Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators
Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators
Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators
Part II
Resonance
R occurs att Wm We , Zin R, and
Time-Domain Analysis of Open Cavities
0 1 LC .
1 2
2
4
QR 0 L 1 V
2
R j 2 L R j 2 , Q Energy stored in L : Wm
0 R 1 4 2L
1 1
Z in jC
j R j L
Complex frequency : 0 0 1 Complex power delivered to the resonator
2Q
2
If R=0 or lossless case,
case 1 1V 1 21 1
Pin VI * V j C
2 2 Z in* 2 R j L
Z in j 2 L j 2 L 0
j 0 L Ploss 2 j Wm We
j 2 L 0 1 j 2 L 0
2Q Q
Input impedance at resonance,
j 2 L 0 R 1
Z in R, Wm We , 0
A resonator with loss can be treated as a lossless resonator whose resonant LC
frequency ω0 is replaced by a complex frequency ω0(1+j/2Q) 3 4
Parallel Resonant Circuit Parallel Resonant Circuit
The loss factor can be accounted by
Average energy stored using 0 0 1 j 2Q .
Q
E
Energy loss
l per secondd 2Wm R
2Wm R Q 0 0 RC
0 0 RC Ploss 0 L
Ploss 0 L Fractional bandwidth 2 0 Q 1
R
1 1 Z in
1 1 if R , Z in 2
Z in j C , near resonance 0 j 2 C
R j L 1 j L
2 C j 2C 0 jR
j C j L 1 2 LC
1 1
1 1 1
1 L
0
j 0 C j 2 C 0 0 1 j 2Q 2 LC 1 ,
R j0 L R R
j
2
1
R R 1 j 2C 0 1 1 0 Quadratic equation
2Q
0
R
0 Q
1 j 2 RC j 2 C
1 j 2Q 0C 1
0 j 2C 0 j 2C 1 1 1 2 1
Q R 4 1
5
0 2 Q Q 2
0 Q 6
7 8
6.2 Transmission Line Resonators 6.2 Transmission Line Resonators
All realistic resonators have a finite Q=f0 /BW (1) Short-circuit λ/2 line section
0
Nonzero bandwidth Resonator is lossy (a) tanh , (b) is small. 1 tan
vp 0 0
Transmission line resonator has an 0
tanh j tan
Lossy transmission line Z in Z 0 tanh j Z 0
1 j tanh tan
j
0
Z0 Z0 j
0
(1) Short circuit λ/2 line series resonance 1 j
If loss is small, 1, tan . 0
N resonance, 0 , is small
Near small. R 2 jL
What is the equivalent circuit?
Equivalent circuit :
Z0 1
R Z 0 , L ,C 2
2 0 0 L
L
Q 0
R 2 2
9 10
(2) Short-circuit λ/4 line parallel resonance (3) Open-circuit λ/2 line parallel resonance
ll 1,
If lloss iis small, t .
1 tan ll 1,
If lloss iis small, t .
1 tan
Near resonance, 0 , is small. Near resonance, 0 , is small.
11 12
Example 6.2
6.3 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity
A half-wave
half wave microstrip resonator
50-Ω line, /2 resonator, d 1.59 mm, r 2.2, tan 103 , f 5 GHz.
TEmn, TMmn modes :
Calculate its Q value.
Et x, y, z e x, y A e j mn z A e j mn z
2 2
l Z 0 =50 Ω, d =1.59 mm, and r =2.2 W =4.9 mm, reff =1.87.
Sol: m n
mn k 2
2 c 2 f reff 21.9 mm
a b
2 143.2 rad/m
For a resonant cavity, Et 0, at z 0, d
c R Z 0W 0.075 Np/m
d ... 0.0611 Np/m mn d , 1, 2, 3, ...
Q 2 2 c d 526.
2 2 2
m n
kmn
a b d
c kmn
f mn
2 r r
13 14
Example 6.3
Q-Factor of a TE10l Cavity Design of a Rectangular Waveguide Cavity
Total fields: Q factor We , Wm , Pc , and Pd a 40 mm, b 20.0 mm, r 2.25, tan 4 104. If f 5 GHz,
abd fi d d andd Q values
find l f 1.
for
x z 2
E02
4
E y E0 sin sin We E dv
a d 16 Sol:
E0 x z 2 abd
bd 1 2 2 5 109
E02
4
Hx j sin cos Wm H dv We k r 2.25 1.5708 cm 1
ZTE a d 16 Z 2
k a 2 2
2
TE c 3 1010
j E0 x z
Hz j cos sin 1 2 Rs E0 2 2 2 ab bd 2 a d d d 23.05 f 11.
23 05 mm, for
ka a d Pc
2 Ht ds
8 2 d 2
a 2 2d 2a
2
walls
k
2
Gap Coupling to a
Gap-Coupling Probe-coupling
Probe coupling to
Micro resonator cavity A rectangular WG cavity
(a) A microstrip transmission line resonator gap coupled to a microstrip feed line.
(1) The penetration depth h is tunable (b) A rectangular cavity resonator fed by a coaxial probe.
For impedance adjustment. (c) A circular cavity resonator aperture coupled to a rectangular waveguide.
((2)) The pprobe can be sliding
g along
g z. ((d)) A dielectric resonator coupled
p to a microstripp feed line.
(e) A Fabry-Perot resonator fed by a waveguide horn antenna.
17 18
Coupling coefficient g Q Qe Z 0 R
g < 1, resonator is undercoupled to the feedline.
g = 1, resonator is critically coupled to the feedline.
g > 1, resonator is overcoupled to the feedline. 23 24
Part II
Time-Domain
Time Domain Analysis of Open Cavities
Lecture Notes and Computational Exercises*
for
Graduate Course "Microwave Physics and Applications"
Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Graduate Research and Training in Advanced Microwave
and MM Wave Thermionics
University of California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
33 34
39 40
Procedures for Running Program Cavity.f Cavity Dimensions and Calculated Results
To begin, the cavity dimensions , mode of interest, and Cavity dimensions used for numerical example
numerical instructions, etc. are specified in the main program.
A guessed value of is then input into MULLER which calls
CBC to evaluate D(ω). Subprogram CBC calls RKINT to
perform the integration from zl to z5. Subsequently, RKINT calls
DIFEQ to evaluate the derivatives at every z-step of the
integration.
integration
Finally, MULLER returns the solution for to the main program
which
hi h prints
i t all
ll the
th information
i f ti off interest
i t t andd calls
ll SSCALE
and SPOLT (or BSCALE and BPLOT) to plot and .
CCommon blocks
bl k are extensively
t i l employed
l d forf information
i f ti
sharing (e.g. the cavity dimensions specified in the main
program and the field profile calculated in subprogram CBC) TE111 mode field profile |f| and phase angle Φ as functions of z for
between the main program and subprograms. the cavity shown above.
41 42
(i ) Even with
(iv) i h all
ll these
h checks,
h k there
h is i still
ill no guarantee that
h theh
results are free from numerical errors. We must also check
whether the step size in the z-integration
z integration is sufficiently fine to
insure convergence of results.
45 46
V. Discussion
Does the Numerical Results Make Sense? C
Computer programs basedb d on the h time
i d
domaini formalism
f li ( h as program
(such
CAVITY) are extremely effective in that they directly evaluate the resonant
Even computed correctly, numerical results can not be trusted frequency, Q, and field profile. They are essential tools for gyrotron designs.
unless they make sense physically. We may start by asking some Many runs can be rapidly made to achieve the desired resonant frequency and
universal questions: Is the energy conserved (see the slightly Q, to optimize the field profile and maximize mode separation, etc. However,
because of its inability
y to scan the frequency,
q y, the time domain formalism does
positive slope of in Fig.
Fig 3a)? Do the results reduce to well known
not present a complete physical picture of the open cavity. The low Q nature
limits [see Exercises (1) below]? Do they exhibit reasonable of the open cavity brings about some issues that can only be clarified with a
pparametric dependence
p [[see Exercises ((2)-(4)]?
) ( )] Do they
y conform to spectral domain analysis [see Exercises (8)(8)-(11)
(11) and Appendix F].
F]
known scaling laws [see Exercise (5)]? Obtaining answers to these
questions is a sure way to become familiar with the problem. We Resonances of the type taking place in an open cavity are common in
microwave circuits which often contain slightly mismatched junctions
are now ready to go deeper into the problem [see Exercises (6)-(11)]
between various circuit elements. Single path reflection from one mismatched
and, for the best reward of all, let our imagination take us to the junction results in a standing wave pattern (measured by VSWR). Multiple
unexplored territories of research.
research reflections
fl ti b t
between t mismatched
two i t h d junctions
j ti result
lt in
i resonances, much
h like
lik
those of the open cavity. Thus, a circuit with multiple mismatched junctions
Always
y check carefully!
y behaves like coupled open cavities. The resulting circuit resonances are seen
on an oscilloscope as multiple spikes superimposed on a swept frequency
signal.
47 48
Exercise (1) Exercise (2)
2 Use program CAVITY to show how the quality factor Q of a
2.
1. For the open cavity of Fig. 1 with dimensions given in Table I,
given mode varies with the output taper angle of the open
the resonant frequency of the TE111 mode is 9.839 GHz (see Fig.
cavityy (keeping
( p g other pparameters fixed).
) Interpret
p the results
4) For an enclosed cylindrical cavity with the same radius (0.9
4). (0 9
qualitatively.
cm) and length (11.7 cm) as those of the main body of the open
y, the resonant frequency
cavity, q y of the TE111 mode is 9.851 GHz.
Sol:
S l Larger
L θ results
l ini more reflection
fl i from
f the
h open end,
d andd
Explain the difference qualitatively.
hence lower diffraction loss and higher Q.
Sol: Because of the fringe field, the open cavity has an effective
length longer than L, hence the resonant frequency (of the >0
modes) is lower than that of an enclosed cavity of length L. L It is
worth noting that for the =0 (TM) modes of an enclosed cavity
for which the axial field pprofile is uniform,, an opening
p g at either
end will impose an axial mode structure and therefore increase
the resonant frequency.
49 50
Exercise (3)
( ) Exercise (4)
4 U
4. Use program CAVITY to t show
h howh the
th quality
lit factor
f t off a
3. For the cavity dimensions provided in Table I, the quality
given mode varies with the cavity length L (keeping other
factors of the first three modes (=1, 2, 3) are, respectively,
parameters fixed).
fixed) Give three reasons to explain the rapid
439, 116, and 56 (see output data in Appendix A). Give two
increase of Q with L.
reasons to explain the rapid drop of Q with the axial mode
number .
Sol: A shorter cavity stores less field energy which further reduces
the Q value.
g
Sol: Higher l number modes have higherg resonant frequencies
q
which result in (i) less reflection from the open end and (ii)
higher group velocity of the wave. Both effects lead to greater
diffraction loss through the open end and hence the decrease in
Q values
51 52
Exercise (5) Exercise (6) and (7)
5. With reference to Fig. 1, assume that a traveling wave propagating to the left 6. Assume that the output p waveguide
g section of the open
p cavityy
is totally reflected at z=z2 and a traveling wave propagating to the right is
partially reflected at z=z3 with reflection coefficient . Show by the multiple
(see Fig. 1, z z4) is terminated in a slightly mismatched load.
reflection approach (see R.E. Collin, II Foundations for Microwave Explain qualitatively how the load will affect the resonant
Engineering", 1st edition, pp. 340-343 and Eq. (49) in Ref.10 of Appendix F) frequency and Q of the cavity.
that the diffraction Q is approximately given by
1/2 7. Use program CAVITY to verify
4 L 2
Q ( ) your answer to Exercise (6) by
1 adding a smooth bump on the
where λ is the free space wavelength of the resonant mode.
mode Compare this wall
ll off the
th output
t t waveguideid to
t
relation with the scaling of Q with respect to θ, l, and L as considered in
simulate the effects of the
Exercises (2)-(4). Note that depends on the taper angle and resonant
freq enc and that is a function
frequency f nction of and L.
L If wall
all losses are included,
incl ded show
sho mismatched load.
that the combined diffractive/ Ohmic Q is given by the above equation with
replaced by exp(-2kzL), where is the attenuation constant which can be
evaluated
l d from
f Eq. (10)
( ) off Appendix
di E.
53 54
55 56
Exercise (10) Exercise (11)
11 Program CAVITY calculates Q by its time domain definition (denoted by
11.
10. Write a computer program based on the spectral domain formalism in Sec. II of superscript “t”) Q (t) r
2 i
Appendix F to:
• verify your answers to Exercises (8) and (9) While the spectral domain formalism yields Q by its spectral domain definition
• calculate the reflection coefficient assumed in Exercise (5) as a function of (denoted by superscript “ω”) Q ( )
the wave frequency.
q y
• calculate the reflection coefficient at the smooth bump assumed in Exercise h Δ ω is
where i the
th FWHM bandwidth.
b d idth Compare
C numerical
i l runs made
d with
ith
(7) as a function of the wave frequency. program CAVITY with those made with the program developed in Exercise (10)
to show that, for the same mode of a low Q open cavity, the two definitions of Q
do not yield the same result and (t ) ( )
Sol: RFS or RFS2 Q Q
Explain
p this result qqualitatively.
y
j
i j t t
f (x, t ) f j (x)e
2 Q(j t )
1 1 i
f (x, )
2 0
f (x, t )eit dt
2
f
j
j ( x)
j i j 2Q (jt )
1 i 1 i
f f
2
f (x, ) ( x) *
( x)
2 j
j
j i j 2Q (jt ) 2 j
j
j i j 2Q (j t )
57 ... Q ( t ) Q ( ) 58
59 60
Part III
Appendix: Dispersion Relation for a Lossy Waveguide Spectral-Domain Analysis of Open Cavities
D i ti off the
Derivation th loss
l factor
f t in i Eq.
E (19) off Appendix
A di F.
F
Reason: Cold tests of open cavities almost always employ the
method of frequency sweeping and Q is measured by its spectral
p ω) where Δω is the
domain definition ((hence denoted byy superscript
p
Jackson, Chap. 8
full width between the half maxima of the resonant line.
Q lit factor
Quality f t off the
th cavity:
it
c m2 2 Time-domain definition:
2 k z2c 2 cmn
2
1 (1 i ) 1 0
rw x 2 m2 2 Q ( t ) r
field
fi ld energy
r
mn mn
power loss 2 i
Frequency-domain definition:
0 What is the difference
Q ( )
between these two definitions?
61 62
Frequency-domain model: Iterative integration, each time with an improved guess for ω,
? will eventually converge to a correct solution for ω, and f(z) will
C
Complex
l reflection
fl ti coefficient
ffi i t satisf all the bo
satisfy boundary
ndar conditions
conditions.
Γ
63 64
Frequency Response Numerical Results
Numerical results obtained under the temporal and spectral
models for the cavity dimensions in Table I with different output
t
taper angles
l θ . TE11l were calculated.
l l t d fc is
i the
th cutoff
t ff frequency
f off
the main body of the cavity.
65 66
Example I Example II
Frequency
q y Tunable Terahertz Gyrotron
y 394 GHz Frequency
q y Tunable Terahertz Gyrotron
y 203 GHz
Using Open Cavity Structure With Mode Selectivity
N l mechanism:
Novel h i R fl t d gyrotron
Reflected t b k d
backward-wave oscillator
ill t
An on-going research with
J
Japan F
Fukui
k iUUniv.
i
T. H. Chang*, T. Idehara, I. Ogawa, L. Agusu, C. C. Chiu, and S. Kobayashi, “Frequency tunable gyrotron using
backward-wave components”, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 063304 (2009).
67 68
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