AH£!tlcAj'l T()V(l.NAL OF (H.

,CHAEoL06,(
'1.36, {13Z
ELEUSIS IN THE 13HO N l':r~ AGE I

TilE cl assical relics of Eleusis and the probll'ms l·""", ·cll·d " 'ith them ha"e naturally
absorbed the interest of scholars until now. COJ"p:lI·ati v~l .r little attention has been
paid to tb e prehistoric re mains, alt houg h th<,,' W('r( ' brought to lig ht m ore tban
thirty· fj,·c years ago.' :\.t that timt', through II,,· ,·xcavntiollS and publications of
the late Professor Andreas Skin s, it bl'came know" t.hal the southwestern slope of
th e Eleusinian hill preseJTed important lind ",\'""d"nt prehistoric remain s.' The
paJt of th e hill exca"at~d in 1895, 1893, and l!IO,:!. y ielded a gn·at nlllnber of "ases
and she rds of the Broll"e Age.' That " rca. ho\\'( 'I"' 1', was oCt'upi ~d or used in later
years, especia ll.y in th~ Geometric pe riod wllt'li it sf')'n: d as a c('m<..·t<..~r'y." Conse­
quently the pr~hi sto ri c remains \\"ere gr<.'~t tl y dislllrh<.'d and the determination of
their nature was difficult. if not impossi ble. a.t " I ;IIH' IVh~n th e knowledge of pre·
histo ry W<lS limited Lo tlw disco\'eries of Schlicillallil (11011<:'.
Professor S kias, wh ose carefu l digging and s(" i( ' lIt ifie pr(;'sentat ion of the finds still
command the well-merited admiration or modI"''' (·xc(t\"ator;;. 1)(,lie\·(,d tl);1t the
soulhwestern slope of tlw hill "'.5 a prehi, t,;ri" ""IJI<' I,'r,' and that the hodies of the
d ead were c remated in that arefl. TIl<.' ,"<lSI'=, ; Illd sherds disco n :'rt·d \\'ere the
H.u:p iul1 G.;a, or the offerings buri t"u with tht, a.slH'=' or the deeeCised. Since a good

many of those ,'ases belonged to the :\liddle H ('Ii;"lic ""riod, the practice of c rema­

tion at the beginning of the second millenn iulll Il('f .. l'(· Chrisl seellled e~tab li s hed but

evide nce obttl.ineu fro III the :\liddle Heliadic s il,'s ,·,(·",·"t('<1 sin ce Professo r Skias'

work pro" ed that crelllation ,,~as not pn,c!iced ill III<' 'fiddle H"liad i(' period.' The

purpose of th t' prehistoric esca"ation s conducl<'d in I.h " S UUllller, of l!l:JO 'J1ld of 1931

was Lo de termine the exact nature of the pn' hi=, l<;ric re main s known to exist at

I A preliminary report on the prehistoric ex.cayations ('owlll( 'l(:d at li:1l'usis in ]930 alld ill 1931.

The final report of th ese exc;l\·atioll'-; with stud ies by Dr. K. f{o!lrouniole>i i,.; heing prinled by the
Archaeolog ica l De parlmenl of th e )Iinistry of Edu ca.lion or (;n :t.-<:c in 11. ~pc<..ial \'OIUlll<" in lhe seri es of
the ArclwcolQgikon Dcltion.
ZFor a. bri er de5Criplion or the hnd s, cf- A. J. ll. '''aet: ,111.1 j\J . S. TllOlllp:-on. Jlrchi$ton'c Thcssaly.

CaUluridge. 19] Q, p. 2'l2, and D . .Fillllllen. Die krctir,·ch-IJI.'jln,i.'o;r.!tc KlIttu'r. lkrlin, 19-!1. p. 9.

'Arch. [ph.• 1898. pp. Q8 If.: 1 91~ . PI'. , If.

4 Th ey were chronologica lly arranged in the ~Iu ~ell m or Ekll:;is and cat alogued by my classmate,

Nicos Laska ri s, whose unlimel., ' death has depriyed Greek ~·icJl(·t! or a. most en lhllsia~tic and promising
worker.
~ A. Sk ias, op. cit., 1898, pp . 90 fr. and pL:,;. Q-j. and I!)) '!. PJI . 31 fr . D. Philios . . 1rch. Eph. , 1889,
pp. 171 ft. , especia lly p. 177 . Dip.'·lon "ases were round Ilt a dc(.th of fo ur meters helow the surface or
the soil.
6 Cj. A. Ski'lts, op. cit., 191 2. pp. 2:1 fL, where the literatul"I' n.:~~rdillg tbi~ contrO\'er~y is gi"en in note

2. F. Poul sen, in hi s Die Dipylongriibcr und die DipyIOlII.'ll.l'ftrl., Leip~ig, 1905. p. 3, rightly states that
the ashes discovered by Skias were formed from the d cs lnwliun by fire or prehisloric villa.ges. ,race
a.nd Thompsou, ap. cit., p. 222, seem lo accept the theory or cremalion. For other excavated ~IiddJe
HeHadi c siles cf. esp ec ially Carl ,Yo Blegen, Korakou (H)2 l); H. I3ulle, Orchomenos (1907); H. Gold­
man, "Eulresis," Fogg A rt Afuseum S oles, September, 192i, all(] O. Froedin and A. ,Yo Persson, Rapport
preliminaire sur lea fouilles d'Asine. 1922-1924, Lund, 19!15. Allhe time of the preparation of this )
st.udy the final publication of Miss Goldman (Excavations al Elltresia in Boeotia, 1931) was not in
circulation.
104

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

OF AMERICA
 105

Eleusis, to It"'e"1 a guud spec imen of them and 10 proye or reject the theory of the
earlier explorNs 01 the si ll"
The area tes ted and excayated in Ino and in 1931 lies illlll1edi nteiv to the nor th
uf the part of the slope explured hy Professo'r Skias and t o the so~thwest of the
;'IIuseum. It is hounded to the east by the l'pigmph icul workroum , to the west by
the sO-<?<llled Ihol os tomb ,' to the south hy the smnll palh of the cypress trees and to
Ihe north b,· the pin e gTO '·l'. ·1 Th e prehistoric acculllulation had an average dept h
of2.8J Ill. It Wa, cumpletely disturbed al the " ·est end of the excavated area, partly
so about its cen k r ,'lld altogelher undisturbed at ils eas t end.' Th e central sectio ll

a lit! the con( ent::; o f trellc hes D and E ]lro\'e<1 to be \'e r~ ' interesting, as they con­
tained remains helonging t o prehi stu ric and his toric tilll l'.'; ( Fig. 1). Th e first layer,
I I 11 m dc-(·pl.,· ,g r<l t dlll 10 Dr. 1-:. l':O IlrOli nintl''', D i rt'dor of th e (. 1"(:('1.: .\n:IIiH-ologi("'11 Servi<:e. Hot
Ol dy fo r th e pr i\- ilt'.!!(· l u cxe<l \'i'lc a t flt·II.. . j... and t o ('Olltll \lH: th e wor l.: of Illy pmfl':;."Ior, th e lat e Andreas
:':' kias. b ut a h o ror hi ~ ('ons bUlt :I(h i ( ' (' a..n d htd» in th e fidJ and ill tlu.: \\ OrkrVt)lll. .\ Iso to the Ameri('"an
:'<:1.001o f Clll~.s ica l .s tlHli ("..; at .\thell:- <1IHI c:' jlt"(" iall.,· 10 J>ro l"..·...;:ior Ed ,\md Ca l'jl:i. \\"IJ05C fin ancial help
Jllade th e t'.H'a n lt ion poss ih! c. 1 ,,",m t \0 n: prCS5 Ill ." th:1 llk .. t o Ill ." n 5~ i !' t n nt ."). :\Jr. George llakalakis •
.:'d r. John Tbrepsi<Jck-;, th{' epimcleles of EI ('u s i.~. ,,\11". .IOllH Trado.::i. the ar<. h it l!.c t o f the exca,·a tions.
for lht' ir iJld u;; tr~' a ll d ellthll -;ia.,m to wh i(·h t hesuaes5 o f th e worl.: "\.\·<J $ largc l.,· dIL e. To th e foreman of
11.le excll"alio tl s anJ gua rd of th e ..\IllS(,lllll, ..\ [r. E . .l\.ehagh in s, and to tlt e 1"l15c- mcnder, .Mr. ll . Yia n­
Illkos.1 am ind eb t ed for their whole-hearteJ Ol ss istan('c and d e'·ot. ion to lil e "·or l.: . To Professo r George
W. E lderk in 1 i\.m gra teful for rI,'ading the manuscript aile! for vl.I lu 81)le s ugg<"5 ti on s,
:Cr A. Skins. OJ}. ci f. , 1 91~. pp. I S ft". and p1. 3. III J9;JU :111 <1 in th e a dj atell t hill o f St. N i('olas. fl
,"?co lld s.i milIJr s truc ture WflS Jiscoyered. proying that th e known tholos tom b o f Eleus is was probably it
{· lstern. Abollt th ese .struct ures Dr. l-\:o llwunio tes wi ll pul)ti::; h sh orll .,· a :: peeia l s~ udy.
I Small trenchcs dug higher lip a.nd at J iA'eren t plan:::; pron d thaI th e ~ I ope to the t op o f the hjll is
('OVcreJ t\' jth p rehistOri C rema.ins.
I T.he digging was done in parallel trcnehe5 rUllning app rox imately frow east t (l west and measu ring

2 lIl. In wiJtb and in h"POlheticalla.Yer5 or 0.30 lll. Sne n trenches. A-H, ~ere dug at the west sec lion
and rour, D-H, at th~ central and ~a5t section of the exca"ated area.
 lOG GEORGE E. ~lYLO:\,"S

0.15 m. in~d epth ,'yi~lded sherds belonging to the prehistoric as well as to the classical
and Roman tim es; they were evidently ,va.shed dO lm from higher points of the slope
b~· the rain. The second layer belonged to Roman times, to the first century D.C.
as we lea rn from coins found in it, and in trenches D and E had its maximum depth
of 0.50 m.' 'fhe third stratum, of an average depth of 1.00 m., belonged to the
Geometric ·p eriod.' Under the foundations of the geometric walls was found an
undisturbed prehistoric filling belonging to the Late Helladic and to the Middle
Helladic periods ..' In these trenches the La te Helladic stratum had an average
thickness of 1.00 m., and that dating from the :'I1iddle H elladic period only about 0.20
n1. In trendles Z and H, howenr, the Late Helladic accumulation had an average
depth 011.00 m., while that olthe :'I1iddle Helladic period had l.50 m.· The rock was
found covered with a layer of ashes, pro\'ing that the first and oldest Middle Helladic
dlage "·as destroo'ed by fire.' .\ second lao·er of ashes separated tbe Middle Hella,
dic fillin g int o two strata." Tlwre ,,·a s no division noticeable at many places

F IG. 2.-RE:\I.\l.'\ S _H E... .sT SECTl O".: or Exc.. . y:\n;o . \l tE\

lwtwecll the :'I1i<ld'" Helladic II and tllP Late Helladic I filling. There wa s no _
break ,,·hatenr in the whole e"canted area di,·iding the Late Hella.dic filling Hnd
! Th e \\'<lll..' f- (·hO,lI11d ill the: lower corner or ngure 1 ))lur ks lht' (;'1\d or the Roman le\'Cl. It wa s fOllnd
in trench D. "
~ 'YaH;:; mark ed " 3" in figure 1 are geometric, Th ey were f01lnd in trenches D and E.
J " "ails and th e floor marked" h"' in figure I belong to th e 1. H. 1 period. They were [oHnd in , .
trench es E and Z.
~ " 'alls Ihark ed «(''' in figure 1 are :Jliddle Helbdi('. Th c~' were fo und in trenches Z and H. j
~ Professo r Skias found a great quantit;.' of ashes sepa rat ed in small sec tions by the geometric con­
structions. This led him to bel ie\-e that they were th e remnants oJ pyres. ~~
<i Thus the l\Iiddle Hellaclic period at Eleusis can be di"id ed in th e two subdivisions, In. H. I and

!\I. H. II, of \race and Blegen . (C(. "The Pre.2U yccnaean Pottery of the l\.{ainland," In B.S.A. ::\.'"XII {"
(1916-18), p. 187.) ..
 ELEliSIS lCi THE BRO:\ZE ,~GE ]07

".rind into the three subdivisions of Professor Carl 'II'. Blegen (L. B. I - II-III),'
:,,,1 th e 1,ate H elladic civilization ,'valved gr<ldua ll y from its older to its later form.
This ,vas especially noticeable at the east section of Ul€' excav~tion, where the
lillill~. of an a"erage thickness of 2.85 m. , was lIndisturbed a nd dated from the
Hroll'ze Age (Fig. 2). The Late Bellad ic rem'lins were 5epa rat ed from those belong­
ill" 10 the Middle Belladic period by a thick laye r o f ashes.' :\0 ind ication of a
h;~."k ,,',lS found in t he Late B elladi c filling, a"eraging 1.68 nL in thickness. Of the
,J,,-rds discovered in this filling th e Late Hdladic I were found in t be lower levels,
",hill' those of the kuown Late B ellad ic II and III t,'pes came from higher layers,
Hem"in, of bouses, proved be' the potter!' to belong to different periods, were found
(,lIl1ing each other or superposed (Fig, 2), II is e" ident tbat one house was con­
slnwkd "S soon as the pre\'iolls one became uninhabited by long use and proba bly
I'"rl of the older one was used by the lat er inhRbitants. .-\.t Ell'usis, therefore, we
f,,"'HI no evidence necessitating the ciiyision of the Late Helladic period iu to its
(II ree sllbd iv-isions:1
11 lila,' be added now that oni,' a few Earl,' H elladic sherds w('re found at the west
:-<{,(,(ion of the excavated a rea ano immedia tely und e r th e present surface of the hill
::I""g ",ilh other prehistoric a ud classica l ware, [" identl ,' they \wre was hed down
fl'Olll Ilii!her le"els of the hill. ",he re there llIighi ha\'(' existed an Early H elladic

!-d Ilt' llIcnt.-l

'I'll(' .II'chitcctura.l rema.ins 1II1co"cTed are prt'.'5c'!' \·ed in n fragmentary condition
owing 10 the great slope of the hill. TherE' are enough. hO"WE'\'er, to illustrate the
,,/':'11(' ,",d the methods of construction in the :lliddle Helladic and in the Late
Ikl}"dic periods. ]\:ot a single complete :lli c!dlc Helladic house was d iscovered , but
it i.. , ('kill" that so me of the ea rlif'st l"E'mnins uJlc'on:'r€'d belong to h ouses with all
"p.,i'/,,/ I':lok chamber .' In sha pe the apsida l ho uses oi Eleu, is <Ire s imil "" to t hose
di"coYcr('d at Tlwrmoll, KO I'<l.kou a nd Elltn~5j ::;..-I .fl nd t h e~- see lll to be di vid ed I,.'"
iTII.""" ,,'a ils into three d i";siol1 s. Their a p:;<:>:; . ho\Ye"('f. are more angular than
ein·nbr,· and the found ation walls of these <lp.s("~ <Ire " ery natTO\Y, avera.ging 0.30 m.
'c. n': HlcgclI: op. fit. , pp, 36 IT. I Ilot ;ce.d the same thing ;Jt Ill,\' exC'anltio!l:' of Haghios Kosnms.
In Ihnt si te also we haye no indicatioJI of a break hetv,eell the L. H, II and the L. H. III rem ains,
) Fig llrC 2. "'ails: 1:-0 nrc L. H .. \\'b ile P-H are ::'II. H, Th e Id l er T marks the layer of a:;hes
'~!'I~I~~aLillg I he .:\1. H. i ra]}) the L. H, filling, .
• J U:I g-rc'atcr degree "'e luwe no n' irl enc'e llc(·es ....:itating the ~Ldopt : OH of J, p, Harland's div is ions of
t)I!' IirlIIIZt' ,\g-r, O. P. Harlnnrl , "Thl' PdOpOllne.'iO.'i i ll t ilt' Bron%c- .\!!c." in lI(1rl"ardStudi& in Cla:'i$i­
~(JI J'lI.i/ol u!!y. :\XX1\' (l9~:3), pp. (j fl:". , and Prehi.~f{)ri(" At·;, il/a. P~lri "~ I!H.). p. 10,) On the contra ry,
J/J .\ tt 1("<1, a1 Iea~t as :sbown by the ex('ay<lt ion3 of Eleusis and Hag h io ~ f\:V$Jl) ;tS and h,' th e finds of Thor­

~Iw.," . 1Ii ('Y, do not seem to be El(Jpii('uhle. If thl're must he a d i\·j$ion at ,1 11 het\\ cen' the l\L H, a nd th e
.. II. perIOds, tll<tt must come frit l. I he appcaf<lIlre of th(' ~hcclla('aH \, ;lrr. One na.tura lL" wond ers
~dl(~I~I(-r ,.\CgilW E!('cor,Js wit h .-\.tticE! r i1t hN thau \" jt ll Argl),,';: 'a nd Corinthin. :l S it i ~ accepted by H nr­
I~r.': IL~l llts .".1 1If 1~· or th e island . T he in for mation gireu b~' Thue.\'(lides (I. 'l, '.20) tha.t the same trih es
~.\U III Albea (rom "the remot est p eriod" {probabh- frolll th e t ime of the ('oming of the first Ind o­
.r. llr(II H"~lll S inlo the H II ' p enmsu
. Ia )'IS l.uemg
• ., e eHlc .
proye' d true)y I our exca"ntJons..
Ou c p:llllled E. H. s hcrd , type C 11. 'Y85 among the finds of P rofessor Skins. Its provenance was
tlo t t('('unlt',1 ~ 'fh ' . ~ .
• I I' C r crnams of four apsldal hOlts('s 'were fOlllHl 1I1 t h e exra\"ated area.
.. r('11 /Jell 191 - 5231
fig. ~e. ' " ' oJ, p. , , g..... fi 0 C ,,-
. .1> egen, op. crf., p. 77, Ilg. 110. H ,G
n] . £!
0 Id man, op. cll.,
· 'p.3
{j ,
'.
_.:IJE'! tIlthnt
-.
.respeet they resemble tbe apse of Thermon rather than t he more (' ircular apses of Korakou
reslS.
 i08 (,EORGE £. 1I I. YW"AS

in thickness, so that they cou ld not support H heavy roof or one of an elaborate
character. The stone walls, rising on I." 0.30 m. above til<' floor le" els, se rved as
founda tions for walls of unbaked brick. Fragments of brick 1 were found , and the
lo wer course of a. brick wall is presen 'ed in the rema.ins of H ouses D and P . The "1'­
sid a.1 was not the onlo' shape. Remain s of three oblong houses were also uncovered.
?\' tlmero us are th e remai ns (If honses of the Late Hellad ic period. The more
important a nd th e better prese n '"d belong to a Late Hellad ic I building, to H ouse H
(Fig. 3). The north side of th i' ; tmct tire. a portion of its rca.r ",aJl a nd p,wts of the
cross wa lls are preserved in an excellent conoi tion. At pla ces th e outer ,,·alls. built
of lln wO l'ked stont". a re presern:d to a height of 1.40111 ., apparently to th eir original

. : .>
......~! '1-..:.;'.­

"~~';fjb'. ...; ~~~~;~;~~;".~"~.<~ .?~i." .

h eigh t. 'JlH'o- se r",' " as foun da tiuns and supported a \\'a ll "'il d " of nnbaked bri(' k,
great parts of "'hich ,,-,'I'(' found in th e fillin/( around th" hous('. Th e long north
wall to th e cas t ends in a " ell -built anta. Toward tJ", ,,'est end of the house it
bends to the south all d forlll ' , " 'el l-prt'served <lngle, beyond ,,-j,ich it con tinl1 "s for
2.95 In . until it meets ",it h tl,,' n',lr \\' <111 (Fig. !l). Th e stone foundations of t,,·o
cross WillI s, rising to their origillil l height of 0.40 rn., Wt)f(:' discQv(;' r<:'d. diyidillg the
building into three part s. T he <Ingle <I t th~ north side, perfect I." pt'(" serveu to its
original h eig111, is contl'lIIpor<lr.,· ",-ith the res t of th e wall , a nd it was intenlionall.,·
built H t11e tillle of the constr uction of th e house' If we assume, quite arbitra rily
we a.dmit, that t he nngle w~s repeated in th e other long side of the building. \\'e shall
h ave the· plan of th e house as illustrated in Fig ure 4. '111e building has an open
court or prodolllos, 2.-10 !II. in length, a large ha ll or doma, 5.40 Ill . in length, a nd a
IThe bricks measure about 0.3.5 III . in lengt h. 0.20 m. in width and 0.08 m. jn thickness.
2 \Ve have n. simiJ a.r angle on l he north wall of the L. H . I House t . The apse of building C of Eutresis
forms an rulgle with the long st raigh t wa ll. which l\'iiss Goldman explai ns as a later add ition to the
building, op. cit. , p. 66. .
 10D

. . IHal! h'I Ck cham bel' or thaJalllos whic h In sizt> (i t is o nJ ~' 2AO Ill. ill leng th), and in
~ h'"l\' n'calls the small apsida j chamber, """,I in houses of the previous pe riod .
j'a,:t of the floor of t he houS<', mad e or
pcbhl,,> and hea ten earth , was preserved, but
nothing to indicate the sha pe of its roof. So trAces of a hearth were found in the
(hllll'l. but k ss tha n a qWlrt.:r of the fl oor was l'C:'co'-("l'ed. ,Yt" m ay here emphasize
thc fae! that the m ethod of construction of the Lak H eJiadic I h Ollses found at
Elcll .,i; is iden tical with tbat nsed ill :\liddle l-kJla.dic times o n the sallle site.

,
o
", .., ..
, ,
5
"

TIl(' i'(·mains of walls bel o ng ing to a p (:'riod corre..;pondin g Lo tht' I,ate Jfell ndic II
and III s l1bdiyisiollS of Professor BJ (:·.!:!:(:u st'em to Iw lon g to regubr ll1egcl roll-shapcd
~1:' (,('Il;tean houses .
Examples of intramural bUl'i"i1,:; and huri'lls tlndc.'T the Hoot's of houses V""(:' l'C quite
IIlIlllerous both in the :\liddl", H " Ii"dic a nti in tIl<' Latc H cJl"dic p e riods .' The
hodi(',,,; we re laid in a flexed position. llsl1a ll ,'" in sllla ll ohlong o r rOllnd shafts, a nd
111('11 th c'." " -ere covered ,,-ith ("<trtll. A. Sill fd t:' pithos huria l "-as di scovered in t he
sdti(,lll (,llt durin g the campaign of 19:n~~ a ll d a rnth e r " 'ell-construc ted grave h e­
long-in g to a yo uth of aho ut 1.:5 yeill'S of age ill th e camp aign of IH~30 . ·1 The gra ve
ha s " trapezoidal sh ape. An u p right slab formed its south si de a nd t he natural rock
dosed it to the north. Th e shorter sides to the ",1St and Ilest. were made of unba.ked
<:r. C'. "". lilegen an d ....\ . J . 13. \Y<lee, ").liddlc Ht'llndi(' Tomhs." .)Ijmliot(w ()sl,()ew ;c,'f, Fas e. IX,
j

10:;0: pp. 28 If.. for a complete an d masterful di scus:;i on of ),Iid1l1e H c!lad i'c burials. :\Iso H. Goldm an,
()p. ell., pp. 83- 84.
: TIt.c J~itho5 with .the bones as found is nQ\\- kept in th e workroom at Eleusis_
IllS lliustmted In Art and A rcliae%U!f. XXXII. 1931, 1. 2, p _ 15. The inner dim ensi ons of th e
~tn\"carc : nHlxirnnm length. 0.55 In.: m aximuill 'w idth. OA j In . The dimension s of the mud brieks form­
,lIIg th e shorter sid es of t.he gl'a \-e are the sam e as th~se of the bricks llsed for building houses.
::,:~
 110 GEORGE E. MYLO!\,\S
- "

brick, The grave had no stone cOYer, but evidentl,' after the interment it was filled
with earth, The s kel ~ton, I,"ing on a floor of pebbles, in a flexed position, is espe­
cially well prcsen -ed (Fig, 5), The skull on I," was found broken, but practically
all its pieces \\'Cl'e reco,'cred,
Two graves of adults (:\'os, 5 and 6) were found in the excavations of 1930 in front
of th e Stoa of Philo, at a d"rth of JO n1. Iwlol\' the pr,'sent surface of the soi l. For

grave ?\o, 5 an oblong shaft

was first dug in the soft rock

and then its si des were lined

with slabs, The empty space

between the slabs and the

walls of the shaft were filled

with pebbles and small stones,

.1,1
The bod," was stretched out
on its back \\'ith the feet bent
for lack of splice, '\0 objects
were found with the body,'
Tht· grave \\'as covered with
a singie sla h, on the en,t
COI'II N of \\'hich was based
part of the short side of grave
"\0,6,
This gnwe extcnded in
the ul1excavatct! rart of the
trench, Its rosition and di,
n:ctioll can cIea r1y be made
out in Figure 6. Lack of
fund s a nd of time, the de­
composed statc of the bones
FIG. ,;.- .:\ICUD LE HI::I .I.-\1)((' GR\YE 'nTH ShI::I,1-:TOX of gl'a,'e No.5 anti the mois­
ture to which gra.\'e No. 6
would have heen ('xpo:wd durLng another winter. Il t'ct'ss itnt<.~d its lJllm ediate explora­
tion, Consequentl y the short side of the gl'1'n' wa s rel1loyed, and through that
opening the intt'rior \YClS ('k~an.:'d. Tht:. gnl\'e has Hll oblong shape and its sides are
built in stone, three la," crs of stone rOJ'ming its complete depth ,' It is covered with
a huge slRb, wh ich has cracked IInder the pressUl'e of the filling, Strangel," enough.
the only gra,-e "'hich ('o llid not be rhotographed contained KTfP'~Jl.T., The
architect of the excavations, :.'IIr. John Travlos. ,,"as with us, and to his patient work
is due the'exact plan of the interior of the gra ve reproduced in Figure 7, The skele­
ton is slightl ,' turned on its right side, with the body stretched a nd feet bent for lack
of space, Before the fa.ce and parall el to the diJ'ection of the hand was found the

I Th e inner dimensions of lhe gr,il\·C are: length, 1.':2.5 Ill .: width. 0.65 tn.; depth. 0.40 m.
2 The inn er dimensions of graYe 1'0. (i are: lenglh. 1,85 Ul.: width. 0.67 m. , and depth, 0.45 m. The
wa;'o' in which the earth was carried awa,'" (rom thi s deep sec tion is jJJustrated in a picture published iD
Art alld Ar'ClI.l18ology. op. cit., p. 10.
 ELECSIS I~ THE IJRONZE AGE 1)1

thi" blade of a dagger or ra zor and at a short distance from it a slllall haud-made
procholls, badly preserved, Be t"'een the "ase and th e dagger "'ere discovered 51
; 1I1i111 triangular boars' tu sK, lined almost iu a tripl e row around that part of the
,'asc Iyhieh face d the SKull and lying onr each othe r with the worked face to the

\Yith thf-'Ill was fOllnd il lo ng and

,!!rOIllI(/. naITO\\" band mad e of non e and decorated
with ('once-ntric c ircles (fig. l.! '.
'1'1, (, filling in which these «,,"'es "'ere disco",'red ,,'a s ,<riddl e Helladic, a nd it
"" 'illS that both graves belong to the , ,,,,olld part of that period , the sixth being
lat er thall th e fifth, Grans of sIllall children \I'ere found in the Late H elladic filling
alld und er th e ilool's ~f hou se; hat1l in the south,yestern slope of the Itill and in the
1I)','a excavated in front of the Stoa of Phil o.
The <:e rmnic rema.ins a re \-en- a bunda nt. Onh- eiaht sherds belonginO' to th e
Ear Ic' Hcllauic periou were found" a fell' cen timeters below " the present surface " of the
~ill. Fonr of them a re mon ochrol11e, t)'pes .\ II and II II, and belong to sauce­
O"t s, the rest are pa inted, t," pe C II, and appa rently belong to tankards, '
I Wace and Bl egen, op. cif., pp. 1;7- 1iS, aud C. \Y. B! egen, 0]). cit., figs. 4, Gand 10.
 GEORGE E. MY LON.\ S

Characteristic wares of the M idd le Hellad ic strata at Elell sis, as at other con­
temporary sites, are Minyan and matt-flainted vases. The j.\linyan, both grey and
black, wheel -lllade and hand-made, is the more abundant. Goblets on high stems
and deep and shallow bo wls with high-swung handles a re very comm on. ' We also

.,,

,,

FIG. 7.- hTERIOlt ot' GH.\ n ; ~ j.

have dcep bowls, simil ... in shafle to the high-fool~d gob lets bu t la cking their stem
(Fig. 8). Th er were el·identl.\· for kitchen lise, a nd in t he bOld reprodllceo here we
foun d the bones of a smali animal, flroba bly of it hart' . :\ vcr)" common sha pe at
Elell sis is the high-stemmed goblet "'ith Iwtica l hllnJ les on the rim (Fig. 0). This
sha pe is comm on at other sites. ,\ comillete gobl et from Orcholllenos is exhibi ted
in t he ::\ationa.J Museum of Ath ens.' :\fiss Gold ma n disco\"('I"P<1several at Elltn'sis;'

FIG. S. -~[I";'\YA':'\ DEEP BOWL F I G. !).-){l X ).".-\X H lGH ­ FIG . ](l. - :\hl';T.-\;\' ~HOO\,E1) S,"'YI'BOT
STDn1ED Gom .F.:T

I saw many fragments amo ng th e shenls kept in th e ~lu se um of T nnagl'a.; Dr.

Bronecr lateiy found similar fragment s in the new sanctuary of Aflhrodite and Eros
on the nor thern slofle of the Acropoli s of Ath ens; " alllong th e sherds from K orakou
I C. ,V. Blegen, op. cit. , figs. 18 - 2-2. -::
~ In t.he Cydaciic Room and jn th e lower sedion of the l)hylukopi cases under serial number 5862.
3 H. Goldman, op. cit., figs. -l-l. I and .t5, -+.
4 CJ. News I tems ftom Athens in A .J . .4.. Xx....."\. V, 19S ] , p. H).j. O. Broneer, " Eros and Aphrodite

on the North Slope of the Acropolis," liesperia I, 1932, p. 35. Dr. B roneer kindl y showed me bis

fin ds an d pennitted me to mention this in my studies. For this I am grateful to ~ljrn .

 £I n-SIS 1:, THE llRO :\ZE .\GE 113

there are .n, fe w belonging to s uch vases, I and Professor I(aro kindl y informed me
th at he found parts of vases of a simil ar shape at Tiryns. This shape therefore
is as cha racteristic of the :\lin,l-an ware as the goblets of Llia nokladi t~' Jle a nd
lhe kyljkes_
-'lany -'linyan ya ses and sherds were discm'e-rcd bearing groo ves or rings uround
their body. It was possible to note accurately the first appearance of this ware and
to corrob orate the nidence obta ined a t Eutresis by Miss Goldman.' At Eleusis
grooved Minyan appea,'s in higher Middle Helladic levels a nd a little before the
yello\y;lIin)'an . Th e grom-es or rings are placc><l either in groups a ll the bod,- of the
\~ase; or they cover the surfacE' cOlllplet el~·. To th e latte r \~ari ety belong th e two

5 6

FI G. ] l.- I x CI SEl> POTTUn" FRO)( THE :\IIDJ)U~ Ih: I. (,AlHC Flf..,LIXG

sk,' phoi illustrated in Figure 10. The.l- a re espec ially Iyell made, aud Olle of them
C\"identl,- had three short , point ed legs. A littl e bel ow th" rims th ere are t,,·o per·
{ora tions on either side b~' which the \'ases could be suspend ed, or th eir lid s fastelled.
;\.:; fat- (15 I can lllake out: th t."Sl' ,oaseS are unique among th (.. kno"-n ':\linyan find s.
Tbe ~-e1 low l\:[inyan is rare. and e \-id~ n tJ.'" "it did not enjoy" at Eleusi, " the
'-ogue which it seems to haye enjoyed in Carinthia. H
., :

\Vith tbe :\Iinyan ware a nd in th~ lowest :\liddle H elladi c level we found SOllle
incised sherds made of cl a,- foreign to Eleusis (Fig. 11), ?\ o. 7 is part of the conical
lid of a pyxis and is coYered \yith a red "-ash. ~o. 5 is black a nd belongs to the bot·
tOI11 of" slll all askoid \"lISe, or a duck vase. To a similar vase belongs the sherd N o.
I "ud its snrface is eOI'ered with a stitch pa ttern. The incisions of sherds I and 5
"-"re originally filled with a "'hite chalb- snbstance. These fr a.gments arS' similar
I I pi<: ked up one at the site an d anoth e r isa mong the sh erds kept in the nrili sh School of Archaeology
at Athens .
~ :l:hat the grooves are a la.ter elemen t in .Miny an technique. H. Goldman . op. cit., p. 54.
3 1he same thing is mentioned for .-\egina b~' J. P. Harland in his Prehistoric A ~gina, p. 18.
 114 GEORGI:: E . iIlYLO?\..I.S

to those found by S . Wide at Aphidna , by Miss Goldmall at Eutresis, a nd especially

to the potter:' d iscovered at Phyla kopi in Melos uy th e British excavators.'
A great qualltity of matt-painted ware was found. It belongs to the coarser, B 1,
a nd to the filler. B II, ty pes of ,Yace a nd Blegen.' The earlier, as usual, bear
rec t ilinea r patt em s and the later, c un·ili nea!'. The B II or slipped variety bears
more delicate patterns. an d on such ware appea r in E leusis spiraliform designs evi­
d ently imported from Cret e. Shapes a.re the
us ual bowls ,,-jth o r without a spout, wat~r
ja rs, pithoi Hnd cups with a pl'ofile of two
oppos(:'d cUJ'yeS,l Polychrome ware is very
sca rce . uut the few sherds d isco\'ered corne
fro III the hi gh" st poin t of the Middle Helladic
fi lling.
Ya~('s and sherds were found in abunda nce
ill th(' filling of the Late H ell ad ic period .
ChlJrHctel'is tic of th e l ow(~ l' levels are c ups of
th e ' -aphio shap e bearing a rich decoration of
FIG. l-.? - L ... n : H EI.J.,,,l)J c I Crl'
conn ('('[('d spiral s. painted in lustrou s black
pain t an d to uched with white. The cup illus­
tl'ated in Figure 1-2 was foun d in HOllSt" J, and simil ar Wilre was discovered on th e
Boor of House H . dating it accurat('/y. The S'l1"lt bowls a re characteristic of the
midd le of the La Ie Helladic fill (for conn'n i,> nce to he referred to as the second layer
of the 1. H . period), while the high-footed k:'likes and the goblets 011 a hig h st em are
uSllul in the upper le"e!s,' Thus Ollr t ate Hell",lic pottery co rresponds ",ith Pro­
fesso r Blegen's ehronoJogica l Jiristons. a ltho ug-h iL is not sIUt!'pl," distin gu is hed into
I'eg'ul"r groups. From a high poin t in the s('conel h,,!,otlwl i<;,,j Late I1dl,,,lic layer
COBles the g r eater part of an EphYl"H(l'H n goblet (F ig. 1:3), b.. . al'ing n represt'llt:llion or
a swiullning nautilu s. This is the fi rst ('xalllp le of Ephyrae<l n warc to be found in
Attica. ' The gobl et with th" concentric circles <;omes fro m hig her lenls still ami
fall s ,,,ithin the Late Helladic III di\'isions of P rofessor Blegcn .
Among the slllail er find s the more important are th e ol)jects Jiscovered in g l'a\'e
No.6. Here a bronze dagger wa s found. Th e biline is ,'er,\' thin and short, onl y
0.158 In. in le ngt h, and it was attadled to the handl e b.\· three silver ri vets. The
metal conta ins \'cry litt le tin . anel because of this and of its sha.pe the Jagger
seen IS to belo ng to the :'-lidd le H ellael ic II period.'
I " Apllldna in .\'"ordattika. -. Alh . Jlifl ., ] 890 , pp. :18.; ft'. .:wd pis. :'\.n', 1 and XV, 2-3. H. Goldman.
op. cit" p. -13, fig. ;3 .1.J>hy lal;opi, pis. IY-\ ',
, Wac-e and Blegell, op. eil ., PI'. 183- 18-1. 3 C. ,,-, Blegen , op . cil ., figs . 27- 38.
'C. 'Y. Blegen, OJ). cit., figs. J .J. 1'0. 9-1- 96. ~ lbid .. p. 11 7.
~ SOlllewhat similar blades were found in th e fourth ami sixth s ha ft grfl'\"CS or Mycenae (cf. G. Karo,
Die S chochlgrab", fon lJiykenai. pis. L:\.:\::\. \'In, .jl)'l; :\:C, 397; XC\ ', 9'18 ; :\.cvr, 93i): in th e graves
of SeskJo (Chr. T~O Hll ta s, Al 1<POl.o-ropu.:ol 'a" po1l""DXm t:UIJ'f/V{OI' Ka, I:to"o,"XOll, pI. 4, 11) ; at ~fochlos
(R . n. Seager, Exploratio1l s i n lhe [s{/Jnd oj JJfochlos, fig. 45, bl ade XX 9 (s imilar to ours and belonging
to th e i\I . M. ill period from tomb XX). The blade (fig. 45, IT 52), frOID tomb II is a little more de­
veloped than ours. (Sir Arthur E"ans, The Palace of .Minos, I, fig. 142 b.) The analysis kmdly ma.de
by Professor Zengelis of th e Universit:, of Ath ens and by his assistant. ]'1r. Sta.thes, shows that the
metal {'()ut.e.ined on b' 0.38 per ceut tin.
 ELEl;SIS Ix THE UHOxlE .\GE 11 5

FtC . l!3.- L.-\TJ:: J-IE!.I.:\Df c 11 ,\.'\l} III Go nl.ETs

'I'll<.' boar tusks found in gran:' :<0. 6 (Fig. ]-!) are mos tl.\· of a triang ular shape and
l w;11' two o r, mol'€' se ld om. three \'e r t ic~t1 perforati ons by \\'h ich they We r e attach ed
10 II,,· object th e.l· decorated . Such tusks a rc known from the fourth sha ft grave of
,'I 1,\'('('ll;(e . The," "'ere ll sed to CQ \Tr th e surfncc of IH:'iOl ets. The tusks covering
11.(' I. elm et proper usually ha"e a half-lll oon shape, whil e t hose cO I-ering' t he c heek
pi('('\'s a re oblong a nd are perfora ted nt bot h their nanO\l' cllds.' The tusks of
Eh:lIsis .n.re much smaller:? and lta\,(=' a triangula r shap<?' . If thc.y belonged to a.
hdll.et they probably decorat ed the dwek pi eces. hut I rathe r believe that the)'
d('('o/"atcd some garment int erred ,,-it h the dt'l"Icl. This suppositi on is s trengthened
1,.1' Ih\' discovery of the bon e band. O.I S Ill . in kllgt h , at a short d istance from t he
11I; k" which could not l'E'ry \I'ell Iw a lI "c h"d t o a helmet , bot conlcl admirabl,"
dl'co l';l!e the border of the garment .
. \fleJ' this cursor,\· S lIIT(-'Y of th e pJ"ehi s,toric l'elll~ill S Ullco\'cred at EIE'tl sis during
Ihl' -' 0 III m el'S of 1930 a nd 1931, we sh a ll state bri e R,' some of the co nclu sions reached.
II is now defin itel,l- pro ved that t h e prehi s tori~ rema in s discol'ered thus far at
EI{,lI~is helong to seUl e-m ents :lnd cannot be considered as remn nnts of a necropolis.
COll"I''1u ently the theory of the cremati on of lhe dea.cl in :\ (i dd le Hell ad ic t imes
('''"lIot be proven b~' th e Elell sini nn prehi storic remflin s.
Th\' e,,,liest remains belong t o th e :\Iidd le Hclladic period. A few Early Helladic
"""I'ds. found almo st on the surfa ce of th e slop e, indicate that an ea rlie r settlement
",i;l ed on the E leosini a n hill , but t his has escaped us ontil noll'. The prehistoric
('\ill urI' revealed at Eleu sis is practically identical with that brough t t o light in
,\rgolis and in Corin thia. C hronologica ll y it fa lls within tb e limits fixed by Professor
I {:r G. Kala, op. cil., pi s. 'LXIX-LXX . Fo)' th e representation or a. helmet coyered ~' ilh hoars'
~I;~~.!) . ,('1-, eh. Tsou ntas. ?rr:h . Eph., 1888, p. 1-1.0, pi s. S. 12. f~lso a recollstruct~d helmet in lhe
. . <CH,lc,m rOOm or the Nallon.al .l.\ Iu se ulli at Athens eO\'ered With tusks found In the chamber
I
om)I'~ .
!'o. ,,18 of l\f"cenae tH- .Mr. " -ace. '
: Th ci (" dimensjon~ are as f~lIows: length. maxilllum. 0.03 Ill.; minimum, O.O IGIll.; width , maximum.
0.02;") 01. ; min imulll, 0.018 lll. at lh eir base.
 11(; GEORGE E. ) [YW X..\ S

Blegen.' The few incised sherds di sco " el'ed be' ns seelll to inelicate thut a t El ensis
the :--liddle I-Ielladic period began a littl e earlier than in Carinthia.' At Phyla,kopi
incised sherds "'ith a decoratioll simil ar to thllt found at Eleusis, or bearing" pattern
fill ed with a "'hite chalky substance disappear a little before the destruction of the
first cit)·, in other words before th e end of the E arly ?-linoan period.' They there,
fore a re dated quite accuratel:' . Dnt sin ce we h,L\'e round now in Attica itself p ot,
ter y of the Cycladic t:'pe pro duced du ring the Earl." Helladic period ,' and since our
e \~ id en c(" from Eleusis is so scant y , we do not think it wise at present to base on it
an," cha nges of Professor B1 f'!~en 's chronolog ical divisions. Added to future possible
finds jn Atti ~a, this evide nce m a.y .,
,..;=-..-- become lllorc va.luable a nd conclus­
~-- ---' I n ,'.
"

The remains of :--liddle Helladie

houses pro,'e that in Attica also
the apsid a l and the oblong shapes
o f hOllses "'ere in lISC during the
:--[iddle Bron"e Age. The habit of
intramural burial and of interment

i:l. IUI,:\lJI_ und er th e floors of houses is also .<

.J
chara cteristic of the period in
,\ ttica . Th e skeletons discovered
in Late Hell adic fillings prove that

{i ~1i&/j';).M these c ustoms continued do wn to

th e end of the :Uycenaeall Age.;
In th e ~l .'· c(' n aeall gr.ay('s we lI S­

Aa&aa.' &1 !lid I,"

\';1 ;';(:'3.
fo und monochro me black
Th ese Sf'"elll to indicate

l.I~ •• ~ "~
that the La te H cllad ie inhabitants
of Ek'lI sis continued to use the
t('chni que a nd the shapes of the
il j.atl • • ,,j p l'e"ioll s period , of their lore,
fnt lw r."i , ill m a kin g va sl'"S to be used
as KT€p luJ.l.a.ra.. r. The gnl\"es of the
adults, disCO " cred in front of the
Sto" of P hil o belong t o the end of the :--liddle Hl'lIadi c period . They are similar
in ll1all~' ways to the older Videlle Heihdic gr;l\'es, but t lley a lso have many
point s in comm on "'ith the earlier La te Helladic I buria ls. The," arc regular shafts.
Th e wall s of gra " e G arc built of stone. Th e positi on of the bod." is mther
l Op. cit .. pp. 1-20- 1-2:3.

2 Eyidencf' to that cft'c<"t W<l .5 ohtained at Ell tl·e-;is hy Miss Goldman, 01', r.i l ., pp. 4:2 - 4.>.

3 Ph r iakopi, pp. ~:31 ft'. and 2-' 9 if.

.. .·\ t Hag hio5 K osmas a grea.t quantity of potter." was found with a strong Cyd adic character. Cj.

G. E. ~1.douas. PraJ.:lil.·a. (of Ihe A cadelllY at Athens),:i, 1930, pp. 3 J9 ff . and fig. 5.
~ Gra, ·es of small childre n WE'Tt:" found :1t Haghios Kosmas beneath the floors of L. H. III hou ses.
CJ. C, ,,-. Blt:"gen, op. cit., p. IO~. Ch. T SOHIlUlS. Arch. Eplt.., 139 1, p . 28. T hcc ustoll1 was remembered
in Athens e'·en in the cl assical period. Plato , Mi llOS, 3.:;.
6 This custom was 6rst ll oti<-cd by Pmfessor Tsollntas in th e Cycl ad es (cf. Arch . Eph., 1898, p. 181 ),

and it seem ~ that it 'was kept also by the inhabitants of the E. H . v ill ages of Ha.ghios Kosma.s.
 ELE CSJS r:-; THE 13TIO:\%E _-\GE 11 7

..' k '1<I",1 - Articles are interred with the d end_ They therefore add ne w e viden ce
or I II(' [<let that the Late H ell ad ie I shaft g nn-es nre onl,- a continuatioll of :'IIiddlc
J (.. ll aclie ty pes and traditions_'
The ,,-alls of House H are a '-alua bl e additi on to the architec tural rem a.ins of the
La Ic Hdladic I period_ Th e scanty re mains of the m ega roll at :'Iiycenae, th e as
n 't unpublished houses o f T solln k i?a near :\emea' and those in t he lower cit,- of
:fin-ns fo r m the s um to tal of our e,-ide nce_ The shape of H o u se H ca n be r econ­
,In; elcd with some probability fro m th e exis tin g remains_ The a ngle of its north
mdl repeated in a second con stru c tioJl : in HOllse r. is some \\-lwt ba fflin g . Its main
JHlrp05c probably was t o s treng th en t he long ,,-:dl agains t th e do w npo ur of ra in . or
it lIli!!"ilt have been necessilated b,\' so me ol)::; tacie not existing today. Oue, ho weyer,
..:lIln;)1 resist the temptation to m ention the possibilit,- th a t th ese ho uses represent
th e ~' ;lrliest stage in the €\"olutio ll of all apsidal into an oblong m egafa n . The L:tte
Ikll ad ic I House H seems to be li ke th e earlier :'IIiddle HeJladi c a ps ida.1 hou ses with
Ihe walls of thE' apse straight ell L'd out. This suggestion. howe\ 'er, will han:>- to
rCIJl:lin in lhe realm of assump t ions Ilntil corroborated by more evid ence obtained at
Elcu ; i, o r el sewhere _ Of ail e thi ng \\-e can he certain. That ah'ea d,I' in the Late
IIc' ibdic I period fit Elf:>u sis we 11 .1\'(:' ,I ho use with an Op CI1 pro d 0 111 05> a dOIlla and
illl,,' r Ihal a " IO'i~ COITE'sponding closel," to the '1 ,\Tl'Il i.H:' a n megara of th e L~lt e H elladic
III p"riod,
[11 !he field of pottery \n' g:l in a few Il l' ''' ~ h aJles of , ' ,1St'S a nd th e ev id e nce that \\'e
I",,- e 1]0 actnal hreak in t he del-e lopllle nt o f ('eramies from th e ea.rli e r t o th e lat e r
)lnTI]:Ieall times_ The d dc l'IlIiJlation of the approximat e dat e of th e g roo ' -ed
)Iil]_'-:In Ilare will pron of impo rt a nce for thc dating of th e preJlis to ri c p eriods of
.\r:I("('do!lia .and the Chak:idi ce wh ere silllilnr ware \,'as found ill stt'fl lificd I(:'\'els hy
)11'_ "- ...\. HeUl-tle,- ..- Th e rla gge r-hl;)rlc i, the fir,t prehi s to ric hronze a rti cl e to he
di., \·( '\·ef(·d n t Elt'usis.
\\-" lI 1<ly fillaily no ti ce lh"t th" U~usilli"ll remains furni sh Ample data to fill
IIII' gap left by th e r Clll[lin s 1I11 ('O \ · t, fj...·d at Hag-hios I",-o S llla s ~ in th t> accollut of the
pn-hi, loric life o f Attic a _ GEOHGE E. :'Iluox-,s

I (.I. Hlq.!(:11 and \\"a('"(>, OJ). cil .. p . :.H . (;, h a ro ill , '," . .llill. 19).; . :). 1:3:.L
: Ii. -" ...i. \.\.\', J9:2 1- 19-23. p p. l iS. -?(l:;. -f{;(j-'! 'O. S ho rt H.·port abou t t he houses of 'fsonnkiza by
.1 . 1'. H,lrbll(l in A..J.J . X XX [[ ( HI'IS), p. {i:3. llro fe::-50r J.": iHO kiu dl.,· .. !lowed me Lo mention the
h( 'lh' ..... of Tiryns.
I ' " 1'\\"0 l'ro.:historic :-3 it es in C haltidi("{':' l),' \\' ..\. HemtJ e" <lnd C ..\. It. H a dfo rd . IJ.S. A. . XX[X.

Ijl:.'7- !~J--2S. pp. 139 if.. l 6.) fL , 18'2 - 18.) . 11; a ~hort ;-;tud" r'caJ I)efo re th c .--\cad clH \.' of .--\ theJl s and
puld! ... lJed illlile Praktika , G, 193 1, pp. lO G tl .. I think I pro,"cJ th nt th e groo" ed \-'ases ~f the Clwki<ii(:e
1,("lo!!g to a Ialer period than that m .a rking the first appeanmce of th eg re." :' 1in.\-·an ill th e central sectio n
o! tll(, l1~ailltanJ of R ell as. Bas ed on the eyidcllC'e obt;lin cd a t OI\1lthos, E utresis, Eleu:;is,
\ u~d.arofts:.l of Ccntral l\Iaced01 li n nnd :'Iol.'·""op~Tghos of the Chll lc idi te', I proposed the fo\lot"ing
rn' I "IO llor -'ir. Heurt.l ey's c h ro nol og~' tor th e prehistoric period;; of .M a ce doni a :
\'col ithic period . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Defore SOOO to 23 00 or 2400 D.C.
Earl.\· ilroll2e Age, P eri od A. 2400-1750 B.C.
~IiJdlc Bronze Age, Period Il 1730- 1500 B.c.
l.<ltc DrOllze Aae { Pe r!od C I . . 1500-1350 B.C.
t:> Pe rlOJ e lI . 135 0-1150 B.C.
M~ ~~c site of .Haghios K osmas WIlS inha bit ed during the E a rl .'" Hdl ad ic period; it was deserted in the,;
• l( c Hcllad lC a nd a gain re-inhabited in Lat e Helladi c tim es.