Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion: W GZ C H GZ C H

GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION
1. What is the basic difference between compressible and incompressible fluid flow?
Compressible Incompressible
1. Fluid velocities are appreciable 1. Fluid velocities are small
compared with the velocity of compared with the velocity of
sound sound
2. Density is not constant 2. Density is constant
3. Compressibility factor is greater 3. Compressibility factor is one.
than one.
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2. Write the steady flow energy equation for an adiabatic flow of air.
In an adiabatic flow q = 0. Therefore energy equation becomes.
c12 c2
h1 + + gZ1 = h2 + 2 + gZ 2 + Ws
2 2
Adiabatic energy equation is h0 = h + ½ c2
3. Define the mach number in terms of bulk modulus of elasticity.
Mach number is a non-dimensional number and is used for the analysis of
compressible fluid flows.
int ertiaforce
M=
elasticforce
ρAc 2
=
KA
where K = Bulk modulus of elasticity K = ρ a2
ρAc 2 c
∴M = =
ρAa 2 a
4. Explain the meaning of stagnation state with example.
The state of a fluid attained by isentropically decelerating it to zero velocity at zero
elevation is referred as stagnation state.
(e.g.) Fluid in a reservoir (or) in a settling chamber.
5. Distinguish between static and stagnation pressures.
In stagnation pressure state, the velocity of the flowing fluid is zero whereas in the
static pressure state, the fluid velocity is not equal to zero.
6. Differentiate between the static and stagnation temperatures.
The actual temperature of the fluid in a particular state is known as “static
temperature” whereas the temperature of the fluid when the fluid velocity is zero at zero
elevation is known as “stagnation temperature”.
c2
T0 =T+ where
2C p
T = static temperature
T0 = stagnation temperature
c2
= velocity temperature
2C p
7. What is the use of mach number?
Mach number is defined as the ratio between the local fluid velocity to the velocity of
sound.
Localfluidvelocity c
i.e. Mach number M= =
Velocityofsound a
It is used for the analysis of compressible fluid flow problems. Critical mach number
is a dimensionless number at which the fluid velocity is equal to its sound velocity.
Therefore,
c*
M critical = =1 [ ∴c* = a* ]
a*
Crocco number is a non – dimensional fluid velocity which is defined as the ratio of
fluid velocity to its maximum fluid velocity.
c Fluidvelocity
i.e. C r = =
c max Maximumfluidvelocity
8. Write down the relationship between stagnation and static temperature interms of
the flow, mach number for the case of isentropic flow.
T0 γ − 1 2 where,
= 1+ M
T 2
T0 = stagnation temperature
T = Static temperature
M = Mach number.
P
9. Give the expression of for an isentropic flow through a duct.
P0
The expression of
T0 γ − 1 2 , but we know that,
= 1+ M
T 2
γ −1 γ
T0  P0 

γ
P  T  γ −1
= (or ) 0 =  0 
T  P 
 P T 
γ
P  (γ − 1) 2  γ −1
Therefore 0 = 1 + M  (or )
P  2 
P0 1 γ
=
P  (γ − 1) 2  γ − 1
1 + 2 M 
10. Name the four reference velocities that are used in expressing the fluid velocities in
non-dimensional form?
i. Local velocity of sound a = γRT
ii. Stagnation velocity of sound a 0 = γRT0
2
iii. Maximum velocity of sound Cmax = a0
γ −1
iv. Critical velocity of sound / fluid a* = c* = γRT *

11. What are the different regions of compressible flow.
The adiabatic energy equation for a perfect gas is derived in terms of fluid velocity ©
and sound velocity (a). This is then plotted graphically on the c- a co-ordinates, a steady flow
ellipse is obtained.
The various regions of flow are:
(i) Incompressible region (M ≈ 0)
(ii) Subsonic region (M < 1)
(iii) Transonic region (0.8 – 1.2)
(iv) Supersonic region (M > 1 and M < 5)
(v) Hypersonic region (M ≥ 5)
12. Define M* and give the relation between M
and M*.
It is a non-dimensional mach number and is defined by the ratio between the local
fluid velocity to its critical velocity of sound / fluid.
c c
M* = =
c* a*
It is also called a characteristic Mach number.
M 2 (γ − 1)
M* =
2 + M 2 (γ − 1)
13. If an aeroplane goes to higher altitudes maintaining the same speed, the Mach
number will remain constant. Say true or false.
False.
c
W.K.T. M =
a
At higher altitude, the sound velocity ‘a’ will decrease and hence M will increase.
Therefore, M is not constant.
14. Show h – S diagram for the flow through a nozzle. Show how the stagnation
properties get affected.
1 – 2’ = Isentropic expansion
1 – 2 = Adiabatic expansion
It is assumed that, the exit pressure is same for
both cases. But stagnation pressure at the exit of the
adiabatic process ( P02 ) will be less than isentropic
pressure ( P02 ' ) . This is due to friction and
irresversibilities. But stagnation temperature remains constant.

15. A plane travels at a speed of 2400 KM/h in an atmosphere of 5°C, find the mach
angle.
2400
c= = 666.66667; T = 278K
3.6
c 666.6667
M = = = 1.9947
γRT 1.4 x 287 x 278
 1 
α = sin −1   = 30.0876°
M 
16. Define mach angle and mach wedge.
Mach angle is formed, when an object is moving with supersonic speed. The wave
propagation and changes are smooth. When an object is moving with hypersonic speed the
changes are abrupt is shown in Fig. Hence for a supersonic flow over two – dimensional
object “mach wedge” is used instead of “mach cone”.
17. How will you illustrate the role of mach number as a measure of compressibility?
If the flow is assumed to be incompressible, the value of pressure co-efficient (or)
compressibility factor obtained by Bernoulli equation is unity.
P0 − P M2 M4
i.e., = 1 + + + ....... [for γ = 1.4]
ρC 2 4 40
2
By substituting different values of M, we can get different values of compressibility
factor and is given in the table.
Compressibility Compressibility Compressibility
M M M
factor (%) factor(%) factor(%)
0.1 0.3 0.5 6.4 0.9 22
0.2 1.0 0.6 9.3 10 27.5
0.3 2.3 0.7 12.9
0.4 4.1 0.8 17.0
In the above table, when M increases, the compressibility factor also increases from
the initial value 1. Thus the role of mach number is a measure of compressibility.
18. What is meant by isentropic flow with variable area?
A steady one dimensional isentropic flow in a variable area passages is called
“variable area flow”. The heat transfer is negligible and there are no other irreversibilities
due to fluid friction, etc.
19. Define zone of action and zone of silence with neat sketch.
20. Find the sonic velocity in oxygen when it is at 110° C, γ=1.4 and molecular weight 32.
a= γRT = 1.4 x 259.8125x383 = 373.244m / s
Unit - II
T0 T
21. Give the expression for and for isentropic flow through variable area in
T T*
terms of Mach number.
T 1
=
T0 γ −1 2
1+ M
2
T (γ − 1)
=
T* γ −1 2
1+ M
2
22. Sketch the isentropic and adiabatic expansion process in P-V and T-S diagram}.
23. Represent the adiabatic flow through a diffuser on T-S diagram. Label the different
states, the initial and final points.
24. Air from a reservoir is discharged through a nozzle. Show the variation of pressure
along the axis of the nozzle.
25. What
will happen
if the air
flowing through a nozzle is heated?
When the flowing air is heated in a nozzle, the following changes will occur.
Velocity of air will increase.
Increase in temperature and enthalpy
Pressure increases
Increase in entropy
26. Write the Fliegner’s formula.
γ +1
mmax T0 γ  2  2(γ −1)
X =  
A* P0 R  γ + 
For air γ = 1.4 and R – 287 J / Kg° K [SI units]
mmax T0
∴ = 0.0404 ⇒ Fliegner’s formula
A * P0
27. Write the equation for efficiency of the diffuser.
Diffuser efficiency = static pressure rise in the actual process
static pressure rise in the ideal process
P2 − P1
P2 '− P1
28. What is impulse function and give its uses?

Impulse function is defined as the sum of pressure force and intertia force. Impulse
function F = Pressure force ρA + intertia force ρAc2
Since the unit of both the quantities are same as unit of force, it is very convenient for
solving jet propulsion problems. The thrust exerted by the flowing fluid between two
sections can be obtained by using change in impulse function.
29. What is chocked flow? State the necessary conditions for this flow to occur in a
nozzle.
When the back pressure is reduced in a nozzle, the mass flow rate will increase. The
maximum mass flow conditions are reached when the back pressure is equal to the critical
pressure. When the back pressure is reduced further, the mass flow rate will not change and
is constant. The condition of flow is called “chocked flow”. The necessary conditions for
this flow to occur in a nozzle is
* The nozzle exit pressure ratio must be equal to the critical pressure ratio where the
mach number M = 1.
P
30. Draw the variation of along the length of a convergent divergent device when it
P0
functions as (a) diffuser, (b) nozzle and (c) venturi.
Curves
a, b, c ⇒ venture
d, e ⇒ diffuser
g ⇒ nozzle
31. Give the expression for nozzle efficiency and diffuser efficiency with h – s diagram.
actual enthalpy drop T − T2
Nozzle efficiency ηN = = 1
ideal enthalpy drop T1 − T2 '
ideal enthalpy rise T '−T

Diffuser efficiencyηD = = 2 1
actual enthalpy rise T2 − T1
32. Give the important difference between nozzle and venturi.
NOZZLE VENTURI
1. The flow is accelerated continuously 1. The flow is accelerated upto M = 1
i.e., Mach number and velocity and then Mach number is decreased.
increases continuously. 2. Used for flow measurement
2. Used to increase velocity and Mach (discharge)
number. 3. Convergent and divergent portions
3. Generally convergent portion is short. are equal.
33. What is the normal shock?
When the shock waves are right angles to the direction of flow and the rise in pressure
is abrupt are called normal shock waves.
34. What is meant by normal shock as applied to compressible flow?
Compression wave front being normal to the direction of compressible fluid flow. It
occurs when the flow is decelerating from supersonic flow. The fluid properties jump across
the normal shock.
35. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow? State the reason.
Shocks are introduced to increase the pressure and hence it is a deceleration process.
Therefore, shocks are possible only when the fluid velocity is maximum. In a subsonic flow,
the velocity of fluid is less then the critical velocity and hence deceleration is not possible.
Thus, shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow.
36. Define strength of a shock wave.
Strength of a shock wave is defined as the ratio of increase in static pressure across
the shock to the inlet static pressure.
p y − px
Strength of shock =
px
37. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears at M = 2.
py
From normal shock table M = 2, γ = 1.4. = 4.5
px
py
∴Strength of shock = − 1 = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5
px
38. Define oblique shock where it occurs.
The shock wave which is inclined at an angle to the two dimensional flow direction is
called as oblique shock. When the flow is supersonic, the oblique shock occurs at the corner
due to the turning of supersonic flow.
39. Give the difference between normal and oblique shock.
NORMAL SHOCK OBLIQUE SHOCK
(a) The shock waves are right angles (a) The shock waves are inclined at an
to the direction of flow. angle to the direction of flow.
(b) May be treated as one dimensional (b) Oblique shock is two dimensional
analysis. analysis.
40. What is Prandtl-Meyer relation? What its significance?
The fundamental relation between gas velocities before and after the normal shock
and the critical velocity of sound is known as Prandtl-Meyer relation.
i.e., (i) cx x cy = a*2 and (ii) M*x x M* y = 1
it signifies the velocities (before and after the shock) with the critical velocity of
sound and the product of mach numbers before and after the shock is unity.
41. Shown a normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and Fanno line.
42. Define the term “Fanno flow”.

A steady one-dimensional flow in a constant area duct with friction in the absence of
work and heat transfer is known as “fanno flow”.
43. Define Fanno line.
The locus of the state which satisfy the continuity and energy equation for a frictional
flow is known as “fanno line”.
44. Give fanno line in h – s diagram with isentropic stagnation line and show various
mach number regions.
A to F - heating process
M<1
F to A - cooling process
B to F - heating process
M>1
F to B - cooling process
Point F is critical point where mach number M = 1.
The equation which yields the fanno line for the given values of h0 and G is called
“fanno flow equation”.
G2
i.e., h = h0 - ⇒ Fanno equation
2[ f (h, s ) 2 ]
45. Explain briefly the chocking in fanno flow.
In a fanno line, any heating process (both subsonic and supersonic) will increase the
enthalpy, entropy and mass flow rate. This will go upto the limiting state where mach
number M* = 1. Further heating is not possible, because the entropy change will be negative
which violates the second law of thermodynamics. Hence the mass flow rate is maximum at
the critical state and is constant afterwards, then the flow is said to be “chocked flow”.
46. Give two practical examples where the fanno flow occurs.
Flow occurs in gas ducts of aircraft propulsion engines, flow in air-conditioning ducts
and flow of oil in long pipes. etc.
47. Give the effect of increasing the flow length after reaching critical condition in a
fanno flow.
The mass flow rate will increase only upto the critical condition and is constant
afterwards. Therefore, if the length of pipe is increased afterwards will not give any effect.
48. Write down the expression for the length of duct in terms of the two mach numbers
M1 and M2 for a flow through a constant area duct with the influence of friction.
4 fL  4 fLmax   4 fLmax 
=  − 
D  D  M1  D  M 2
49. Define isothermal flow with friction. Give the applications.
A steady one dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer in a constant area duct
is called isothermal flow with friction. Such a flow occurs in long ducts where sufficient
time is available for the heat transfer to occur and therefore the temperature may remains
constant. Hence the friction factor may be assumed constant along the duct. The
applications of isothermal flow are oil or water flow in buried pipe.
50. State assumptions made to derive the equations for isothermal flow.
i. One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer.
ii. Constant area duct
iii. Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weights
iv. Isothermal flow i.e., the temperature is constant
v. On account of constant temperature the friction factor may be assumed constant along
the duct.
51. Differentiate between isothermal flow and fanno flow.
ISOTHERMAL FANNO FLOW
a) Static temperature is constant a) Static temperature is not
constant
b) With heat transfer. b) Without heat transfer.
c) Flow occurs in a long ducts where c) Long ducts are not
sufficient time is required for heat required.
transfer.
d) On account of constant temperature, d) Friction factor is constant.
the friction factor is assumed as
constant.
52. Define the term “Rayleigh flow”.
The one-dimensional flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer and without
friction is called “Rayleigh flow”.
55. Define Rayleigh line.
The locus of the points of properties during a constant area frictionless flow with heat
exchange is called “Rayleigh line”.
54. What is diabatic flow?
It is the flow which deals with the exchange of heat from the system in the absence of
friction (Rayleigh flow).
55. Give the assumptions made in Rayleigh flow.
i. Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.
ii. Constant area duct,
iii. One dimensional, steady frictionless flow with heat transfer.
iv. Absence of body forces.
56. What do you understand by chocking in Rayleigh flow.
When the fluid is heated in a subsonic region, the entropy increases and the mach
number and fluid properties move to the right unitil the maximum entropy is reached where
M* = 1. When the fluid is heated in a supersonic region, the entropy increases and the mach
number and the fluid properties move to the right until the maximum entropy is reached
where M* = 1. Further heating is not possible because, if it is heated the change in entropy is
negative which violates the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, the type of flow when
the limiting condition M* = 1 is called “chocked flow”.
57. Differentiate between Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow.
FANNO FLOW RAYLEIGH FLOW
a) One dimensional steady frictional a) One dimensional steady frictionless
flow. flow.
b) Stagnation temperature is constant. b) Stagnation temperature is not constant
c) Because of considering the wall c) Less accurate.
friction forces it is accurate.
d) Without heat transfer. d) With heat transfer.
58. What is meant by a jet propulsion system?

It is the propulsion of a jet aircraft (or)other missiles by the reaction of jet coming out
with high velocity. The jet propulsion in used when the oxygen is obtained from the
surrounding atmosphere.
59. How will you classify propulsive engines?
The jet propulsion engines are classified into
i. Air breathing engines and
ii. Rocket engines which do not use atmospheric air.
60. What is the difference between shaft propulsion and jet propulsion?
SHAFT PROPULSION JET PROPULSION
a) The power to the propeller is a) There is no reduction gear.
transmitted through a reduction gear
b) At higher altitude, the performance is b) Suitable for higher
poor. Hence it is suitable for lower altitudes.
altitudes.
c) With increasing speeds and size of the c) Construction is simpler.
aircrafts, the shaft propulsion engine
becomes too complicated.
d) Propulsive efficiency is less. d) More.
61. List the different types of jet engines.

i. Turbo-jet
ii. Turpo-prop engine,
iii. Ram jet engine,
iv. Pulse jet engines.
62. Define the principle of Ram jet engine.
The principle of jet engine is obtained from the application of Newton’s law of
motion. We know that when a fluid is accelerated, a force is required to produce this
acceleration is the fluid and at the same time, there is an equal and opposite reaction force of
the fluid on the engine is known as the thrust, and therefore the principle of jet propulsion is
based on the reaction principle.
63. Give the components of a turbo jet.
i. Diffuser
ii. Mechanical compressor,
iii. Combustion chamber,
iv. Turbine and
v. Exhaust nozzle.
64. Give the difference between pulse jet and ram jet engine.
PULSE JET RAM JET
a) Mechanical valve arrangements a) Works without the aid of any
are used during combustion. mechanical device and needs no
b) The stagnation temperature at the moving parts.
diffuser exit is comparatively less. b) Since the mach number in Ram
jet engine is supersonic, the
stagnation temperature is very
high.
65. Give the difference between turbojet and ram jet engine.
TURBO JET RAM JET
a) Compressor and turbine are a) Compressor and turbine are not
used. used but diffuser and nozzle are
used.
b) Lower thrust and propulsive b) It provides high thrust per unit
efficiency at lower speeds. weight.
c) Construction cost is more. c) In the absence of rotating
machines, the construction is
simple and cheap.
66. What is specific impulse?

Specific impulse is the thrust developed per unit weight flow rate through the
propulsive device. It is a useful performance parameter in aerospace propulsion systems.
F
I spe
W
67. Give the difference between Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion.
JET PROPULSION ROCKET PROPULSION
a) Oxygen is obtained from the a) The propulsion unit consists of
surrounding atmosphere for its own oxygen supply for
combustion purposes. combustion purposes.
b) The jet consists of air plus b) Jet consists of the exhaust gases
combustion products. only.
c) Mechanical devices are also used. c) Mechanical devices are not used.
68. What is the difference between turbo prop engine and turbo jet engine.
TURBO – PROP TURBO - JET
a) The specific fuel consumption a) TSFC is comparatively higher at
based on thrust is low. lower speeds and altitudes.
b) Propulsive efficiency within the b) Propulsive efficiency is low.
range of operation is higher.
c) On account of higher thrust at low c) Take – off role is longer and
speeds the take-off role is short and requiring longer run way.
requiring shorter runway.
d) Use of centrifugal compressor d) Lower Frontal area.
stages increases the frontal area.
e) Higher weight per unit thrust. e) Lower weight per unit thrust.
69. Write the formula for propulsive efficiency and define the same.
The force which propels the aircraft forward at a given speed is called thrust (or)
propulsive force.
Propulsive efficiency is defined as the ratio between propulsive power (or) thrust
power to the power output of the engine.
Thrust power (or) Propulsive power Fxu

ηP = =
Power output of the engine Poutput
2σ
= where,
σ −1
u
σ= ⇒
Cj
Effective speed ratio (or) flight to jet velocity

70. What is ram effect?
When an aircraft flies with high velocity, the incoming air is compressed to high
pressure without external work at the expense of velocity energy is known as “ram effect”.
71. Explain specific thrust as applied to jet engines.
Specific thrust is defined as the thrust produced per unit mass flow rate through the
propulsive device.
F
Fspec = where, F = thrust and m = mass flow rate
m
72. Differentiate between pressure thrust and momentum thrust.
Pressure thrust is mainly depends on the difference in pressure between the nozzle
exit pressure and the ambient pressure and is given by
Pressure thrust = (Pe – Pa) A
Momentum thrust depends on the difference in velocity between the aircraft velocity
and jet velocity is given by
Momentum thrust = m (cj – u) where,
Pe = nozzle exit pressure
Pa = ambient pressure
A = Area of cross section at the nozzle exit
Cj = jet velocity and
u = forward speed of aircraft
73. What is “thrust augmentation”?
To achieve better take-off performance, higher rates of climb and increased
performance at altitude during combat maneuvers, there has been a demand for increasing the
thrust output of aircraft for short intervals of time. This is achieved by during additional fuel
in the tail pipe between the turbine exhaust and entrance section of the exhaust nozzle. This
method of thrust increases the jet velocity is called “Thrust Augmentation”.
74. Why after burners are used in turbojet engine?
Exhaust gases from the turbine have large quantity of oxygen, which can support the
combustion of additional fuel. Thus if a suitable burner is installed between the turbine and
exhaust nozzle, a considerable amount of fuel can be burned in this section to produce
temperatures entering the nozzle as high as 1900°C. The increased temperature greatly
augments the exhaust gas velocity, and hence provides the thrust increase.
75. Why a ram jet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?
In general, the speed of a ram jet engine is supersonic (the range of Mach number) is
very high. At this flight speed the contribution of the compressor to the total static pressure
rise is insignificant. Hence, arm jet engine does not require compressor and turbine.
76. Define Rocket propulsion.
If the propulsion unit contains its own oxygen supply for combustion purposes, the
system is known as “Rocket propulsion”.
77. Define thrust for a rocket engine and how it is produced.
The force that propels the rocket at a given velocity is known as thrust. This is
produced due to the change in momentum flux of the outgoing gases as well as the difference
between the nozzle exit pressure and the ambient pressure.
78. What are the types of rocket engines?
Rocket engines are classified in the following manner.
a) On the basis of source of energy employed
i. Chemical rockets,
ii. Solar rockets
iii. Nuclear rockets and
iv. Electrical rockets
b) On the basis of propellants used
i. Liquid propellant
ii. Solid propellant
iii. Hybrid propellant rockets.
79. Compare solid and liquid propellant rockets.
SOLID PROPELLANT LIQUID PROPELLANT
a) Solid fuels and oxidizers are used a) Liquid fuels and oxidizers are
in rocket engines used.
b) Generally stored in combustion b) Separate oxidizer and fuel tanks
chamber (both oxidizer and fuel). are used for storing purposes.
c) Burning in the combustion c) Controlled rate.
chamber is uncontrolled rate.
80. What are the types of liquid propellants used in rocket engines?
i. Mono propellants
ii. Bi – propellants
81. Give two liquid propellants.
Liquid fuels : Liquid hydrogen, UDMH, hydrazine
Solid fuels : Polymers, plastics and resin material
82. What is mono-propellants? Give example.
A liquid propellant which contains both the fuel and oxidizer in a single chemical is
known as “mono propellant”. e.g.,
i. Hydrogen peroxide
ii. Hydrazine
iii Nitroglycerine and
iv Nitromethane, etc.
83. What is bi-propellant? Give Example.
84. Name some oxidizers used in rockets.
A liquid propellant which contains the fuel and oxidizer in separate units is known as
bi-propellant. The commonly used bi-propellant combinations are:
OXIDIZER FUEL
a) Liquid oxygen a) Gasoline
b) Hydrogen peroxide b) Liquid bydrogen
c) Nitrogen tetroxide c) UDMH
d) Nitric acid d) Alcohol, ethanol
85. Name few advantages of liquid propellant rockets over solid propellant rockets.
i. Liquid propellant can be reused or recharged. Hence it is economical.
ii. Increase or decrease of speed is possible when it is in operation.
iii. Storing and transportation is easy as the fuel and oxidizer are kept separately.
iv. Specific impulse is very high.
86. What is inhibitors?
Inhibitors are used to regulate (or prevent) the burning of propellant at some sections.
87. Give the important requirements of rocket engine fuels.
i. It must be able to produce a high chamber temperature. It should have a high calorific
value per unit of propellant.
ii. It should not chemically react with motor system including tanks, piping, valves and
injection nozzles.
88. What is meant by restricted burning in rockets?
In this case, the inhibition material (or) restrictions prevent the propellant grain from
burning in all directions. The propellant grain burns only at some surfaces while other
surfaces are prevented from burning.
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GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

7. What is the use of mach number?

ii. Stagnation velocity of sound a 0 = γRT0

iv. Critical velocity of sound / fluid a* = c* = γRT *

pressure ( P02 ' ) . This is due to friction and

irresversibilities. But stagnation temperature remains constant.

For air γ = 1.4 and R – 287 J / Kg° K [SI units]

27. Write the equation for efficiency of the diffuser.

28. What is impulse function and give its uses?

ideal enthalpy rise T '−T

33. What is the normal shock?

42. Define the term “Fanno flow”.

58. What is meant by a jet propulsion system?

61. List the different types of jet engines.

66. What is specific impulse?

Thrust power (or) Propulsive power Fxu

Effective speed ratio (or) flight to jet velocity

77. Define thrust for a rocket engine and how it is produced.

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