FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

HOW TO START COMPUTER ?

 FIRST OF ALL , SWITCH ‘ON’ THE POWER BUTTON FROM THE CPU

 SWITCH “ON “THE MONITOR.

 THEN ,WAIT FOR A MINUTE YOUR COMPUTER WILL START.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device which accepts the raw data and gives valuable information to us that is
called computer.
In other words, computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high speed
logical and mathematical operation computer is an advanced modern electronic machine which takes raw
data as input the process these data as per given instruction then given output “result ” is called computer
.the term computer is derived from the Latin word “computer ” this means to calculate .the name of
computer in Nepali “( sushanakhe)” computer helps us in every steps of our life such as medical field,
electronic field ,science, education , business , hotel scientist research weather forecasting etc.

The working principle of computer can be summarized as input ,process and output. It is also called IPO cycle.

IPO CYCLE
Input process output
(DATA) (Unseen) (RESULT)
(INPUT Device) ( CPU) (Output device)
Keyboard arithmetic logic unit (AL U) monitor
Mouse control unit (C U) printer
Scanner /digital camera memory unit (M U) speaker
plotter plotter
Web cam/video camera
Light pen
Joystick
Input: input is raw information entered into a computer from input device
Process: process is the operation of data as per given instruction .it totally internal process of the computer
system
Output: output is the processed data given by computer after data processing .output is also called result.

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

HOW TO START COMPUTER ?

 FIRST OF ALL , SWITCH ‘ON’ THE POWER BUTTON FROM THE CPU

 SWITCH “ON “THE MONITOR.

 THEN ,WAIT FOR A MINUTE YOUR COMPUTER WILL START.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device which accepts the raw data and gives valuable information to us that is
called computer.
In other words, computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high speed
logical and mathematical operation computer is an advanced modern electronic machine which takes raw
data as input the process these data as per given instruction then given output “result ” is called computer
.the term computer is derived from the Latin word “computer ” this means to calculate .the name of
computer in Nepali “( sushanakhe)” computer helps us in every steps of our life such as medical field,
electronic field ,science, education , business , hotel scientist research weather forecasting etc.

The working principle of computer can be summarized as input ,process and output. It is also called IPO cycle.

IPO CYCLE
Input process output
(DATA) (Unseen) (RESULT)
(INPUT Device) ( CPU) (Output device)
Keyboard arithmetic logic unit (AL U) monitor
Mouse control unit (C U) printer
Scanner /digital camera memory unit (M U) speaker
plotter plotter
Web cam/video camera
Light pen
Joystick
Input: input is raw information entered into a computer from input device
Process: process is the operation of data as per given instruction .it totally internal process of the computer
system
Output: output is the processed data given by computer after data processing .output is also called result.

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 Full form of computer KEYBOARD MOUSE LAPTOP
COMPUTER KEYBOARD MOUSE LAPTOP
C=CALCULATE K=KEYS M=MANUALLY L=LIGHTWEIGHT
O=OPERATER E=ELECTRONIC O=OPERATED A=ANALYTICAL
M=MEMORIZE Y=YET U=USE P=PLATFORM
P=PRINT B=BOARD S=SELECTION T=TOTAL
U=USER O=OPERATING E=EQUIPMENT O=OPTIMIZED
T=TABULATE A=A TO Z P=POWER
E=EDIT R=RESPONSE
R=RESPONSE D=DIRECTIY
Who is regarded as Father of Computer?
Charles Babbage.(1791-1871) Difference Engines (1832) Analytical Engines.(1834)
Who is regarded as father of modern computer?
Von Neumann (Hungary, mathematician 1903-57)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
: Speed computer performs complex calculation at very high speed. This speed varies from a micro

second nanosecond.
1 millisecond =1/1000th of a second
1 microsecond= 1/1000000th of a second
1 nanosecond =1/1000000000th of a second
1 picoseconds =1/100000000000000th of a second.
Accuracy : Computers are very accurate. we know that the computer perform any task under
the set of instruction called program. Computer always gives 100% actual result, if the user provides
correct input ac instruction.
Storage capability: The computers have ability to store huge amount of data in its secondary
device the stored information also can retrieve immediately. The storing capacity of computer is
expressed in bytes. 8bit =1 Byte 1 byte =1 Character. 1024Byte =1 KB (Kilo byte.)
1024 KB= 1 MB(Mega byte) 1024MB =1GB (Giga byte) 1024GB =1 TB (Tara byte)
1024TB=1 PB(pet byte) 1024PB= 1 EB (EXABYTE) 1024EB=1ZB (ZETTABYTE)
1024ZB=1 YB (YOTTABYTE)
Versatility: computer are being used in different fields such as office school hospital etc. to
perform various task versatile means a ability to perform various task and computer can capable to
do so.
Diligence: Diligence is a capability of performing repeated operation without any tiredness and
any mistake. Computer is capable of performing the required task continuously with same seed
accuracy and efficiency without any error.
Reliability
Diligence
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 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The History of computer starts from 4000 years ago. History of computer means the gradual change in the
concepts over a long period of time. Around fifth century Hindu philosopher developed a new method of
counting from 0 to 9 . Counting the number from 0 to 9 can be performed with the help of finger. The
development of counting started from the development of simple counting device called ABACUS.
Abacus :
it is the early counting and calculating device that was developed by the Chinese people .
The ABACUS was first used for computation in 3000 B.C . it was made of a wooden frame on which
there were strings the frame was made of a wooden frame on which there were strings.

Napier ‘s bones
In 1614 AD, a Scottish mathematician john Napier discovered the concept of logarithm. In 1617 AD He
constructed a set of rods called Napier bones for doing mathematical calculation easily .it consisted of eleven
sets of bones rods on which the number were engraved ,. It was based on the principle of performing
multiplication by the addition logarithm.

Slide Rule
After the invention of logarithm in 1617 AD. William ought red invented the slide rule in 1620. This device
was made on the principle of logarithms. This device consists of two graduated scales, one small
And other larger one. it was used calculation product and quotient. The calculation was done by sliding the
smaller scale over the large scale and large scale and the result was obtained by viewing the scales.

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 Pascaline, s calculator
It was 19 years old Blaise Pascal, in 1642, a French mathematician who devised the first true calculating
machine, reputedly to help his father who was a tax controller. And a series of toothed wheels transferred the
movement to a result dial. Printed on wheel had number s of calculating capability of pascaline was 9 crores
99lakhs 99 thousands and 99(9, 99, and 99,999).

Leibniz,s calculator
it was made by a German philosopher gentrified Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1671 AD . it was based on Pascal’s
principle. But it is used gears, toothed wheel and drum. It was able to add. Subtract and even find the square
root.

Difference Engine
In 1822 AD ,an English mathematician (professor of mathematics at Cambridge university ) invented a
machine called difference Engine with mechanical memory to store result . Was based on the difference
tables on the difference tables of square Engine.

Difference Engine, an early computer like mechanical device designed by British mathematician and scientist
Charles Babbage in the early 1820s. Although never completed by Babbage, the difference Engine was
intended to be a machine with a 20- decimal capacity capable of solving mathematic problem. The concept of
The difference engine was enhanced by Babbage in the 1830s in the design his more famous Analytical Engine.

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 Analytical Engine
Analytical Engine, a mechanical calculating machine that was conceived by british mathematician and scientist
Charles Babbage in 1833 but only a part of which was ever constructed . The first general-purpose digital
computer, the Analytical Engine although conceived long before electronic technology appeared,

Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

One of the great supports of Charles Babbage was Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace (the daughter of famous poet,
Lord Byron). She convinced Babbage to use binary concept in his Analytical Engine. She wrote different types
of programs that were used in the Babbage machines. So she is remembered as the “first programmer” in the
history of computer science and has to her credit a computer language called ADA named after her.
DR. Herman Hollerith
He was the first person to use punched card practically on his census tabulating machine in 1880s. The
information is stored as holes in card, ethic are interpreted by machine with electrical sensor. The cards were
punched by a machine called punched card machine of Hollerith’s tabulating machine.
Mark-I (Howard Aiken)
In the late 1930s, next important even was added in the history of computer, the electromechanical computer
was born with the development of MARK-I in 1944 by Howard Alken with the help of IBM. It also used the
punched cards designed for difference Engine. It was 51 ft long, 8 ft high and 13 ft wide. It was large numbers
of valves, switches and resistors. It was used to procure ballistic tables in 2nd world war

ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOE AND CALCULATOR (ENIAC)

It is the first electronic computer that was developed by john mouchlay and j prosper Eckert in 1947. It was
based on the decimal number system .18,000 vacuum tubs were used in ENICE. There were 70,000 resistors ,
10,000 condensers and 6,000 switches .it weighed 30 tones and occupied a
Space 3,000 cubic feet .it could calculate 300 time faster than any calculating device at that time and it was
based on decimal number.

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 ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (EDVAC)
In 1949, the first electronic computer was developed by john mouchlay and john presper Eckert with the help
of a Burks, goldstone and Neumann. This machine was used to store the data and information as well as the
instruction. This computer operated electronically.

UNIVAC –I ( UNIVERSAL ACCOUNTING COMPUTER)

JHON maulchy and Eckert founded their own company in1946 and began to work on the universal automatic
computer: general purpose commercial computer in 1951. It was the first commercially used electronic
computer in the world.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN NEPAL

The first computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 which was brought by the government in lease for the
population census of 1972 (2028BS). Later in 1975 (2031BS) yantrik sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic data
processing center) was established which was later called as national computer center (NCC). Again, for the
population census of 2036 BS ICL 2950/10COMPUTER having 64 terminals was brought in Nepal by the aid of
UNDP. After 2039 BS microcomputer like, apple vector sires were introduced in the capital. From that time
computer have been used in different government sectors like banking agricultural, universities etc. Now
there are thousands of computer institutes providing computer education, assembling maintenance etc,
throughout the kingdom of Nepal.

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 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER ( 1946 TO 1954)
THE computer using vacuum tube as a memory unit is known as first generation computer. The
vacuum tube consumes a lot of power. The vacuum tube was developed by lee deforest in 1908.

Second generation ( 1955 to 1964)

The invention of semi –conductor transistor had made big revolution in the field of computer. The transistor
replaced the vacuum tube. The second generation computer used transistor as a memory unit. A transistor
could do the work of 1000 vacuum tube.

Third Generation ( 1965 to 1974):

By the development of a small chip consisting of the capacity of the 300 transistor called integrated Chip (IC)
. The computer using IC s is of the third generation computer.

Fourth generation ( 1975 to 1990)

An ic containing a bout 100 components is called LSI (LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) AND the one.
Which has more than 1000 such components is called as VLSI . it is also called as microprocessor .
the first micro processor 8008 wsa developed by American company ( intel corporation ) in 1971 and
1974.

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 Fifth generation (1990---present and future):
The fifth generation computer are under development stage . these computer are being made using
microprocessor and will use USLI (ultra large scale integration ) chips in the future. Such computer will use
intelligent programming and improved hunman machine interface . it is estimated that these computer of fifth
generation will have an Artificial inteligence with a little thinking capacity and they will understand natural
language luke english japanesh etc.

(USLI ) ULTRA LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER can be classified into various classes according to their following factors.
1. On the basis of working principle
2. On the basis of size
3. On the basis of Brand.
4. On the Basis of model.
1. On the basis of working principle
a. Analog computer
A analog computer measure continuous types of data and uses a physical quantities like,
Electric current, voltage, temperature etc. to present and process the data . it is represent
number by a physical quantity that is , they assign numerical value by physically
measuring some actual property thermometer . Speedometer, fuels and price indicator in
petrol pump are the example of analog device.

b. DIGITAL COMPUTER
THE computer which accepts discrete data as per the electric single is known as digital
computer. Basically, digital computer count digits, which represent number or letter. They
are the most widely used types of computer. the computer based on binary digits i.e. O
and 1 are called digital computer. 90% of the computer is digital computer.

HYBRID COMPUTER ( ANALOG+ DIGITAL): Hybrid computer is the

combination of the feature of analog and digital computer. it has both feature of analog and digital
computer . it can do all types of task of digital and analog . They are mostly used in scientific research,
industrial application, aero plane etc.

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. on the basis of size
a. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
MAINFRAME COMPUTER ARE LARGE COMPUTER WHICH processes at high speed and
occupies a large space. This has a large capacity to handle huge number of records. More than
100 people can work at a time and communication with different countries with wide. Area
networks via satellite. they are generally used in large scale organization and government office
for large scale data processing .such computer can be seen in the University , institute of
Engineering , and scientific research centers.

MINI COMPUTER
MINI computer are medium in size than mainframe computers but large than micro computer they
are less powerful than super and medium but more powerful than micro computer they are specially
used in data processing programming , desktop publishing , fields.

Micro computer
Micro computer is also known as personal computer or home computer . they are made by using microprocessor.
Micro computer can be sub categorized into:

1. Desktop computer: A personal or micro minicomputer sufficient to fit on a desk. THE spare parts of a
desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs power consumption is also low. Desktop
computer are widely popular for daily use in the workplace and households.

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 LAPTOP COMPUTER:-A PORTABLE computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard is
generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and large than a notebook computer
They are enabled with an in built keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a LCD/LED display.

Notebooks: A notebook is a small, light, low –power notebook computer than has less
processing power. it still suitable for word processing running a web browser and connecting wirelessly
to the internet it is inexpensive and relatively smaller in size . it has a smaller feature set and lesser
capacities in comparison to regular laptops.

PALMTOP/DIGITAL DIARY /TABLETE PCs :-A hand sized computer palmtop have no
keyboard but the screen serves both as an input abd output device. A tablet PC is a portable PC that is a
hybrid between a personal digital assistant (PDA) and notebook PC.

Smart phone:-smart are a handheld device that integrates mobile phone capabilities with the
more common feature of a handheld computer or PDA. Smartphone’s allow users to store information e-
mail install programs along with using a mobile phone in one device ex. Smartphone mobile phone PDA
iphones6 phone etc.

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SUPER COMPUTER:---A computer that is capable of working at very great speed , and can thus process
a very large amount of data within an acceptable time .super computer are used in designing complicated
machines as supersonic jets, space research , and picture composition for movie films and for weather forecasting
. Super computer have the largest, fastest and expensive system in the world.

ON THE BASIS OF BRAND:

IBM PC: - THE computer manufactured by IMB Company are called IMB computer. The microcomputers of
IBM Company are called IBM PC. IBM is one of the leading companies in computer industry.

IBM COMPATIBLE:- computer developed on the principle of IBM computer are

called IBM compatible . it can perform all the task that an IBM computer does . they are less expensive
than original computer.

APPLE / MACINTOSH:-THE COMPUTER MANUFACTURED by the apple company are

called apple computer. They are specially used in desktop designing. They are quite expensive than
IBM compatible. The operating system and other peripheral are completely different than IBM and
IBM compatible.

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ON THE BASIS OF MODEL :- BASICALLY ,on the basis of model computer are classified into three
models . they are.

1. XT (EXTENDED TECHNOLOGY)
2. AT (ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY)
3. PS/2 (PERSONAL SYSTEM-2)
1. XT ( EXTENDED TECHNOLOGY):- they are early computer that used 8080 , 8086, 8088 processors. They
were very slow and had less storage capacity . this model refers to first - generation PC s which include
the first floppy disk Hard disk and all compatibles .
2. AT (ADVANCE D TECHNOLOGY):- THEY use 80286, 80486, etc processors. They are faster and have large
storage capacity than the XT computer..
3. PS/2 9 PERSONAL SYSTEM/2):- THEY used the improve architectural and system design of AT computers
that make them faster, reliable, efficient having more functions.

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 Computer system
Computer system= hardware+ software

HARDWARE: - THE Physical parts of the computer , which can be seen and touched is known as
hardware .it is just the mechanical parts of the computer .all the device attached to the computer
system like: cup motherboard and hard disk are hardware.

SOFTWARE:- SOFTWARE , SIMPLY ARE THE COMPUTER programs . the instruction given to the computer
in the form of a PROGRAM IS CALLED SOFTWARE .

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:-

a. System software
b. Application software
c. Programming language
1. System software :- the software that control and direct the operation of the computer
hardware is called system software . system software is the collection of the programs
written for the computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs . ex DOS
UNIX, XEINX , VISTA, , WINDOWS XP, 7 , 8, 10, 13 etc.

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE: - the software used for special purpose written in a specific language is
known as application software. Ex. MS EXCEL, MS ACCESS, ADOBE PAGE MAKER, AUTO CARD, MS-PAINT,
MS WORD etc.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: - a programming language comprises of set OF Code . these codes used to
wrirte programs . from origin of mainframe and mini computer, programming language were developed
programming language contain the series of commands that create software. Ex. QBASIC, COBOL ,
FORTRAN , C, C++ , C+++ , VISUAL BASIC . etc.

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