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    Classification & Life Cycle OF Plasmodium

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    Ibrahim Hashim
    Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - a mosquito and a human. In humans, the parasite infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing cyclic fevers. In mosquitoes, sexual reproduction occurs producing sporozoites that can infect other humans and continue the cycle. There are five Plasmodium species that infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Transmission between humans occurs when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal.

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    Classification & Life Cycle OF Plasmodium

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Hashim
    120 views24 pages
    Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - a mosquito and a human. In humans, the parasite infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing cyclic fevers. In mosquitoes, sexual reproduction occurs producing sporozoites that can infect other humans and continue the cycle. There are five Plasmodium species that infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Transmission between humans occurs when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal.

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    Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - a mosquito and a human. In humans, the parasite infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing cyclic fevers. In mosquitoes, sexual reproduction occurs producing sporozoites that can infect other humans and continue the cycle. There are five Plasmodium species that infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Transmission between humans occurs when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views24 pages

    Classification & Life Cycle OF Plasmodium

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Hashim
    Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - a mosquito and a human. In humans, the parasite infects liver cells and red blood cells, causing cyclic fevers. In mosquitoes, sexual reproduction occurs producing sporozoites that can infect other humans and continue the cycle. There are five Plasmodium species that infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Transmission between humans occurs when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal.

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    of 24

    CLASSIFICATION

    &
    LIFE CYCLE
    OF
    PLASMODIUM
    Plasmodium

    • Plasmodium is a parasitic protozoa


    • Causes malaria.
    • Plasmodium, which infects red blood
    cells in mammals (including humans),
    birds, and reptiles, occurs worldwide,
    especially in tropical and temperate
    zones.
    Taxonomic classification
    • Kingdom: Protista
    • Subkingdom: Protozoa
    • Phylum: Apicomplexa
    • Class: Sporozoa.
    • Order: Eucoccidiida.
    • Family: Plasmodiidae
    • Genus: Plasmodium
    Species infecting human :

    • P. vivax
    • P. falciparum
    • P. malariae
    • P. ovale
    Malaria
    Causative agents
    Plasmodium
    Human infection
    species
    Plasmodium vivax Benign tertian malaria

    Plasmodium falciparum Malignant


    tertian/pernicious
    malaria (most common
    and fatal)
    Plasmodium malariae Quartan malaria

    Plasmodium ovale Ovale tertian malaria


    Vector:

    • The female Anopheles sp. Mosquito.


    Plasmodium have two hosts:

    1- A vertebrate host in which reproduction is


    asexual (intermediate host):Human

    2- A blood-sucking insect, in which sexual


    reproduction takes place (definitive host)-
    mosquito .
    -The infective stage(For Human) :
    sporozoites.
    - The infective stage for the mosquito is
    the gametocytes.

    In the intermediate host:

    -Liver stage: 6 - 14 days.

    - Blood stage: 48 - 72 hrs.

    - Incubation period: 21 days.


    Life cycle of Plasmodium
    • Divided into 3 stages-
    1. Exoerythrocytic stage – in liver of man.
    2. Erythrocytic stage- in RBCs of man.
    3. Sporogonic stage- in mosquito (female
    Anopheles)
    LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA
    Oocyst

    Sporozoites

    Zygote Stomach Wall

    Salivary Gland

    sporozoites
    Gametocytes Pre-erythrocytic
    (hepatic) cycle

    Exo-erythrocytic
    (hepatic) cycle
    Erythrocytic Hypnozoites
    Cycle
    Transmission
    • sporozoites injected
    with saliva
    • enter circulation
    • trapped by liver
    (receptor-ligand)

    Anopheles
    Exoerythrocytic Schizogony
    • hepatocyte invasion
    • asexual replication
    • 6-15 days
    • 1000-10,000 merozoites
    Hyponozoite Forms
    • some EE forms exhibit delayed
    replication (ie, dormant)
    • merozoites produced months after
    initial infection
    • only P. vivax and P. ovale
    relapse = hypnozoite
    recrudescence = subpatentt
    Erythrocytic
    Stage
    • intracellular parasite
    undergoes trophic phase
    • young trophozoite called
    ‘ring form’
    • ingests host hemoglobin
    • cytostome
    • food vacuole
    • hemozoin (malarial
    pigment)
    Erythrocytic Schizogony
    • Nuclear division-begin
    schizont stage
    • 6-40 nuclei
    • budding merozoites
    • erythrocyte rupture
    releases merozoites
    • characterized by acute
    febrile attacks (malaria
    paroxysms)
    • Causes periodic episodes of
    fever alternating with
    symptom-free periods
    Malaria
    Paroxysm
    • paroxysms associated with
    synchrony of merozoite
    release
    • between paroxysms temper-
    ature is normal and patient
    feels well
    • falciparum may not exhibit
    classic paroxysms
    (continuous fever)

    tertian malaria
    quartan malaria
    erythrocytic schizogony
    • 48 hr in Pf, Pv, Po
    • 72 hr in Pm

    gametocytes
    Gametogenesis
    • occurs in mosquito gut
    • ‘exflagellation’ most
    obvious
    •8 microgametes
    formed
    Sporogony
    •occurs in mosquito (9-21 days)
    •fusion of micro and
    macrogametes
    •zygote  ookinete (~24 hr)
    •ookinete transverses gut
    epithelium ('trans-invasion').
    •ookinete  oocyst
    • between epithelium and
    basal lamina
    •asexual replication 
    sporozoites
    •sporozoites released.
    •sporozoites migrate through
    hemocoel
    •sporozoites 'invade' salivary glands.
    •Stored in salivary glands of
    mosquito.
    •Released into human body when
    mosquito bites another person.
    THANK
    U

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