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    Geotechnical Engineering-I

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    Muhammad Irfan
    This document provides a summary of the key points from a lecture on soil formation and types of soils. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by physical and chemical processes. The main types of weathering are mechanical/physical and chemical weathering. The document outlines various soil deposits including residual, transported, and organic soils. It describes different soil structures such as single-grained, honeycombed, and flocculent. Common clay minerals like kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are also summarized. The document concludes by listing reference materials for further reading on geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics fundamentals.

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    Geotechnical Engineering-I

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Irfan
    303 views15 pages
    This document provides a summary of the key points from a lecture on soil formation and types of soils. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by physical and chemical processes. The main types of weathering are mechanical/physical and chemical weathering. The document outlines various soil deposits including residual, transported, and organic soils. It describes different soil structures such as single-grained, honeycombed, and flocculent. Common clay minerals like kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are also summarized. The document concludes by listing reference materials for further reading on geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics fundamentals.

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    BSc Geotechnical engineering

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    This document provides a summary of the key points from a lecture on soil formation and types of soils. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by physical and chemical processes. The main types of weathering are mechanical/physical and chemical weathering. The document outlines various soil deposits including residual, transported, and organic soils. It describes different soil structures such as single-grained, honeycombed, and flocculent. Common clay minerals like kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are also summarized. The document concludes by listing reference materials for further reading on geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics fundamentals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    303 views15 pages

    Geotechnical Engineering-I

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Irfan
    This document provides a summary of the key points from a lecture on soil formation and types of soils. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by physical and chemical processes. The main types of weathering are mechanical/physical and chemical weathering. The document outlines various soil deposits including residual, transported, and organic soils. It describes different soil structures such as single-grained, honeycombed, and flocculent. Common clay minerals like kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are also summarized. The document concludes by listing reference materials for further reading on geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics fundamentals.

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    of 15

    Geotechnical Engineering–I [CE-221]

    BSc Civil Engineering – 4th Semester

    Lecture # 2
    27-Jan-2017

    by
    Dr. Muhammad Irfan
    Assistant Professor
    Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
    Email: mirfan1@msn.com
    Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/geotech-i
    1
    SOIL FORMATION
    Soil is formed due to the weathering of rocks.

    Weathering
    Weathering is a process whereby an intact rock mass
    is decomposed or broken into a loose material by the
    action of various atmospheric agents.

    Types of Weathering
    1. Mechanical/Physical Weathering
    2. Chemical Weathering
    2
    MECHANICAL WEATHERING
    Mechanical weathering • Soils formed by mechanical
    agents; weathering have the same
    1. Temperature changes composition as that of the
    2. Freezing & Thawing parent rock.
    3. Erosion/Abrasion due to • Soils formed by mechanical
    flowing of water/wind weathering retains the
    minerals and material fibers as
    4. Natural disasters
    that of the parent rock.
    (landsides, earthquakes,
    etc) • Coarse grained soils (gravels,
    sands and their mixtures) are
    5. Activities by plants,
    the examples of mechanical
    animals, humans, etc.
    weathering.

    3
    CHEMICAL WEATHERING
    • Weathering caused by Chemical weathering processes;
    decomposition of rock 1. Oxidation
    mineral by different chemical 2. Carbonation
    processes such as oxidation,
    3. Hydration
    hydration, carbonation,
    leaching, solution, etc is 4. Leaching
    known as chemical 5. Solution
    weathering.
    • Different types of clays (Search for single line definition of the
    and organic soils are the these + major problems associated with
    them)
    common soils formed by
    chemical weathering.

    4
    ROCK-SOIL CYCLE
    Igneous He
    ng at
    li +
    o
    co Rocks Pr

    M
    n e ss
    e

    e lt
    h ur
    s t ss

    ing f dee
    e+

    Weathering
    k
    o c ma

    o
    So

    an p ro
    r
    ep lten lu

    dt
    e t io
    f d mo

    he c ks
    o n

    nc
    n g o f
    i

    oo
    elt

    li n
    M Weathering

    g
    Sedimentary Weathering Metamorphic
    Rocks SOIL
    compression +
    cementation
    Rocks

    Heat + Pressure + Solution


    5
    SOIL DEPOSITS
    1. Residual soil deposits
    i. Coarse grained
    ii. Fine grained
    2. Transported soil deposits
    i. Alluvial deposits
    ii. Aolean deposits
    iii. Colluvial deposits
    iv. Glacial deposits
    v. Lucastrine deposits
    vi. Marine deposits
    vii. Pyroclastic deposits
    3. Organic soil deposits
    i. Peat (partially decomposed organic matter)
    ii. Muck (completely decomposed organic matter)
    6
    RESIDUAL vs TRANSPORTED SOILS
    Residual soils Transported soils
    Deposited at the place of Moved and deposited at
    decomposition. other places.
    • Properties of coarse grained · Particle size generally depends
    soils generally depend upon on mode of transportation
    size of particles. · Transported soils can be
    • Properties of fine-grained categorize based on the mode
    soils are greatly influenced by of transportation and
    mineral content, moisture deposition.
    content, etc.
    • The knowledge of "classical"
    geotechnical engineering is
    mostly based on behavior of
    transported soils. The
    understanding of residual
    soils is insufficient in general.
    7
    TRANSPORTED SOILS
    1. Glacial soils: formed by transportation and deposition of
    glaciers.
    2. Alluvial soils: transported by running water and deposited
    along streams.
    3. Lacustrine soils: formed by deposition in quiet lakes.
    4. Marine soils: formed by deposition in the seas.
    5. Aeolian soils: transported and deposited by the wind.
    6. Colluvial soils: formed by movement of soil from its
    original place by gravity, such as during landslide.
    7. Pyroclastic soils: materials ejected from volcanoes, and
    transported through gravity and wind, etc.

    8
    SOIL TEXTURE & SOIL STRUCTURE
    Soil Texture → Appearance /feel of soil.
    1. Coarse textured soils (sands, gravels, etc)
    2. Fine textured soils (silts, clays)
    Fg α (Dia)3
    Inter-Particle Forces
    Fs α (Dia)2
    1. Weight of soil particles, Fg
    2. Particle surface forces, Fs Fg/Fs α Dia
    • In case of coarse textured soils Fg is dominating.
    • In case of fine textured soils Fs dominates.

    Soil Fabric: geometric arrangement of soil particles.


    Soil Structure: geometric arrangement + inter-particle forces
    9
    TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURES
    1. Single grained structure
    2. Honey-combed structure
    3. Flocculent structure

    Flocculant structure

    Single-grained soil structure Honey-combed soil structure

    10
    TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURES (contd…)
    Single Grained Structure
    • Formed by the suspension of coarse-grained particles in a soil-fluid
    suspension.
    • Generally formed by cohesionless particles (e.g. sands)
    • In loose form soils may be weak and unstable but quality can be
    improved by compaction.

    Single-grained soil structure

    11
    TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURES (contd…)
    Honey Combed/Cellular Structure
    • Formed by the particles having inter-particular attraction
    (cohesion) greater than their weight.
    • Structure having large voids inside.
    • Meta-stable structure.
    • May be stable under static loads but can fail upon
    vibrations or dynamic load application.

    Honey-combed soil structure

    12
    TYPES OF SOIL STRUCTURES (contd…)
    Flocculent Structure
    • Formed by very small sized particles (< 5x10-4cm)
    • Soil particles floating at the surface join together and form
    flocs. Settling down of flocs give rise to flocculent structure.
    • Double honey-combed structure.

    Flocculant structure

    13
    COMMON CLAY MINERALS
    1. Kaolinite
    2. Illite
    3. Montmorillonite

    (details from An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering by Holtz &


    Kovacs; Chapter #4)

    14
    REFERENCE MATERIAL
    An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (2nd Edition)
    By R. D. Holtz, W. D. Kovacs and T. C. Sheahan
    Chapter #2; Chapter #4

    Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics


    By M. S. Qureshi & Aziz Akbar
    Chapter #1; Chapter #2

    CONCLUDED
    15

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