My Vocabulary

Commence-Begin
Commodity-Kagamitan/Mga Kailanganin/Paninda/Kalakal
regard-tingnan mabuti/itinuturing/pakumusta/tungkol/hinggil
quite-completely/masyado/totoo
urgent-mahalaga/madalian
co-curricular activity-extracurricular activity
propose-suggest/plan/present
admire-humanga/hangaan
fluent-mahusay
ban-pagbabawal/prohibit/forbid
endangered-nanganganib
extinct-ubos na/patay
spent-pagod/ubos na
spend-gumugol
memorandum-listahan/informal letter/note/report
reward-gantimpala

tour-maglakbay/maglibot
tribulation-malaking pagsubok/malaking hirap
seem-magparang
tantrum-pag-aalburoto
query-a question
probably-malamang
fancy-magustuhan
impertinent-disrespectful/irrelevant/walang kinalaman/malayo s paksa
transmute-change
carnal-worldly/mapangahas
aplomb-composure(kalamigan ng loob/control)/tiwala s sarili
emulating-tularan
apocalyptic-prophetic/terrible/grandiose/climactic
apathetic-walang malasakit(unconcerned)/walang sigla
loquacious- madaldal/verbose
profanity-kalapastanganan/pagmumura/obscenities(mga kahalayan)
obscenities-mga kahalayan
shamelessness-kawalang-kahihiyan
feeble-weak
contemptuous-mapanglait/scornful
rival-karibal
penchant-malaking pagkagusto/fondness
morale- "a person's mental or emotional state."/confidence(sigla)
eureka-discovery
Honor- karangalan
Shepherd- tagapangalaga/who guides
woe- kalungkutan
backbiter- naninirang-puri
nausea- pagkahilo
spontaneous- kusang-loob
wholly- lubos
dread- nahadlok
reciprocal- gantihan
grieve- dalamhati
warring- naglalabanan
foremost- nangunguna sa lahat
candor- frankness
Perpetuate- Pagyamanin, huwag kalimutan
evitable - certain
idling- kawalang ginagawa

congregate- magtipon-tipon
disperse- maghiwa-hiwalay

Homage- paggalang/pagsamba
 y Vocabulary
ommence-Begin
ommodity-Kagamitan/Mga Kailanganin/Paninda/Kalakal
gard-tingnan mabuti/itinuturing/pakumusta/tungkol/hinggil
ite-completely/masyado/totoo
gent-mahalaga/madalian
-curricular activity-extracurricular activity
opose-suggest/plan/present
mire-humanga/hangaan
ent-mahusay
n-pagbabawal/prohibit/forbid
dangered-nanganganib
tinct-ubos na/patay
ent-pagod/ubos na
end-gumugol
emorandum-listahan/informal letter/note/report
ward-gantimpala

ur-maglakbay/maglibot
bulation-malaking pagsubok/malaking hirap
em-magparang
ntrum-pag-aalburoto
ery-a question
obably-malamang
ncy-magustuhan
pertinent-disrespectful/irrelevant/walang kinalaman/malayo s paksa
ansmute-change
rnal-worldly/mapangahas
lomb-composure(kalamigan ng loob/control)/tiwala s sarili
mulating-tularan
ocalyptic-prophetic/terrible/grandiose/climactic
athetic-walang malasakit(unconcerned)/walang sigla
quacious- madaldal/verbose
ofanity-kalapastanganan/pagmumura/obscenities(mga kahalayan)
scenities-mga kahalayan
amelessness-kawalang-kahihiyan

ntemptuous-mapanglait/scornful

nchant-malaking pagkagusto/fondness
orale- "a person's mental or emotional state."/confidence(sigla)
reka-discovery
onor- karangalan
 epherd- tagapangalaga/who guides
oe- kalungkutan
ckbiter- naninirang-puri
usea- pagkahilo
ontaneous- kusang-loob

ead- nahadlok
ciprocal- gantihan
eve- dalamhati
arring- naglalabanan
remost- nangunguna sa lahat
ndor- frankness
rpetuate- Pagyamanin, huwag kalimutan
itable - certain
ing- kawalang ginagawa

ngregate- magtipon-tipon
sperse- maghiwa-hiwalay

omage- paggalang/pagsamba
English
Types of figure of speech
1. Simile - using like/as in a sentence
2. Metaphor - An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
Example: “He is the black sheep of the family” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black.
3. Irony - There are three types of irony: opposite result from what is expected.
a. Situational Irony-where actions or events have the opposite result from what is expected or what is intended./Op
b. Verbal Irony-where someone says the opposite of what they really mean or intend./ Says the opposite of what I
c. Dramatic Irony-occurs when the audience or reader of a text knows something that the characters do not
4. Synecdoche - Substitution part of whole. It is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may u
Examples: The word “suits” refers to businessmen.
At the Olympics, you will hear that the United States won a gold medal in an event. That actually
means a team from the United States, not the country as a whole.
5. Apostrophe - basta my O / nakikipag-usap ng harap-harapan s object o s abstract like life and death as if it was a person capa
Example: "O stranger of the future"
“Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in th

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.”
6. Hyperbole - where exaggeration is used to create a strong effect.
Examples: Charlie gazed hopelessly at the endless pile of bills stretching across the counter.
I can smell pizza from a mile away.
My dad is always working.
These shoes are killing me.
7. Personification - where an object or idea is given human characteristics or qualities.
Examples: Justice is blind and, at times, deaf.
Money is the only friend that I can count on.
The candle flame danced in the dark.
8. Metonymy - Association part of whole. Examples: “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy.
The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)
9.Alliteration - is the repetition of an initial consonant sound in successive words.
Examples: "My father brought to conversations a cavernous capacity for caring that dismayed strangers."
"Come see the softer side of Sears."
"Good men are gruff and grumpy, cranky, crabbed, and cross."
10. Anaphora- is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
Examples: "Sir Walter Raleigh. Good food. Good cheer. Good times."
"We learned to 'diagram' sentences with the solemn precision of scientists articulating chemical
equations. We learned to read by reading aloud, and we learned to spell by spelling aloud."
11. Antithesis- contrasting ideas.
Examples: "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee."
"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing."
"We notice things that don't work. We don't notice things that do. We notice computers, we do
notice pennies. We notice e-book readers, we don't notice books."
12. Assonance-is the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in neighboring words.
 Examples: "If I bleat when I speak it's because I just got . . . fleeced."
"A heart no bigger than an orange seed has ceased to beat."
13. Chiasmus-(a type of antithesis) in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reverse
Examples: "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget."
"Your manuscript is both good and original, but the part that is good is not original, and the part
that is original is not good."
14. Euphemism- is used to express a mild, indirect, or vague term to substitute for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term.
Examples: On the streets for homeless.
Between jobs for unemployed.
Do it or come together in reference to a sexual act.
15. Litotes- is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
Examples: "Are you also aware, Mrs. Bueller, that Ferris does not have what we consider to be an exemplary
attendance record?"
"Now we have a refuge to go to. A refuge that the Cylons know nothing about! It won't be an easy jo
"Let him fly far,
Not in this land shall he remain uncaught."
16. Onomatopoeia- Examples: "Chug, chug, chug. Puff, puff, puff. Ding-dong, ding-dong. The little train rumbled over the tracks
"I'm getting married in the morning!
Ding dong! the bells are gonna chime."
17. Oxymoron- contradictory terms appear side by side.
Examples: "That building is a little bit big and pretty ugly."
"How is it possible to have a civil war?"
18. Paradox- contrary to expectations, existing belief or perceived opinion.
Examples: Your enemy’s friend is your enemy.
I am nobody.
“What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.”
Wise fool
Truth is honey which is bitter.
“I can resist anything but temptation.”

"War is peace."
"Freedom is slavery."
"Ignorance is strength."
19. Pun- play on words. Either on different senses of the same word or on the similar sense or sound of different words.
Examples: "To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms."
“It is the unkindest tied that ever any man tied.”
Why are fish so smart? Because they live in schools.
20. Understatement- makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Examples: "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain."
"A soiled baby, with a neglected nose, cannot be conscientiously regarded as a thing of
beauty."
“It is a bit cold today.”
21. Analogy – combination of simile and metaphor.

Examples: “Structure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around their s
How a doctor diagnoses diseases is like how a detective investigates crimes.
22. Allusion – is an indirect reference made about a person, place or thing in a work of literature.
Examples: "I am no Prince Hamlet."
“Stop acting like my ex-husband please.”
23. Inversion - normal order of words is reversed.
Examples: What a beautiful picture it is!

“Her mother is the lady of the house,

And a good lady, and wise and virtuous.
I nursed her daughter that you talked withal.
I tell you, he that can lay hold of her,
Shall have the chinks.”

Idiom - a set of expression or a phrase comprising two or more words. The expression is not interpreted literally. The phrase i
in a figurative sense. Further, idioms vary in different cultures and countries.
Examples: Actions speak louder than words
October 10 is a "red letter day" of the chinese.

Proverb - Or a SAYING. a traditional saying which carries some moral or practical social message
Examples: Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

Poem - Basta halaba iton by stanza

Examples: While you decline to cry,

high on the mountainside
a single stalk of plume grass wilts.

spring - tagsibol
autumn - taglagas

first-rate report - excellent

the man with the hoe - no answer

psalms of king david - greatest lyric poem in the literature of the world.

Samuel Clemens - pen name is Mark Twain.

moro-moro - dramatic presentation that originated from the traditional armed encounter between the christians and muslim

Epistolary Literature - story is made out of exchange of letters.

Respiration - Provides the energy for sound. Breathing is an aerodynamic process
Phonation - the rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds for sound. LARYNX
Resonation - in speech progress, which is concerned with amplifying and enriching the voice, using human amplifiers such as
Articulation - is the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs (the articulators) in order to make speech sou
PARTS OF SPEECH
A. NOUN- any word that names people, things, animals, places, events, or ideas.

Examples:
Jack Gleeson, the actor who plays as Joffrey in Game of Thrones, was the boy saved by Batman in Batman Begins.
Beatrice and Carla will meet at the coffee shop on Tuesday.
For me, birthdays are just ordinary days.

Functions:

a. Subject - Example:
Arya Stark is really cool.
In this example, the underlined noun serves as the subject in the sentence.

b. Subjective Complement - FORMULA: Subject + Linking verb + what? or Who? Example:

Jeremy is a swimmer.
This sample sentence has two nouns, “Jeremy” and “swimmer”. “Jeremy” is a noun that serves as the subject, while the und
acts as the subject complement.

c. Direct Object - are nouns and pronouns. FORMULA: subject + transitive verb + what? or who? or the receiver of the action
The beavers built a dam.
In this sentence, “beavers” is the subject, the word “built” is the verb, and the underlined word is the noun that serves as th
object (the thing that is acted upon).

d. Indirect Object - are nouns and pronouns. Who or what received the direct object.
Example: He gave Maria a love letter.
This example has two nouns, “Maria” and “love letter.” The thing that is acted upon (direct object) is the “love letter,” while t
object is “Maria.” Simply put, an indirect object refers to the recipient or the one who gets the direct object.

e. Object of the Preposition - Example:

They were supposed to meet at noon.
The noun in this sentence functions as an object of the preposition. (at is the preposition)

f. Appositive - is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.
Example: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.
g. Objective complement - noun, pronoun, or adjective which follows the direct object. It is used with verbs like make, name
elect, and appoint.
Example: He made her happy.
Genders of noun:

1. Neuter – this gender simply refers to nouns that have no sex.

Examples: computer, city, pizza, bus, brownies, oven

2. Common– is the gender of nouns which can refer to either the male or female sex.

Examples: student, driver, lawyer, criminal, leader, visitor

3. Masculine– this refers to nouns of the male sex

Examples: sorcerer, actor, tiger, rooster, prince, fox, stag, bull, ram

4.Feminine– this denotes nouns of the female sex.

Examples: sorceress, actress, tigress, hen, princess, vixen, doe, cow, ewe

KINDS OF NOUNS:
1. Proper noun - names a specific person, place, thing, or idea. It always begins with a capital letter

Example: Walt Disney, Mount Kilimanjaro, Minnesota, Atlantic Ocean, Australia, Empire State Building, Fluffy, S
2. Common Noun - name people, places, or things that are not specific.
Examples: man, mountain, state, ocean, country, building, cat, airline
3. Abstract Noun - name nouns that you can't perceive with your five senses.
Examples: love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear, religion, belief, history, communication
4. Concrete Noun - name nouns that you can perceive with your five senses.
Examples: house, ocean, Uncle Mike, bird, photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun, dog, suitcase, flowers
5. Countable Noun - name nouns that you can count.
Examples: bed, cat, movie, train, country, book, phone, match, speaker, clock, pen, David, violin
6. Uncountable Noun - name nouns that you can't count.
Examples: milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food, music
7. Compound Noun - are made up of two or more words.
Examples: tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York, photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails, sunlight, snowflake
8. Collective Noun - refer to things or people as a unit.
Examples: bunch, audience, flock, team, group, family, band, village
9. Possessive Noun - show ownership.
Examples: Mom's car, Beth's cat, the student's book
10. Singular Noun - name one person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby, match
11. Plural Noun - name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys, babies, matches

B. PRONOUN - Examples: he, she, they, it, them, many, few, who…
Antecedent - a noun replaced by a pronoun.
 Example: The police officers rushed into their headquarters.
In this example, the pronoun “their” refers back to the police officers. The underlined noun is therefore, the antecedent of “th
KINDS OF PRONOUN:
1. Personal pronouns - Examples: he, she, they, it, them, we…
2. Subjective pronoun - acts as the subject of a sentence.
Example: He spends ages looking out the window.
3. Objective pronoun - receives the action of the verb.
Example: Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.
2. Demonstrative pronouns - replace a noun or subject. It was not followed by a noun.
Examples: this, these, that, and those. This is my bag
3. Indefinite pronouns -unspecified things.
Examples: any, all, another, each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, fe
4. Intensive pronouns - emphasis to the antecedent.
Examples: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves.
5. Interrogative pronouns - to ask questions. Not followed by nouns.
Examples: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever.
6. Relative pronouns - links one clause or phrase to another.
Examples: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
The contestant who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.
7. Reflexive pronouns - refer back to the subject.
Examples: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.
C. ADJECTIVE - a word that describes, identifies or further defines a noun or a pronoun.
Example: She is beautiful.
Adjective Clause - group of words with a subject and a verb that provide a description. It starts with a pronoun such as who, w
Examples: The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
1. Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
2. Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb
That bounced across the kitchen floor
That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
Adjective Phrase - don't have a subject and a verb. It describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Examples: The movie was not too terrible.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE:
1. Descriptive Adjectives - say something about the quality or the kind of the noun or pronoun they’re referring to.
Example: Erika is witty.
2. Adjectives of Number or Adjectives of Quantity - answers the question, “How many?” or “How much?”

Examples:
Twenty-one students failed the exam.
The plants need more water.
3. Demonstrative Adjectives - followed by nouns. E.g. this, these, that, and those.
Example: I used to buy this kind of shirts.
4. Possessive Adjectives - shows ownership.
 Examples: my, your, our, its, her, his, their, and whose (interrogative).
Whose bag is this?
My mother is here.
5. Interrogative Adjectives - who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever. Followed by nouns.
Example: What movie are you watching?
6. Predicative adjectives - Subject + Linking verb + Predicative adjective
Example: Lee seems drunk.
3 DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES : POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE.
D. VERB - to demonstrate an action or a state of being.
KINDS OF VERB:
1. Intransitive verb – NO DIRECT OBJECT.
Example: Mt. Pinatubo exploded
I work for a large firm in Paris.
2. Transitive verb - these verbs are followed by a noun phrase functioning as the direct object.
Example: The students buy snacks.
3. Normal Verbs - express physical action.
Examples: to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.
She is hearing voices. Normal Verb
4. Non-Continuous Verbs - action you can’t see someone do
Example: I wonder what will happen on the next episode.
She hears the music.
5. Ascriptive (Linking Verb) - followed by a noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb. am, is, was, are, were, has been, might have
Example: The exotic food tasted great!
6. main verb - Example: I did empty the trash.

6. Modal – These verbs occur before the main verb. A sentence can stand alone without it
Present Past
Can could
May might
Shall should
Will would
Example: Tom can write poetry very well. (can is the modal and the underline word is the main verb)
You might like to try the salmon fillet. It’s our special today.

6. Auxilliary – these verbs are used to complete the verb phrase in certain constructions. SENTENCE CAN NOT STAND ALONE W
Examples: The economy is showing signs of improvement.
Light does have like a particle or wave.
7. Regular Verb
Example: walk - walked - walked
8. Irregular Verb
Example: drink - drank - drunk

Multi-Part Verbs
auxiliary verbs, also called “helping verbs"

Example:
It must have been raining very hard.
The main verb is raining and the auxiliary verbs are must have been.

E. ADVERB - a part of speech used to describe a verb, adjective, clause, or another adverb. It simply tells the readers how, whe
KINDS OF ADVERB:
1. Adverbs of Manner - answer the question “How?”
Example: She walks gracefully.
2. Adverbs of Place - answer the question “Where?”
Example: Heisenberg looked away from the dead body.
3. Adverbs of Time - answering when.
Example: I’m going to the dentist tomorrow.
4. Adverbs of Degree - the degree at which something will be done. It tells something about the intensity.
Example: You didn’t try hard enough.

F. PREPOSITION - locator not only of place, but also of time.

Examples: On, off, up to, along, across, as for, next, through, of, as, along with, apart from, about, around, according to, against

Remember:

(Time)

The preposition ”at” is used to indicate a specific time. (Example: at 9:30 am)
In is used for unspecific times during a year, a season, a month, or a day. (Example: in 1984)
The preposition “on” is used to state the date or the day of the week. (Example: on Saturday)
In measuring time, whether you are talking about seconds, hours, days, or years, the preposition “for” should be used. (Exam
been together for two years now.)

(Place)

The preposition ”at” is used to state a specific address. (Example: at Block 22- Lot 71, Dahlia Street, Angeles City)
In is used for names of countries, cities, towns, villages, states, or continents. (Example: in Sarajevo)
For names of streets or avenues, the preposition “on” is appropriate to use. (Example: on 24th Avenue)

G. CONJUNCTION - as a “joiner” for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTION:
1. Coordinating Conjunction
Examples: Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the underground lagoon.
spiders, snakes, and scorpions
2. Subordinating Conjunction
Example: After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then would not touch the green vegetables put on his plate.
3. Correlative Conjunction - pairs of conjunction
List of Common Correlative Conjunctions:

either… or
neither… nor
not only… but also
both… and
whether… or
so… as

Both my brother and my father are lawyers.

Neither Yolanda nor the cousins expressed their disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hambu

Neither the cousins nor Yolanda expressed her disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hambur

H. INTERJECTION - convey feelings

Example:
Eww! That book is about vampires.
KINDS OF INTERJECTION:

1. Adjectives that are used as interjections.

Examples:
Nice! You got a Monster Kill in your first game!
Sweet! I got a PS4 for my birthday!
Good! Now we can move on to the next lesson.

2. Nouns or noun phrases that are used as interjections.

Examples:
Congratulations, you won the match.
Hello! How are you?
Holy cow! I forgot my keys!

3. Short clauses that are used as interjections.

Example:
Shawie is our chemistry teacher. Oh, the horror!

4. Some interjections are sounds.

Examples:
Ugh! I’m never doing that again!
Whew! That was really close!
Uh-oh! Dude, I think we’re in serious trouble.

How do You Punctuate Interjections?

1. Exclamation point

Examples:
I just replaced your sugar with salt. Bazinga!
Hooray! I got the job!
2. Period or comma
Examples:
Meh, who cares?
Um… I don’t think so.
3. Question mark

Examples:
Huh? What did you just say?
What? You still haven’t submitted your project?
Oh, really? I never thought he’s that kind of guy.

CLAUSES :
1. Independent clause (Main clause) - with subject and verb that can stand alone as a sentence.
2. Dependent clause - without subject and verb
3. Subordinate clause - Subordinating conjunction + subject + verb can't stand alone as a sentence.
Example: "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect."
4. Coordinate clause - Coordinating conjunction + Subject + Predicate can't stand alone as a sentence.
Example: "It was apple-blossom time, and the days were getting warmer."
LITERARY DEVICES (also called literary techniques, literary methods or
literary motifs.)
1. Aphorism - a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophi
Examples: Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old age regret. [Benjamin Disraeli]
Yesterday is but today’s memory, and tomorrow is today’s dream. [Khalil Gibran]
2. Chekhov’s gun
3. Cliffhanger - suspense is created at the very end of the novel. ask, “What will happen next?”
4. Defamiliarization - The technique of art is to make objects ‘unfamiliar’, to make forms difficult, to increase the difficulty of le
5. Dramatic -
6. Visualization - the author uses words and phrases to create “mental images” for the reader.

Example:
The gushing brook stole its way down the lush green mountains, dotted with tiny flowers in a riot of colors and trees coming al
chirping birds.
7. Epiphany - after seeing a thing he/she achieves realization.
Example: “I used to smoke a lot. Everyone let me know that it was bad for my health however, I didn’t pay any notice. One day
8. Flashback - interruptions that writers do to insert past events in order to provide background or context to the current event
Example: Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman” uses flashback to narrate Willy Loman’s memories of the past. At one moment
9. Flashforward - opposite of flashback.
Examples: “If you knew Hitler was going to do what he did to the Jews, would you kill him before he had the chance?”
10. Foreshadowing (magbabala) - a hint of something that is going to happen
Example: “He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow”.
11. Juxtaposition - Using two themes, characters, phrases, words, or situatuaions together
for comparison, contrast, or rhetoric
Examples: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was th
“Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.”

“O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!

It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;”
12. paradox - same
13. Parody - an imitation of a particular writer, artist or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect.
Example: “Vampire Sucks” parodies and pokes fun at “Twilight”

“My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;”
14. Poetic License - refers is a liberty taken by a poet to produce a desired effect by breaking established rules of language.
freedom in the devices (parts) of meter and rhyme as well as in stanza pattern
15. Stream of consciousness - flow of a character’s thoughts and feelings in their minds. Give readers the impression of being
Examples:
“He is young Leopold, as in a retrospective arrangement, a mirror within a mirror (hey, presto!), he beholdeth himself. That you

“What a lark! What a plunge! For so it always seemed to me when, with a little squeak of the hinges, which I can hear now, I bu
16. Symbolism - giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.
Example: The dove is a symbol of peace.
17. Ticking clock - Threat of impending disaster-often used in thrillers scenario where
salvation and escape are essential elements
18. Sarcasm - to speak bitterly. Examples: I am trying to imagine you with a personality.
This is not an office. It is Hell with fluorescent lighting.
19. Satire - criticize the vices in the society. O punain ang mga kasamaan sa lipunan.
Examples: " The Daily Show" is a satirical version of the news.
“If this is going to be a Christian nation that doesn’t help the poor, either we have to pretend that Jesus was just as selfish as w
20. Parallelism - grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter.
Examples: Like father, like son.
The escaped prisoner was wanted dead or alive.
Easy come, easy go.
Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy.
Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
“Good we must love, and must hate ill,
For ill is ill, and good good still;
But there are things indifferent,
Which we may neither hate, nor love,
But one, and then another prove,
As we shall find our fancy bent.”
21. Rhetorical Device - improve the tone or quality of the composition. To convey meaning or to persuade.

GRAMAR RULES:
1. A collective noun can be treated as singular or as plural.
Singular when we think of them as groups or one SAME AS: Mathematics, economics, noun with ics, etc. singular
Examples: A 3 dozen of eggs is fresh. Example: Mathematics is my favorite subject.
The class is waiting for the teacher.
Plural when the collective noun acts individually. SAME AS: ABOVE, acts individual pieces of information.
Examples: Six eggs are fresh Example: The statistics show that the candidate will win.
Dozens are echeburichi.
"A dozen are coming over this afternoon."
2. The verb in an or, nor, either/or, neither/nor, or not only/but also sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
3. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
Exceptions: Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
4. With words that indicate portions - percent, fraction, a lot, all, most, some, majority. If the noun after of is singular, use a s
Example: Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared.
Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed
Not one relates him. (Not one + always singular verb)
5. In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples: There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
6. Use a singular verb with Distances, Periods of time, Sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit.
Examples: Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollar bills were scattered on the floor.
7. The word were replaces was in sentences that express a wish or are contrary to fact
Examples: If Joey were here, you'd be sorry. (Joe isn't actually here, so it should be plural verb)
I wish it were Friday. She requested that he raise his hand ( there is a wish in the 1st expression and request in the
8. If two infinitives are separated by "and" they take the plural form of the verb.
Infinitives formula: To + verb
Example: To walk and to chew gum require great skill.
9. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the verb; but, when they are linked by "a
take the plural form.
Example: Standing in the water was a bad idea. Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.
10. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.
Example: The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.

VARIANTS – many words have two or more accepted pronunciation or variants for the same meaning.

1. Homographs – same or different sounds, same spelling, different meaning.

Examples: lie (untruth)
lie (lie down)
tear (in the eye)
tear (rip)
2. Homophones – same sounds, different spelling, different meaning.
Examples: air-heir, aloud- allowed, base- bass
3. Homonyms- Same sounds, same or different spelling, different meaning

Examples: fair (county fair)

fair (reasonable)
pear (fruit)
pair (couple)
4. Heteronyms - Different sounds, same spelling, different meaning.
Examples: tear (in the eye)
tear (rip)
5. Derivations (Pinagmulan) – may differ in pronunciation from the stem, meaning, its pronunciation will not only depend on i
(compete- competitive)
6. Minimal pairs- a pair of different word which contrast in only one sound (beach- bitch, deed-did)

Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

Morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning and more of less constant form.
Example: Buyers = Buy + er + s ( 3 Morphemes)
Possessive morpheme
Example: book’s/books’
Inflectional Morphemes - is a suffix that's added to a word to assign a particular grammatical property to that word.
Examples: Buyer
Derivational morphemes - are used to derive new words. Derivational morphemes may be prefixes or suffixes.
AFFIXES
Prefix - before the root word.
Example: Dismiss
Suffix - after the root word.
Example: Biggest

5 KINDS OF VERBAL:
1. Infinitive - to + base form of the verb
2. Gerund - base form of the verb + ing . ( Gerund phrase - not a verb )
3. Participle - -ing, -en, -ed + any modifiers, objects, and complements. (participial phrase - participle + adverb / adverb phrase
4. Appositive - Rodrigo Duterte, the president, is very brave.
5. Absolute - noun + participle . (far from the subject)

Active voice - the subject performs the action.

Example: Harry ate six shrimp at dinner.
Passive voice
Example: At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.

SINGLE TRANSFORMATION

1. Emphatic Form - Does / Do / Did + main verb

Examples: She does love you.
They do love you.
She did love you.

2. Cleft Any declarative sentence may be transformed into a cleft sentence by starting with it. it-clefts and wh-clefts.
Example: The chairman evaluated your records.
It was the chairman who evaluated your records.

3. Dangling Modifier (Hindi clear kung sino)- is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.
Example: Lady Diana warmly welcomed the delegates, suffering from AIDS. (incorrect)
Lady Diana warmly welcomed the delegates who are suffering from AIDS. (correct)
4. Misplaced Modifiers - a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.
Example: On her way home, Maria found a gold man's watch.
On her way home, Maria found a man's gold watch.

5. Misplaced and Dangling Modifier - A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong word in a sentence.
Example: He told us how to cut wood through written directions. (incorrect)
Through written directions, he told us how to cut woods. (correct)

6. Faulty Parallelism - occurs when element that have the same function in the sentence are not presented in the same terms.
Example:
a. Many people in developing countries suffer because the countries lack sufficient housing to accommodate them, sufficient f
them, and their healthcare facilities are inadequate.
b. Many people in developing countries suffer because the countries lack sufficient housing to accommodate them, sufficient
them, and sufficient healthcare facilities to serve them.
7. Comma Splice - When you join two independent clauses with a comma and no conjunction
Example: I am not angry with you, I am not happy with you, either. (Incorrect)
I am not angry with you, but I am not happy with you, either. (correct)
I am not angry with you; I am not happy with you, either. (correct)
I am not angry with you. I am not happy with you, either. (correct)

Writing Paragraphs
A paragraph is group of related sentences that has unity, coherence and well development.
A topic sentence presents the main idea of a paragraph.
Thesis statement presents the main idea of a composition.
Arranging Details
Spatial order establishes perspective from which readers will view the details. For example, an object or scene can be viewed f
bottom or from near to far. ( just to the right; a little further on; to the south of Memphis; a few feet behind; directly on the b
nose and a centimeter above his gaping, hairy nostrils; turning left on the pathway.)
Chronological Order presents details in sequence, using transitional phrases that establish the sequence of the events. (ex. Firs
later, etc.)
Logical or Climactic order presents ideas in terms of their relative emphasis. The ideas may move from general to specific, or s
general, most important to least important and vice versa.

Writing Genres
1.Narration – tells a story.
2.Description – it reflects the way a writer looks at the scene or object. It follows the spatial ord
3.Comparison and contrast – it examines the similarities and differences between two subjec
4.Definition – it includes the term defined, the class to which it belongs, and the details that dis
5. Cause and Effect

Non-Verbal Terms
1.Table
§It composed of rows and columns that presents word or numbers.
§It is usually used for comparing numerical data.
2. Line Graph
§Shows the movement or the trend of the data are being presented.
§Line graphs are very much useful in displaying information that continuously change over time.
3. Bar Graph
§Exact opposite of line graph. It can be presented either be horizontally or vertically.
4. Pie Graph

§Is a circular chart that represents 100% of something. The segment of the slices shows the distribution of

LITERATURE
printed materials (such as booklets, leaflets, and brochures) that provide information about something
: written works (such as poems, plays, and novels) that are considered to be very good and to have lasting importance

TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Prose - no formal metrical structure
- natural flow of speech, and ordinary grammatical structure rather than rhythmic structure
- straightforward language
a. Fable - animals, plants, and any inanimate objects or forces of nature that are given human qualities. It has moral.
b. Parable – a short story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. Human actors ( e.g. Parable of Jesus)

c. Folktale (katutubong kuwento)– is the body of expressive culture including tales, music, dance, oral history, popular beliefs
customs within a particular population comprising the traditions of that group. (e.g. THE BOY WHO BECAME A STONE)
d. Legend (Alamat)– is a story that is about someone that did exist but has been twisted to seem more interesting and fascin
 e. Myth – a sacred story usually concerning the origins of the world and the creation in it to be their present form. (e.g. God
Goddesses)
f. Short Story
g. Novels – long written, fictional, prose often having a complex plot and is usually divided into chapters.

h. Realistic fiction - kathang-isip lamang pero my matututunan

2. Poetry - Is literary work written in verse , great beauty, high quality, emotional sincerity. It is an art form in which language i
aesthetic qualities instead of its literal meaning.

a. Lyric poetry – is a genre of poetry that does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of more personal nature. It depicts th
feelings and emotions, states of mind and perceptions. (song, sonnet, ode, haiku, cinquain, elegy)
- A poem intended to be sung
1. Sonnet - 14 lines
a. Italian Sonnet - introduced by Francis Petrarch
b. Shakespearean sonnet - " " William Shakespeare
2. Ode - accompanied by music and dance, lyrical in nature, serious tone, means to chant or sing, elevated style, Poem o
feelings.
2. Ode - accompanied by music and dance, lyrical in nature, serious tone, means to chant or sing, elevated style, Poem o
feelings.
3. Elegy - song for the dead
4. Eulogy - message for the dead
5. Haiku - 17 syllables / 3 lines / 575
6. Tanka - 31 syllables/ 5 lines /57577
7. Cinquain - 22 syllables / 5 lines that do not rhyme / 24682
8. Song - 12 syllables, dodicasyllabic (Florante at Laura)
9. Corridos - 8 syllables, octosyllabic, recited to a martial beat ( Ibong Adarna)
b. Narrative Poetry – a genre of poetry that tells a story. (Ballad, epic, etc.)
1. Ballad - A narrative poem intended to be sung.
2. Epic - Heroic
3. Idyl - descriptive of rustic life, written in the style of Theocritus' short pastoral poems.
4. Pastoral - Rural (e.g. mountains, valley, etc.)
c. Dramatic Poetry – is a drama written in verse to be spoken or sung and appears related to any culture. (Tragedy, comedy)
- also known as dramatic verse or verse drama, is a written work that both tells a story and connects t
reader to an audience through emotions or behavior.
1. Comedy - greek term komos meaning Feastibity or rebelry. This form is light and written with a purpose and usually ha
ending.
2. Tragedy - hero struggling
3. Melodrama - use in the musical place with the opera. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and usually sad but th
ending for the principal character.
4. Farce - exagerated comedy it seeks to arouse mirth with laughable lines.
5. Social Poem - either purely comet or tragic. It pictures the life of today.

6. Dramatic Monologue - also known as a persona poem, is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individua

Blank Verse - with meter & no rhyme

Free Verse - w/out meter & w/out rhyme

Explicit - clear
Hypocrisy - pagkukunwari
Predominant - nangingibabaw
courage -"My head is blo0ody but unbowed"
lovely - “Phantom of Delight”
homage - paggalang
credulous - madaling maloko
Congregate - nag tipon-tipon
Feeble - weak
contemptuous - scornful
evitable - certain
Feeble - weak
corroborate - confirm
indulgent - yielding
soporific - sedative
Penchant - Fondness
Pulchritude - beauty
Rancor - Bitterness
Mundane - Ordinary
Carnal - Worldly
Candor - Frankness
Apocalyptic -Prophetic
Irrelevant - Impertenent
Loquacious - Verbose
Prophanity - Obscenity
Transcendental - Supernatural
Transmuted - Change
Emulating - Imitating
Eminent - well-known/well respected
Eminence - successful
Imminent - very soon
hand over - surrender
hand down/on - pinapamana
ambiguous reference - hindi maintindihan
Authentic - Original
Apathetic - unconcerned (walang pakialam)
despair - loss of hope
Analogy - pagkakatulad

Jose Garcia Villa - the first national artist in literature in 1973

Nick Joaquin - National artist in spanish literature in 1976
- filipino writer in english used hispanic-filipino culture and traditions in his fiction works.
Bienvenido Santos - Filipino migrant writer whose fiction stories reflect the Filipino's concept of American culture.
Ophelia De malanta - Love Sonnet
Pedro Bucaneg - Father of Ilocano Literature
William Shakespeare - Greatest sonnet writer
- Greatest English writer
- Bard of Avon
- wrote MACBETH ( Power - overwhelming)

- " Merchant of Venice [ Quality of Mercy (qoute of Portia) - Mercy is spontaneous and freely given
Geoffrey Chaucer - Father of English Literature
- Canterbury tales
- Evening star of the Medieval day and the Morning star of the Renaissance.
Edgar Allan Poe - Father of Horror Story
- Father of detective story
- Author of Anabelle
De Maupassant - foremost french short story writer
Homer - Vivid description
- Iliad & Odyssey
Cicero - greatest orator of the world
Thales of Miletos - Natural law
Socrates - Questioning method
Plato - Author of the republic
Aristotle - Father of Biology
Alexander the Great - the conqueror
Hamlet - To be or Not to be ( Mood: Indecision)
Romeo & Juliet - Love & War
Rubaiyat - theme: grasping pleasure while you can.
Mahabharata - Longest epic/poem
Nibelungenlied - Medieval German Epic
Rigveda - Collection of Indian sacred Hymn
Upanishad - Collection of indian sacred text
Quran - Muhammad
Harriet beecher stowe - Uncle tom's cabin
Manuel L. Quezon - “I prefer a government run like hell by Filipinos rather than one run by foreigners”
Benigno Aquino Jr. - “The Filipino is worth dying for”

On - nakatayo sa isang sasakyan like BUS - Electronic

In - Hindi " " " " " Jeepney - Printed

DRTA - Directed Reading Thinking Activity

- Draw conclusion
IRI - measure for skills (teacher let the students to read the passage and after that he/she mark the mispronounced words.)
SQ3R - Survey Question Read Recite Review
KWL chart - Knows, Wants to know, and has Learned
PQ5R method (preview, question, read, record, recite, review, reflect)
Cornell method (record, reduce, recite, reflect, review, recapitulate)
Skimming - Look for main idea / going through the whole article.
Scanning - Look for information / locating a specific text or phrase in a document.
Previewing - overview

rings - singular ring - plural rang - plural rung = has/have/had + rung

has/have/had + base form + en/un

Example: I had been looking for you
I have begun to read the context.

Number, taste, size, color, origin

My mom and I love Christmas movies. (correct)

My mom and me love movies.(incorrect)

Complex sentence - independent & dependent

Technical Writing - writing about a particular subject that requires direction, instruction, or explanation.
Expository writing - is any form of writing that conveys information and explains ideas. (e.g. analogy, analysis, cause and effect
Descriptive writing - to describe a person, place or thing in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader's mind.
- using all of your five senses.
Semantic - the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language

Syntax - the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Prima facie - one that minimally meets the affirmative side's unattached burden of proof.

Inductive reasoning - specific to general

Deductive reasoning - general to spicific
Analogical reasoning - comparison between two objects, or systems of objects.
Abductive reasoning - observation to likiest explanation.
- decision-making
Ad hominem argument - logical fallacy

Iambic Pentameter - five iambs per line (5 lines), almost like five heartbeats: daDUM daDUM daDUM daDUM daDUM.
Example:
If music be the food of love, play on;
Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting,
The appetite may sicken, and so die.
That strain again! it had a dying fall:
O, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound,

Anticlimax - from important idea to ludicrous (katawa-tawa)/ trivial(walang halaga).

Antihero -the character is clumsy, unsolicited, and unskilled and has both good and bad qualities.
Anti-utopia - imaginary place or society characterized by human misery and oppression.

Anthropomorphism - personification, aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like they are human beings.

Loan words - borrowed words from the other foreign langguage.

Phrasal verbs = verb + preposition / adverb (abide by, adhere to, brag about, differ from embark on, give back, make off, pick u
Verb with Reflexive = verb + reflexive (absent oneself, avail oneself, brace oneself, enjoy oneself, hurt oneself, etc)
Verb-Noun = verb + noun (catch a cold, commit an error, hit a note, make faces, see/watch a movie, etc.)
Preposition-Noun = preposition + noun (at bay, at this point, at work, in love, in order, in tune, off limits, in good terms, etc.)
Phrasal Adjective = Adjective + preposition (abreast of, addicted to, ashamed of, beholden to, envious of, familiar with, fond of
Preposition-Noun-Preposition = preposition + noun + preposition (in behalf of, in compliance with, with regard to, in spite of, o
Phrasal Adverb of Time = basta phrase cya na my ada time (at daytime, in the morning, in May, this week, week after next, nex

Possessive case
if there are more than one syllable in which the word ends with -s, just add apostrophe (e.g. albatross' wings)
if there is only one syllable in which the word ends with -s, just add apostrophe and -s (e.g. Zeus's children)

Ditransitive verbs (those which take a direct object and an indirect object)

limerick - first, second and fifth lines are longer and rhyme together. 3rd and 4th lines are shorter and rhyme together
Epigram - EXAMPLE: “Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put and end to mankind.” – John F. Kennedy

Uncle Tom's Cabin - slavery of the black people.

5 ships in magellan voyage

TRINIDAD
VICTORIA
CONCEPCION
SAN ANTONIO
SANTIAGO

Sculptor - castrillo
osite result from what I am expecting.
ally mean or intend.

a whole to represent a part.

e of compreheding.

mithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.”

nose, windpipe and chest. PHARYNX
m, that, or which or an adverb such as when, where and why.
en, become, etc.
when, or the degree at which something was done.

fter, to, up, within, in spite of, at, out, behind, past, out of, by means of, between, before, beneath, beyond, beside, during, except for, unde
 , moral and literary principles.

th and perception, because the process of perception is an aesthetic end in itself and must be prolonged.

aw my two years of age offspring trying for a used cigarette within an ashtray. Seeing this, abruptly it dawned upon me how terrible smokin
of a narrative.
Willy talks with his dead brother while playing cards with Charley. He relives a past conversation in the present. This demonstrates a characte

poch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was th
ide the mind of the character.

figure of then is seen, precious manly, walking on a nipping morning from the old house in Clambrassil to the high school, his book satche

t open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air. How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the ea

re, or we’ve got to acknowledge that He commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without condition and then admit that we ju
gular verb. If it is plural, then it use plural verb.

nd expression, so we use plural verb)

 of writing paragraph.

nguish it from other members of its class.

ng. The story is passed down from generation to generation.

assification, comparison, definition, examples, and process analysis.)
charge of, etc.)
weekend, etc.)
, beside, during, except for, under, down, below, by, over, inside, underneath, except, round, from, outside, toward, without, in addition to,
ed upon me how terrible smoking was and I stopped smoking.”

nt. This demonstrates a character that is physically living in the present but mentally living in the memories and events of the past.

was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Hea
the high school, his book satchel on him bandolier wise, and in it a goodly hunk of wheaten loaf, a mother’s thought.”

s of course, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave; chill and sharp and yet (for a girl of eighteen as I the

dition and then admit that we just don’t want to do it.”

toward, without, in addition to, in, into, until, unlike, in back of, like, because of, with, concerning, for, near, instead of, in front of, in, since,
s and events of the past.

s, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way…”
’s thought.”

yet (for a girl of eighteen as I then was) solemn, feeling as I did, standing there at the open window, that something awful was about to hap
r, instead of, in front of, in, since, despite, on top of, throughout, in place of, onto, and upon.
omething awful was about to happen …”
B
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ENGLISH
verbal analogy Exercises
synonyms
Antonyms
measurement exercises
Collective nouns
Coordinating conjunction
Possessive noun
Grammar Errors

Punctuation marks exercises

MISUSED WORDS/PHRASES
Remember:
1. NONE has either singular/plural verbs.
2. MANY, FEW, OTHERS, & SEVERAL have plural verb.
3. A LOT, ALL, MOST, & SOME is a portion
3.1. ALL, MOST, & SOME are worry. Always plural.
4. NEITHER, each & EITHER have singular verb.
5. OR, NOR, EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, & NOT ONLY/BUT ALSO have singular/plural verb depending to the nearer subject of it
6. pag my PAIR ngane my singular verb iton.
7. BOTH/AND has plural verb.

8. Mathematical operations are always

expressed as singular and require singular
verbs.
9. Zeus' bag, Possess' love, man's bestfriend
10. put COMMA before the FANBOYS, e.g. emma, ela, and Michael
11. put ; between independent clauses not joined by FANBOYS, e.g. Read what you’ve written; don’t just pass it on.
12. put ; between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs, e.g. I think he’s right; however, it’s difficult to know.
13. put ; between items in a series if the items contain commas.
13. put : when it is use to mean “note what follows.” e.g. When you go to training, take these items: paper, pencil and an alert
14. put : before a long, formal statement or quotation.
15. put - when you divide a word at the end of a line.
16. put - in a compound adjective when it precedes the word it modifies. E.g. fast-moving train
17. put - that indicate an abrupt break in thought. E.g. The truth is – and you probably know it – we can’t do without you.
18. put - before an explanation. E.g. It was a close call – if he had been in a worse mood, I don’t think I’d still be here.
19. put . And , inside " ".
20. put : and ; outside " ".
21. LIE used to recline or rest on a surface.
22. LAY used to put or place.
23. Affect is influence
24. Effect is result
25. Capital is city, wealth, resources
26. Capitol is refers to building where lawmakers meet.
27. ELICIT is obtain (magkamayda)
28. ILLICIT is unlawful.
29. CLIMACTIC is climax.
30. CLIMATIC is climate.
31. Emigrate is Exit a country.
32. Immigrate is to go In a country
33. PRINCIPAL is the head or a sum of money.
34. PRINCIPLE is basic truth or law.

Half was (portion is singular except to a lot, all, most, some)

Aliping Namamahay ay tumutukoy sa alipin na nagtatamasa ng mga karapatan at pribilehiyo kabilang ang pagmamay-ari ng lup
Siya ay nagbabayad ng tributo o buwis na naaayon sa napagkasunduan nila ng kaniyang panginoon
Aliping Sagigilid (o Saguiguilid) ay tumutukoy naman sa alipin na kapus sa karapatan at pribelehiyo.
labis na nakaasa sa kaniyang panginoon na siyang naglalaan ng kaniyang makakain at matitirahan.
Siya ay pag-aari ng kaniyang panginoon

On April 27, 1565, López de Legazpi and his men went back to Cebu, attacking and destroying the village of Rajah Tupas. There

Galeon Trade or Manila – Acapulco Trade - was a ship trade going back and forth yearly between Manila (which actually lande

"Obedezco pero no cumplo" (English: I obey but I do not comply) is a phrase that was used in Spanish America throughout muc

THE RISE OF THE PHILIPPINE MIDDLE CLASS (ILLUSTRADOS-Filipino educated class in other country)
5 principal social classes in the Philippines:
1. Peninsulares, the Spaniards born in Spain, ( the Iberian peninsula) and were the wealthiest and most politically powerful am
2. Insulares were the Spaniards born in the Philippines.
3. middle class, three subclasses:
The mestizos or half-breed, half spanish - indio (filipino)
a. Spanish mestizos (mestizo de espanol)
b. principalia- educated class, composed of the Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor), or the Cabeza de Barangay (Chief of the Ba
c. Chinese mestizos (mestizo de sangley)
d. Tornatras
4. Chinese, and
5. Indio or natives made up the lower half of the social pyramid.
gremio is a self-governing organization. Each gremio had a cabecilla. The cabecillas elect the gobernadorcillo de chino who ac
La Esperanza - the first daily newspaper edited by Felipe Lacorte and Evaristo Calderon
Hotel de Oriente - first hotel, which opened in 1889. It was the Spanish architect Juan Jose Huervas y Arizmendi in binondo, m

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION OR PREJUDICE

> Filipinos were considered an inferior race and were referred to as "indios"
> Followed the Spanish philosophy that the "indios" did not deserve to be educated.

CAVITY MUTINY and the EXECUTION OF MARIANO GOMEZ, JOSE BURGOS, and JACINTO ZAMORA (GomBurZa)
> on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers ay nag aklas with their leader Sarmento La Madrid because of giving
spaniards but taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, "polo y servicio."
> the effect of this makes the GOMBURZA arrested and executed.

PAPER MONEY OF THE PHILIPPINES :

1. Pesos Fuertes or the "Strong Pesos" - 1852 by El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, the first bank established in the country
2. Silver certificates to treasury certificates - American authorities issued it.
3. BPI and PNB notes - El Banco Espanol-Filipino De Isabel II, renamed Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), and the Philippine N
4. Japanese war notes - mickey mouse money
5. Guerrilla notes or Resistance currencies - were issued by different provinces and municipalities.
6. Central Bank of the Philippines series - in 1949 paved the way for the issuance of banknotes and coins of the English, Pilipin
7. BSP series notes and coins

Galicano Apacible - who was a cousin of Dr. Jose Rizal, co-founder of La Solidaridad and Nacionalista Party, first president of la
Jose Rizal - honorary president of la solidaridad.
the Propaganda Movement put up its own newspaper, called La Solidaridad.
The purpose of La Liga Filipina is to build a new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement.
Cortes - spanish law making body. The most powerful governmental institution of the state.

Successos Felices (Fortunate Events) is the first Philippine newsletter was launched by Tomas Pinpin who is known as "The Fat
Del Superior Govierno - was the first actual newspaper. Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras
La Esperaza - the first daily newspaper edited by Felipe Lacorte and Evaristo Calderon.

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Melchora Aquino - Tandang sora - Grand Woman of the Revolution and the Mother of Balintawak
apolinario mabini - brains of revolution, dakilang lumpo
andres bonifacio - "The Father of the Philippine Revolution", president of the Tagalog Republic.
George washington - 1st presidnt of america
General Arthur MacArthur Jr. - United States Army general, military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines
Marcela Marino de Agoncillo - sewn the philippine flag.
Emilio aguinaldo - design the philippine flag
guerilla organisation known as "Hukbalajap

PRESIDENTS
1. Emilio aguinaldo - president of the revolution, president of the first republic or malolos republic (1897 - 1901)
2. Manuel l. quezon - President of the commonwealth, nacionalista party (1935-1944)
3. Jose P. Laurel - 2nd republic, (1942-1944)
4. Sergio Osmena - vice president of manuel l. quezon, commonwealth, founder of the Nacionalista Party, proclamation of Phil
5. Manuel A. Roxas - 3rd republic president / 1st president of an independent republic or republic constitution
6. Elpidio Quirino - 2nd president of the independent republic, vice president of manuel roxas,
7. Ramon Magsaysay - 3rd president of the independent republic
8. Carlos P. Garcia - 4th of independent republic or republic constitution.
9. Diosdado Macapagal - 5th of independent republic or republic constitution.
10. Ferdinand Marcos - 6th or last president of the 3rd republic constitution and the 1st in 4th republic.
Parliamentary government - democratic form of a government.
11. Corazon C. Aquino - 2nd/last of 4th republic and 1st of 5th republic.
12. Fidel V. Ramos - 2nd of 5th republic.
13. Joseph Estrada - 3rd of 5th republic
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - 4th of 5th republic, "building a strong republic", vice president of joseph estrada
15. Benigno Aquino III - 5th of 5th republic, first president to be a bachelor, being unmarried and having no children, foreign po
16. Rodrigo Duterte

RELIGIONS
1. Buddhism - (gautama, polytheistic) nepal

3. Hinduism - (polytheistic) india

4. Islamism – (alah) Saudi Arabia
5. Zoroastrianism – (ahura mazda - monotheistic) (Persia (Iran)
6. Christianity – (God-prophet jesus) Israel (formerly Palestine)

Cuneiform - is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia

Code of Hammurabi - first form of law in mesopotamia.
Hanging Gardens of babylon - were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens co
Mosaic Law - law given by God to Moses
Great Pyramid of Cholula - largest pyramid known to exist in the world today in mexico.
great pyramid of giza - egypt, in asia
Hieroglyphics - the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt.
Caste system in india - a rigid social structure, it is divided into 4 hindus
Dravidians - were the first inhabitants in india; invaded by Aryans

Prime minister - head of the government

President - head of the state
Constituent state is a territorial and constitutional entity forming part of a sovereign state.
government - the group of people who control and make decisions for a country, state, etc.
written or rigid constitution - is said to be written if the fundamental rules / laws and principles concerning the organization of
unwritten constitution -refers to when the whole body of fundamental laws, customs, conventions, principles, rules and regula
archipelagic waters means the waters enclosed by the archipelagic baselines

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I - National Territory
ARTICLE II - Declaration of Principles and Policies
ARTICLE III – Bill of Rights
ARITICLE IV – citizenship
ARTICLE V - Suffrage
ARITICLE VI – Legislative Department
ARTICLE VII – Executive Department
ARTICLE VIII – Judicial Department
ARTICLE IX - Constitutional Commission
ARTICLE X - Local Government
ARTICLE XI - Accountability of Public Officers
ARTICLE XII - National Economy and Patrinomy

Republic - is the form of government in which a country is considered a public matter and where offices of state are elected or
Voluntary Method – acquired through naturalization, which is an act of formally adopting an alien into a political body and vesti
"Plebiscite" is the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people.
- the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the cons
"Referendum" is the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through an election called for the purpose.
- a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct dec
"Initiative" is the power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose and enact legislations throug

Specific legislative power refers to power to make treaties with other countries
Implied power of Congress refers to its power to conduct inquires on the social and economic conditions of the country in aid
Inherent power is its powers to impose taxes impose penalties for specific crimes, authorize upon payment of just compensati

Here are the various steps in the passage of a bill:

1. First Reading - Any member of either house may present a proposed bill, signed by him, for First Reading and reference to th
the First Reading, the principal author of the bill may propose the inclusion of additional authors thereof.

2. Referral to Appropriate Committee - Immediately after the First Reading, the bill is referred to the proper committee or com
consideration. If disapproved in the committee, the bill dies a natural death unless the House decides other wise, following the

3. Second Reading - If the committee reports the bill favorably, the bills is forwarded to the Committee on Rules so that it may
deliberation on Second Reading. At this stage, the bill is read for the second time in its entirely, together with the amendments
committee, unless the reading is dispensed with by a majority vote of the House.

4. Debates - A general debate is then opened after the Second Reading and amendments may be proposed by any member of
changes or amendments shall be done in accordance with the rules of either House. The House may either "kill" or pass the bi

5. Printing and Distribution - After approval of the bill on Second Reading, the bills is then ordered printed in its final form and
among the members of the House three days before its passage, except when the bill was certified by the President. A bill app
shall be included in the calendar of bills for Third Reading.

6. Third Reading - At this stage, only the title of the bill is read. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto is allowe
taken immediately thereafter, and yeas and nays entered in the journal. A member may abstain. As a rule, a majority of the me
quorum is sufficient to pass a bill.

7. Referral to the Other House - If approved, the bill is then referred to the other House where substantially the same procedur

8. Submission to Joint Bicameral Committee - Differences, if any, between the House's bill and the Senate's amended version, a
to a conference committee of members of both Houses for compromise. If either House accepts the changes made by the othe
necessary.

9. Submission to the President - A bill approved on Third Reading by both Houses shall be printed and forthwith transmitted to
approval or disapproval. If the President does not communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within 30 d
shall become a law as if he signed it. Bill repassed by Congress over the veto of the President automatically becomes a law.
Veto of the President - it is the decision of the president to pass or reject the bill
Incidental powers - such as the power to punish persons adjudged in contempt
En banc, in banc, or in bank is a term used to refer to the hearing of a case by all the judges of a court.
writ of certiorari - may be issued only for the correction of errors of jurisdiction or grave abuse of discretion ( decides to review
certiorari - comes from Law Latin and means "to be more fully informed
writ of mandamus - is an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfi
- lies to compel a judge to issue a writ of execution when the judgment had already become final and exe
quo warranto - is the legal term for a writ (order) used to challenge another's right to either public or corporate office or challe
writ of habeas corpus - An order issued by a court to a person detaining another, to produce the body of the prisoner at a ce
Habeas Corpus: “to bring the body”
Principal purpose: To set the individual at liberty.
Privilege of the writ- further order from the court to release an individual if it finds his detention without legal cause or author
writ of amparo - Can be invoked when the right to life, liberty or security of a person is violated or threatened with violation by
Amparo: “protection”

Culpable violation of the constitution - defined as "the deliberate and wrongful breach of the Constitution."
Treason - "Any Filipino citizen who levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort wi
Bribery

Direct bribery is "committed by any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constituting a crime, in connection with
official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediatio
Indirect bribery is "committed by a public officer when he accept gifts offered to him by reason of his office."

Any violation of the Republic Act No. 3019, or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act is an impeachable offense.
The Ombudsman of the Philippines, also known as Tanodbayan ng Pilipinas (using Filipino loan words),
is an ombudsman responsible for investigating and prosecuting Philippine government officials accused of crimes, especially gr

ECONOMICS
the opportunity cost, also known as alternative cost, is the value (not a benefit) of the choice of a best alternative cost while m
types:
1. implicit cost, also called an imputed cost, implied cost, or notional cost, is the opportunity cost equal to what a firm must giv
(no actual payment is made.)
2. explicit cost is a direct payment made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent and materials

Command Economy - an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a governm
laisez-faire economy - free from government intervention or moderation, and be driven only by the market forces. ( self-interes
Mixed economy - An economic system in which both the private enterprise and a degree of state monopoly coexist.
- means of production are shared between the private and public sectors.
Monopoly - A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market.
In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute.

The capital — human-made goods which are used in the production of other goods.
demand schedule, in economics, is a table of the quantity demanded of a good at different price levels.
complementary good or complement is a good with a negative cross elasticity of demand.
- This means a good's demand is increased when the price of another good is decreased.
substitute good- Potatoes from different farms are an example: if the price of one farm's potatoes goes up, then it can be presu
a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market.
surplus or excess supply - is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded
circular flow of economic activity is a model showing the basic economic relationships within a market economy.

Employment • The use of economic resources in production; engagement in activity

Income Generation • The production of maximum amount an individual can spend during a period without being any worse o
Household - the basic consuming unit
Firm • The basic producing unit.
Flow • A quantity measured over a particular period of time.
Stock • A quantity measured as of a given point in time.

Monetary policy • Affects the savings and investment.

Fiscal policy • Controls taxes and government expenditures.
Trade policy • Affects a country’s exports and imports.
Private consumption - also called personal consumption or consumer expenditure
- is personal (mainly household) spending on goods and services.
- is defined as the value of the consumption goods and services acquired and consumed by household
Government consumption - expenditure on final goods and on hours

inflation Losers - People on a fixed income.

Regressive Tax - e.g. sales tax

Poll tax - a capitation tax, a tax that each adult has to pay in order to vote in an election
Capitation tax - or head tax, An assessment imposed by the government upon a person at a fixed rate regardless of income or w
Property tax - is a tax assessed on real estate.
Excise Tax - indirect tax, are taxes paid when purchases are made on a specific good

Value added is the amount by which the value of goods or services are increased by each stage in its production.
It is the difference between the value of all the inputs (raw materials, purchased services) and the price at which the product is

Value added tax or VAT is an indirect tax, which is imposed on goods and services at each stage of production, starting from raw

GEOGRAPHY

2 principal approaches to the study of geography:

1. Topical or systematic geography - studies one issue and looks at its spatial variations in all parts of the globe.
- focused on physical or human phenomena.
e.g. physical geography, economic geography, cultural geography, political geography, etc.
2. Regional geography - is a branch of geography that studies the many characteristics of each region (or realm) of the world.
- studies the specific unique characteristics of places related to their culture, economy, topography, c
- also studies the specific boundaries between places.
A region itself is defined as a part of the Earth's surface with one or many similar characteristics that make it unique from othe

Branches of Geography
1. Physical Geography - study of processes and patterns in the natural environment
a. geomorphology - study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures.
b. Biogeography - is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological tim
Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants.
Zoogeography is the branch that studies distribution of animals.
c. Climatology - is the study of climate
d. Glaciology - is the study of glaciers and ice sheets
e. Meteorology - focus on weather forecasting.
f. Hydrology - is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets.
g. Pedology - is the study of soils in their natural environment.
h. Paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes or landforms.
i. Coastal geography is the study of the constantly changing region between the ocean and the land.
j. Oceanography - studies the Earth's oceans and seas.
k. Integrated geography (integrative geography, environmental geography or human–environment geography) - is the branc
2. Human Geography - study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and interactions with the environment by
a. Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms
b. Development geography is the study of the Earth's geography with reference to the standard of living and the quality of
c. Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the w
d. Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past.
e. Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the wa
f. Population geography is the study of ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and gro
g. Settlement geography is a branch of geography that investigates the earth's surface's part settled by humans.
- the study of urban and rural areas
h. Urban geography is the study of cities, towns, and other areas of relatively dense settlement.

Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator

Conformal projection - a map projection in which angles formed by lines are preserved
- is a map projection that favors preserving the shape of features on the map but may greatly distort t

equal area projection is a map projection that shows regions that are the same size on the Earth the same size on the map but

Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a particular mapping from a sphere to a disk

Albers conic projections - is a conic, equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels.

latitude - run across a map east-west, the point of latitude makes the n0rth-south position of a point on earth.
- Lines of latitude start at 0 degrees at the equator and end a 90 degrees at the North and South Poles.
Northern Hemisphere - Everything north of the equator.
Southern Hemisphere - everything south of the equator

- Lines of latitude are called parallels

five major parallels of latitudes

1. Arctic Circle is the most northerly or northernmost point of the earth
2. Tropic of Cancer - the farthest northern latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead.
3. Equator - is an imaginary circle drawn around a planet (or other astronomical object) at a distance halfway between the pol
4. Tropic of Capricorn - the farthest southern latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead.
5. Antarctic Circle - is the most southerly or southernmost point of the earth.

Longitude - lines run north-south and mark the position east-west of a point.
- known as meridians.
- is measured in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.

The imaginary half-circles connecting the points of the same longitude, from the North Pole to the South Pole, are called merid

International Date Line is an imaginary line that runs approximately along the 180º meridian in the Pacific Ocean.
South Pole is the location marking the southern end of the Earth‘s axis
region - areas with similar characteristics

Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen "plates"

Climate maps

Economic or resource maps

Physical maps

Road maps

Topographic maps
Topography - the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth

Monsoon asia - southeast asia

ASIA
Mount Everest - is Earth's highest mountain. NEPAL
Tibetan Plateau is a geographically spectacular area, surrounded by range upon range of extreme high-altitude mountains whic
Tsampo (which becomes the Brahmaputra in India), Salween, Mekong, Yangtse, and Yellow rivers.
is bordered by some of the world‘s highest mountains

The Himalayas, or Himalaya, (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/) form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian su
Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest.
world's highest mountain range
world's highest peaks

Amazon river - longest river in the world (South America)

Nile river - the second longest river in the world (egypt)
Yangtze - longest river in asia (china)
Mount Everest - biggest mountain the world and in asia(nepal)
Cerro El Cóndor - highest volcano in asia (argentina)
Ojos del Salado - highest volcano in the world ( chile and argentina)
Kīlauea - the most active volcano in the world (Hawaiian Islands)
Mount Merapi - the most active volcao in asia (indonesia)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - 10 members
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - 21 members
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - 8 members

AFRICA
Suez canal - is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Sahara - the largest hot desert in the world (africa)

Gobi Desert - the largest desert in asia (mongolia and china)
Antarctica - a polar desert, largest desert in the whole world

NORTH AMERICA
Caribbean islands - is a massive archipelago located in the Caribbean Sea.
- combined with Mexico and Central America and described, collectively, as Middle America.
Greenland - largest island in the world
Pulau Borneo - largest island in Asia

SOUTH AMERICA
Andes - which parallel the western side of the continent of south america, form the longest mountain chain in the world.
Russia the biggest country in the world

OCEANIA

RIZAL

Noli MeTangere or touch me not (first novel), dedicated to motherland. during the colonization of the country by Spain to exp
El Filibusterismo or The Reign of Greed( second novel), a political novel, dedicated to GOMBURZA.
The word "filibustero" wrote Rizal to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt
Oligarchy - rule by few rich
Federalism - a union of partially self-government states or regions united by a central government
totalitarianism - the belief that a government should have total power over its citizens.
Colonialism - the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers,
Capitalism - country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Tricameralism - is the practice of having three legislative or parliamentary chambers.
Bipartisanship is a political situation, especially in the context of a two-party system.
unicameralism -is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber.
multicameralism is the condition in which a legislature is divided into several deliberative assemblies, which are commonly call
bicameralism with two chambers, Legislature is divided into two major bodies, the Senate and the House of Representative.
Tetracameralism - is the practice of having four legislative or parliamentary chambers.
socialism - means of production, distribution, and exchange
Egalitarianism - all citizens treated as equals on certain dimensions such as religion, politics, economics, social status and cultur
Republic act No. 7277 - Philippine Congress in 1995 which affirms the total integration of persons with disabilities into the main
writ of habeas data - Right to information privacy
presumption of innocence - A suspect remains innocent until proven guilty.
Reprieve - act of the President to stay the execution of a convict
Congress - power to declare the existence of a state of war
Electoral Tribunal - that decides election protests in the Senate of the Philippines.
Habeas corpus - Any individual has the right to question why he is being arrested, and to summon his accusers to court so that
Charter change or cha cha - constitutional reform
Corazon Aquino - first female president in Asia.
Claro M. Recto - “the Great Dissenter”
Claro Mayo Recto Jr. - was a Filipino statesman, jurist, poet and one of the foremost statesmen of his generation.
He is remembered for his nationalism, for "the impact of his patriotic convictions on modern political thought"
Francisco Dagohoy - revolutionary leader who waged a long war against the government because it did not allow proper burial
dou·ble jeop·ard·y - the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.
evasion - unlawful act of escapingfrom payments of taxes
glob·al·i·za·tion -
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international s
toll - a charge payable for permission to use a particular bridge or road.
Tariff - a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Subsidiary - a company controlled by a holding company.
Revenue - yung kita, or income
Stagflation - rising prices and falling output
transfer payment (or government transfer or simply transfer) is a redistribution of income and wealth (payment) made withou
culture shock -the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way o
Xenocentrism is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather than of one's own. Mas tinat
Relativism - each point of view has its own truth, no single universal
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture
Promdi - from the province,someone from the province. PROBINSYANO
Mona Lisa by Da Vinci - “idyllic golde age” of Art

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past ge
present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.
Communism - is the political belief that all people are equal and that workers should control the means of producing things.
Ningas Cogon is the attitude when we start something with interest and enthusiasm, then after a very short time, we lose inter
Leon Ma. Guerrero - first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of the most eminent botanists in the country in his ti
white collar mania - relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment.
blue collar - relating to manual work or workers, particularly in industry.
pink collar - relating to work traditionally associated with women.
Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge - world and asias longest bridge (China)
St. Peter's Basilica - Largest church in the world
Sumi Baptist Church - largest church in asia (Nagaland)
Bicameralism - Its advantage is that it serves as the training ground for the national leaders.
Parents patria - where it is called upon to protect those with less than full capacity to take adequate care of their own interests
Supreme court - It is the only constitutional court in the Philippines

NEW
Jose Basco - spanish governor-general during monopoly of tabacco
Colonialism - after territory
Polo - first labor
Governorcillo - highest position to achieve in spanish
Kabisera -town center
Municipality/town
Praylo - control of the priest in spanish colonization
Jose Corazon de jesus - husing batute
Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Siling Labuyo, Pepeng Dilat
Joseph Estrada - Father of the mass
Jose P. Laurel - Republic
Ferdinand Marcos - Miracle rice
Diosdado Macapagal - No Corruption/incorruptable
- Abolish
- Certificate of the Filipino
Consumer Tax - goods and services tax
Income tax - Salary tax or the professional tax
Community tax - adult citizen tax
Gregoria de jesus - muse o lakambini ng katipunan
Emilio Jacinto - brain of katipunan
Rajah Sulayman - last rajah of manila
Marketing Cooperative - sells
Credit " - generate funds
Service " - Supply energy, etc.
Consumers " - Supply goods and commodities
Producer " - production and processing of raw materials or good
Cultural relativism - we cannot judge ones culture
cultural cosmopolitan - study of different culture.
cultural phobia - fair of engaging the culture of others
Xenophobia - fair of stranger or foreigner
Ethnocentrism - superior feeling (pilingon judging the others)
Xenocentrism - inferior feeling (mababa ang tingin sa sarili)
Jose rizal shot by a gun in bagumbayan, laguna
Jose rizal last words - “Consummatum Est!” (It is finished!)
Donya Pia - mother of maria clara, died because of having matinding lagnat
Lucio San Pedro - national artist in music, painting, & composer.
Lisa Macuja - " " " Ballet
Lea Salonga - International recognition
Roger Crame - sala theater
Abueva - recently awarded sculpture
ariling tahanan sa loob ng sakop ng panginoong kaniyang pinagsisilbihan

first Spanish settlements, naming it Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesús (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) and Villa de San Miguel (Sa

d Acapulco, Mexico.

period to describe the attitude of local colonial officials towards the rule of the Spanish Crown.

or between the Spanish and the Chinese.

nce on July 4, 1946, first Visayan president(1944 - 1946)
ariety of trees, shrubs, and vines.

be found in a single document.

articular government of a country operates are not written or codified in a single document.

than inherited.
d privileges of citizenship.

d for the purpose

tion of private lands.

ties or correct an abuse of discretion.

evailing party is entitled to the same as a matter of right
f a corporation's charter.
ce, and to show sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual.

f a public official or employee or of a private individual or entity.

s or elsewhere."
se a factor of production for which it already owns and thus does not pay rent.

eople will buy potatoes from that farm and source them from another farm instead.
d environmental factors such as their different species of flora and fauna.

at describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between

duals or societies and their natural environment.
ations with and across space and place.

nhabitants.

al processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.

ns are related to their environment or location.

hape, angle, and/or scale.

d across the earth's surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake.
rces for many of Asia’s great rivers, including the Indus, Sutlej, Yarlung

he Tibetan Plateau.
of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government.

conomically.
be performed.

es being received in return.

ever it is we are doing.

esus) and Villa de San Miguel (Saint Michael's Town).
D
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MAKRONG KASANAYAN (MACRO SKILLS)

A. PAGBASA -isang proseso ng pagsasaayos, pagkuha, at pag-uunawa ng anumang uri at anyo ng impormasyon o ideya na kinak

Antas ng Pang-unawa
1. Literal - pag-unawa sa katotohanan o ideyang hango sa hayag sa teksto
- ang mga sagot sa mga tanong sa kategoryang ito ay tuwirang nakalahad sa teksto.
- ano, sino, saan, kailan
2. Interpretativ - reading between the lines (nangangailangan ng mas mataas na antas ng pag-iisip)
- ang mga sagot sa mga tanong sa kategoryang ito ay hindi tuwirang nakalahad sa teksto ngunit nakapahiwati
- Bakit at paano
3. Kritikal - ang komprehensyong sangkot hindi lamang ang mga ideyang tuwirang hayag at inferens ay ginagawa sa mga hayag
4. Apresyativ/Aplikasyon/malikhaing pagbasa - pagbasa ng seleksyon gamit ang iba’t ibang paraan ng interpretasyon. (reading b

Uri ng Pagbasa
1. Scanning - tumutukoy sa paghahanap ng isang tiyak na impormasyon sa isang pahina.
2. Skimming - ito ay pasaklaw o mabilisang pagbasa upang makuha ang pangkalahatang ideya o impresyon.
3. Previewing - sa uring ito hindi agad nakatuon ang pansin sa nilalaman ng akdang babasahin. Bagkus, sinusuri muna ang kala
4. Kaswal - ito ay pagbasa ng pansamantala. (pampalipas-oras)
5. Pagkuha ng impormasyon - layunin nito na kumalap ng mahahalagang impormasyon na magagamit sa pang-arawaraw na pa

B. PAGSULAT - ay pagsasalin sa papel o sa anumang kasangkapang maaaring magamit na mapagsasalinan ng mga nabuong sali
- layuning maipahayag ang nasa kanyang kaisipan
C. PAKIKINIG - ay isang mabilis at mabisang paraan ng pagkuha ng impormasyon .
Uri ng Pakikinig
1. Pasiv (marginal na pakikinig) - Ang pakikinig na ito ay pakikinig na ang pinakikinggan ay di gaanong napagtutuunan ng pansin
2. Atentiv - Pakikinig ng taimtim at puno ng konsentrasyon ang uring ito ng pakikinig.
3. Analitikal (pahusgang pakikinig) - Layunin ng pakikinig na ito ang magbigay ng reaksyon sa napakinggan, magtaya o mag-eval
4. Kritikal (mapanuring pakikinig) - Pagkuha ng mensahe, mga pagpapahalagang moral, pagpuna sa pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba
Halimbawa: pakikinig ng mga awitin, sermon ng pari o pastor, parabula at pabula.
5. Apresyativ (pagpapahalagang pakikinig) - Ito ay pakikinig na ginagawa ng tao para sa kanyang sariling kasiyahan.

D. PAGSASALITA - ay ang kakayahang ipabatid ang nasasaisip o nadarama sa pamamagitan ng pagbigkas.

E. PANONOOD - ‡ Ito ay ang proseso ng pagmamasid ng manonood sa palabas, video recording, at iba pang visual media upan

BARAYTI NG WIKA
1. Dayalek - Pagkakaiba – iba sa tono, bigkas at paggamit ng wika
2. Idyolek - ito ang pinakaliberal na barayti.
- Umaayon ang barayting ito sa personal o indibidwal na gamit ng wika o umaayon sa indibidwal o kakanyahan ng g
Halimbawa:
Paggamit ng SIYA
Mare, natikman mo na ba siya? Masarap pala siya! Tikman mo rin siya.
siya – ang ginamit sa halip na iyon at iyan.
3. Sosyolek (sosyal o register na barayti) bunga naman ng interaksyon ng mga Pilipino sa iba’t ibang antas at aspekto ng gawain
Halimbawa:
 “eOw pU.mxTAh pOeh.

ANTAS NG WIKA
1. Pormal - ito ang mga salitang estandard dahil kinikilala, tinatanggap at ginagamit ng higit na nakararami lalo na ng mga nakap
a. Pambansa - Ito ang mga salitang karaniwang ginagamit sa mga aklat pangwika/pambalarila sa lahat ng mga paaralan.
b. Pampanitikan - Ito naman ang mga salitang gamitin ng mga manunulat sa kanilang mga akdang pampanitikan.
- Ito ang mga salitang karaniwang matatayog, malalalim, makulay at masining.

2. Impormal - ito ang mga salitang karaniwan, palasak, pang araw-araw na madalas nating gamitin sa pakikipag-usap at pakikip
a. Lalawiganin - Ito ang mga salitang karaniwang salitain o dayalekto ng mga katutubo sa lalawigan
Halimbawa:

b. kolokyal - pinaikling salita

- Ito’y mga pang-araw- araw na mga salita ngunit may kagaspangan at pagkabulgar, bagamat may anyong repina
 Halimbawa:

c. Balbal - ang pinakadinamiko, salitang lansangan

- May katumbas itong slang sa Ingles.
Halimbawa:

d. bawal o bulgar - Sa mga salitang sekswal o mga salitang katumbas ng sekswal na relasyon.
Halimbawa:
Ibon at itlog para sa mga lalaki
bulaklak at hiyas para sa mga babae

Berbal na komunikasyon - Usapan

Di-berbal Komunikasyon- di gagamitan ng salitaan
Uri ng di berbal na komunikasyon
1. Proxemics- distansya
2. Chronemics- Oras
3. Oculesics- paningin
4. Haptics- haplos
5. Kinesics- galaw ng katawan
6. Objectics- gamit
7. Vocalics- tono
8. Iconics- simbolo

PANGUNAHING BATAS PANGWIKA

Saligang Batas 1935 Art. 14- gagawa ng hakbang tungo sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapatibay ng isang wikang katutubo.
Proklama blg. 12- Linggo ng wika mula Marso 29-abril 4 alinsunod sa kaarawan ni Balagtas.
Proklama blg. 186- Linggo ng wika mula agosto 13-19 alinsunod sa kaarawan ni Quezon.
Proklama blg. 1041- Buwan ng wika ang buong Agosto (Pang. Ramos)
Sirkular 21- Awitin ang Lupang Hinirang sa mga paaralan.
Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7- PILIPINO ang wikang pambansa.
Kautusang Pangkagawaran blg. 25- Edukasyong Bilinggwal sa panahon ni Pang. Aquino
Saligang Batas 1987 Art. 14 Sek. 6-9 – FILIPINO ang wikang pambansa
Kautusang tagapagpalaganap blg. 343- Panunumpa ng katapatan sa watawat ng Pilipinas.

Pangkalahatang Layunin ng pagtuturo ng Filipino

1. Kakayahang komunikatibo
2. Kakayahang Linggwistika

daw at raw

NOUN - pangngalan
PRONOUN - Panghalip
VERB - Pandiwa
ADJECTIVE -Pang-uri
ADVERB- Pang-abay
CONJUNCTION - Pangatnig
PREPOSITION - Pang-ukol
Pang-angkop - ng, na, g, -para maganda pakinggan ang pangungusap
Pantukoy - DETERMINER OR ARTICLE
Pangawing - LINKER, ay
upang maunawaan.

aing pakikinig. A50

Stimulus is something that causes a reaction, especially interest, excitement or energy.
Latent learning is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
EXAMPLE: The rats in Group 1 always found food at the end of the maze; the rats in Group 2 never found food; and the rats in G
The Group 1 rats quickly learned to rush to the end of the maze; Group 2 rats wandered in the maze but did not preferentially
Group 3 acted the same as the Group 2 rats until food was introduced on Day 11; then they quickly learned to run to the end o
This showed that the Group 3 rats had learned about the organisation of the maze, but without the reinforcement of food. Unti
for animals to learn such tasks.

Inquiry method - is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions.

Mnemonic devices are techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something.
Naturalist intelligence - It involves how sensitive an individual is toward nature and the world around her.
Existential " - human existence

Microsystem - people who have a direct contact with you (e.g. parents, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors)
Mesosystem - involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life. (e.g. family, peers, school, work)
e.g. if a child is neglected by his parents, he may have a low chance of developing positive attitude towards his teachers.
Exosystem - is the setting in which there is a link between the context where in the person does not have any active role, and t
e.g. Suppose a child is more attached to his father than his mother. If the father goes abroad to work for several mon
Macrosystem - is the actual culture of an individual.
For example, being born to a poor family makes a person work harder every day.
Chronosystem - includes the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan.
e.g. example of this is how divorce, as a major life transition, may affect not only the couple's relationship but also their c

Moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)

1. Pre-conventional - judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences.
2. Conventional - judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations.
2. Post-Conventional ( principled level )- social order and protect human rights.
up 3 found no food for 10 days, but then received food on the eleventh.

e maze and did as well as the Group 1 rats by the next day.
is study, it was largely believed that reinforcement was necessary

o, this child may feel awkward in the presence of peers and may resort to withdrawal from a group of classmates.
context where in is actively participating.
there may be a conflict between the mother and the child's social relationship, or on the other hand, this event may result to a tighter bon

ren's behavior.
event may result to a tighter bond between the mother and the child.
 PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

1. Existentialism - personal or freedom of choice; reality is the matter of individual existance; meaning of life; Curriculum stres
- emotional, aesthetic and philosophical subjects; scientific dialog; inquiry approach(Q-A method); social he
- facticity
2. Idealism (Plato)- Spiritual, moral, or mental; unchanging; Absolute and eternal; latent ideas; reality is in the ideas independ
- Subject matter, content focused
- questions and discussion, lecture, project method( go beyond the walls of the classroom like: field trip), m
- self-realization; Brotherhood; School is ideal-centered; teacher is the key to the Educative process.
3. Realism (Aristotle) - natural laws; matter; Absolute and eternal; Give direction to individual’s basic potentialities and talents;
- rational thought; teacher as moral and spiritual leader; teacher's authority; teacher's ability to contr
- logical and abstract thinking are highest form; subject-centered; inductive; Scientific methods and pr
- objects exist independent of the mind; habit formation
4. Pragmatism (Experimentalism/practicalism/instrumentalism) - Interaction of individual with environment; always changing;
teachers as facilitator and - teachers Keep order in the class; Facilitate group work; Plan curriculum; Motivate learning
consultant - direct experiences; Activity or learner-centered; Basis; problem-solving topics
- Experimental method, creative and constructivist projects, library and laboratory works
- Learning begins in movement and activity; Real-life situations
5. Perennialism - rational person; cultivate the intellect; truths that are universal and constant; Focus on past and permanent s
- Socratic method (teacher as a role model and tutor), teacher known masters of the disciplines
- Classical subjects; constant curriculum; focused on Arts and Sciences
- Great books or idea; Paideia proposal (standard curriculum)
- Subject-centered; disciplining the minds ; Lecture
6. Essentialism - teacher-centered; intellectual growth of the individual; competent person; mastery of subject matter; Teache
- all subjects including the vocational course; Back to basics; cultural literacy; excellence in education
- Deductive method, All the HOTS; recitation, drill, assimilation, assignments; “race and social heritage”
7. Progressivism - democratic, social living; “whole man”; Knowledge leads to growth and development; a living-learning proce
- Teacher's guide for problem solving and scientific inquiry ; teacher acts as resource person, advisers, and c
- students are taught how to learn and become active problem solvers; child-centered; application of human
- interdisciplinary subject matter; activities and projects; no structured curriculum; life experiences;
- Relevant curriculum; humanistic education; radical school reform
- reflective strategies, cooperative learning, socialized group activities; conferences, consultation, observati
8. Reconstructionism (social reconstructionism) - reconstruct society; social reform;
- Teacher serves as an agent of change and reform; acts as a project director and research leader;
- International education
- brainstorming, project method, conceptual approach, Problem solving, democratic discussion, forum,
9. Naturalism - Nature; Deduction – minor place; Induction – major emphasis; “Loco parentis (Teachers as surrogate parents.) ;
- teacher as a guide; self-activity and discovery method
stract thinking as the highest form

e tested/proven; sense experience; exercising the mind

cal thinking and scientific method

eless knowledge

l and social development

0
Nucleus - contains Chromosomes(DNA )
Rough E. R. - ribosomes attach to it.
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell

glucose or sugar

Non-vascular plants - cannot transport food. No roots, stem and leaves.

Vascular plants - can transport food. With roots, stem and leaves.
Monocots have only one seed leaf inside the seed coat.
Dicots have two seed leaves inside the seed coat.

omnivore is a kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants.

Decomposers and scavengers break down dead plants and animals.
protozoa -kingdom protest
Amphibians - they can't live both in land and water
- their skin is wet
Reptile- with dry skin/ four legs
Mammal - give birth to babies
Chimpanzee - monkey- human
thigmotaxis - sense of touch that makes human move
clitoris - most sensitive part of the female
glands - " " " " " male
fertilization - fallopian tube
vagina - preparatory canal
petrology - study of rocks
Physics - study of energy

LATIN WORDS
Iron - ferrum
Potassium -kalium
mercury - hg / hydrargyrum
Lead - Pb / Plombom
Tungsten - W / Walfrom