SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

(SARAWAK CAMPUS)

DEF121
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2

FORMULAS
 DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

FORMULA

ALGEBRA

Quadratic Functions: completing the square:

2
 b  b 2  4ac
y  ax 2  bx  c  ax   
 2a  4a

Quadratic Equation formula:

 –b ± b2– 4ac
If 
ax2 + bx + c = 0 : x = 2a

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Pythagorean Identities:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x

Double Angles:
cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1 = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2 sin2 A
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
2tan A
tan2A 
1 tan2 A

BASIC DERIVATIVES
 function derivative
xn n xn–1
sin x cos x
cos x – sin x
tan x sec2 x
sec x sec x tan x
csc x – csc x cot x
cot x – csc2 x
ex ex
ax ln a ax
ln x 1/x
loga x 1/(x ln a)
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech2 x
sech x – sech x tanh x
csch x – csch x coth x

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 DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

coth x – csch2 x
sin–1 x 1/√(1 – x2)
cos–1 x –1/√(1 – x2)
tan–1 x 1/(1 + x2)
sec–1 x 1/ [|x| √(x2 – 1)]
csc–1 x –1/ [|x| √(x2 – 1)]
cot–1 x – 1/(1 + x2)
sinh–1 x 1/√(x2 + 1)
cosh–1 x 1/√(x2 – 1)
tanh–1 x 1/(1 – x2)
sech–1 x – 1/ [x √(1 – x2)]
csch–1 x –1/ [|x| √(x2 + 1)]
coth–1 x 1/(1 – x2)
du dv
v u
d dv du d u  dx dx
(uv)  u  v  
dx dx dx dx v  v2

dy dy du
If y = f(u), u = g(x), 
 dx du dx

BASIC ANTIDERIVATIVES

function  antiderivative
n
x xn+1/(n+1) + C [n ≠ –1]
1/x ln |x| + C
sin x – cos x + C
cos x sin x + C
sec2 x tan x + C
sec x tan x sec x + C
csc x cot x – csc x + C
csc2 x – cot x + C
ex ex + C
ax ax / ln a + C
sinh x cosh x + C
cosh x sinh x + C
sech2 x tanh x + C
sech x tanh x – sech x + C
csch x coth x – csch x + C
csch2 x – coth x + C
1/(1 + x2) tan–1 x + C
1/(1 – x2) tanh–1 x + C [|x| < 1]
1/(x2 – 1) – coth–1 x + C [|x| > 1]
1/√(1 – x2) sin–1 x + C
1/√(x2 + 1) sinh–1 x + C
1/√(x2 – 1) cosh–1 x + C
1/ [x √(x2 – 1)] sec–1 x + C [x > 0]

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 DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

1/ [x √(x2 – 1)] – sec–1 x + C [x < 0]

1/ [x √(1 – x2)] – sech–1 x + C
1/ [x √(x2 + 1)] – csch–1 x + C [x > 0]
1/ [x √(x2 + 1)] csch–1 x + C [x < 0]

Rule of Linear Substitution:

1
If  f (x) dx  F(x)  C then  f (ax  b) dx  a F(ax  b)  C
General Rules of Substitution:
du dx
  f (u) dx dx   f (u)du or  f (x) dx   f (x) d d
Integration by Parts:
dv du
  u dx dx  uv   v dx dx  or  u dv  uv   v du

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF SELECTED ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

 
function antiderivative
1 1 ax  b
 ln C
a x  b2
2 2
2ab ax  b
x 1
ln(a 2 x 2  b2 )  C
a x  b2
2 2
2a 2

1 1 ax
  tan1  C
a x  b2
2 2
ab b
x 1
  ln(a 2 x 2  b2 )  C
a x  b2
2 2
2a 2

1 1 xb
  ln C (a ≠ b)
(x  a)(x  b) ab x  a
 x  1
(aln x  a  bln x  b )  C (a ≠ b)
(x  a)(x  b) ab
 1 1 1 x  a
 tan C
(x  a) 2  b 2 b b
x 1 a xa
  ln(x  a) 2  b2  tan1 C
(x  a) 2  b 2 2 b b
 1 
a2 x 2  b2
1
a   1
ln ax  a2 x 2  b2  C  sinh1  C
a
ax
b
 1
a x b
2 2 2
 1
a   1
ln ax  a2 x 2  b2  C  cosh1  C
a
ax
b
 1  1 1 ax
sin C
b a x
2 2 2 a b
 

  Page 4 of 6
 DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

a2 x 2  b2
2
x 2 2 b2

a x  b2  ln ax  a2 x 2  b2  C
2a 
x 2 2 b2 ax
= a x  b2  sinh1 C
2 2a b

a2 x 2  b2 
2
x 2 2 b2

a x  b2  ln ax  a2 x 2  b 2  C
2a 
 x 2 2 b2 ax
= a x  b  cosh1
2
C
2 2a b
 x 2 b2 ax
b2  a2 x 2  b  a 2 x 2  sin1 C
2 2a b

ERRORS:
 If S = a + b or S = a – b : ∆S = ∆a + ∆b

If P = ab, : ∆P = a ∆b + b ∆a (approximately).

ab  ba
If Q = a/b, : Q  (approximately).
b2
P Q a b
  
P Q a b
dy

If y is some function of x, then y  x
dx

MACLAURIN’S THEOREM:
x2 x n (n )
f ( x)  f (0)  xf ' (0)  f " (0)  ... f (0) 
...
2! n!

( x  a) 2
TAYLOR’S THEOREM: f ( x)  f (a)  ( x  a) f ' (a)  f " (a)  ... 
 2!
( x  a) n ( n )
f (a)  ...
n!

NEWTON’S METHOD: for f(x) = 0

f ( xn )
x n 1  x n 
f ' ( xn )

ba
TRAPEZOIDAL (TRAPEZIUM) RULE: Area= ( y 0  2 y1  2 y 2  ...  2 y n 1  y n )
2n
ba
SIMPSON’S RULE: Area= ((y 0  y n )  4(y1  y 3  ... y n1 )  2(y 2  y 4  ... y n2 ))
3n
(n must be even)



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DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION:
VOLUME generated by the rotation of the region bounded by y  f (x) , the
x -axis and the lines x  a and x  b about the x -axis:
b
V   y 2 dx
a

VOLUME generated by the rotation of the region bounded by x  g ( y) , the

y -axis and the lines y  a and y  b about the y -axis:
b
V   x 2 dy
a

VOLUME generated by the rotation of the region bounded by x  g ( y) , the

y -axis and the lines y  a and y  b about the x -axis:
b
V  2  x ydy
a

VOLUME generated by the rotation of the region bounded by y  f (x) , the

x -axis and the lines x  a and x  b about the y -axis:
b
V  2  xydx
a

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