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Fourier Transform of Analytic Functions

This document discusses the Fourier transform of analytic functions. It begins by defining the Fourier transform of an analytic function u(z) as the exponential functional [Fu](ξ) = u(-∂)δ(ξ). It then proves that the mapping from analytic functions to their Fourier transforms is one-to-one, with the inverse mapping defined by an inversion formula. It provides examples of Fourier transforms of entire functions like exp(az^2) and polynomials like z^-m. The document then discusses the Fourier transforms of exponential functions, showing their connection to Borel transforms. It proves there is an algebraic isomorphism between exponential functions and regular analytic functionals, with the inverse mapping given by the classical Borel

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Ramesh Ganti
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
45 views

Fourier Transform of Analytic Functions

This document discusses the Fourier transform of analytic functions. It begins by defining the Fourier transform of an analytic function u(z) as the exponential functional [Fu](ξ) = u(-∂)δ(ξ). It then proves that the mapping from analytic functions to their Fourier transforms is one-to-one, with the inverse mapping defined by an inversion formula. It provides examples of Fourier transforms of entire functions like exp(az^2) and polynomials like z^-m. The document then discusses the Fourier transforms of exponential functions, showing their connection to Borel transforms. It proves there is an algebraic isomorphism between exponential functions and regular analytic functionals, with the inverse mapping given by the classical Borel

Uploaded by

Ramesh Ganti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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tt (t, z ) = e x p (tlX+Xz)

and
~-~ t n n--
4 ~kzk
u(t, z)=exp(t/~.+~z)-- Z_.X~nf ~ k! '
n=l k=0
corresponding to the actions of the p/d operator I/D on expkz according to the formulas
[I/D] exp ~z --: %--1exp ~z and If / D] exp ~z -- ~-f(exp ~z -- 1).

CHAPTER 2

THE COMPLEX FOURIER METHOD

_i. Fourier Transform of Analytic Functions


G n
L e t c C z be a Runge domain and let u(z) be an arbitrary analytic function in G. Let,
as previously, r = (~l, .... ~n) be the dual variables, and let 8 = (8/8~i ..... B/8~ n) be the
differentiation symbol in the space C~.
In correspondence with Sec. 4, to U(Z) there corresponds the p/d operator
u (-- 0): Exp; (C~) -~ Exp; (C~),
where Expa(C~)n is the space of exponential functions v(~) associated with the domain G ....
:-C n"
Exp; (C~) i s t h e d u a l s p a c e .
Definition 1.1. The F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m [ F u ] ( ~ ) - - ~ ( ~ ) o f a f u n c t i o n u(z)E(Y(G) i s t h e expo-
nential functional
~ g ) = ~ (-- 0) 6 (~).

The v a l u e o f ~(~) on a t e s t f u n c t i o n v(~)~Expo(C~) i s d e f i n e d by t h e f o r m u l a


9 < ~ ( 0 , v (~) > = < 6 g ) , u (o) v (~) > = ~ (o) v (o).
THEOREM 1 . 1 . The mapping
' r/
f :&(G) -~ Expa (C•) (*)
is one-to-one, and t h e i n v e r s e mapping i s d e f i n e d by t h e f o r m u l a
u ( z ) = < ~(~), expz$ >, zO.O. (1.1)
Proof_____=. We s h a l l f i r s t e s t a b l i s h the inversion formula (1.1). I n d e e d , i f fi = u ( - 8 ) 6 ( r
i s t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m of some f u n c t i o n u(z)E~Y(G), t h e n f o r any f u n c t i o n exp z~, where z~G,
we have
<u (r exp z~> = <6 (~), u (0) exp zr = u (z),

which was required. We further note that each exponential functional is the Fourier trans-
form of one and only one function analytic in G, Which is precisely the assertion of Theorem
6.1 of Cha p . i on the representation of an arbitrary functional h(~)6Expd(C$) in the form
h(~)---A(--O)6(~), where A(z)~s Thus, the mapping (*) is one-to-one which was required.
The Fourier transform of analytic functions as an exponential functional satisfies
properties analogous to the properties o f the classical operational calculus. Among them
we note two properties in which there occurs a change of the domain with which the space of
Fourier transform, is associated.
The Similarity Theorem. Let ~(z)6~(O), a=(~x ..... an). Then

[Ftt (az)l (~)= aT'.., aV'a (~1/al. . . . . ~n/a.)~Exp'~-,G (C~),


where a-10 = {z :azGOb
The D i s p l a c e m e n t Theorem. L e t tt(z)6ly(G), a=(a~ . . . . . an), Then [Ft,t(z'a)](~)=exp(--iaz)ft(~)~
Expa+~ (C0, where G-ra----{Z:z--afiO} .
' tZ I

Example 1. L e t tt(z)~expaz2--exp ( a t z ~ + . . . -t-a~z~), where a~. . . . . an a r e complex numbers.


C o n s i d e r i n g f o r m u l a ( 6 . 1 ) o f Chap. 1, we h a v e
IF (exp az=)l (4)= (21,'-~)-" (<...a,,) -*/2 exp ( - r

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Thus, the Fourier transform of the entire functionexpaz ~ is a regular exponential functional
defined by the kernel exp(--~=/4=) and the system of contours ( - - ~ , V~).
Example 2. Let u(z) = z -m, where z6C ~, and m is a natural number. In cor'respondence
with Example 2, Sec. 4, Chap. i we have
( 1'~-~
[Fz-~] ~ - - , ~ - ' [Fz-'l =(-~)~
(~)-- (m--l)t ($) (m--l)i ~m-ln($)'
where n(~) is the natural primitive of the delta function.

2. Fourier Transform of Exponential Functions


We shall first of all establish the connection with the classical Borel transform. Let
u(z):Cn-+C I be a function of exponential type r = (r I .... ,rn). In correspondence with Defi-
nition i.i the function u(z) has a Fourier transform fi(~) which is an exponential functional
defined on the space Exp(C~) of all functions of exponential type. We shall show that in the
present case N(~) can be extended to an analytic functional whose kernel is the Borel trans-
form Bu(~).
Indeed, let ~(~)s where U R is an arbitrary polycylinder of radius R > r, i.e.,
Rj > rj, l-.<]-.<n. Considering Cauchy's formula, we have

~" "'~ ! ~t= O~u(O)o ~' '"~ ~Bu(s)CP(s)ds, (2.1)


[~[=0 I
where F is the hull of any polycylinder U~, r < r < R. The last relation shows that u(~)
is a continuous functional on CY(U~) with the topology of uniform convergence on compact sets.
Moreover, formula (2.1.) defines a regular analytic functional in the polycylinder U R and in
the entire space C~. The kernel of this regular functional is the Borel transform Bu(~).
We note that by the inversion formula

u (z)----( ~ (~), exp z~ ) = ( 2! ~ l B~ (~) exp z~d~,


P

which coincides with the classical Borel formula.


Conversely, since any functional h(~)EgY'(C~) defines a compact measure (see, for example,
HSrmander [39], Napalkov [25], etc.), the function u(z)= (h(~), expz~ ),z6Cn, is a function of
exponential type. It remains to note that u(~) = h(~), and the correspondence between h(5)
and u(~) is one-to-one. In summary we thus obtain the (known)
Assertion 2. i. There is the algebraic isomorphism

F : Exp (C~)+~O ' (C~),


whereby the inverse mapping is defined by the classical inversion formula of Borel.
We now turn to the general case. Let u(z)~Expa(C~)be an arbitrary function. Then

(0 = ~ ~ (z),

where in c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 ) uik(5) a r e r e g u l a r a n a l y t i c functionals in p o l y -


c y l i n d e r s [JR(h) and, as a c o n s e q u e n c e , in t h e domain ~. Thus,
F :Expn (C~) -+ (7' (~2). (2.2)
C o n v e r s e l y , l e t h(~)~d?'(~). Then, as a l r e a d y n o t e d , t h e r e exist a compact s e t K c ~ and
a c o u n t a b l y a d d i t i v e measure ~(d~) c o n c e n t r a t e d on K such t h a t
< h(~), ~(~) > = ~ ~(~)~(d~), ~ (~)~C(f). (2.3)
K

Since K is compact, there obviously exists a finite family of Borel sets K i (i = l,...,n)
such that: I)A~A'7-----~ (i=/=j); 2) U f~=A'; 3) any set K i is entirely contained in at least

one polycylinder of "analyticity" UR(li ). We denote by ~i(d~) the restriction of the measure
u(d~) to the set K i. Then by properties i), 2) ~(d~)=~(d~)+...+VN(d~), and hence

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