Ex. No 1 COMPUTE THE GCD OF TWO NUMBERS.

Date:

Aim:
To compute the GCD of two numbers

Algorithm:
1. Read two input values using input function
2. Convert them into integers
3. Define a function to compute GCD
a. Find smallest among two inputs
b. Set the smallest
c. Divide both inputs by the numbers from 1 to smallest+1
If the remainders of both divisions are zero
Assign that number to gcd
d. Return the gcd
4. Call the function with two inputs
5. Display the result

Flow Chart:

Start

Read two input

values x,y

Call a Function ComputeGCD(x,y) A

Print Result

Stop

1
 A

ComputeGCD(x,y)

True False
If x>y

Smaller=y Smaller=x

False
For
i<=smaller+1

True

False
If x & y is
divisible by
i
True

Set GCD=i
Program :
def computeGCD (x, y) :
Return
if x < y :
smaller = x
else:
smaller = y
for i in range(1, smaller+1) :
if (x % i == 0) and (y % i == 0) :
gcd = i
return gcd

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("The G.C.D. of ", num1," and ", num2," is = ", computeGCD(num1, num2))
Output:
Enter first value: 12
Enter second value: 20
The GCD of 12 and 20 is = : 4
Result:
Thus, the program to compute the GCD of two numbers has been executed successfully.

2
Ex. No 2 FIND THE SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER (NEWTON’S METHOD)
Date:

Aim:
To find the square root of a number (Newton’s method)

Algorithm:
1. Read one input value using input function
2. Convert it into float
3. Find the square root of the given number using the formula inputvalue ** 0.5
4. Print the result
5. Exit.

Flow Chart:

Start

Read an Input value

A

X=float(A)

C=X**0.5

Print the Result

Stop

3
Program :
A=input("enter a value")
x=float(A)
C=x**0.5
print("square root of ", x , "is =",C)

Output:
C:\Python36-32\mypgm>ex2.py
Enter a value: 16
Square root of 16 is= 4.0

Result:
Thus, the program to To find the square root of a number (Newton’s method) has been executed
successfully.

4
Ex. No 3 EXPONENTIATION (POWER OF A NUMBER)
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to find exponentiation (power of a Number)

Algorithm:
1. Create a function using def
2. Check if exponent value
a. If exponent == 1
Return base value
b. else
Recursively call the function with (base, exponent-1)
Multiply the result returned by each recursive call with base value and Return the
final result
3. Read base & exponent values using input function
4. Call the function & Print the Result
Flowchart:

Start

Read Base Value

Read Exponent Value

Call Function : power(base,exp) A

Print Result

Stop

5
 A

power(base,exp)

True False
If
exp==1

Return Base Return

(Base*power(base,exp-1))

Program:
def power(base,exp):
if exp==1:
return(base)
if exp!=1:
return(base*power(base,exp-1))
base=int(input("Enter base: "))
exp=int(input("Enter exponential value: "))
print("Result:",power(base,exp))

Output:
Enter base: 2
Enter exponential value: 2
Result: 4

Result:
Thus, the program to find exponentiation (power of a Number) is executed successfully

6
Ex. No 4a FIND THE MAXIMUM OF A LIST OF NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to find Maximum of a List of Numbers

Algorithm:
1. Initialize a List
2. Read the Number of Elements
3. Read the List values one by one
4. Set Max = first element of the list
5. Compare Max with List elements
6. If Max< List element
7. Set Max= List element
8. Continue the step 5 until reach the end of the List
9. Print the Max

7
Flowchart:

START

GET THE NUMBER OF

ELEMENTS

GET THE ELEMENTS

OF LIST ONE BY ONE

SET MAX= LIST [0]

IF
LIST[I] >
MAX

MAX=LIST[I]

PRINT THE
MAX

STOP

8
Program :
def MaxList():
list1=[]
N=int(input("Enter Number of Values"))
for i in range (0,N):
x=int(input("Enter a Value"))
list1.append(x)
print(list1)
Max=list1[0]
j=1
while j<N:
if list1[j]>Max :
Max=list1[j]
j=j+1
print(" The Maximum Element in the List is ",Max)
MaxList()

Output:
Enter Number of Values: 3
Enter a Value56
Enter a Value76
Enter a Value43
[56, 76, 43]
The Maximum Element in the List is 76

Result:
Thus, the program to find Maximum of a List of Numbers is executed successfully

9
Ex. No 4b REMOVING ALL THE DUPLICATE ELEMENTS IN A LIST
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to remove all duplicate elements in the list

Algorithm:
1. Cretae a list using creatlist()
a. Enter number of elements
b. Append the values one by one in the list
2. Print the list
3. Pass the list as input to removeduplicat() function
a. Initialize an empty list
b. Initialize an empty set ( set only contains the unique elements used to remove the duplicates)
c. For every element in the list,
i. if the element is not in the set
1. Add that element into both the list & set
ii. Else repeat the step 3b until reach the end of the list
d. Return this new list ,
4. Print the list after removing the duplicates
Flowchart:

Start
A

Call Function : CreateList() A

CreateList()
Print the List
Enter size of list
Call Function : B
Removeduplicate(List)
Append the elements
one by one
Print
Result
Return the List
Stop

10
 B

Removeduplicate(List)

Initialize an Empty List

False
For Every Element in
the List

True

False If element is not

in the list
True

Add element Return the

into new list list

11
Program :
def createlist():
list1=[]
N=int(input("Enter Number of Values"))
for i in range (0,N):
x=int(input("Enter a Value"))
list1.append(x)
return list1
def removeduplicate(A):
output=set()
list2=[]
for i in A:
if i not in output:
output.add(i)
list2.append(i)
return list2
A=createlist()
print(A)
result=removeduplicate(A)
print(result)

Output :
Enter Number of Values4
Enter a Value11
Enter a Value22
Enter a Value11
Enter a Value22
[11, 22, 11, 22 ]
[11, 22 ]

Result:
Thus, the program to remove all duplicate elements in the list is executed successfully

12
Ex. No 5a LINEAR SEARCH
Date:

Aim :
To write a python program to perform Linear Search

Algorithm:
1. Define a function called LS()
2. Define a empty list Set a flag to 0
3. Read number of elements, store it in a variable called N
4. Read the values one by one using for loop
a. Append each value into the List
5. Print the list
6. Read key values to be searched in the list
7. Check whether key present in the list one by one using loop statement
a. if found ,Set flag to 1
8. If flag==1 , then print “key is found at position pos_value“
9. Else , print “key not found”
10. Call the function LS() at end of code

13
Flowchart:

START

CREATE A EMPTY LIST

READ THE TOTAL

ELEMENTS N

FOR I IN RANGE(O,N)

READ ELEMENT
ONE BY ONE

GET THE KEY

ELEMENT TO SEARCH

FOR I IN RANGE(O,N)

IF
LIST[I]==KEY

PRINT THE PRINT THE ELEMENT

ELEMENT IS FOUND IS NOT FOUND

STOP

14
Program:
def LS() :
list1=[]
flag=0
N=int(input("enter no. of elements"))
print("Enter values one by one")
for i in range(0,N):
a=int(input("enter a value"))
list1.append(a)
print(list1)
key=int(input("enter the Key value"))
for i in range(0,N) :
if key == list1[i]:
flag=1
break
if flag==1:
print(key ," is found in the list1 at position ",i+1 )
else:
print(key ," is not found in the list1")
LS()

Output:
enter no.of values4
Enter values one by one
enter value11
enter value22
enter value33
enter value44
[11, 22, 33, 44]
enter key value22
22 is present in the List at position 2

Result:
Thus, the Linear Search has been performed successfully

15
Ex. No 5b BINARY SEARCH
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to perform Binary search

Algorithm:
1. Define a function called BS(alist,key)
2. Set a first & last values to point the boundary of list to be searched
3. Find mid position of the given list called alist
4. Compare key with mid position element
a. If mid element == key
Set found=True, print key founf
b. If mid element < key
Set last= midposition -1
c. If mid element > key
Set first= midposition +1
5. Continue the steps 3 & 4 until the element found or reach the end of the list
6. Initialize a list ( elements in sorted order)
7. Call BS() with name of list & key value : BS(alist,key)
8. Print the result

16
Flowchart:

START

Call the function binary

search(alist,key)

First = 0
Last = len(alist)-1
Found = 0

While
First<=Last

Midpoint = (First+Last)//2

if key ==
alist[midpoint
]

Found = True
IF
key<alist[mid
point]
Y N

Last=midpoint-1 First=midpoint+1

17
Program :

def binarySearch(alist, key) :

first = 0
last = len(alist)-1
found = 0
while first<=last and not found:
midpoint = (first+last)//2
if key==alist[midpoint] :
found=1
break
elif key<alist[midpoint] :
last=midpoint-1
else:
first=midpoint+1
if found==1:
print(key , "is found in the list " ,alist ,"at position ",midpoint+1)
else :
print(key , "is not found in the list ")

testlist = [0, 1, 2, 8, 13, 17, 19, 32, 42,]

binarySearch(testlist, 13)
testlist = [0, 1, 2, 8, 13, 17, 19, 32, 42,]
binarySearch(testlist, 100)

Output:
13 is found in the list [0, 1, 2, 8, 13, 17, 19, 32, 42] at position 5
100 is not found in the list

Result:
Thus, the Binary Search has been performed successfully

18
Ex. No 6a SELECTION SORT
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to perform selection sort

Algorithm:
1. Define a function selection()
2. Call this function by passing a list as input to this function
3. For every element in the list
a. Pick the first element
b. Compare it with the remaining elements of the list
c. Find an element that is smaller than the first one
d. Swap these two elements (smallest,first)
e. Now, the smallest element placed at first position, Do the step 3 for next element
f. Continue the step3 until all the elements are arranged in sorted order
4. Return the sorted list
5. Display the sorted list

19
Flowchart:

Start

Get the list

elements

Print the List

elements one by
one

Call the selection sort function

for i in range(len(list2))

Compare the first element with all other

elements

If any
element is
smaller

Swap the two elements

Print the sorted Array

Stop

20
Program:
def selection(list2):
for i in range(len(list2)):
least=i
for k in range(i+1,len(list2)):
if list2[k] < list2[least]:
least=k
list2=swap (list2,least,i)
return list2

def swap(A,x,y):
tmp=A[x]
A[x]=A[y]
A[y]=tmp
return A

list1=[25,9,8,3,5,7,10]
print("Before Sorting " ,list1)
result=selection(list1)
print("After Sorting " ,result)

Output:
Before Sorting [25, 9, 8, 3, 5, 7, 10]
After Sorting [3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25]

Result:
Thus, the program for selection sort has been executed successfully

21
Ex. No 6b INSERTION SORT
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to perform Insertion sort

Algorithm:
1. Define a function Insertion()
a. For every element in the list
i. Set current element
ii. Compare the current element with its previous adjacent element
If current element < previous adjacent element
Swap these two elements
Continue the step (ii) until all the predecessors to the current element
are arranged in order
iii. Repeat the step 1a until all elements in the list are arranged in sorted order
b. Print the sorted list
2. Get a List
3. Call the function by passing the list as input
4. Display the result

22
Flowchart:

Start

Get the list

Elements

Call the Insertion Sort

Function

For every element in

list

Compare the current Element with

previous adjacent elements

N
If current
element is
greater

Swap the elements

Print the sorted list

Stop

23
Program:
def insertion(a):
for i in a :
j = a.index(i)
while j>0 :
if a[j-1] > a[j] :
a[j-1],a[j] = a[j],a[j-1]
else:
break
j = j-1
print(“After Sorting : ”,a)

list1 = [16,19,11,15,10,12,14,5]
print(“Before Sorting :”,list1)
insertion(list1)

Output:
Before Sorting: [16, 19, 11, 15, 10, 12, 14, 5]
After Sorting: [5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19]

Result:
Thus, the program for Insertion sort has been executed successfully

24
Ex. No 7 MERGE SORT
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to perform Merge sort

Algorithm:

1. Create copies of the subarrays L ← A[p..q] and M ← A[q+1..r].

2. Create three pointers i,j and k
1. i maintains current index of L, starting at 1
2. j maintains current index of M, starting at 1
3. k maintains current index of A[p..q], starting at p
3. Until we reach the end of either L or M, pick the larger among the elements from L and M and place
them in the correct position at A[p..q]
4. When we run out of elements in either L or M, pick up the remaining elements and put in A[p..q]

25
Flowchart:

Start

Read a List & its Size

If False
len(list) > 1

True

Divide the List into two halves

Repeat this splitting for all half

For all sub

lists

Merge two halves into a sorted list

Repeat this Merging to get one sorted list

Print the sorted list

Stop

26
Program:
def mergeSort(alist):
print("Splitting ",alist)
if len(alist)>1:
mid = len(alist)//2
lefthalf = alist[:mid]
righthalf = alist[mid:]
mergeSort(lefthalf)
mergeSort(righthalf)
i=0
j=0
k=0
while i < len(lefthalf) and j < len(righthalf):
if lefthalf[i] < righthalf[j]:
alist[k]=lefthalf[i]
i=i+1
else:
alist[k]=righthalf[j]
j=j+1
k=k+1
while i < len(lefthalf):
alist[k]=lefthalf[i]
i=i+1
k=k+1
while j < len(righthalf):
alist[k]=righthalf[j]
j=j+1
k=k+1
print("Merging ",alist)
alist = [54,26,93,17,77,31,44,55,20]
mergeSort(alist)
print(alist)

27
Output:
('Splitting ', [54, 26, 93, 17, 77, 31, 44, 55, 20])
('Splitting ', [54, 26, 93, 17])
('Splitting ', [54, 26])
('Splitting ', [54])
('Merging ', [54])
('Splitting ', [26])
('Merging ', [26])
('Merging ', [26, 54])
('Splitting ', [93, 17])
('Splitting ', [93])
('Merging ', [93])
('Splitting ', [17])
('Merging ', [17])
('Merging ', [17, 93])
('Merging ', [17, 26, 54, 93])
('Splitting ', [77, 31, 44, 55, 20])
('Splitting ', [77, 31])
('Splitting ', [77])
('Merging ', [77])
('Splitting ', [31])
('Merging ', [31])
('Merging ', [31, 77])
('Splitting ', [44, 55, 20])
('Splitting ', [44])
('Merging ', [44])
('Splitting ', [55, 20])
('Splitting ', [55])
('Merging ', [55])
('Splitting ', [20])
('Merging ', [20])
('Merging ', [20, 55])

28
 ('Merging ', [20, 44, 55])
('Merging ', [20, 31, 44, 55, 77])
('Merging ', [17, 20, 26, 31, 44, 54, 55, 77, 93])
[17, 20, 26, 31, 44, 54, 55, 77, 93]

Result:
Thus, the program for merge sort has been executed successfully

29
Ex. No 8 FIRST N PRIME NUMBERS
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to find first N prime Numbers

Algorithm:
1. Read lower & Upper bound values for the Range
2. Foe each number in the Range
3. Divide the num by 2 to num-1
4. Check the remainder
If Remainder == 0 then,
Num is not a prime number.
Else
Print the Number as Prime
5. Repeat the Steps 2 to 4 until reach the Upper bound of the Range

30
Flowchart:

START

ENTER THE UPPER

AND LOWER BOUND

FOR NUM IN RANGE ( LOWER ,

UPPER)

IF NUM > 1

FOR I IN RANGE (2,NUM):

Yes
IF NUM %
I ==0

No

PRINT NUM

STOP

31
Program :
lower = int(input("Enter lower range: "))
upper = int(input("Enter upper range: "))
print("Prime numbers between",lower,"and",upper,"are:")
for num in range(lower,upper + 1):
if num > 1:
for i in range(2,num):
if (num%i) == 0:
break
else:
print(num)

Output:
Enter lower range: 2
Enter upper range: 10
Prime numbers between 1 and 10 are:
2
3
5
7

Result:
Thus, the program to find first N prime Numbers has been executed successfully

32
Ex. No 9 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to multiply two matrices

Algorithm:
1. Create two lists with nested index
2. Initialize an empty list
3. Multiply two matrices
4. Store the results into empty list
5. Display the result

33
Flowchart:

START

GET THE TWO MATRICES

A, B

FOR I =1 TO ROWS [A]

FOR J = 1 TO COLUMNS [B]

C[I][J] = 0

FOR K=1 TO COLUMNS [ A]

C[I, J]=C[I, J]+A[I, K]*B[K, J]

PRINT C MATRIX

STOP

34
Program:

matrix1 = [[1, 2, 3],[1, 2, 3],[1, 2, 3]]

matrix2 = [[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1],[1, 1, 1, 1]]
rmatrix = [[0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0]]
for i in range(len(matrix1)):
for j in range(len(matrix2[0])):
for k in range(len(matrix2)):
rmatrix[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j]

for r in rmatrix:
print(r)

Output:
[6, 6, 6, 6]
[6, 6, 6, 6]
[6, 6, 6, 6]

Result:

35
 Thus, the program to multiply two matrices has been executed successfully

Ex. No 10 FIND THE MOST FREQUENT WORDS IN A TEXT READ FROM A FILE
Date:

Aim:
Write a python program to find the most frequent words in a text read from a file

Algorithm:
1. Get the input file to be read.
2. Initialize num_words to zero.
3. Open the input file in read mode.
4. Use for loop to check the blank space, if there is a space then split the words and counts the words.
5. Repeat the step 4 until reach end of file.
6. Print the number of words.

Flowchart:
Start

Get Input File

Initialize num_words=0

Open File in Read Mode

Is blank
space?

Split the Words & Count

the Words

Print the Count

Stop
36
Program:
fname = input("Enter file name: ")
num_words = 0
with open(fname, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
words = line.split()
num_words += len(words)
print("Number of words:")
print(num_words)

To create a text file : file->new->type sentences->save it as data1.txt

Hai Welcome to all

Output:
Enter file name: data1.txt
Number of words:
4

Result:
Thus, the program to find the most frequent words in a text read from a file has been executed
successfully

37
Ex. No 11 WORD COUNT USING COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Date:

Aim:
To write a python program to implement word count using command line arguments

Algorithm:

1. Import the Sys module.

2. If less than 2 arguments are given, error will be generated.
3. Define functions count_words and count_lines.
4. Split the characters in the file into words and count the number of words.
5. Split the words if new lines is found and count the number of lines.
6. Return the number of words and number of lines in the file.

38
Flowchart:

Start

Import sys module

Read args list,

Get the filename

If False
len(list)>
2

True Open the file

Error
Data=read the contents

Call count_words()

Call count_lines()

Print the Word

Count & line Count

Stop

39
Program:
#e11.py
import sys
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print("Usage: python word_count.py <file>")
exit(1)

def count_words(data):
words = data.split(" ")
num_words = len(words)
return num_words
def count_lines(data):
lines = data.split("\n")
for l in lines:
if not l:
lines.remove(l)
return len(lines)

filename = sys.argv[1]
f = open(filename, "r")
data = f.read()
f.close()
num_words = count_words(data)
num_lines = count_lines(data)
print("The number of words: ", num_words+num_lines-1)
print("The number of lines: ", num_lines)

To create a text file : file->new->type sentences->save it as data1.txt

Hai Welcome to all
Python Programming Language

Output:
C:\python27> e11.py data1.txt
Enter file name: data1.txt
The number of words: 7
The number of lines: 2

Result:
Thus, the program to implement word count using command line arguments has been
executed successfully.

40
Ex. No 12 SIMULATE ELLIPTICAL ORBITS IN PYGAME
Date:

Aim:
Write a python program to simulate elliptical orbits in pygame

Algorithm:

1. Import pygame module

2. Call pygame.init() to initiate all imported pygame module
3. Set the screen size in terms of pixels using pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300)
4. If there is any event in pygame queue
a. Get the event from the pygame queue
b. If event types is pygame.QUIT then set done=true
5. Else, Draw the circle & ellipse to display orbit
6. Call flip() method to update the full display Surface to the screen

Program:

import pygame
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300))
done = False
while not done:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
done = True
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [150, 95], 5, 3)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [135, 95], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [120, 95], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [105, 100], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [90, 110], 5, 3)

41
 pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [85, 130], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [85, 150], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [90, 170], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [110, 185], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [140, 195], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [170, 195], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [200, 190], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [230, 180], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [250, 160], 5, 3)
pygame.draw.ellipse(screen, (255,0,0), [100, 100, 100, 70], 10)
pygame.display.flip()

Output:

Result:
Thus, the program to simulate elliptical orbits in pygame has been executed successfully.

42
Ex. No 13 SIMULATE BOUNCING BALL USING PYGAME
Date:

Aim:
Write a python program to simulate bouncing ball using pygame

Algorithm:

1. Import pygame module

2. Call pygame.init() to initiate all imported pygame module
3. Set the screen size in terms of pixels using pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300)
4. If there is any event in pygame queue
a. Get the event from the pygame queue
b. If event types is pygame.QUIT then set done=true
5. Else, Draw the circle update the screen display with new circle to bring bouncing effect
6. Call sys.exit() to uninitialized all the pygame modules

Program:

import pygame
from pygame.locals import *

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 300))
done = False

while not done:

for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
done = True
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [100, 80], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0,0,0), [100, 80], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [150, 95], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0,0,0), [150, 95], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [200, 130], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()

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 pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0,0,0), [200, 130], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255,255,255), [250, 150], 10, 0)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.display.update()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()

Output:

Result:
Thus, the program to simulate elliptical orbits in pygame has been executed successfully.

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