Burj Khalifa

Burj Khalifa
Carolina Berkheimer-Lubeck, Michael Clariday, Sarah Lawley, Chloe Mengers, Cristina Robalino
Content
Overview
Main Structural System
Foundation
Lateral Resisting System
Loads
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/6c/3b/82/6c3b827f95a4edb54dd99f56e533f1c4.jpg
Overview Structural System Foundation Lateral Resisting System Loads
Architect –
Adrian Smith at SOM
Structural Engineer –
Bill Baker at SOM
Developer –
Emaar Properties
http://www.arabianbusiness.com/incoming/article417990.ece/ALTERNATES/g3l/CM1761668@adrian+smith_NIK2.jpg
“Test the limits of reinforced concrete”

“A tall tower would not
only give the master
plan an identity, but
would also become the
identity for EMAAR and
the Country of Dubai”
- Adrian Smith
Location – 1 Sheikh
Mohammed bin Rashid
Boulevard, Dubai, United
Arab Emirates
Construction Started –
January 6th, 2004
Completed – December 31st,
2009
Cost - $1.5 Billion in USD
http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/2007/burj_dubai_location.jpg
http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/2007/construction_timeline_05.24-11.23.jpg
Architectural Height –
828 m (2717 ft)
Tip Height – 829.8 m

(2722 ft)
Top Floor – 584.5 m

(1918 ft) (Level 154)
Observatory – 555.7 m
(1823 ft) (Level 148)
http://balichws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Burj-Khalifa-Light-Show-1280x800.jpg
http://static.gulfnews.com/polopoly_fs/1.562019!/image/4014030202.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_790522/4014030202.jpg
Program - hotels, commercial space,

entertainment space, offices, and residential
spaces
Material – Glass, steel, aluminum, and

reinforced concrete
Floor Count – 163 above ground, 154 usable

floors plus 9 maintenance levels, 46 spire
levels, 2 below ground parking levels
Floor Area – 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 ft2)
Elevators – 57 (55 single deck and 2 double

deck) by Otis Elevator Company
Tower Form and Concept

The initial concept for the design of the Burj Khalifa originated from the hymenocallis flower , and spiral
minarets that are an important part of Islamic architecture.
Tower Form and Concept

The form was designed based on how to address the effect of the wind on the structure.
The wind force increases as the height of the building increases
How did they solve this?
Key Objectives
Design a system that is strong, stiff, and

effective
To achieve this, they used the latest

technology in materials available locally,
latest innovation in analysis, design,
materials, and construction methods.
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Main Elements
The main structural system for this
megastructure has been named a
“buttressed core”. This new structural
system allows for a dramatic increase in
height.
The structural system consists of a three-
winged structure anchored to a strong
hexagonal central core, each wing is
buttressed to the other to provide a highly
stable system.
The central core provides the torsional
resistance for the building, while the wings
provide the shear resistance and increased
moment of inertia
Main Elements
The three wings attached to the central core
have four bays each, forming a Y-shaped plan.
At every seventh level one outer bay is removed
from one of the wings as the tower spirals up.
The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and
hotel usage, with the wings allowing maximum
outward views and inward natural light.
Main Elements
Within the wings, corridor walls

extend from the hexagonal
core to almost the end of the
wing and end on thick walls
named hammerhead walls.
With the addition of flat plate

floor construction and
perimeter columns, the entire
structural system of the Burj
Khalifa acts like a single unit
creating a tower that acts as
one giant concrete beam
cantilevering from the ground.
Structural Materials & Facade

High performance concrete with high compressive strength
Structural steel with a diagonally braced lateral system for the spire
Special exterior cladding specifically designed to withstand the temperature changes and wind forces
Existing Conditions
Geotechnical investigation: by Grahame
Bunce of Hyder Consulting, the geotechnical
engineer for the project and Harry G. Poulos
of Coffey Geotechnics who is a technical
reviewer for the geological aspects
Geotechnical investigations used various
techniques using boreholes (roughly 30
boreholes were drilled).
Located on the Arabian Gulf = marine
sediments http://www.lahistoriaconmapas.com/atlas/capital-map/dubai-capital-map.htm
Low-lying land where sea level has changed

throughout the periods
Located on the edge of the Arabian plate and
close to Iranian Fold Belt = seismic area
http://www.oobject.com/construction-of-the-burj-dubai/burj-dubai-foundation/6900/
Structural Overview
Reinforced concrete raft that is 3.7 meter thick and made
of High Performance Self Compacting Concrete
Cathodic Protection System that creates a barrier to

keep “eroding chemicals” from ground water affecting
the concrete
Low permeability and high density = greater protection

from ground water
12500 cubic meters poured in four pours for raft

foundation
192 piles that are 47 meters in length. http://www.slideshare.net/astoria104/foundation-deisgn-of-burj-khalifa
1.5 meters in diameter (piles) and placed 3.75 meters

apart from center-to-center
Structural Overview
Reinforced concrete raft that is 3.7 meter thick and made
of High Performance Self Compacting Concrete
Cathodic Protection System that creates a barrier to

keep “eroding chemicals” from ground water affecting
the concrete
Low permeability and high density = greater protection

from ground water
12500 cubic meters poured in four pours for raft

foundation
192 piles that are 47 meters in length.

http://www.slideshare.net/astoria104/foundation-deisgn-of-burj-khalifa
1.5 meters in diameter (piles) and placed 3.75 meters

apart from center-to-center
Structural Overview
Allows entrance from on-grade to the first set of
levels
Varying heights and entrances, allows for a

transition between the three sides of the building
Entrances have glazing and allow for separate

http://imresolt.blogspot.com/2009/12/burj-dubai-entrance-and-podium.html
points of entry for the various levels including
corporate levels, the Armani Hotel, and the
private personal residences within the building.
Structure of Podium: suspended cable net

The winding tiers begin from this staggered
https://www.blogger.com/blogin.g?blogspotURL=http://carsocars.blogspot.com/2012/04/burj-khalifa.html
base.
Wind Engineering
Determining the affect of
wind on a building
Over 40 studies done in

wind tunnel
Design Models
Construction Models
http://www.aboutcivil.org/burj-khalifa-design-construction-structural-details.html
http://gizmodo.com/how-much-do-
skyscrapers-actually-move-
1707522178
Building Orientation
Y-shape helps control wind
pressure
6 wind directions
Building responds better to

major wind impact on wings
http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/Pliki/materialy/dydaktyka/budynki_wysokie/dyplom/budynki/burj%20dubai%20tower/Irw05.pdf
Heavy wind directions in

Dubai: Northwest and South
https://www.windfinder.com/forecast/dubai
Core and Spire

Hexagonal Concrete Core 700 feet tall
Resists torsion Over 400 tons of structural steel
Walls up to 1300mm (50inches) thick Structural pipes up to 1200 mm (47
inches) in diameter
http://burj-khalifa.readabout.org/construction/
http://metro.co.uk/2011/12/07/tom-cruise-sits-on-top-of-worlds-tallest-building-
for-mission-impossible-246794/
Wind Design
‘Confuses the wind’ to prevent

vortex shedding
Rotating Steps Backward
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1892/burj-
khalifa
https://keepitupdavid.wordpress.com/201
2/05/25/lego/
Multiframe
Shear Diagram Moment Diagram Axial Force Diagram

Seismic Design
Dubai is classified as a UBC97 Zone 2 seismic
region with a seismic zone factor of Z=0.15
and the soil profile is Sc
It is a ‘bundled tube with various heights
combined in a three wing shape.’
Does not govern the design of the reinforced
concrete structure
Was recognized in the design of the
reinforced concrete Podium buildings and the
spire composed of structural steel
http://www.aboutcivil.org/imajes/Floor-analysis-model-of-bur-dubai.jpg
Loading
Over 58,900 cubic yards of concrete was used to
construct the concrete and steel foundation
The concrete core walls used 80 MPa of concrete

from ground level to a vertical height of 601 meters
The perimeter columns are sized to match the same

stress on the interior corridor walls
Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the

columns to participate in lateral load resistance
All of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both

gravity and lateral loads
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kWBAtgcigZY/maxresdefault.jpg
Key Design
Part of the load in a reinforced concrete column is
transferred from the concrete to rebar
This reduces creep
Rebar in the columns and walls at Level 135
support about 15% of the load and the concrete
supports 85%
After 30 years, rebar will support 30% and
concrete supports 80%
The force in rebar increases as the steel ration is
increased and/or as the total load decreases.
In Conclusion
Latest modern Marvel
Tallest Man-made structure in the world
Race for the next Tallest building is on
https://images.arcadis.com/media/3/0/C/%7B30C7B149-6EB2-4D97-8257-5554E2A9B83B%7DBurj-
Gallery1a_001.jpg?width=1005&height=503&mode=crop&anchor=top
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/6c/3b/82/6c3b827f95a4edb54dd99f56e533f1c4.jpg
Sources
~Any photos not marked came from Google
• http://www.geomarc.it/Poulos_&_Bunce_2008.pdf
• http://www.ctbuh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=DUN2DTspi%2Fs%3D&tabid=468&language=en-US
• Abdelrazaq, Ahmad. "Validating the Structural Behavior and Response of Burj Khalifa: Synopsis of the Full Scale Structural Health Monitoring Programs." N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
• http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/structures.aspx
• "Structural Elements." Structures | Burj Khalifa. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
• http://www.iabse.org/Images/Publications_PDF/SEI/SEI.Burj%20Dubai.pdf
• Baker, Bill, and James Pawlikowski. "The Design and Construction of the World's Tallest Building: The Burj Khalifa, Dubai." Structural Engineering International 25.4 (2015): 389-94. Web.
• http://www.aboutcivil.org/burj-khalifa-design-construction-structural-details.html
• "Design, Construction & Structural Details of Burj Al Khalifa." Design, Construction & Structural Details of Burj Al Khalifa | Tallest Skyscraper. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
• http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1892/burj-khalifa
• "Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Burj Dubai or Tower of Kahlifa)." Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Burj Dubai or Tower of Kahlifa) | Archinomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
• https://sites.google.com/site/burjkhalifatower/directory
• "Materials - Burj Khalifa." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
• Post, Randy. "Foundations and Geotechnical Engineering for the Burj Dubai – World's Tallest
• Building | GeoPrac.net." Foundations and Geotechnical Engineering for the Burj Dubai – World's
• Tallest Building | GeoPrac.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2016.
• Sugandha, Suman Saurav, and Hemant Chhabra. "Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Burj Dubai or Tower of
• Kahlifa)." Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Burj Dubai or Tower of Kahlifa) | Archinomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24
• Nov. 2016

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What is the initial concept for the design of the Burj Khalifa?

What is the initial concept for the design of the Burj Khalifa?

How did the designers address the effect of wind on the structure as the height increases?

How did the designers address the effect of wind on the structure as the height increases?

Burj Khalifa

“Test the limits of reinforced concrete”

Tip Height – 829.8 m

Top Floor – 584.5 m

Program - hotels, commercial space,

Material – Glass, steel, aluminum, and

Floor Count – 163 above ground, 154 usable

Floor Area – 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 ft2)

Elevators – 57 (55 single deck and 2 double

Tower Form and Concept

Tower Form and Concept

Design a system that is strong, stiff, and

To achieve this, they used the latest

Within the wings, corridor walls

With the addition of flat plate

Structural Materials & Facade

Low-lying land where sea level has changed

Cathodic Protection System that creates a barrier to

Low permeability and high density = greater protection

12500 cubic meters poured in four pours for raft

192 piles that are 47 meters in length. http://www.slideshare.net/astoria104/foundation-deisgn-of-burj-khalifa

1.5 meters in diameter (piles) and placed 3.75 meters

Cathodic Protection System that creates a barrier to

Low permeability and high density = greater protection

12500 cubic meters poured in four pours for raft

192 piles that are 47 meters in length.

1.5 meters in diameter (piles) and placed 3.75 meters

Varying heights and entrances, allows for a

Entrances have glazing and allow for separate

Structure of Podium: suspended cable net

Over 40 studies done in

Building responds better to

Heavy wind directions in

Core and Spire

‘Confuses the wind’ to prevent

Rotating Steps Backward

Shear Diagram Moment Diagram Axial Force Diagram

The concrete core walls used 80 MPa of concrete

The perimeter columns are sized to match the same

Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the

All of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both

Latest modern Marvel

Tallest Man-made structure in the world

Race for the next Tallest building is on

• Tallest Building | GeoPrac.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2016.

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