Group Project Management Report

This report has been conducted by team 3.3:

Nizamuddin Patel - P15219444
Zaakir Issat - P15201751
Mohammed Karim - P15204073
Sameer Juma – P15203567
Mohammed Malek – P15209616
Abubakar Gangat- P1519470X

Contents
Introduction
Design Criteria
Existing Design solutions
Final Design Solution
Calculations of Final Design Solution
Justification of Final Design Solution
Conclusion
References

Introduction
The purpose of this project is to create a water purification process to help the people of Lobitos, Peru.
Lobitos is a small town of 1,600 citizens who are heavily reliant on a water pipe from River Rio Chira via
Talara (A town 17km away). The pipeline is very unreliable and the infrastructure is old.

The problem
In the best case scenario, the town will get water for 1-2 hours a day, 2-3 days a week. As a result, most
people will have a water storage which they fill up when the main pipeline is running. For the fortunate
few they will have large tanks on top of their houses with water pumps to fill their storage tanks.

In the worst case scenario, there will be no water from the pipeline for up to 4 months. In these
situations, Lobiteans have to survive on water trucks and bottled water which are both expensive and not
always easy to access.

Along with the shortage of water, the little ‘clean’ water that Lobiteans have is poor quality. Lobiteans
have to boil the water before they drink it, some use small household filters to purify the water.

River Rio Chira supplies 1.1 million people spread over 26 towns in 5 different provinces. The river also
provides water for agriculture, two hydroelectric dams, a fish farm, oil and gas refineries amongst other
industrial purposes. This river is a water source in high demand, so water security in Lobitos is a concern.

Existing initiatives
Saving water, improving access to water and increasing water quality are mostly locally driven.

Water is currently paid for. The water piped to people’s houses are metered and individual houses are
billed monthly. The meter is read manually by a meter reader, who adjusts the valves, water pressure etc.

A local university has investigated that there may be some potential groundwater.

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Design Criteria
Lobitos being a desert region has a scarce and inconsistent piped water supply however, Lobitos is
surrounded by the sea.

To tackle the challenge of a shortage of piped water and the problem of clean water, it would be absurd
not to take use of a great god given feature of the sea.

Using the sea to accommodate the shortage of water will be great; however, the water will still need to
be purified as the water will be high in salt.

The final design solution should include the following factors:

1. A method of cleaning sea water
2. A method of increasing the supply of clean water in the village
3. Have a long product life
4. Should not cost the user more than the current price of water (20PEN/month)
5. Has to be accessible to the villagers, so they do not have to walk miles to get clean water
6. If the device is run using electricity it should have a secondary source of power or a battery to
protect against blackouts
7. Should have some sort of storage for the water
8. If appropriate, use existing infrastructure
9. The solution should be easy to install
10. Local volunteers should be used during the installation of the final solution

Existing Design Solutions

Seawater desalination plant

A seawater desalination plant is a plant that cleans seawater into clean drinkable water. The plant will
receive its water for free, as it comes directly from the sea. Previous use can be seen in Israel, which
homes the largest seawater desalination plant in the world. Israel being one of the driest countries on
Earth now makes more freshwater than it needs. They sell the excess water to neighbouring countries.

Lobitos and its surrounding area

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Pros
 Create a more stable and reliable source of water
 Provides clean drinkable water straight from the pipeline
 Sell excess water to neighbouring villages, which will earn the local government some income
 As well as generating income, the plant will help create jobs.
 The plant will last a long time, which will help generations of Lobiteans
 Existing desalination plant could be used for resources and infrastructure
 Waste product (salt) can be sold

Cons
 It will need significant investment to create
 The plant will need to be maintained regularly
 The plant will need to be built on a significant area of land, which some locals may oppose.
 Chemical and waste produced may be dangerous to the environment

Calculations
The plant in Israel is able to produce an abundance of water; this is due to the fact that the plant is
equipped with all the newest technologies. These allow for mass water production, allowing enough
water to be produced for the whole population of Israel as well as more which the country is able to sell
on to create an income. The current population of Israel is at 8.06 million [7], with an area of 20,770 km2[8],
and a plant for the country of Israel costs around £500 million. So, if the plant was to be scaled down to a
reasonable size to serve the village of Lobitos, and slightly more for the village to sell the water to
neighbouring cities to improve their economy.

Population: 8,060,000/1600=5037.5
Area: 20,770km2/233km2=89.14

To scale down the project, this can be done in terms of area, as this will provide sufficient water for the
whole village and it will allow water to be sold onto neighbouring cities. Therefore:

Cost of water plant: £500,000,000/89.14=£5,609,154

These start-up costs are an extremely high cost for such a small village like Lobitos. Along with the start-
up costs there will be maintenance costs. This will require skilled engineers to maintain the plant, as well
as energy costs to run the plant and filter the water. For this reason, there would not be sufficient capital
to start up such a plant, and therefore this solution would not be feasible for such a small village.

By creating a seawater desalination plant, not only would it provide Lobitos with clean fresh water drink,
it will also provide them with a constant and reliable source of water. The land near Lobitos is dry, unused
and rural, which is a great benefit as the plant can be built near Lobitos without affecting the locals or the
land.

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Life Straw

The Life straw is a tube just under 10 inches long made of a durable plastic. The straw enables users to
drink water from any water source and only the clean water will pass through the straw and into their
mouths. This is because the straw consists of a filter containing fibres and extremely small pores that are
able to trap any bacteria or dirt that pass through when the water is travelling through the straw. As all
the impurities are unable to pass through, only the clean water will successfully pass through the straw.

The idea of such a straw is extremely simple, as this requires no straw, the straw itself is the only thing
required as well as any water source. However, any impurities that are already dissolved in the water may
be able to pass through the pores and hence will still reach the user, which could result in dirty water
being consumed which could potentially lead to diseases and conditions occurring.
The straw is able to filter up to 0.7 gallons of water a day, which is more than enough for drinking, if the
straw is used at this rate, this means it will purify around 1,000 litres of water every year, and the straw
will need replacing after every 1,000 litres used.[9]

Pros
 Simple idea, requires no energy source
 Small and portable, can be provided to everyone in the village
 Cheap to produce
 Require no maintenance costs

Cons
 Limited uses of water (can only be used for drinking)
 Very small amounts of clean water produced
 Have to be replaced on a yearly basis

Calculations
The life straw is able to produce clean water. However, it produces a very little amount of water and is
only able to produce water for drinking and no other purposes. For this reason, if the life straw was to be
implemented into the village, each and every local within the population would have to be equipped with
a life straw. This would incur the following costs:
1 x Life Straw=£22
Population=1600 people
Therefore total amount of life straws required= 1600 x 22=£35,200

This is the total costs required to equip everyone with Life Straws, however the life straws are to be
replaced each year due to the filter within the straw itself deteriorating. Therefore, this total cost is only
for one year, these costs will recoup every year.
The life straw is a small, cheap and portable device and is therefore ideal for a small village with a small
population, however the device produces minimal clean water, and even the water produced can only be
used for drinking.

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Dam/Reservoir

An often last resort for fresh clean water is the water that rests on the surface of reservoirs, this method
is often used when clean water is unable to extracted at a ground level (e.g. Rivers/lakes are too
contaminated).

The water stored in reservoirs however, doesn’t always tend to be clean, and for this reason, certain
practises are put in place to ensure the water extracted is safe to use, the practises are the following [8]:
 Treatment at water intake- This is the first point at which the water is tackled to ensure any large
pieces of dirt or debris lie within the water.
 Primary water treatment-This includes processes where the solid waste is removed from the
water. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of the water is reduced so the volume of oxygen that
microorganisms such as bacteria present within the water require to decompose the organic
material present in the water.[10]
 Aeration- This is where the water is injected with air to bio-degrade any polluting components
within the water. The oxygen within the air injected allows microorganisms such as bacteria to
decompose organic matter such as Carbon Dioxide in the water.[11] This will ensure that all the
water produced from the reservoir remains clean, and doesn’t contain any harmful substance or
gasses.
 Clarification- This process is used to make the water clear, hence removing any impurities that
hamper its natural colour.
 Disinfection- This process is used to remove any pathogenic microorganisms within the water, if
this isn’t carried out, the water can cause water related diseases such as Cholera if consumed. The
disinfection process is carried out by introducing disinfectants to the water, the disinfectants used
must induce a residual effect meaning that even when the disinfection process is complete, the
disinfectants will remain active to prevent any pathogenic microorganisms from growing or
multiplying causing recontamination. [12]
 Absorption- This process consists of the water being passed through activated carbon, this
activated carbon is able to remove chemicals and gasses and can sometimes remove harmful
microorganisms, however, only certain Carbon filters are able to remove lead, asbestos and
coliform. This treatment is essential for water being extracted from surfaces such as the reservoir,
the process eliminates any lingering smells or tastes from the water and removes the
microorganisms present. [13]

Pros
-The dam would provide a sustainable water source as it would be directly connected to the village and
outside sources are not needed.

- The dam would be a much more reliable way to provide water to all of the households.
- A large enough dam could provide the village if it expanded and/or make sure it does not go through a
shortage.
- It provides a continuous local source of potable water, especially in areas with inadequate groundwater
sources, water distribution networks or means of water conveyance.
- It is considered superior to conveying water with tanker trucks over long distances to the area of use.
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Cons
- For a dam to be established it needs to be next to a river or high mountains, none of which are
accessible to Lobitos.
- A dam would cost too much for the people of Lobitos to afford unless a third party would help them
financially as well as help with labour to build the dam.
- The raw water can contain all types of organic and inorganic pollutants, chemicals and animal products.
- The costs of water treatment are relatively high.

Calculations

[13a]

The above image shows an estimation

of costs for the reservoir. The total cost
is $25,208,500, which is equivalent to
£20,176,883. However, this reservoir
feeds 10,000 people; to estimate the
cost for Lobitos we can scale the
estimated cost.

£20,176,883/6.25= £3,228,301. For a

small village like Lobitos £3 million would be a lot of money to invest in sustaining water. There is already
a large storage tank, which fills up when the main pipeline is running. According to the local people of
Lobitos, there has never been a time when the large storage tank has been full. If the existing storage tank
cannot fill to its capacity is there a need to build a reservoir at such a high cost?

Aquaduct Filtration Cycle

Women and children in developing countries mostly have the daily routine to collect water if none is
directly accessible. On average, they walk around four miles (6.4 kilometres) every day to get water. Even
then, there may be bacteria and impurified water that they collect, also they may not have access to
bacteria free storage. The tricycle will help the women and children transport the water, with the
Aquaduct it would be easier than carrying it. By the time they get back to their home, they will have up to
2 gallons (8 litres) of filtered water ready for use in the removable container on the front of the bike.

The Aquaduct also cuts back on carbon emissions as well as saving time and human energy. Motorized
vehicles that carry water to remote areas burn fossil fuels. Boiling water to purify water also results in
carbon dioxide being produced. The Aquaduct eradicates both.

A solution to a specific problem is obtained by the Aquaduct: It increases accessibility to water and
provides a way of sanitization to decrease the presence of fatal water-borne diseases. The basic
mechanics of a bicycle and a water filter, then combine both into one machine. [14]

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Pros

 The cycle provides a 2 bird 1 stone solution for water; the cycle provides a more efficient way of
transportation to a water source as well as filtration of the water to reduce the presence of
deadly water-borne diseases whilst the user is cycling.
 Can be a form of exercise to the user.

Cons

 Only holds 8 litres of water.

 The user must pedal to activate the filtration system. Otherwise it will not work.
 Third world country people will not be pedalling towards a water source.
 The cycle is pricey and therefore is unlikely to be affordable by the residents unless is supplied by
an external party.
 Lobitos does not have a proper water source as it is pumped from a nearby town via pipeline.

Calculations
It is known the population of Lobitos is 1600 and that each villager uses approximately 15 litres a day on
average, this means that 24,000 litres are needed in total (Population x Needs of each villager). The
Aquaduct filtration vehicle can produce up to 8 litres from each filtration cycle, this isn’t a convenient
amount as the vehicle would have to be shared and cycled many times to meet the needs of all the
sharing users. If the district was given 64 bikes, each bike would have to be shared between 25 villagers,
this means that each bike would have to go through 47 cycles to get the required amount of water of 375
litres for the 25 users. With each Aquaduct filtration vehicle costing around £6000, the total cost of the 64
bikes would be £384,000. As the vehicle would have to be used a lot each day it would be prone to
damage and a lot of maintenance would be needed, this would drive the total cost of the project even
higher over a longer period of time. This shows that the Aquaduct filtration solution is way too expensive
for the people of Lobitos therefore it is not a feasible option.

Slingshot (Final Design Solution):

The Slingshot method is a water vapour distillation system allowing for clean drinking water to be
produced from an abundance of sources (seawater, river water, sludge etc.). The system uses vapour
compression distillation, which does not include the use of any filters and can use cow dung for fuel [2].
The system can also run on solar energy to boil and distil the contaminated water into pure clean water
that can be used for drinking, cleaning etc. [3]. Although the system can use other forms of recyclable
energy to operate and produce clean water, the machine does require some form of electricity; this is
only around 1 kilowatt of electricity [4]. Finding sources of electricity within Lobitos shouldn’t be an issue as
90-95% of homes are connected to the national grid, however connecting to the electricity source would
limit where the Slingshot can be placed, to overcome this each Slingshot can be equipped with a battery
pack to provide a source of electricity, to keep the Slingshot portable.

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The vapour compression distillation system enables evaporation to occur whilst being compressed by a
mechanically driven compressor, hence increasing the pressure of the vapour produced [5].
The device allows substances to be entered and extracts the contaminated water before running this
through the vapour compression distiller to allow the highly pressurised vapour to be produced and this
then condenses into clean water that can exit the system via a tap.

A single Slingshot is able to produce 250 gallons a day, which is enough for approximately 100 people [2],
and as the population as of 2016 of Lobitos was 1,600, this means approximately 17 Slingshots would be
able to provide clean water for the people of Lobitos [6].

This method is different to the traditional method of obtaining clean water of creating large plants to
generate and purify water as well as creating pipelines to transport the water. The Slingshot can be set up
in different locations within Lobitos, making these locations convenient for all the local community to
have easy access to clean water for both drinking and cleaning purposes.

Pros
 Slingshot is portable and can be moved around to where it’s needed.
 Produces large amounts of clean water, as the system can use almost any source of water.
 Significantly cheap method in comparison to other techniques of extracting clean water.

Cons
 Requires some electricity to remove impurities from water such as Bacteria.
 Machine, so may require maintenance and repairing, hence increasing costs.

Justification
The final design solution that has been decided is the Slingshot. This is because it is the most appropriate
solution as it meets all the design criteria. The Slingshots will be placed in different locations around the
village such as town halls, market places and various key locations. The sea will provide an almost
unlimited water source, and this will eliminate the issue of a water source running out. This method is the
most beneficial for the village and is cheaper than the other methods for the service it provides, this is
because the water purified by the Slingshot can be used for cleaning, drinking and other hygiene needs,
whereas some of the other methods such as Life straw will only provide water for drinking. The method
also is appropriate for the current situation in Lobitos, as different Slingshots can be placed in different
locations, and can be scattered around the village to cater for everyone in the village, as the distribution
of the population is uneven over the village.
As the sea is close by, there is a constant water source that allows for the Slingshots to have a supply of
water all the time, and this means purified water will be available for long periods of time to the locals in
the village.

Calculations
The costs of the project need to be considered to calculate whether it is feasible or not, to do this the
costs will be matched up against the necessity of clean water in Lobitos. In one day of running water
through the Slingshot, you'd be able to make 1,500 litres of clean water. If you compare this against the
fact that each villager uses approximately 15 litres each day, this means one Slingshot can provide for 100
people (Production ÷ Requirement). The population of Lobitos was recorded as 1650 people in 2016, this
means that 17 Slingshots could provide for the entire district (Population ÷ Coverage of each Slingshot).

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With the cost of one Slingshot being approximately £800, the total cost of 17 Slingshots would equal to
£13,600. This value seems quite high at first but if the costs are split down to each villager the project is
more feasible. If 100 people split the cost of each Slingshot, each villager would have to pay £8
(32.38PEN). This price is still relatively high as the average annual salary is 1954PEN (£481.66) and the
cost of living is measured at 1629.34PEN (£402.40). This means they have 324.66PEN (£80.17) left for
discretionary expenses. As there will be villagers that won’t be able to afford the cost, a loan system could
be set up with the local authorities to allow them to pay the cost over a longer period of time. If needed,
villagers could be taught how to maintain the Slingshots which would help keep them going without
external aid. Other costs like protection for the Slingshots could be covered by local authorities and also
split between villagers, to keep the effects of the project last longer and make it more sustainable.

Construction/Operation
The people from the village are able to manually collect the water from the sea, and feed it into the
Slingshot to purify and clean the water. Another option could be to place the Slingshots next to the sea,
however at a distance at which they aren’t prone to being damaged by the tide, they will then be
connected by a pipe from each Slingshot to the seawater, the pipes will be anchored into the seawater to
ensure they don’t move and constantly provide water to the Slingshot. The pipes will have to be anchored
down in the seawater, and must also consists of valves to ensure that the water doesn’t rush through the
pipe. This will increase the costs massively, as a pipeline network would have to be set up to ensure the
water reaches all the Slingshots.

Environmental Impact
The environmental impact from the Slingshot is minimal as it produces very little toxic gas. This is because
the machine itself can be powered through a battery as well as cow dung, therefore no other external
power sources like from power plants would not be necessary as these systems would have a bigger
effect towards the environment. Solar panels would be the best solution as Lobitos undergoes vast arrays
of sunlight and therefore solar energy would be the best way to provide power to the Slingshot. Other
types of pollution which could be created from similar water filters cause loud sounds, however the
Slingshot method does not produce any harsh and loud sounds and therefore can be placed anywhere
within the village as well as people’s homes. The Slingshot will benefit the local mines in Peru as the
Slingshot will need iron to be manufactured.

Economic Impact
The Slingshot water purifier will be placed within key points throughout the village. As the closest water
source to Lobitos is the sea, the water will have to be transported from the sea to the devices. To ensure
this happens regularly, the village can employ a so called ‘water boy(s)’ to obtain water from the sea to
the Slingshot points, this itself would create a new job market for the people in Lobitos, the water boy(s)
will earn from the people themselves; as water is necessary for the whole community. The Slingshot will
also have to be maintained more frequently as sea water the main product to filter, because sea water
contains salt, this will then be the by product from the Slingshot. To make sure the mechanism is clean
and maintained regularly, the people of Lobitos can employ a few of their own people to carry out this
task, this will encourage many of the citizens to take part. The salt collected by the filter can be sold to be
used in other facilities; the salt produced can be sold to other buyers and therefore can bring extra
income to the village.

Social Impact
The social benefit of having the Slingshot water purifier is that the villagers will have clean and pure water
to drink and to bathe in. Decreasing the chance of illness which previously would be caused by dirty
unfiltered water. Health of families and children will vastly increase, allowing them to live happier lives
and be more energetic. The water will allow them to feel better on the inside as well as the outside for
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example, clearer and healthier skin. The problem some may have is being unable to reproduce because of
the polluted water. Households will benefit from using the clean water on wounds and cuts. This could
allow people to open their own health clinics instead of having to travel far for treatment.

Installation and Maintenance

As part of the customer service provided in buying the Slingshots, Coca Cola send out engineers to install
and commission the product. This saves the village from installation costs. Upon arrival the engineers will
train the unemployed within the village or any volunteers on how to maintain the machines. This will
improve the economical aspect of the village as it will provide jobs to many people, this will provide skills
to any volunteers. The engineers commissioning the Slingshots will be provided free of charge as part of
the customer service by Coca Cola. The Slingshots come with a 15 year guarantee, so if any damages are
to occur, Coca Cola will issue out engineers to come and carry out repairs on the machines, however if
any minor breaks are to occur, the trained locals will be able to run maintenance tasks and fix problems
before the severity increases.

Sustainability
The water obtained from the Slingshots will be carried by the people of Lobitos back to their place of
residence. They may use water containers to take the water from the Slingshot to their homes, however
the people will need storage facilities in their homes to contain the water, therefore their home could
include safe water storage containers to make sure the water stays safe. Another way which could benefit
the village could be a delivery service from the Slingshots to people’s homes, where the citizens of Lobitos
pay a so-called delivery service to make sure water is provided to their homes without extra effort, this
would be very helpful especially if there are certain people who are elderly or ill.
To keep the Slingshots safe from theft and damage, a casing could be made of rugged material (like
cement but with a hatch for easy access to the essential parts of the Slingshot) to ensure thieves are
unable to steal the Slingshots easily, also because Lobitos is a small community, a patrol could be
implanted (especially at night) to make sure all Slingshots are fine. The casing would also provide
protection against the likes of vandalism or accidents as the material used for the casing would withstand
small forces.
These factors of sustainability are suggestions that the locals of Lobitos may be able to implement in the
future at some point to ensure the system is available to the village locals to benefit them in the long
term.

Slingshot placement

Furthest distance= 8.4mins

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Here are the different locations in which the different Slingshots will be placed all over the village, and
these locations have been specially selected in relation to the population within the specific regions of the
village. They’ve been spread out over all the following: Nuevo Lobitos, Zarumilla, Castilla, Barrio Centro,
Bellavista and the most populated Primavera.

A Slingshot outside Hotel Lobitos

The placements of the Slingshots have been set up to provide a good coverage of the entire district,
however if the local authorities desire they could purchase and set up piping over a period of time to
make the Slingshots more convenient for use for locals.

The Slingshots are to be scattered over the village so that they can provide for everyone that requires the
water, for example the most populated area of the village is Primavera, housing 800 people, this area will
require a minimum of 8 Slingshots to provide for everyone in the area. As most the population of
Primavera consists of families, they may require more water for other uses such as cleaning as well as
drinking. Therefore the water input must remain constant, this can be done by volunteers within the
locals to ensure that water is present during certain hours so that it can be purified. There also has to be
water storage tanks present, as these will be used to ensure the water is available on tap for the families.

Nuevo Lobitos is the second most populated area in the village, this is where most of the new
construction is occurring to provide tourists visiting the village with accommodation. This area includes
hotels and villas, and therefore this area, will also require a large amount of Slingshots as clean water will
be required to provide to the guests at the hotels and villas. Nuevo Lobitos will require 3 Slingshots to
cater for the hotel visitors and tourists visiting.

Zarumilla is another area of Lobitos consisting of concrete houses built during the military regime, this
area is populated with around 150 locals. This means around 2 Slingshots would be required to provide
purified water for the Zarumilla district.

Both the Barrio Centra and Castilla are relatively small districts in comparison to the other areas within
Lobitos, therefore 1 Slingshot will be sufficient for both areas.

The remaining Slingshots will be scattered over the coastal border, as this is the best position for the
Slingshots as there remains a constant water supply close by, that volunteers can use to fill the Slingshots
and extract the purified water.

Name of area Population Required number of Slingshots

Primavera 800 8
Nuevo Lobitos 300 3
Zarumilla 150 2
Barrio Centra and Castilla 100 1
Bellavista 100 1
Sea Coast/ Hotels - 2
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Conclusion

The introduction of 17 Slingshots to the village would provide enough clean water for the whole
population. The portable machines are able to use different types of water sources to produce fresh clean
water.

The Slingshots will be scattered around the village ensuring that important sites have an abundance of
water to use; the Slingshots will then begin the process and will filter the water to produce fresh clean
water for drinking, cooking and cleaning.

The Slingshot meets criteria one of the design criteria as the Slingshot is able to purify sea water by using
vapour distillation

The Slingshot meets criteria two of the design criteria as it is increasing the method of supplying clean
water to the village. It does this by cleaning the sea water.

The Slingshot meets criteria three as it has a product life of 50 years. The product comes with a guarantee
from Coca Cola of 15 years, this gives the life of the product at least 15 years.

The Slingshot meets criteria four as the cost is considerably cheaper than the existing rate of water. The
service of the Slingshot costs £8.50/year, compared to £59.33/year for the existing water service.

The Slingshot meets criteria five as multiple Slingshots has been strategically placed around the village.
The furthest distance from one Slingshot to the other is 710 metres. This is equivalent to 8.4mins (average
walking speed).

The Slingshot meets criteria six as it has a battery installed within the unit. The battery will automatically
activate once power from the main grid is cut off.

The Slingshot meets criteria seven as the slingshot can hold 100 litres in its internal tank. This can be
expanded using external water storage if necessary.

The Slingshot does not fully meet criteria eight as it stands it does not use existing infrastructure.
However, it has been mentioned in the sustainability factor that existing water storage tanks will be used.
Along with this, the iron that will be used to create the Slingshot is going to originate from mines in Peru.

The Slingshot meets criteria nine as it will be installed using engineers from Coca Cola.

The Slingshot meets criteria ten as volunteers are going to be taught and used to help during the
installation of the Slingshots.

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References

[1]- Israel.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

[2]- Portlandoregon.gov. N.p., 2017. Web. 29 Mar. 2017.

[3]- "How Lifestraw Works". HowStuffWorks. N.p., 2017. Web. 12 Mar. 2017.

[4]- "How The Aquaduct Mobile Water Filtration Vehicle Works". HowStuffWorks. N.p., 2017. Web. 29
Mar. 2017.

[5]- "How The Slingshot Water Purifier Works". HowStuffWorks. N.p., 2017. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

[6]- Jackson, Mark. "'Slingshot': Segway Inventor Says End Of Clean Water Is Near—So He Built A
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[7]- "Lobitos (District, Peru) - Population Statistics And Location In Maps And Charts". Citypopulation.de.
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[8]- "Primary Vs. Secondary: Types Of Wastewater Treatment". Environmental Performance Index. N.p.,
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[13]- "Vapor-Compression Evaporation". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.

[14]- "What Is Water Disinfection?". Lenntech.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 29 Mar. 2017.

[15]- "Why Is Aeration Important For Wastewater Treatment?". Info.oxymem.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 23
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Page 13 of 13 Report finalised on: Thursday 23rd March 2017