Febrile Seizures: June 27, 2015
Febrile Seizures: June 27, 2015
Febrile Seizures: June 27, 2015
PedsCases Podcast Scripts
This is a text version of a podcast from Pedscases.com on the “Febrile Seizures.” These podcasts are designed to give
medical students an overview of key topics in pediatrics. The audio versions are accessible on iTunes or at
www.pedcases.com/podcasts.
Febrile Seizures
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
Introduction
My name is Elma Raissi and I am a medical student at University of Alberta. A huge
thank you to Dr. Mel Lewis, a pediatrician, and Dr. Sinclair, a pediatric neurologist, for
helping out with the development of this podcast.
This podcast will be addressing febrile seizures commonly presented in the pediatric
population. For a more detailed review of a general approach to seizures see our
podcast on Seizure Types and Epilepsy. By the end of this podcast, the listener should
be able to;;
1. List the criteria that distinguishes typical from atypical febrile seizures
2. Discuss the risksd of febrile seizures acutely and long term (risk of future
recurrence)
3. Discuss the management of febrile seizures acutely and long term
4. Discuss treatment possibilities
5. Discuss important points to tell caregivers about febrile seizures
Let’s start with a clinical scenario: You are a clinical clerk working in the emergency
room when an 8-month-old baby presents with a history of a 5-minute seizure.
Preceding the seizure, the baby had upper respiratory tract symptoms and was noted at
triage to have a temperature of 39 °C. What is your approach to this clinical
presentation?
Difference between typical vs. atypical febrile seizures
Febrile seizures are considered typical if the following are included in the history:
1. The child is between the age of 6 months to 6 years
2. The child has a history of normal development
3. The seizure is short (less than 5 minutes)
4. The seizure is generalized
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
5. The child has had only one seizure in 24 hours or one per illness
Complex (atypical) febrile seizures do not meet the 5 criteria outlined. Complex febrile
seizures possess a higher risk of recurrence of febrile seizures and epilepsy.
Now, what is a seizure?
A seizure is an abnormal and excessive discharge of neurons in the brain involving
hypersynchrony (many neurons firing simultaneously). There may be clinical behavioral
changes such as,
• The child/infant often presenting with impaired consciousness and rhythmic
jerking of the extremities
• Other symptoms may include;;
• Sudden tightening (contractions) of muscles on both sides of
the body
• Crying or moaning
• Falling if standing
• Vomiting or biting of tongue
• Sometimes, the child may not breath and begin to turn blue
• Rhythmic jerking and no response to external voices
• The passing of urine and feces
-‐‑ Less commonly, the child becomes rigid or has twitches in only a portion of the
body such as an arm or a leg, or on the right or the left side of the body.
Risk factors
Febrile seizures are the most common neurologic disorder in infants and young
children. 2-4% of children younger than 6 years of age experiences febrile seizures..
Simple febrile seizures are harmless. There is no evidence indicating the risk of death,
brain damage, epilepsy, a decrease in IQ, or learning problems after a simple febrile
seizure. Most patient have 2 or 3 febrile seizures in a lifetime. Patients are considered
to have epilepsy (generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) if they present
with more than 5 or 6 febrile seizures.
The number of febrile seizures is not related to future risk of epilepsy.
The risk of recurrence in the first two years following the first febrile seizure is between
15 to 70% (Graves et al., 2012). The chance of experiencing a second febrile seizure is
approximately 30% if the child presenting with their first febrile seizure is older than 12
months (The American Academy of Pediatrics). For those patients with a second febrile
seizure, the chance of having at least 1 additional febrile seizure is 50%. Furthermore,
the risk of the recurrence of a febrile seizure is increased if there is a family history of
febrile seizures, a short duration of fever before the seizure started or the fever was low
at the time of the initial seizure (BCGuidelines).
Family history of epilepsy, any neurodevelopmental problems or neurological exam
abnormality, and atypical febrile convulsions increase the risk of future afebrile seizures
(Clinical Practice Guidelines – The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne).
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
• If the child has no risk factors, then the risk of subsequent epilepsy is
approximately 1% (similar to population risk)
• If the child has 1 risk factor, then the risk of subsequent epilepsy is
approximately 2%
• If the child has more than 1 risk factor;; then the risk of subsequent
epilepsy is approximately10%
How do you manage a patient presenting with febrile seizures?
Start by asking about history:
When inquiring about the history of Presenting Illness, ask the caregivers of the
child about the characteristics of the seizure such as the duration of the seizure and the
presence of focal symptoms (e.g. shaking limited to one limb or one side of the body).
• Ask about any provoking events prior to the seizure episode (breath
holding spells and vasovagal events are often confused with seizures).
• Ask about persistent vomiting or diarrhea for-example due to a current
viral illness.
When inquiring about the past medical history, ask the caregivers about any current
medical conditions the child might have. Ask about the neonatal history, any history of
head trauma, developmental delays, previous neurological deficits, and past history of
viral illness that could have resulted in persistent vomiting causing electrolyte
abnormalities.
When inquiring about the family history, ask about any family history of seizures
including febrile seizures and epilepsy.
When inquiring about medications the child may be taking, ask about medications
that may lower the seizure threshold such as antibiotics (there are many more
medications that are able to lower the seizure threshold).
Physical Exam:
The purpose of the physical examination is to determine the neurological status of the
patient, identify the source of infection, and rule out any CNS infections.
• Complete a general physical examination of the child to determine the site
of infection such as the ears, upper respiratory tract, lungs, skin, GI tract,
or urinary tract.
• Complete a neurological and developmental examination on the child.
• Don’t forget to check vital signs and level of consciousness.
Meningitis and intracranial infection may be apparent on physical examination by
altered level of consciousness, lethargy or irritability, hypotension, signs of increased
intracranial pressure, petechial rash, positive Kerning’s or Brudzinski’s signs.
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
Children presenting with a typical febrile seizure are usually not obtunded on
presentation. The post-ictal drowsiness that may follow a seizure usually resolves within
5-10 minutes.
There are some important clinical clues to help you differentiate between a seizure that
is occurring and one that has ended.
• The presence of closed eyes and a deep breathing movements indicates
that the seizure has ended.
• The presence of persistent open and deviated eyes with twitching may
indicate that the child is still seizing even if the convulsive motor activities
have stopped.
Investigations:
In children with a typical history of a simple febrile seizure and a reassuring physical
examination, further diagnostic testing is unnecessary.
• Clear explanation about what has happened and reassurance of
caregivers is key in the management of febrile seizures!
Further investigations (such as CBC or a lumbar puncture) should be done if during the
physical and neurologic examinations there are concerns regarding,
• Vital signs
• Altered level of consciousness
• Presence of meningismus
• A tense or bulging fontanelle
• Lateralized differences in muscle tone, strength, or spontaneous
movements
• If the child is presenting with prolonged, focal febrile seizure, or recurrent
seizures in 24 hours
• If the child presenting to you is younger than 6 months or older than 6
years of age
In these circumstances, the febrile seizure may be due to meningitis/encephalitis or an
underlying structural abnormality.
A complete CBC, serum electrolyte, blood sugar, calcium, and urea nitrogen should be
measured only when the patient has a history of vomiting, diarrhea, and abnormal fluid
intake, or when physical findings of dehydration or edema exists.
• Checking for glucose is very important! The patient may be diabetic, have
another underlying metabolic condition, or may have taken hypoglycemic
medication.
Neuroimaging is indicated in children with abnormally large heads, a persistent
abnormal neurologic examination, or with signs and symptoms of increased intra-cranial
pressure.
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
A prolonged seizure or recurrent febrile seizures warrants an EEG and neurologic
follow-up (risk of repeated afebrile seizures/epilepsy is higher in this instance).
Treatment Options
In acute management,
Most febrile seizures have stopped before the child presents to the ER or the clinic but if
they haven’t, IV lorazepam or midazolam or rectal diastat should be administered.
If an infection or other provokers such as metabolic disorders are present then the
causative agent is treated first.
What is the role of prophylactic treatments?
Antipyretics have shown no value in preventing febrile seizures or their recurrence
(antipyretics facilitate heat loss, but do not slow down temperature elevation during a
fever that leads to a seizure).
Patients with a history of prolonged febrile seizures (>5 minutes) should go home with a
distat PR prescription.
Prophylactic medication is rarely indicated. A Cochrane Database systematic review
(Offringa & Newton, 2012) concluded that there are no benefits for children with febrile
seizures in receiving intermittent oral diazepam, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, intermittent
rectal diazepam, valproate, pyridoxine, or intermittent ibuprofen.
When are long-term anticonvulsive treatment recommended?
The decision to treat an initial unprovoked seizure is dependent on the child and the
caregivers.
• There are some data suggesting that treatment can reduce the risk of
recurrent seizures however;; the interval between seizures cannot be
determined.
• The risks of not treating the child include;; recurrence of the seizure with
the additional risk of injury and psychological stigma associated with the
recurrent seizure and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).
There is also the risk of status epilepticus, although this is not common.
• The risks of chronic anti-epileptic drugs include allergic reactions, and
systemic toxicity. This is in addition to the financial cost of anti-epileptic
drugs, the burden of office visits, and laboratory tests that are required.
Treatment can be withheld until a recurrence pattern (a 2nd afebrile seizure) is
established. Many parents chose to not treat their child if the seizures are infrequent
and/or mild. This may vary parent to parent.
A recent type of epilepsy has been described, Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile
Seizure plus (GEFS +). These patient start with febrile seizures but soon have non-
febrile seizures. Valporic Acid is the treatment of choice.
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
However, children with epilepsy and infantile spasms are always treated since they
present to the clinician with an already established pattern of recurrence.
What are important points to tell caregivers about typical febrile seizures?
• Vast majority are short and harmless.
• There is no evidence that short febrile seizures cause brain damage.
• If the child experiences more febrile seizures they should be placed on a
protected surface.
• The child should not be held or restrained during a convulsion.
• Loosen tight clothing. If possible, open or remove clothes from waist up.
• If the child vomits or if saliva and mucus build up in the mouth, turn the
child onto its side.
• Let patient sleep after the seizure
Review:
A child presenting with a typical febrile seizure will be between the age of 6 months to 6
years, will have a normal development, will have had a short (less than 5 minutes)
duration seizure, the seizure is generalized, and the child will have had only one seizure
in last 24 hours or one per illness. Children with a typical febrile seizure are usually not
ill presenting and their physical examination is unremarkable. No further testing is
necessary. The management of a typical febrile seizure is reassurance of caregivers.
There are red flags to be mindful of, which warrant further investigations.
• Infants under 6 weeks of age require careful evaluation to rule out infection,
metabolic conditions, or other congenital anomalies/conditions.
• Abnormal vital signs, levels of consciousness, presence or absence of
meningismus, tense or bulging fontanelle, and focal differences in muscle tone,
strength, or spontaneous movements warrant further investigations.
• It is crucial not to overlook a potential case of encephalitis, meningitis, or
stroke.
• If the child is presenting with atypical febrile seizure, further investigations are
often warranted such as EEG and brain imaging.
• If there is a history of vomiting, diarrhea, and abnormal fluid intake or when
physical findings of dehydration or edema exists, investigations of electrolytes
and glucose are indicated. The most common abnormalities will be
hyper/hyponatremia and hypoglycemia. Rarely will there be problems due to
hypomagnesaemia or hypocalcemia.
• Abnormally large head, persistent abnormal neurologic examination, or signs and
symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure also warrant further investigations.
After having listened to this podcast, you should be able to;;
1. List the criteria that distinguishes typical from atypical febrile seizures
2. Discuss the risks of febrile seizures acutely and long term (risk of future
recurrence)
Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
3. Discuss the management of febrile seizures acutely and long term
4. Discuss treatment possibilities
5. Discuss important points to tell caregivers about febrile seizures
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Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015
The
Merck
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Developed by Elma Raissi, Dr. Barry Sinclair, and Dr. Melanie Lewis for PedsCases.com on
June 27, 2015