CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Leveling is one of the construction methods utilized in marking straight lines for laying

concrete and masonry works ranging from floor levels, wall aligning, floor tiles positioning, etc.

This method is an important part in building construction. Spirit leveling or the conventional

leveling is commonly used in a small building projects. Using this method of leveling usually takes

plenty of time depending on the scope of the masonry works to work with. In the case of errors in

leveling, it may result to an unpleasant project.

However, many companies and manufactures nowadays had already developed a laser

leveling devices which has been used in construction industry. Larger firms used this type of

technologically advanced device to ease the work and lessen loss of time. Yet, these instruments

have high costs such that it cannot be afford by the regular workers. Hence, a search for an

alternative device that is quite affordable to the general public prevails and is still being

investigated.

In this study, the researchers developed a leveling device with the use of laser. The only

difference is that this device cost only small amount compare to those other modern electronic

level but has almost the same capability as them. The researchers conducted a test that determined

the accuracy of this portable laser leveling device designed as well as by the researchers.

Background of the Study

 Leveling is one of the most significant and critical part in construction industry. First,

because slope matters for engineers and designers, it is important in the case of it is hardly

designed to attain a specific purpose. Second, because leveling in either interior or exterior has a

vital role not only for aesthetics but for securing that a thing is properly placed to its respective

position. Nowadays, many aid for leveling are introduced to properly level and reduce the time

and effort of the user. But for our country, it is not yet widely used for its high maintenance and

production cost. And many construction firms and workers couldn’t afford it, resulting to an

increase of time and effort while conducting leveling.

There are plenty designs of portable laser leveling device in the market. They are

introduced in different types: rotary, auto level, and cross line laser are only some of its kind.

They offer different purposes for a more specific goal or objective. In this research we developed

a rotary type for it is more flexible and supports more scope in terms of usage than the other

types of laser level. Considering the main purpose of a more efficient and productive time for

every worker at a lesser cost advance technology.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this project study was to develop a Portable Laser Leveling device.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. To design the Portable Laser Leveling device.

2. To prepare the necessary materials to construct the prototype

3. To test and evaluate the accuracy of the device in terms of error in slope from 1 meter to

5 meters of at least ±1mm error per unit length.

Significance of the Study

 The result of this study is significantly important particularly to the following:

1. Construction Industry. This benefits the construction industry in terms of providing an

alternative construction device with lost cost but with high quality.

2. Regular Construction Workers. This study helps regular construction workers so that they

can afford to use a laser levelling device with a lower cost.

3. Civil Engineers. This study brings benefit in providing innovative devices used in Civil

Engineering profession.

4. Future Researchers. The result of this study serves as a reference material to help future

researchers in doing further studies in making an alternative device that can ease some

works in building construction.

Scope and Delimitation

The general purpose of this project study was to develop an alternative laser leveling

device. The design of the device was composed of laser connected to a platform which is rotating

manually using manual controller. This study was focused on accuracy of the Portable Laser

Leveling Device. The time and weather while testing were not considered in this research. In every

test, the battery of the laser was replaced in order to obtain an accurate result for each test. The

testing materials that was used were leveling hose, theodolite, and tubular spirit level.

This research will be conducted at Camarines Norte State College A.Y. 2018 – 2019.
Definition of Terms

Operational Definition

Bearing. Machine part that will hold the rotating base.

Center Bolt. Bolt that is placed in the center of the upper base that will carry the rotating base and

connected via chain and sprocket.

Chain and Sprocket. Part of the gear assembly that will transfer the kinetic energy from the

controller into the rotating base of the laser.

Laser. The device used that project lines in the proposed leveling device.

Laser Head. The rotating part of the device that will hold the laser and its components.

Plumb bob. Traditional device used construction industry for leveling purposes.

Projection. The quantity of light emitted by the laser.

Portable Leveling Device. The device used or designed to indicate if a surface is horizontally or

vertically level.

Spirit Level. Traditional device for establishing a horizontal line or plane by means of a bubble in

a liquid that shows adjustment to the horizontal by movement to the center of a slightly bowed

glass tube.

Tripod. Three-legged stand that will hold the portable laser leveling device.
End notes

L S Blake (22 October 2013). Civil Engineer's Reference Book. Elsevier. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-1-

4831-0233-7

Different Uses of Laser Levels in Construction Industry retrieved from:

http://www.laserlevelhub.net/different-uses-of-laser-level-in-the-construction-industry
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes a review of related literature and studies on developing a portable

laser leveling apparatus. This chapter consists of results and conclusions of past researches and

studies which are relevant to this research.

Review of Related Literature

A. Laser Level Design

In surveying and construction, a laser leveling device is a control device consisted of a

laser beam projector that can be attached to a tripod which is leveled according to the accuracy of

the device and which projects a fixed red or green laser beam along the horizontal and/or vertical

axis. (L S Blake)

B. Constructing a Laser Surveying System

According to the International Rice Research Institute, a laser surveying system is made

up of a laser transmitter, a tripod, a measuring rod, and a small laser receiver. The laser transmitter

conveys a laser beam which is intercepted by the laser receiver attached on the leveling bucket.

The signal from the receiver is construed by the control panel mounted on the tractor and then

opens or closes the hydraulic control valve, which will raise or lower the bucket.

The major advantages of using laser surveying is the accuracy, simplicity of use and only

a single person is needed.

 C. Checking the Accuracy of Laser Level

Set the instrument on a tripod between two wall that are at least 5 meters apart. Turn the

instrument at the first wall and switch it on. Activate the horizontal line laser line and mark the

position of the line or dot on the wall (A1). Rotate the instrument by 180 degrees and mark the

horizontal laser line on the second wall (B1) in exactly the same way as in the first wall. Then

placed the instrument at the same elevation as close as possible to the first wall and mark again the

horizontal laser line projected on that wall (A2). Rotate the instrument again in 180 degrees then

mark the horizontal laser line projected again in the second wall (B2). Measure the distances of

the marked points A1-A2 and B1-B2. Calculate the difference of the two measurements and if the

difference does not exceed 2mm, then the laser level is within acceptance. (manu.srivastava, 2015)

Review of Related Studies

A. Designing of Laser Leveling System

Inside the main unit, a rotating unit is installed and a laser beam illuminated from it. The

main unit is attached on a base plate by at least two leveling screws and it is possible to adjust

tilting of a rotation axis of the rotating unit to a fixed condition by adjusting the leveling screws.

Furthermore, tilting adjustments by this leveling screws is done by watching the bubble tubes

attached on the lateral sides of the main unit. (Fumio Ohtomo, 2000)

B. Prototype Development

C. Bansal et. al., (2014) developed a prototype of a laser leveling device made up of a laser

transmitter section, a laser receiver section and a controller section. The stepper motor at the
transmitter section will rotate the laser transmitter at an angle of 180 degrees. The rotating laser

beam will generate a rotating plane above the field which can be used as a reference point. The

laser receiver detects the laser signals from the transmitter and delivers it to the controller which

determines the up and down motion of the DC motor.

B. Testing the Accuracy of the Device

In the study entitled “Laser Guided Land Leveler for Precision Land

Development”, they discussed two treatments in order to evaluate accuracy of the system. First is

Leveling with laser guided leveler and the second is leveling with the same leveler and prime

mover without using the laser transmitter and laser plane receiver, in example, conventional or

traditional land leveling method. A comparative evaluation of the laser guided land leveler with

the existing system of leveling showed that the percentage reduction in standard deviation of

reduced level, before and after leveling was 85.7% for laser leveling and 46.79 % for conventional

method, which was 38.91% lower than the laser leveling. From the results of contours analysis, it

was observed that considerably higher accuracy of grading was obtained when the fields were

graded by use of the laser leveler. (B. Anuraja et al., 2013)

Conceptual Framework

As for this research aims to develop a portable leveling device that can be used by regular

construction workers. Concepts are presented as shown in Figure 1 to provide a basis for the results

about relationship among the variables in this study.

In order to evaluate the accuracy of the device, comparison between laser leveling device

and typical leveling apparatus will be done.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Knowledge:
1. Identifying the problem
and the possible solution.

1. Knowledge about 2. Data gathering and

softwares that will be brainstorming.
used in this research. 3. Analysis and strategizing.
Such as, AutoCAD, Manually Operated
4. Consideration of
Sketchup, and more. Portable Laser Leveling
availability of the materials
2. Knowledge about Device
5. Gathering and assembly
leveling and its uses. of the different parts of the
3. Knowledge about device.
designing a simple 6. Testing the accuracy of
manual mechanism. the Portable Laser Leveling
Device.
4. Knowledge about
lasers.

c
c

Feedback

Figure 1: Conceptual Paradigm

End Notes
L S Blake (22 October 2013). “Civil Engineer’s Reference Books”

International Rice Research Institute, Postharvest Unit, CESD “Laser Leveling Training

Manual”

Manu.srivastava (May 27th, 2015)

Fumio Ohtomo et al., 2000 Laser Leveling System

C. Bansal et. al., 2014, Laser Land Leveling Prototype Development

B. Anuraja et. al., 2013 Laser guided land leveler for precision land development
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research process in terms of methodology, project design,

project development, and it also includes the elaborate explanation of the experimentation process

used in the conduct of the study.

Project Design

This project design was a prototype of a portable laser leveling device that is manually

controlled. The design was composed of 3 (three) major parts: the rotating laser head, the gear

assembly and controller, and the body or platform. The most important part is the rotating laser

head, it was composed of a <5 mW green laser pen that can be bought and available commercially,

an adjustable PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe that was used to hold the laser while the latter is

rotating horizontally and the supporting holder with angle indicator in order to specify the laser

projection vertically. While, the base has a direction control for 360° rotation that was used for

leveling improvements and tubular spirit level to calibrate the instrument at its best. It also has a

manual controller that is relatively proportional to the angle rotation of the laser head. And lastly,

the gear assembly was connected to the manual controller in order to transfer the mechanical

energy into the rotating base of the laser that directly rotate the laser into a desired point at a

specific angle. The laser projection should be leveled 360° and tested by some leveling instruments

such as leveling hose and a torpedo level.

Project Development

The project development demonstrates the model of the device as well as the procedure of

the construction of the main parts of the device.

Schematic Diagram

In order to make this research successful, steps and proper procedure are being followed

accordingly. The flow of activities is being showed on the schematic diagram.

The first phase of this project study was planning. The proponents planned how to make

the device, considering the materials to be used and the procedure to be followed in order to make

the desired Portable Leveling Device.

Thus, in the second phase was the designing part, the researchers visualized and drew the

device. Proper designing was necessary to attain the desired output.

On the third phase, the preparation of the materials needed such as canvassing and

purchasing of the items, preparing of tools and equipment were done. Selecting appropriate

materials was needed.

Construction of the project took place after the preparation of the materials. At this phase,

the proponents applied the project design to obtain the expected output. Following the proper

procedure minimized errors, materials and saved time.

The last phase was testing and evaluation. In this part of project study, the researchers

evaluated and tested the accuracy of the device. Comparison of the results between the usual

leveling instruments and the portable leveling device at a given distance indicated the accuracy of

the output.
 Planning

Designing of
the device

Preparation
of necessary
materials

Creation of
the device

Testing and
Evaluation

Schematic diagram

Work Breakdown Structure

Table 3.1 Work Breakdown Structure (Targets and Indicator)

DURATION INDICATIONS
TARGETS
(NO. OF DAYS) (EXPECTED OUTPUT)
1. Title Proposal 3 Written based on format
2. Objective of the Study 1 Written based on format
3. Hypothesis 1 Written based on format
4. Significance of the Study 1 Written based on format
5. Scope and Delimitation 1 Written based on format
6. Review of Related Literature and
2 Written based on format
Studies
7. Introduction 2 Written based on format
8. Background of the Study 1 Written based on format
9. Definition of Terms 1 Written based on format
10. Conceptual Framework 2 Written based on format
11. Prototype Design 2 Done based on references
12. Title Defense 1 Project Study approved
Cost effective materials were
13. Canvassing of Materials 7
considered
All the materials were
14. Purchasing of Materials 3
purchased
15. Construction of the Platform 5 Well fabricated
16. Construction and installation of
5 Well fabricated
Gear Assembly
17. Construction of the Secondary Base 7 Well fabricated
18. Construction of the Laser Holder 7 Well fabricated
19. Laser installation 2 Properly installed
20. Prototype Mop-up 7 Satisfactory constructed
21. Testing and Evaluation 7 Successfully conducted
22. Results and Discussion 5 Written based on format
23. Summary, Findings, Conclusion and
5 Written based on format
Recommendation
24. Final Defense Project Study approved
7
Submission of Final Manuscript Written based on format

Table 3.2 Work Breakdown Structure (Quality Dimension)

MATERIALS
TARGETS STANDARDS TESTS
NEEDED
1. Title Proposal None CoEng Project Study Format None
2. Objective of the Study None CoEng Project Study Format None
3. Hypothesis None CoEng Project Study Format None
4. Significance of the Study None CoEng Project Study Format None
5. Scope and Delimitation None CoEng Project Study Format None
6. Review of Related
None CoEng Project Study Format None
Literature and Studies
7. Introduction None CoEng Project Study Format None
8. Background of the Study None CoEng Project Study Format None
9. Definition of Terms None CoEng Project Study Format None
10. Conceptual Framework None CoEng Project Study Format None
11. Prototype Design Sketch Up CoEng Project Study Format None
PowerPoint
12. Title Defense Defense Panel None
Presentation
13. Canvassing of Materials None Project Design None
14. Purchasing of Materials None Project Design None
15. Construction of the Tools and
Project Design None
Platform Equipment
16. Construction and Tools and
Project Design None
installation of Gear Assembly Equipment
17. Construction of the Tools and
Project Design None
Secondary Base Equipment
18. Construction of the Laser Tools and
Project Design None
Holder Equipment
19. Laser installation Tools and
Project Design None
Equipment
Tools and
20. Prototype Mop-up Project Design None
Equipment
21. Testing and Evaluation CoEng Project Study Format
22. Results and Discussion None CoEng Project Study Format None
23. Summary, Findings,
Conclusion and None CoEng Project Study Format None
Recommendation
23. Final Defense PowerPoint
Presentation
Defense Panel None
Submission of Final Project Study
Manuscript Manuscript

Table 3.3 Work Breakdown Structure (Time Dimension)

DURATION
TARGETS (NO. OF EARLIEST DATE LATEST DATE
DAYS)
1. Title Proposal 3 February 23, 2018 February 25, 2018
2. Objective of the Study 1 February 26, 2018 February 26, 2018
3. Hypothesis 1 February 28, 2018 February 28, 2018
4. Significance of the Study 1 March 2, 2018 March 2, 2018
 5. Scope and Delimitation 1 March 2, 2018 March 2, 2018
6. Review of Related
2 March 3, 2018 March 4, 2018
Literature and Studies
7. Introduction 2 March 4, 2018 March 5, 2018
8. Background of the Study 1 March 5, 2018 March 5, 2018
9. Definition of Terms 1 March 5, 2018 March 5, 2018
10. Conceptual Framework 2 March 5, 2018 March 6, 2018
11. Prototype Design 2 March 7, 2018 March 8, 2018
12. Title Defense 1 March 27, 2018 March 27, 2018
13. Canvassing of Materials 6 May 25, 2018 May 30, 2018
14. Purchasing of Materials 2 July 14, 2018 July 15, 2018
15. Construction of the
7 August 27, 2018 September 2 , 2018
Platform
16. Construction of the
5 September 2, 2018 September 6, 2018
Secondary Base
17. Construction and
6 September 23, 2018 September 28, 2018
installation of Gear Assembly
18. Construction of the Laser
4 September 26, 2018 September 29, 2018
Holder
19. Laser installation 4 October 17, 2018 October 20, 2018
20. Prototype Mop-up 3 October 21, 2018 October 23, 2018
21. Testing and Evaluation 1 December 8, 2018 December 8, 2018
22. Results and Discussion 3 December 15, 2018 December 17, 2018
23. Summary, Findings,
Conclusion and 4 December 21, 2018 December 24, 2018
Recommendation
23. Final Defense
Submission of Final 2 January 17, 2018 January 18, 2018
Manuscript

Table of Specifications
Table 3.4 Table of Specifications

NO. QTY. UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

1 2 Pcs <5 mW Aluminum Green Laser Pen

2 1 Pc 1-in diameter PVC Pipe
 3 3 Pcs 10-mm by ½-in bolt and nut
4 2 Pcs Tempered Glass
5 2 Pcs ½ in dia. Bearing
6 1 Pc Tubular Spirit Level
7 1 Pc Soldering Rod
8 4 Pcs 1-in dia. Plastic Spur Gear
9 4 Pcs 1.5-in dia. By 1-in bolt and nut
10 1 Pc Rotating Switch
11 1 Pc GI Sheet
12 2 Pcs Shoe Glue
14 1 Quart Primer Paint
15 1 Quart Silver Paint
16 1 Quart Black Paint

List of Tools and Equipment

No. Qty. Unit Specifications

1 1 Pc Hammer
2 1 Pc Pliers
3 3 Pcs Marker
4 2 Pcs Ruler
5 1 Pc Grinder
6 1 Pc Drill
7 1 Pc Shears
8 1 Pc T-Square
9 6 Pc Safety Goggles
10 6 Pairs Safety Gloves
Project Management

Organizational Chart

Manuel, Donnell D.

Project Leader

Avellana, Pamela Jane Y. Baronia, Janine Joie Y.

Administrative Staff Technical Staff

Construction of the Triangular Base (Lower Base)

The triangular base was constructed starting from laying out the design parts three sides

with 12cm by 1.50cm., two triangularly shaped hexagon that will fit the six side parts at an

interior angle of 120°, and the 9.20cm by 1.50cm that is formed in the shape of an arc. After

laying out, it is printed and pasted into a #18 GI sheet for cutting. Shears are used to cut out the

pieces. After that, a drill is used to make three holes of Ø1.20cm for the upper part and one hole

of Ø1.60cm for the slot of tripod lock attached with 16mm nut. It is assembled by welding and

finished with a putty and black acrylic paint. Three leveling base foots are placed inside the arcs

that is used to adjust the upper base.

Construction of the Triangular Base (Upper Base)

The upper triangular base is constructed starting from laying out the design parts three

sides with 12cm by 3.50cm., and 6cm by 3.50cm that is designed as its shorter side, and the two

triangularly shaped hexagon that will fit the six side parts at an interior angle of 120°. After

laying out, it is printed and pasted into a #18 GI sheet for cutting. Shears are used to cut out the

pieces. After that, a drill is used to make three holes of Ø1.20cm that will be the slot of the nut

from the leveling base foot and fixed with a washer and nut to control the thread. And for the

upper part it is divided into 2 different parts, first the Ø8cm circle having a Ø2cm at the center. It

is also cut using shears and assembled with a 1.70cm walling surrounding the perimeter. And

second, the triangular base that has a Ø0.80cm hole for the controller. Also, it is assembled with

welding and finished with putty and acrylic paint

Construction of the Laser Head

Mainly, we used white acrylic sheet for the laser head. Same from the process of the

triangular bases, we cut out and pasted the layout into the sheet, for a lesser error in fabricating

the figure. Using hacksaw and drill, we fabricated a Ø5cm circle. Also two pieces of the holder at

7cm with a semicircle at the top having a Ø3cm. It is drilled with Ø0.80cm at the center of the

semicircle for insertion of the bolt. Together with, a quarter circle that has a 6cm radius that will

be the angle indicator for vertical uses. It is also drilled with Ø0.80cm to attach it to the laser

holder. And we fabricated the battery holder 5cm high and 3cm wide. We also fabricated two

laser tube holder, that is made of Ø1cm PVC Pipe having a length of the laser and a cut of 5mm

in the perimeter. All the attachments are fixed with a super glue since we used a plastic like

material and finished with a white acrylic paint.

 After the fabrication, next is the wiring. Here, we shortened the laser for a better accuracy

and made the battery exterior for a convenient use of the switch. We bought a 9V battery, a 1.5A

switch, and some wires. First, we made the laser wiring by soldering the positive and negative

wires inside the laser that is attached to the switch and into the battery. The built-in button of the

laser is in tight by the hose lock to keep it turned on. All of the fixed connections are fixed with

soldering iron while the detachable parts are fixed with electrical tape.

Assembly of the mechanical parts

In assembling the mechanical parts, we bought a small set of chain and sprocket, #12

hexagonal bolt with nut and washer, and an expansion bolt as a spacer. First we installed and

fixed the expansion bolts in place by using super glue for the stability of the bolt, next we

shortened the bolt at the center at the height of 5.30cm and the controller bolt at the height of

3.60cm. After all the cuttings and trims, we locked the sprocket inside the bolt with a nut on both

sides. Therefore, the chain and sprocket will operate with the controller and the laser head. Also,

the center bolt is attached into the laser head.

Operation and Testing Procedure

Operation Procedure

On the beginning of the operation procedure of the Portable Laser Leveling Device, the

latter was set up on a tripod. The leveling base foot was adjusted until the bubble align with the

center of the vials. As the laser was manually set in a certain degree with the rotating controller,

turn on the laser level. The device will show a laser line on a surface. Mark the position of the
line on the surface where the laser emits and then switch off the device. The procedure will be

repeated until it covers the entire surface.

Testing Procedure

Inspect the prototype before the testing procedure. To determine if the device is still in

good condition, switch on and check if the device emits a laser line. Before the testing procedure,

prepare all the testing materials such as the leveling hose and a torpedo level. Perform the

operation procedure to begin the testing process. Then, position the abovementioned testing

materials at the same elevation and marked the surface when it shows level. Measure the distance

of the two marked references and record the data. Same testing procedure should be conducted in

every unit length of 1 meter to 5 meters.

Evaluation Procedure

This project study is designed using the experimental and comparative method. In order

to evaluate the efficiency of the Portable laser leveling device, the result of the laser leveling

device and the traditional leveling method were being compared. The difference between the two

measurements determines the accuracy of the prototype.

End Notes

Decision Guide retrieved from: http://www.proshotlaser.com/decision%20guide.htm

The Stanley Works retrieved from http://www.stanley.com.pl

Fumio Othomo, Ken-Ichiro Yoshino, Laser Leveling Device

Michael Connolly, Laser Leveling Apparatus, 24 Grenfell St, Kent town, South Australia 5067

John Loudenslager, Manual leveling rotating laser with swivel head, Phoenix, AZ
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and interpretation of data based on the gathered data and

from analyzing the results of the experiments that was conducted.

Project Description

In conducting the study, the researchers were able to design and fabricate a portable laser

leveling device adherent to the proposed design and by recommendations. The researchers also

determine the accuracy of the device within a specific range of 1 meter to 5 meters. This was

tested through plumbness and horizontal leveling using leveling hose.

Project Structure

The Portable Laser Leveling Device has three major parts: the rotating laser head, the

gear assembly and controller, and the body or platform. The rotating laser head, an acrylic sheet

designed to hold the laser and the battery attached to it. This laser head rotates horizontally in its

base where it has an angle indicator up to 360 degrees. The gear assembly is connected to the

manual controller to make the laser head that is attached on the other side of the gear rotate to a

desired angle or point of leveling. The body or the platform is assembled through bolts and nut to

make sure that the device will be leveled properly.

Project Capability and Limitations

This study developed an alternative Portable Laser Leveling Device and like any other projects

this device has its capability and limitations. And this data will significantly affect the entire

process.

As stated in the previous chapters, the device is to be controlled manually. The laser head can be

rotated 360 degrees to produce the desired line used for leveling vertically and horizontally.

Project Evaluation Result

This device was tested in a specific length of leveling line produced by the laser leveling device

through the use of a leveling bar.

1. At 1 meter. The device produced a leveling line with +1mm error.

2. At 2 meters. The device produced at least +1mm to 2mm error in the leveling line.

3. At 3 meters. The device produced at least +2mm to 3mm error in the leveling line.

4. At 4 meters. The device produced at least +3mm to 4mm error in the leveling line.

5. At 5 meters. The device produced at least +5mm error in the leveling line.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings of the study from which the

conclusions were stated. Recommendations were also stated for the improvement of the device

and to provide more accurate way of leveling.

Summary

The main objective of this study was to develop a Portable Laser Leveling Device.

Specifically, this study tested and evaluated the level of accuracy of a leveling device

using a laser. This is based on terms of fabrication of the rotating laser head and its body

structure.

The researchers used the experimental method in developing the design and the

construction of the equipment.

Findings

Based on the result of the study, the following findings were hereby stated:

1. After some testing using a leveling bar, the gathered data or the results show that there

are always at least +1mm error in every meter of leveling line produced by the laser leveling

device.
Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, conclusions were cited as follows:

1. The Portable Laser Leveling Device does not give a hundred percent accuracy in

terms of leveling. And these results are obtained because of the following reasons;

a. The leveling vials must be leveled imperfectly

b. The fabrication of the bases and laser head might have had an error while

cutting and assembling/joining

c.