—is a dramatic case in point. militarism alien to American traditions, gigantism in
Significantly, all the leading Cold Warriors saved their government, and a vast extension of that incestuous
moralisms about "freedom" and "communist totalitarianism" relationship between government, the corporations and the
for the general public. When they talked about Cold War military which had grown up during World War II. It has
policy privately, they talked business. War Secretary Forrestal, meant Pyrrhic hot wars for control of two strategic Asian
for example, wrote on March 3, 1947: "I felt very strongly that peninsulas. It has meant an unbelievable accumulation of
the world would only be brought back to order by restoration surplus capital in the United States, capital panting for profit-
of commerce, trade and business, and that would have to be able, "economically free" and "politically stable" places to
done by businessmen. . . ." Domestically, Forrestal favored invest. Since the Second World War the yearly outflow of U.S.
further concentration of industry, urging the government to investment capital has increased fifteen-fold—from $230
"encourage and not discourage business.. . . That would take million to over $3 billion annually.
the form of freedom from unnecessary prosecutions, etc. .. ." The role of the military/political Cold War program in pro-
The real motivations of the postwar "internationalism" ex- viding these capital outlets was gratefully acknowledged in
pressed in the Truman Doctrine were enunciated in terms recent comments by a man who should know: Alfred Went-
normally reserved for Marxists and businessmen, even before worth, vice president for Far Eastern operations of the Chase
the war was over. Dean Acheson, then assistant secretary of Manhattan Bank. "In the past," he said in a summer 1965
State, told a congressional committee in 1944: "It seems that interview, "foreign investors have been somewhat wary of the
we are in for a very bad time, so far as the economic and social overall political prospect for the [Southeast Asia] region. I
position of the country is concerned. We cannot go through must say, though, that the U.S. actions in Vietnam this year—
another ten years like the ten years at the end of the '20s and which have demonstrated that the U.S. will continue to give
the beginning of the '30s, without having the most far-reaching effective protection to the free nations of the region—have
consequences upon our economic and social system. When we considerably reassured both Asian and Western investors. In
look at that problem we may say it is a problem of markets. fact, I see some reason for hope that the same sort of economic
You don't have a problem of production. . . . We have got to growth may take place in the free economies of Asia that took
see that what the country produces is used and is sold under place in Europe after the Truman Doctrine and after NATO
financial arrangements which make its production possible. . . . proyided a protective shield. The same thing also took place
Under a different system you could use the entire production in Japan after the U.S. intervention in Korea removed investor
of the country in the U.S. . . . You could possibly fix it so that doubts." (Italics added.)
everything produced here would be consumed here. But ,that It was on the Cold War that Clark Clifford rode to power, as
would completely change our Constitution, our relations to its organization manservant. It was on the Cold War that
property, human liberty, our very conceptions of law. And Clifford rode to fortune, in his 18 years of arranging multi-
nobody contemplates that. Therefore, you find that you must million dollar favors for the corporations that benefit most
look to other markets and those markets are abroad." from war and overseas investment. And now, as the slaughter
One State Department official called the Truman Doctrine he consistently advocated in Vietnam grows to ever more
"a war cry." Clark Clifford said it:was in the "historic tradi- bloody climaxes, as the crisis of American empire grows ever
tion" of such business-motivated, interventionist texts as the more intense, it is only fitting that Clifford should be ap-
Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door policy in China. As pointed secretary of Defense—at the very center of the
such, it had an immediate and profound impact on the inter- military/industrial power network—and face the consequences
national political situation, especially in Europe. Truman had of a 20-year policy of unbridled greed and indifference to
thrown down the gauntlet—the world was divided between two suffering. Because all the chickens, as Malcolm X prophesied,
alternative ways of life, and "nearly every nation must choose" are coming home to roost.
between them. Neutrality was deemed unacceptable by the
rules of the official, anticommunist extremism which has Reporters: Judy Buchbinder, David Kolodney, Marc Sommer,
dominated U.S. foreign policy for two decades. John Spitzer.
This proclamation, backed by the entire diplomatic/military/

RAMPARTS 141
 [1968: CHE]

In Cold Blood
How the CIA Executed Che
Michele Ray; formerly a model for Chanel and an amateur race
[I. THE RELICS OF ST. CHE]
car driver, traveled to Viet-Nam in 1966 as a reporter for Le
Nouvel Observateur and other French publications. She had been

F
ROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD they came to search for
there for seven months when she was captured by the Viet Cong relics of St. Che. The vultures were already circling
and detained for 21 days. Upon her release she wrote several the body of the martyred revolutionary hero. As I
articles interpreting the Viet Cong and their revolution to flew over Mexico and Lima, across the Andes, over
the Europeans. Lake Titicaca, across the barren and and Altiplano, I made my
A month after the death of Che Guevara, she went to Bolivia plans. I knew that Don Schanche, who had been editor of
as a correspondent for Paris Match and spent seven weeks Holiday, was now closing a deal with the corrupt Bolivian
investigating the circumstances surrounding the guerrilla leader's generals so that Magnum, the big U.S.-dominated news con-
death. sortium, could traffic in Che's literary remains. A kind of
Michele Ray is the author of Two Shores of Hell (David romanticism left me repelled at this prospect. I found it
McKay, May 1968). bizarre and unjust that the diary of this man who had dedicated

142 RAMPARTS
by Michele Ray
 [1968: CHE]
his life (and death) to the fight against American imperialism course, the famous diary."
should be exploited, expurgated, perhaps falsified, to the profit You could have heard a pin drop. Barrientos, composed as
of the very political line he had abhorred. before, said nothing. I went on: "Furthermore, if you negotiate
I resolved to see the diary before the Americans took it with a non-U.S. firm on equal terms, the international press
from Bolivia so I could discover just what had motivated this can't accuse you of being in the hands of the United States.
unique rush to publish it. I also resolved to make the deal Whatever you decide in the long run, having two competitors
as difficult for the Americans as possible. I had one card to can only be advantageous to the Bolivian government."
play, a bluff. When I left Paris, my friend, publisher Jean- But Barrientos already understood. "I've just seen Schanche
Jacques Pauvert, gave me blanket accreditation to negotiate and the other," he said. "Everything had been decided, and the
for the purchase of the famous diary. He felt he would business was supposed to be finished,by the end of this week.
have little chance against American money but told me to But it's okay with me if you enter the competition. You can
try. At least Pauvert would treat Che's remains with the appear tomorrow before the Diary Commission."
reverence they deserved. I had no idea that weeks later I would Bolivia's grapevine worked even faster than I thought, for
leave having reconstructed the last day of Che's life and Schanche was waiting for me at my hotel; relaxed as ever, he
assured myself that the CIA was responsible for his death. introduced himself, stating he was still sure that "the most
I landed at La Paz along with Schanche. He didn't know important narrative of the last few years" would soon be his.
who I was, so I stuck to his trail through customs and checked "Who is this Pauvert? Michele, you're crazy to compete with
in at the same hotel, the Copacabana. The project which had a trust like Magnum. This stupid competition is only helping
brought Schanche to Bolivia, with me at his heels, had been a handful of generals make a killing."
planned and organized by Andrew Saint George, a photog- Schanche had a lingering smile for the woman in me, but he
rapher-journalist from Magnum. A Hungarian by birth, Saint had declared war against the competition I represented. Cap-
George was named by Che Guevara in his history of the Cuban tain Philip Wimset from the American Embassy—a personal
Revolution as an agent of the FBI who had been sent to visit friend of Saint George—had obligingly furnished Magnum
the guerrilla band in the Sierra Maestra. with very detailed "intelligence reports" on everything I
This same Saint George had landed in La Paz just a few days had written, all my movements and how much I had in the
after the press had announced the presence of a diary in Che's bank. The information was passed through Schanche to
saddlebag. It hadn't been much trouble for him to persuade the Bolivians.
the Bolivian government to abandon its plan to publish the The next day, while Schanche, de Onis and Saint George,
diary and to put it up for sale instead. The New York Times accompanied by Captain Wimset and by Colonel Arana from
had come in on the deal with the Magnum consortium and so the Bolivian secret service, examined the captured documents, I
Juan de Onis, their Latin American correspondent, had also appeared before the "Diary Commission."
flown to La Paz. The deal was set. Schanche had only to come In reality, the commission was composed of only two
to La Paz, take a look at the documents and sign the contract. members: Hector Mejica, director of information for the
It was Saturday and Schanche counted on being back home President's office, and Jaime Cespedes, director of information
by the next weekend. I didn't have much time. I had arrived for the General Staff. The former represented Barrientos, the
too late to find and talk with the intermediaries who are always latter Ovando.
vital to these sorts of negotiations. So I had to go right to the I submitted an initial offer of $80,000, knowing very well
top: President Rene Barrientos and General Alfredo Ovando, that this was too little, but I left the door wide open for further
Bolivia's military strongmen. I already knew them, having bids. I cabled Pauvert that the documents included not only
interviewed them in August 1965, when they headed the Che's diary, but also that of Joaquin (one of the guerrillas), a
military junta. This made my task easier, and 48 hours after I book of Che's poems, the records of the guerrillas' interroga-
arrived I had obtained an interview with Barrientos in the tion of various Army prisoners, the photos taken by the
presidential palace. But Schanche had worked even faster: his guerrillas and the Bolivian Army's filmed reconstruction of
interview was set for four o'clock, mine for five. I was afraid the guerrillas' main ambushes. It was really big business.
the one-hour difference would be crucial and I walked into Naturally, the Bolivian authorities and my competitors had
the President's office expecting the worst. a good look at my cables and the replies. But I have to admit
that this telegraphic espionage was mutual—and Schanche
TOCKY AND SWARTHY, his hair cropped short, the Presi- didn't make it any easier by sending a yard of Telex to New

S dent was open and relaxed, even voluble with me. He

began by speaking of the circumstances surrounding
the death of Guevara. "You know," he told me, "La
Paz is far from La Higuera, and I can neither confirm nor
deny for you any of the accounts which have been given of the
York every day. I "borrowed" the key from the hotel desk and
visited his room at a time when I knew he had a regular ap-
pointment, taking care that I didn't do my "research" at the
same time as the agent for the Bolivian secret service, who
came every day to visit my room and those of my "friends."
details of Serior Guevara's death. Was Barrientos implying
he had no idea of what had gone on in La Higuera the day ENERAL ALFREDO OVANDO, chief of the Bolivian
Che died? A difficult position for a chief of state to take, espe-
cially in a country as closely controlled as Bolivia.
"I am in Bolivia as a journalist," I told the President, "but
along with my study of the history of the guerrilla movement, I
also represent the French publishing house of Pauvert, which
G Armed Forces, received my offer—reluctantly. A
few days later, he called me to his office.
Unlike Barrientos—who seems the very image
of the American Way of Life—the general, with his stiff mili-
tary uniform and his tiny mustache, is a prototype of the South
is interested in buying the captured documents, among them, of American military man. Also unlike Barrientos, Ovando had a

RAMPARTS 143
 [1968: CHE]
specific answer to the question of how Che died: "Commander firm previous cable withdrawing." This time Ovando obligingly
Guevara, mortally wounded when he was captured, died of had it sent directly to me.
internal bleeding seven or eight hours after his capture. Some But Schanche wasn't finished with the French. The French
officers were able to speak with him." members of the Magnum consortium, as well as some of the
He got down to the point: "Your offer is too low. The Americans, took my place in the fray, threatening to leave the
Americans have offered $200,000 plus royalties. However, we trust unless the negotiations were broken off. In New York
aren't too happy with a royalty agreement. Make us a better there were, I found out, doves as well as vultures.
offer in cash. I'll give you a few days." Finally, in Havana, with the news of the bidding now public,
Because I had seen the Magnum cables, I knew that the Guevara's heirs threatened to file suit against whoever claimed
figure he quoted as the American offer was correct. Pauvert the copyright, for there was every reason to believe that the
cabled me: "Stall a little." Since I knew that Pauvert could diary had been altered either in La Paz or by the CIA in
never beat the Magnum offer, I decided to bluff, and had a Panama. And the prospect for such a legal entanglement was
lawyer draw up a contract for $400,000. Why not? And I enough to scare off many of the remaining vultures.
inserted an important escape clause: my offer would hold Weeks after he had left New York to take a look at the
only after I had seen the documents. documents and sign the contract, Schanche returned, observing
In reality I wasn't fooling anyone. Certainly not the Boliv- that he regretted that the affair appeared to have been com-
ians, since Ovando had copies of all the cables I had sent to promising for him. The New York Times sent Juan de Onis
Paris. But it was in his interest for me to stay in the competition. to greener pastures in Cuba. Only Saint George, who had
He played the game. Together, we were driving the price up given the diary its commercial value in the first place, con-
to an indecent level. Of course, our motives were different. He tinued to try to interest publishing houses in the document.
wanted to force Magnum to raise its bid ; I wanted to see the I had no business left with the diary, so I resolved to begin
documents. Also, as I told him: "The diary in the hands of the my investigation of the circumstances of Che's death.
United States is like the Koran in the hands of the infidels."
[ A GHOST OF CHE]
LTHOUGH THE NEGOTIATIONS for the documents were
HE DAY BEFORE I LEFT LA PAZ a young journalist came

T
still nominally secret, by now the matter had become
a public duel between France and the United States. to see me with some information. This wasn't the first
AThe bets were on the table; the embassies rose to the time that I had been approached, usually with bad
occasion. And if Andrew Saint George was rumored to be leads, but always for a healthy number of dollars. I
working for the CIA, I in turn became a dangerous inter- asked him how much.
national spy. But for whom was I working? "For the Cubans," "I don't want any money," he answered, "but I do want to
claimed Saint George. And he asked his influential friend, go to France to study. Besides, I have no way of publishing
Captain Philip Wimset, to take me out of circulation for 48 what I know here. And I'm afraid, because they know that I
hours to ask me a few questions. But Ovando, who knew very know the whole story of the death of Che. I spent four days in
well that I was bluffing, wouldn't let him. La Higuera after he was shot."
Because I didn't want him to cut my negotiations short with If this was true, it was a bombshell. Since the 9th of October
a cable of withdrawal, I never informed Pauvert that I had no journalist had been able to reach La Higuera; the village
put "his" $400,000 on the table. But finally, since time was had been quarantined by the Army.
running out, I decided to make all the negotiations public and Jorge Torricd was the man's name, and I listened to his
gave the story to Agence France Presse. Barrientos had de- story with growing interest. "As a journalist for a military
clared that very day at Cochabamba that "the diary will be sold magazine," he contended, "I was accredited by the General
to the highest bidder" ; my object was to make the destination Staff, by the secret service and by the President's office. More-
of the sale money a public issue. over I had followed the anti-guerrilla operations since the very
In Paris, Pauvert nearly had a heart attack when he found beginning. I had gone on missions with the Bolivian Rangers,
out just how much money he had "offered." He cabled me to and they all knew me. So I had no difficulty in getting to La
withdraw officially from the bidding. Higuera and in staying there. Showing my official papers, I
We had interviews with Ovando scheduled for that after: told the peasants that I knew the whole story and said I was
noon : Schanche at five o'clock, myself at four. General supposed to write up a secret report. I was there for four
Ovando, fingering a cable—which, as I later understood, was days; I explored on foot the whole area where Che passed the
Pauvert's withdrawal—said to me: "I assume that you are still last weeks of his life. I got back just two days ago. The authori-
in the running. I hope that you have received no negative ties threw me right out the door and took away my papers."
reply." My competitors were all waiting in the next room. Why had he come to see me and not Juan de Onis of the
Sitting there with a copy of Pauvert's telegram, they imagined New York Times, for example?
that I had come to announce to Ovando that I was pulling out. "I want to go to France. You are the only French journalist
But the original cable was in Ovando's hands, the copy in the in La Paz at this moment except for the representative of
hands of my competition—and I had never seen it. Now it Agence France Presse. You are well known and• are working
was General Ovando who ran the bluff. With a smile he told for a big magazine."
the gathering in the other office: "1 Qui no ! Michele hasn't I was leaving the next day for Camiri and the guerrilla zone
come to withdraw, but to confirm her offer. You had better and I was still innocent enough to think that I could get to La
raise yours, gentlemen." Higuera myself. So I told Torrico when I expected to be back.
Two days later another cable arrived from Pauvert: "Con- "O.K." he replied. "Call me when you get back 20 days from

144 RAMPARTS
 [1968: CHE]

FELIX RAMOS, Cuban exile and CIA agent, specialist in counter'nsurgency operations, shown here overseeing the preparation of
Che's body. No pictures are available of Eduardo Gonzales, the other CIA agent.

now. I will speak to no one until you return to La Paz. If you died while being transported from Quebrada del Churo to La
go to La Higuera, look for bullet holes inside the schoolhouse Higuera. But Colonel Zenteno was not eager to talk about
in the larger classroom, to the left of the door. One more Guevara's death, although he waxed eloquent on the subject
thing: Che wasn't mortally wounded when he was captured. He of anti-guerrilla tactics and military strategy in general. He
had only one wound—in the left leg, nothing serious. He was commented with dry humor on the anti-guerrilla training
shot down in cold blood." which the U.S. Green Berets had given his Rangers, where the
Torric6 didn't want to say more than this before I'd Bolivians spent whole days shouting: "I'm the strongest! I'm
committed myself to help him get to France. But this was more the best!" hoping that they would begin to believe it.
than enough for me to begin my investigation. In Santa Cruz I rented a jeep and, accompanied by Terry
Malick from the New Yorker, headed towards Vallegrande, the
[THE MYSTERIOUS Gringo] town to which an Army helicopter had brought Che's body
from La Higuera. We took the main road out of Santa Cruz,
ANTA CRUZ, FOR EIGHT MONTHS the center of the anti- finding it thick with traffic. Four hundred kilotheters long, it

S guerrilla operations, is the most pleasant city in Bolivia. is the only tarred highway in all Bolivia. We followed it for
Its residents are casual, yet at the same time full of the 90 kilometers, arriving at the village of Samaipata. It was
joie de vivre which is the heart of the city's charm. And here at 11 p.m. on July 6th that Che and nine of his men auda-
the most beautiful girls in Bolivia, mini-skirted and pony- ciously captured the town in a truck they had borrowed nearby.
tailed, live here. Their looks are Spanish rather than Indian, Legend has it that Che was giving orders from the top of a
with pale skins and blue eyes. Although the streets are newly nearby hill. But the owner of the Hotel Velocidad, a very talk-
paved, Santa Cruz is still infested by dust driven everywhere ative woman, knows better. For she shook the hand of Che
by the wind. Guevara in town, telling him: "I am not afraid to shake the
At the General Staff headquarters I taped an interview with hand of a guerrilla." Five months later this event is still the
Colonel Joaquin Zenteno, commander of the 8th Division, principal topic of conversation.
now famous as the man who captured Che. Elegantly dressed, Three more hours by jeep over an almost completely over-
wearing a small mustache, Colonel Zenteno had another grown road and we were in Vallegrande, where two months
version of Che's death, different from those of Barrientos and earlier Che's body had been on display to the press for 24
Ovando. One month after the event—more than enough time hours. We could go no further. A roadblock had been thrown
for a common version to be decided upon—Zenteno told me across the path leading out of the town towards La Higuera,
that Che had never spoken at all after his capture; that he had which was still quarantined. In La Higuera there are 400

RAMPARTS 145
 [1968: CHE]
campesinos who know the truth. And despite all the threats finally able to understand the incredible lengths to which the
and promises, the Bolivian government still fears that one of Americans had gone to get Che. They had begun by sending
them might talk. Besides the authorities, the only person CIA agents into the area of the guerrillas' ambush; they had
authorized to go there is the Dominican priest, Father Roger been armed with his entire dossier, and their mission was to
Schiller. He was in La Higuera on that fateful Monday of verify that it was indeed Che who was leading the guerrillas.
October 9th, arriving just an hour after the death of Che. They were also determined to coordinate the intelligence efforts
About forty-five years old, Father Schiller has been living of the Bolivian military with its secret service. There were two
in the La Higuera area for seven years. I was to see him three CIA men heading the "get Che" campaign in Bolivia: one was
times. Our conversation was made more comfortable and known as "Ramos"; the other was the mysterious "Gon-
secrets easier to keep by the fact that we spoke the same zales" ; both are Cubans and members of the CIA counter-
language—Schiller is a French Swiss. Also, the information insurgency team composed of Cuban exiles operating out
that Torrico, the young military journalist, had given me in of Panama.
La Paz made it easier for me to broach the topic of the murder Dividing their time between La Esperanza, Camiri and the
of Che. Schiller's testimony corresponded exactly with the presumed guerrilla zone, Ramos and Gonzales did not adver-
little that Torriccr had told me. He repeated in detail some of tise their presence. Both had good covers. The first evidence of
the stories that the peasants told about what had gone on in La Gonzales' presence is contained in Regis Debray's testimony:
Higuera that day. He also told me that a gringo had been in "Three days after my capture, I was interrogated by a certain
the village the day of Che's death. "Who was he?" I asked. Gonzales, the mysterious finger-man for the CIA." In a letter
"I'm not sure. They called him Gonzales." smuggled out of jail, he wrote: "When I was first arrested .. I
I ran into Father Schiller again in Pucara, which I reached was told by the mysterious mastermind of the CIA, Dr. Gon-
with Juan de Onis and a couple from the Peace Corps only zales, who is probably a Puerto Rican and was in daily contact
by sneaking past the roadblock at the exit to Vallegrande. It with both Barrientos and the American Embassy, 'you interest
was a four-hour trip by jeep across barren mountain ridges. No them more alive than dead.' "
houses, nothing. The campesinos were startled to see us, be- Ramon-Guevara was the CIA's man, and they did not intend
cause since the strange series of events two months before, we to let him escape because of the incompetence of the Bolivian
were the first strangers who had gotten that far. military. The United States was determined to make Bolivia
But even before we had saddled the horses to push on to a model counterinsurgency operation. The Pentagon knows
La Higuera, Major Mario Vargas stormed onto the scene. quite well that they cannot afford two or three more Vietnams.
Vargas absolutely forbade us to go any further, saying: "I I left La Esperanza and Santa Cruz and returned to La Paz.
have given orders to my men in La Higuera to stop, and if By now I had most of the threads of the story in my hands:
necessary to shoot down, any journalist, Bolivian or foreign, Che was not mortally wounded when he was brought to La
who tries to get there. We will recognize no papers. And what Higuera; Prado had handed him over to Selnich alive. I under-
is more, the campesinos will not talk to you. They know that stood the role of the American Green Berets in training the
journalists only tell ..lies. Bolivian Rangers and I was beginning to suspect the presence
To guarantee that we left the area promptly, Vargas began of the mysterious Gonzales in La Higuera during the hours
to escort us back to Vallegrande. Just as we parted, he couldn't before Che died. I was anxious to talk to Torrico so that
keep from saying: "Don't tell Zenteno or Ovando that you he could confirm what I already knew and pin down some of
got as far as Pucara. It's off limits." the missing details.
On the road back to Vallegrande we suddenly saw a great I found him quickly in La Paz. He was even more anxious
stir ahead of us. A company of Rangers had just arrived, clam- to get to France now, and this made him talkative. Soon we
bered down from their trucks and spread across the road amid found that by combining what each of us knew we could piece
a chorus of shouts and whistles. The remnants of the guerrilla together a coherent, if not detailed, account of Che's last 24
band, commanded by Inti Peredo, had been sighted in the area. hours. Together with insights and details which other sources
Two soldiers, armed with light machine guns, inspected our later provided me, the story, including the crucial role of the
jeep and verified our papers. We were allowed to pass. American CIA, is reasonably complete.

I had one more visit to

B
EFORE RETURNING TO LA PAZ, [THE DEATH OF CHE GUEVARA]
make: to La Esperanza, the camp where American
Green Berets from the 8th Special Forces in Panama the 7th of October, Che
N THE NIGHT OF SATURDAY
had for 19 weeks trained the battalion of Bolivian
Rangers which was to capture Che Guevara.
World opinion in April still refused to accept the story that
the elusive Che was really present in the Bolivian sel,va. But I
learned at the Special Forces camp that the CIA, which had
O Guevara—or rather Ramon—and his men ar-
rive in a canyon called Churo, one of the deep
ravines that score the selVa in the area to the south-
east of Santa Cruz. Their last battle had taken place 11 days
before, only a few kilometers away, near the village of La
pursued Che constantly since his disappearance from Cuba in Higuera. That day, September 28, Coco Peredo, the Bolivian
1965, no longer had any doubts. This "Ramon" was Guevara, leader of the guerrilla movement, had been killed. Since then
and it was from Bolivia that he had sent the message to the the band has been maneuvering back and forth around the
Tricontinental: "Create two, three, many Vietnams, that is area, passing from canyon to canyon. They choose to stop at a
the watchword." little field of sweet potatoes at the edge of the stream and at
It was only after completing my stay at La Esperanza and the foot of a huge fig tree. It is after midnight.
returning to La Paz to talk at length with Torrico that I was A campesino who is sleeping nearby to guard his crops hears

146 RAMPARTS
 [1968: CHE]
them coming. He sets out in the direction of La Higuera; the -1-N THE VILLAGE—Which I was never able to reach but
governor had promised a reward of 50,000 pesos for the cap- where Torrico had spent four-days-400 people live in
ture of Guevara. His report reaches La Higuera, where Captain tiny adobe huts with tile roofs. No cars, not even a jeep.
Prado and the 184 men he commands are stationed. A few narrow stone streets, the largest of which, a mule
Prado, in a taped interview with the Chilean journalist path, widens in the center of town to make a little square. On
Augusto Carmonai later said, "The information was trans- the square is a school with two low doors; there are two
mitted to us by one of our informants who was operating in windows latticed with bamboo bars in the two tiny classrooms.
the area." This may explain why the reward was not paid to Che is seated in the larger of the two rooms on a bench with
the campesino, but to the town of La Higuera. To this day, no his back to the wall, his hands tied. The soldier who brought
one knows exactly who that campesino was. him has packed and lighted a pipe for him before leaving. He
While the guerrillas sleep the Army takes up its positions in keeps Che's matches as a souvenir. There is no electricity, not
the Quebrada del Churo. By morning thete are four platoons even a lantern. The prisoners are alone in the darkness, listen-
posed on two slopes of the canyon and two units cutting off ing to the babble of voices which reach them from outside.
the exit towards the Rio Grande. The Rangers are armed with The parade of commanding officers, which will last until
mortars and Browning machine guns. noon the next day, begins with Colonel Selnich. He arrives
The first contact between the two forces takes place at about in a helicopter supposedly to bring supplies, but really at
one o'clock at the point where the path to La Higuera comes Colonel Zenteno's orders to keep the Rangers from talking
into the gorge. The guerrillas try to escape by this route, but it too much with the prisoners, and to keep things calm while
is blocked, and the only way out for them is to descend he awaits a decision from his superiors.
the canyon and reach the Rio Grande. In the village square, Prado passes out to his men the be-
A second engagement 20 minutes later lasts for around a longings of the prisoners. When he was wounded, Che hid
quarter of an hour. Already there are two dead and two the saddlebag full of documents in the brush, to be found by
wounded among the Rangers. Then comes silence, almost a peasant two days later. But he kept his knapsack.
more ominous than the staccato bursts of machine gun fire. Around the knapsack the soldiers are grabbing for sou-
Suddenly, around three o'clock in the afternoon, all hell venirs, making trades. Arguments break out. In a little box
breaks loose: mortars, machine guns, grenades. Rocks are there are cuff links. (It's hard for them to imagine Che in a
broken off, boulders come rolling down. The Ranger platoon white shirt.) Second Lieutenant Perez roughly shoves open
of Sergeant Huanca ascends the canyon from the Rio Grande the classroom door: "These are yours?" he asks Che.
to cut off any escape. "Yes, and I would like them to be given to my son."
Ramon is wounded in the leg. A bullet breaks the barrel of Perez doesn't answer. He leaves.
his Garant rifle. His comrade Willy bears him along on his Another officer, Espinosa, wants a pipe for himself. The one
shoulders up about 60 feet of steep climb to a tiny level in the knapsack has already been taken. He wants to trade.
spot and then up again. They climb by grabbing hold of What to do? He rushes into the school, goes up to Che, takes
briars and thorns. Willy helps Ram6n, who can't move his him by the hair, shakes him and snatches the pipe he is
leg and is beginning to choke; he is having an attack of asthma. smoking out of his mouth.
Both of their hands are covered with blood. Below them the "Ha! You are the famous Che Guevrra!"
firing continues. "Yes, I am Che! A minister of State too! And you're not
Suddenly four soldiers spring up in front of them and going to treat me like that," answers the prisoner.
surround them. Willy doesn't even have the time to let go of And with a quick movement of his foot he sends Espinosa
Ramon and raise up his gun. They are prisoners. flying into the benches against the wall. Colonel Selnich inter-
"I am Che Guevara," Ramon says simply. venes at that point. Che knows him—Selnich has already come
Gary Prado arrives. He takes a photo from his pocket and in once to try to interrogate him. But Che refuses to speak to
looks at the scar on RamOn's hand. "It's him all right," he says. him or any of the other officers. The soldiers, though, he
The impossible has happened. Che is in his hands. "I felt a answers quietly.
kind of shock," he reported in a later interview, "a sort of Finally a medic is sent to him. "After having passed the
elation. But I had no time to talk to him. I had to return to entire afternoon in the combat zone and part of the evening
my command. We kept fighting until dusk." with our wounded, I went to examine Che," medic Fernando
At Vallegrande at about four o'clock, Colonel Joaquin Sanco told Jorge Torrico. "A single wound in the leg—the left
Zenteno, who commands the 8th Division, receives a coded leg. That was all he had. I washed it with a disinfectant."
message: "500 Cansada." "500" means Guevara. "Cansada" • After having tried vainly to interrogate the prisoner, Selnich
(tired), means prisoner. "Pappy" Shelton receives the same decides to leave him alone. He has the guard outside reinforced.
message at American headquarters in La Esperanza. On Monday morning Che asks to see the maestro, the school-
Prado has handed the prisoners over to five of his men with mistress of the village.
explicit orders not to speak to them. Che is seated next to Twenty-two-year-old Julia Cortez told Father Schilicr: -I
Willy, racked by another attack of asthma. The soldiers was afraid to go there, afraid he would he a brute. But instead
whisper and stare at him. I found an agreeable-looking man. with a soft and ironic
At dusk the little caravan hits the road. Willy walks by him- glance . . . It was impossible for me to look him in the eye."
self with his hands bound and Guevara, limping on one foot, "Ah! you are the maestro. Do you know that there is no
is held up by two soldiers. Behind them mules carry the dead accent on the 'se' of ya se leer ?" he says as a preface. pointing
and wounded Rangers in blankets. It is late night when they at one of the drawings that hangs on the wall. "You know that
finally reach La Higuera. in Cuba there are no schools like this one. We would call

RAMPARTS 147
 [1968: CHE]
this a prison. How can the children of the campesinos study Abraham says the next day to the reporters in Vallegrande.
here . .. It's antipedagogical." Two or three men have followed Perez into the classroom.
"We live in a poor country," the schoolmistress replies. Now all of them want to fire on the adversary who has so long
"But the government officials and the generals have Mer- been invincible. "Okay," reportedly says the officer, "but not
cedes cars and plenty of other things ... e Verdad ? That's what above the waist."
we are fighting against." , So they shoot him in the legs. Among them is the medic,
"You have come a long way to fight in Bolivia." Fernando Sanco, the one who had tended the captive's leg
"I am a revolutionary and I've been in a lot of places." the night before.
"You have come to kill our soldiers." In the next room, Willy and Benjamin have heard. When
"You know, a war is either lost or won." their door opens, they know the fate that awaits them. Sergeant
The maestra repeated this conversation to Jorge Torrico. "I Huanca enters with a gun in his hand; he faces the two men
had to look down while I talked to him .. . his gaze was un- tied together on the floor.
bearable. Piercing . . . and so tranquil." "You have killed him," cries Willy, "I'd just as soon die,
along with him."
INCE EARLY MORNING on the 9th helicopters have been Another burst of fire; Willy and the other fall to one side. On

S coming and going. "It's hard to say who came, or

when," the mayor of the village told Torrico. "Too
much coming and going, too much movement. But I
know that General Ovando was there, and General Lafuente,
Colonel Zenteno, Rear Admiral Urgateche. And also a gringo.
the wall, around the holes made by the bullets, there is blood
mixed with hair.
Peasants come from all sides, mingling with the soldiers
who are looking for stretchers to put the bodies on. There is
great confusion. Those who know what has happened explain
Wearing a uniform. Gonzales." to the people who are arriving. In ten minutes everyone
Eduardo Gonzales. knows. And it is precisely for this reason that two months later
As he climbs out of the helicopter Urgateche rewards the the village is still quarantined.
Rangers for getting Che, handing out money to them. An officer lifts Che's clothing and counts the wounds. Five
Then all of the high-ranking officers file past this man who in the legs, one in the left breast, one in the throat, one in the
does not fear to die. Together and in turn, they try to make right shoulder, one in the right arm. Nine wounds, not seven
him talk. Rear Admiral Urgateche walks up. Suddenly he as the doctors at Vallegrande will say.
starts back, purple with anger. Che has spit in his face. Che It is three o'clock and the stretchers are next to the heli-
knows that the interrogation is a mere formality—that the copters when Father Roger Schiller arrives on horseback. "As
decision about what to do with him has already been made. soon as I got the news that morning that Che had been
His wrists bound, seated on his bench, his back to the wall, taken alive, I hurried here, hoping to see him before they took
Che looks at them. He mocks them. Little by little their elation him away. But when I arrived they had already shot him down.
turns into an impotent rage. Who knows whether Che Guevara "I went to the school," continues the father. "It still hadn't
dead won't be even more dangerous than Ramon alive with been cleaned up. On the ground I found a bullet. Here. Look.
the guerrillas? A little before 12:30 the superior officers depart It is shattered. I will keep it as a souvenir. The blood was
by helicopter, leaving explicit orders. mixed with earth. In the classroom where Willy and Benjamin
During the morning another guerrilla, "Benjamin," has been were, blood was spattered all over. I cleaned it up."
taken prisoner in the Quebrada del Churo by another company At five o'clock in the evening Che's body arrives in Valle-
of Rangers. He is brought to La Higuera, wounded and ex- grande strapped to the runner of a helicopter. Most of the
hausted, and thrown into the other room with Willy. Some Bolivian officers who had interrogated him in La Higuera have
of my sources claimed that this was not Benjamin, but a man already arrived sometime during the morning. Ramos has been
called "El Chino." Torrico and I could not decide on this point. in Vallegrande all day long. Gonzales arrived in the early
It is about 1:00 p.m. in La Higuera. Che has managed to afternoon, in a helicopter coming from the direction of La
make his way across the room and lean up against the opposite Higuera. But when had he left La Higuera? Before Che was
wall. The orders have come down to the junior officers. Three killed, or after? Did he stay to supervise the execution? I was
of them are competing for the "privilege and honor" of mur- never able to find out.
dering Che. The door to the school opens and Mario Teran A Chevrolet panel truck is waiting on the airstrip at Valle-
enters with his M-2 carbine on his hip. He paces to the other grande. Inside it are Ramos and Gonzales. As the helicopter
end of the room and turns around. "Sit down," he says. lands, Ramos springs out of the truck and hastily directs the
"Why bother? You are going to kill me," Che answers soldiers to load the corpse into the back. The truck races off to
calmly. the morgue which has been improvised in a nearby shack. It
"No—sit down." stops. Ramos yells to Gonzales: "Let's get the hell out of
Teran makes as if to leave. Suddenly a burst of fire and here" . . . in English . . . letting down for one telltale moment
Che crumples. Behind him, in the wall next to the door, the their carefully maintained anonymity. The disguise is quickly
bullets have made two bloody holes, each as big as a fist. reestablished, however, and Ramos refuses to speak another
Teran puts up his gun and calls outside: "That's it. I got word of English to the journalists who are arriving on the scene.
him." Then (according to Father Schiller) he goes out to drink Inside the shack, Ramos quietly directs the operations. He
a beer. helps the doctors inject formaldehyde into the corpse, and he
Che lies on the floor in agony. Perez comes into the room, a takes the dead man's fingerprints, comparing them with those
revolver in his hand. He walks over and puts a bullet in Che's in the dossier. (The news dispatch sent by Chris Roper of
neck. "A good hole for the formaldehyde," Doctor Moises Reuters mentioned the presence of a CIA agent at the morgue.

148 RAMPARTS
 [1968: CHE]
But the paragraph was cut from most American papers.) them. Their statements also included a very schematic outline
After October 10 the traces of the CIA in Bolivia fade out. of the organization of the movement, the names of the guer-
Ramos was spotted once two days later at a hotel in La Paz, rillas and, of course, the presence of "Ramon."
registered once more as a businessman. After this, nothing. As soon as it got this information, the Army began to
Che is dead. They can return to Panama and seal his dossier: mobilize the campaign against the guerrillas. On March 16
mission accomplished. All of the men, money and time used it seized the home of Coco Peredo. On the 20th, Che, who had
against the small, isolated band of guerrillas has paid off. come to the central camp from a reconnaissance mission in the
neighborhood of Vallegrande, made the decision to defend the
[ MADE IN THE U.S.A.] area against every incursion of the Army. Although the Army
MUST HAVE ASKED too many questions while reconstruct-

I
was surprised tactically by the "ambush," strategically the
ing the story of how they shot down Che, for the last guerrillas remained permanently on the defensive.
week of my stay in Bolivia was particularly hectic. The The encounter was a setback for the Army—seven soldiers
French Embassy and the manager of my hotel received were killed. Less than eight days after the ambush, a group of
three or four anonymous calls every day threatening my person American military men from Panama, including the intelligence
and advising me to get out of the country as soon as possible. chief of the 8th Special Forces; visited the guerrilla area and
President Barrientos, on his way to New York, put in the conferred with Barrientos.
last word for the Bolivian government : "The French senorita The first move of the U.S. was to increase the arms ship-
has spent a very agreeable and peaceful visit in our country, ments to the Bolivians and to secure their supply lines. C-130
and I don't think she could have had time to inform herself." transports coming from Panama landed regularly in Santa
But despite the President's certainty, subsequent digging Cruz, bringing small arms, radio equipment, napalm and
allowed me to "inform" myself in even greater detail about medical supplies. At the same time, three-week training courses
the roles of the CIA men, Ramos and Gonzales. were hurriedly organized for Bolivian soldiers in the combat
As the net of American-trained and advised Bolivians tight- zone. Less than eight days after that first ambush on March
ened around Che, both men arrived on the scene to oversee his 23, a photo published in the Bolivian press showed two Green
capture and execution. On August 5, they came to Santa Berets training Bolivians at Lagunillas, a few miles south of Casa
Cruz, registering at the Hotel Santa Cruz as businessmen. Felix de la Calamina, formerly the guerrillas' own training center.
Ramos, aged 26, carried passport No. 0152052; Eduardo American military operations in Bolivia started in earnest
'Gonzales, 32, carried No. A8093737. They left the hotel on around the 12th of April when a 16-man team of Green
August 12 and were identified by British journalists in Valle- Berets arrived from the Canal Zone to set up shop at La
grande some days later—in the company of Major "Pappy" Esperanza under the command of "Pappy" Shelton. Their
Shelton. At this time they had dropped their cover. No longer mission, as reported in the Bolivian press, was to train a hand-
posing as businessmen, they wore military uniforms without picked battalion of Rangers in counterinsurgency tactics de-
identifying insignias, with revolvers strapped to their waists. signed specifically for the Bolivian selva. "El Soldadito," as
Ramos and Gonzales were again in Vallegrande at the end the common soldier is called in Bolivia, had to be transformed
of September, making that city the base of their operations into "El Ranger." His nationality would remain the same, but
and 'flying periodically to La Esperanza. All the testimony I his mentality and training were "made in the U.S.A."
have gathered has placed Ramos in Vallegrande all day on The team of Green Berets, according to American Ambassa-
October 9 and Gonzales in La Higuera that morning. Whether dor Henderson—who is anxious to maintain appearances—
or not Gonzales ordered the manner and time of Che's was under strict instructions not to enter the guerrilla zone
murder, it is clear that he flew into La Higuera to make sure itself and not to participate in the fighting. And, for the most
that the revolutionary hero died, that his fantastic career was part, these instructions seem to have been followed. However,
finished once and for all. radio contact was maintained between La Esperanza and the
The murder of Che was a symbol of the power of the United staff of the 8th, Bolivian Division, and, from September 27th
States throughout Latin America. But as far as the U.S. oper- on, with the 2nd Ranger Battalion in the field.
ations in Bolivia were concerned, it was only a bonus. For in All in all, American military intervention in Bolivia was
Bolivia the U.S. counterinsurgency campaign has been well- remarkably "clean." All the dirty work could be left to the
established for years. The United States has pumped $15 CIA agents. And—controlling the operation from the be-
million in military aid into Bolivia since 1962 and maintains a ginning, using a ruthless overkill to make the trap lethal—they
permanent military mission in La Paz. were successful. Their plot to see Che Guevara dead worked
Since 1965 the American "advisors" have trained a number with machine-like precision from the moment the machinery
of Bolivian regiments. Many Bolivian officers have been was put into operation. Their efficiency was almost uncanny.
trained in Panama, and some, like Gary Prado, at Fort Bragg In April the London Times correspondent in Bolivia reported
by the Special Forces. The operation at La Esperanza, how- that "American military here say it will take six months to
ever, dated only from April 1967, and was initiated as a direct turn out a fully trained Bolivian battalion for jungle fighting."
result of the first engagement between the guerrillas and govern- Six months later Che was dead. A model exercise in counter-
ment troops at the end of March. insurgency. "Create two, three . . . many Bolivias"— that is
For the guerrillas (although they were not yet contemplating the watchword at the Pentagon.
real military operations) hostilities began on March 11, 1967, But, revolutions are made by conditions, not by men. "This
when two of their men deserted. One of these said later in great humanity has said 'enough' " ; it will not soon forget
written testimony that he had come to the guerrillas to gather Che Guevara.
information, thinking that he could profit by denouncing

RAMPARTS 149