Power System Analysis John Grainger 1st

Learn HTML and CSS
Learn to build a website with HTML and CSS

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Downloading your tools
The only tool you will need is sublime text, a text
editor used for programming/coding.
You don’t want to use a word processor as this

saves files in rich text format and we want plain
text format.
Go to the sublime text website to download the

editor.
You will need sublime text open and
a web browser open.
I recommend google chrome but feel

free to use what you want.
Open Your Tools

On your desktop create a folder
named websites.
Then in sublime text click file, then

new file, then save as and save the file
as index.html and save it in your
website folder.
Google chrome web browser on the left and sublime text on the right.
Example HTML
Here is an example of some html, At the top is the doctype declaration
which tells the browser what version of html is being used, in this case
html5.
<!DOCTYPE html> Then a html opening tag and a closing html tag at the bottom. Closing
<html> tags have a forward slash at the start of them to distinguish them from
opening tags.
<head>
<title>The title of the webpage</title>
</head> Then there is a opening and closing head tag, The head tags contain
information that sets up the webpage, this information does not get
<body> displayed on the screen.
<p>A paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
In the body tags is all the content that gets output to the screen. The
tags themselves do not get output but the content in them does.
</html>
In the body tags is a set of paragraph tags the p’s, The text inside the p
tags gets output to the screen. Not the <p> tag.
Add the example to your index.html file and save it.

Open the website folder and drag the file over to the web browser, Drop it on to the web browser.
The file will load and you will see the html from the body tags being displayed, The information between the title
tags gets displayed in the tab at the top, That is the title of the page.
What Is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
A HTML document is made up of
HTML is a language for HTML tags.
describing web pages Every HTML tag describes a certain

piece of the document/page content.
Markup language is just a set of
tags.
Parts of a HTML Document
The doctype declaration at the top tells the
browser what version of html is being used And
helps to display the page correctly. Every document must be between an opening and
closing <html> tag.
The <head> tags are where you add information

about the web page, such as importing styles. The <title> tag is used to give the document a title.
The <body> tags show any visible information or The <h1> tag can be used for a web page heading,
content. and the <p> tag can be used to describe a
paragraph.
What makes up a tag?
A tag is made up of a word or letter such as body, <body></body>
and is surrounded by angular brackets.
<tagName>Content</tagName>
HTML tags usually come in pairs, however not
always. The first tag is an opening tag, and the
second tag with a forward slash at the beginning is
a closing tag.
HTML
The Basics
HTML Headings
<h1>The largest heading</h1> Headings are defined with a h tag followed by a
number. The largest heading or title you can have
<h2>A sub heading that is on a page is made with the h1 header tag.
smaller</h2>
The smallest heading you can have on a page is the
<h3>An even smaller heading</h3> h6 heading tag.
<h6>The smallest heading</h6> Try out the examples on the left, heading tags
range from h1 to h6.
HTML Paragraphs
Paragraph tags consist of angle brackets with just a <p>What is the meaning of life?</p>
letter p in them.
<p>To have fun of course!</p>
Nothing too fancy.
Whenever you want to add a large amount of text

in a document you use the <p> tag.
HTML Links
To define a link that goes to another webpage you use
anchor tags, Or if you want to call them link tags you can.
An anchor tag consists of two <a></a> tags an opening and

<a href=”www.google.com”>Google</a>
closing one.
Try out the code above! Inside the opening <a> tag you will see a href attribute. This
stands for hyperlink reference. Here we put the url of the
website that you get directed to if you click the link. The url
must be between quotes.
Between the <a> tags is some text Google, This text can be
anything. The text is what gets displayed. If you click the
text then you get redirected to the href website.
HTML Images
The image tag is a bit different, it is just one tag. It doesn’t
have an opening and closing tag, it is self closing and
consists of a single img tag.
<img src=”http://publicdomainarchive.
The image tag has an src attribute which stands for source.
com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/public-
This attribute should contain a url of the path to the image
domain-images-archive-high-quality-
file. If you look at the url in the example you can see it goes
resolution-free-download-0036-1080x675.
to the publicdomainarchive website then at the end you can
jpg” alt=”An image of a bike” >
see it ends in jpg format which is a type of image format.
These types of url’s are called absolute url’s as they define

the path exactly. If you changed one character/letter then
the url would break. We will cover relative url’s later.
The alt attribute is text that gets displayed when you hover
over the image, it is a descriptive snippet of information.
The text will also get displayed if the image can’t be loaded
or it will get read by a screen reader if one is being used.
Html tags can have attributes
HTML Attributes They provide more information to a

tag
Attributes
You have seen attributes with the <a> tag and the href
attribute:
<a href=”www.google.com”>A Link</a>

Attributes are a way of providing more
information to a tag, you have seen them already. The href attribute provides a url destination that you will
end up at.
An attribute always goes inside the opening tag.
The img tag has the source attribute:
Attributes have a name such as href and then an =
sign and finally a value Which should be wrapped <img src=”an_image.jpg” >
in quotes “google.com”.
You also have the alt attribute to display alternative text
when an image can’t be loaded:
<img src=”an_image.jpg” alt=”An Image” >

An ordered list will have numbers
next to it, an unordered list will have
HTML lists
bullet points.
Unordered lists are most frequently

You can have an ordered list or an used and CSS is used to remove the
unordered list bullet points.
Unordered Lists
Unordered lists have an opening and closing
<ul>
<ul></ul> tag. Inside the unordered list you have
list items which are defined with the <li></li> tags. <li>Coffee</li>
For every new item you put in the unordered list <li>Tea</li>
you must use an <li> tag.
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try writing out a list

Ordered Lists
<ol> Ordered lists have only one difference, They start
and close with an <ol></ol> tag.
<li>Coffee</li>
You still have <li> tags inside an ordered list.
<li>Tea</li>
Remember an ordered list will output numbers to
<li>Milk</li> the screen.
</ol>
Try writing out an ordered list

Create a new html file, name it something simple. (Or just use an old
html file and remove the contents of it).
Challenge: List out some website links
In the blank html file add a Doctype declaration at the very top.
Helpful Hints:
After the doctype declaration add an opening and closing html tag.
<!DOCTYPE html>
Nested inside the html tags add an opening and closing head tag.
<head></head>
Inside the head tags add a title tag and name the webpage lists.
<ul>
Next below the head tags but still inside the html tags add some body
tags. (Opening and closing). <li></li>
Inside the body tags add an unordered list. </ul>
Inside the unordered list add three blank opening and closing li tags.
Inside each li tag add an anchor tag that goes to a website. <li><a href=”www.mypage.com” >My Page</a></li>
Nicely done, you have a list of links that go to different pages.

The div element is used for
The div Tag separating code or if you like,
dividing it up
<div><p>Hello</p></div>
Hello
The div element is used as a container for other elements. Here it surrounds a paragraph element.
If you try this example you will see that the only thing on the screen is the text “Hello”.
This is because you will need to add css styles to the div element in order to see it.
Divs are commonly used to style a certain block of content.
The Span Tag
The span tag is commonly used to add a container Span example:
around something very specific such as a word in a
<p>Hello <span>World</span></p>
paragraph.
Div example:
CSS styles can then be applied to the span tag to
make the word coloured or bold. <div>
Span tags are used for very specific content <p>Hello there</p>
whereas div tags are used for larger blocks of
<p>This is another one</p>
content, like styling multiple paragraphs.
<p>Three paragraphs in total</p>
</div>
HTML Tables
HTML tables start with a table tag. <table></table>
The table is then divided into horizontal rows with <tr></tr>
the table row tags.
Then to create a cell a table data tag is placed <td></td>

inside the tr tag.
HTML Table Example
<table>
<tr>
As you can see from your own output to the screen the first row <td>Cell 1</td>
contains three table data cells the first which is cell1 and then cell2 and
cell3. <td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Number 3</td>
Then below the first row is the second row containing the names Jack,
Will and Fred.
</tr>
This is the basics of creating a table in HTML. <tr>
Tables are not used as much as they used to be however are still very <td>Jack</td>
useful. A lot of financial websites will use tables to display information,
and if you take a look you can also see that they can be styled very <td>Will</td>
nicely as well.
<td>Fred</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Classes
You can add a class attribute to a html element. <div class=”blog-post”>
This allows you to more easily target that element <h2>A Journey to France</h2>
when writing CSS rules.

<p>On my journey I visited many
cities and visited many different
It also allows you to style elements the same way locations, however the one ...</p>
using one class.
</div>
If you had a class called “blog-posts” you could
apply that class to a div element that surrounded
each blog post. Then you could style all the blog
posts in the same way.
HTML ID
You can add an id attribute to a HTML element just like you add a class <div id=”first-post”>
attribute. The difference is that a class name such as blog-posts can be
used many times over. You can name many divs with the blog-post
<h2>A Journey to France</h2>
class.
An id is for naming something once. If you giv a div tag an id of first- <p>On my journey I visited many
post then no other id attribute can be named the same thing. cities and visited many different
locations, however the one ...</p>
Id attributes are another way to style something very specifically. If you
want all blog posts to have white text and black backgrounds but want </div>
the first blog post to be red and white then you can give the first blog
post an id attribute as well.
Basic forms and input
You can use a html form to collect user input,
You create a form with opening and closing form tags
<form>
<input type=”text” name=”username” placeholder=”
Enter a Username”>
</form>
The input element is the most important form element, it has many
different types such as text and radio and submit.
A submit button can be defined with:

<input type=”submit” “Accept” >
Or you could define a radio button with:

<input type=”radio” name=”sex” value=”male” >Male
<br/>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" >
Female <br/>
Every input field must have a name attribute

except the submit input.
Adding Style To Your
Webpage
Adding CSS Styles
To add styles you are going to need another file
called styles.css
The name isn’t important but the .css extension is.

You should now have a folder with an
The CSS extension stands for cascading style sheet
index.html file and a styles.css file
and is where you will put all the style rules for your
website.
You can use the same folder you have
In your text editor, open a new file and then save it been working in or a different one if
as styles.css
you want to start fresh
Save it in the same folder as your index.html file.
The index.html file will import the styles from the

css stylesheet.
A folder with both of the files, index.html and styles.css
The Link Tag
The link tag is used to create a link between a document
and another resource. In this case we want our html page to
link to our stylesheet.
<link href="styles.css" type="text/css"
The link tag is self closing it is a single tag.
rel="stylesheet">
It has a href attribute which just like the anchor tag is used
The link element is empty apart from its
to point to the location of a resource. The example points
attributes.
to the styles.css file in the same folder.
It must only be placed in the head tags
There is a type attribute which lets the browser know what
of a html document.
type of file it is, the stylesheet is type text/css.
The head tag is where we place
There is also a rel attribute which stands for relationship.
information about the web page, it will
The relationship between the index and css document is
not get displayed.
that again the file is a stylesheet.
You can use a link tag many times to import many different
files if you want to. The link tag goes in the head tag at the
top of the page.
Add your link tag
In your index.html file add your link tag inside the head tags.
The most important attribute is the href attribute. Since both files are in the same folder you can use a relative path href=”
styles.css” (The relative path is the name of the file, we don’t need to specify the folder name of “websites” as both files are in
the same location).
Absolute paths are links that contain the full website address.
We don’t actually have a website set up, so we use relative links. (You would use relative links in a real website as well.)
The coffee cup website has a good explanation of relative vs absolute links if you are interested.
<head>
<link href="styles.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
On the next page is a css example,
update your index.html and styles.css
CSS example files and save them.
Then reload the browser to see the

result.
Testing your link tag and stylesheet
index.html styles.css
(You should have the doctype and head tags in your p {

document already set up, I am just excluding them from
this example.) color: red;
}
<body>
<p>Hello World<p>
Don’t copy this below just the css above:
</body>
(Make sure you use curly brackets)
(Use a colon after the word color and then after

the word red use a semicolon.)
Hello World
The Result
You will see the paragraph text
has changed colour.
CSS is a language that
describes presentation
body {
background-color: blue;
CSS describes how HTML }

elements look on the screen.
What makes a
Selector
CSS Rule?
The syntax for a CSS rule starts with a selector. This can
body { background-color: blue; } be a html tag or a class or id that we have made. The
example uses a body tag as the selector. It is the
element being selected.
Declaration
A property is then added, the example here uses
background-color as the property.
Selector { property: value; } Finally a value is given for the property. What color do we
want the background to be? The value in the example is
blue.
CSS colors can be defined with:
CSS Colors
Color Names,
RGB color values,
Hexadecimal color values,

CSS Color Names
p { color: white; }
p { color: red; }
When setting a property value such as background- p { color: green; }

color or color (changes text color) you can use
built in color names for the value. p { color: blue; }
As you can see there are quite a few options, if you p { color: black; }
can think of a colour then it is quite likely there is
body { background-color: yellow; }
a color name.
body { background-color: orange; }
Color names are however restricting, using one of
the methods covered next gives you a lot more body { background-color: firebrick; }
flexibility.
RGB Color Values
Red:
p { color: rgb(255,0,0); }
rgb(red, green, blue)
Green:
The rgb color scale runs from 0 to 255.
p { color: rgb(0,255,0); }
255 is the strongest and 0 weakest. You can use the scale to
Blue:
make any combination of colours by specifying different
levels for the red, green and blue.
p { color: rgb(0,0,255); }
Try experimenting with the colours you can make. You

Light grey:
don’t need to remember the values as you can google an
rgb color you are after.
p { color: rgb(200,200,200); }
Hexadecimal Color Values
Why two lots of red green and blue, rgb had one number
for each? Look at the colour for red:
#ff0000 You have both red values at their highest point on

Hexadecimal color values range from 0 to F.
the scale which is f, and green and blue values at 0 so the
colour is red. Think of the first f as the main colour you're
Wait what? Yes 0 is darkest and F is lightest.
trying to create. Then the second f as a different shade of
0123456789ABCDEF that main colour.
Hexadecimal values can be recognized because of the # sign If you change the hex value from the highest red to this:
in front of the letter and number combinations.
#f50000 then you end up getting a slightly darker shade of
A hexadecimal color is made up of 6 characters. 2 red 2 red.
green and 2 blue. #rrggbb two red characters and 2 green
#f00000 would be an even darker red as the second value is
and 2 blue.
0.
If 0 is the darkest then we could represent black as #000000
If you wanted an even darker red you could do #900000
This shows red green and blue each at their lowest value.
which ends up being a brownish red.
#000000 Just remember that syntax and you will be good.

More on Hexadecimal
Green: #00ff00
Blue: #0000ff
Again don’t worry about memorizing colour values Yellow: #ffff00 (red and green)
there is no need, just google a colour such as light
Shade of green: #77AA77
blue hex value and you will be able to get what you
need. Shade of purple: #992299
It does help if you understand how hex values Light grey: #eeeeee
work, Try experimenting with making a colour

Also light grey: #eee (same colour)
lighter or darker and then eventually trying to
create certain colours. The value of e is all the same so the three letter
version is the shorthand.
Here are some more examples to help: #ffffff -> #fff or #000000 -> #000
#CC22AA -> #C2A or #AABBCC -> #ABC
#CD0066 -> #CD06 will not work, only if all values

are 2 of a kind.
Challenge
Recreate what you see on the right.
Index page:
Add a h1 tag and add some text.
CSS page:
Target the body tag and change the background color to lightblue.
Target the h1 tag and:
Change the color to white,
Change the background to red,
Change the text to align center using: text-align: center;
Borders
The properties you are specifying in the shorthand
are:
You can have a wide variety of borders, the values border: width style color;
allowed are solid, dashed, dotted, groove, inset,

The width in the example is specified in pixels
outset, hidden, double, ridge and none.
which is an absolute unit. Try changing each
The ones you will most likely require however are property about. 50px or dotted for the style and
solid, dotted, and none. change the colour using hexadecimal values.
The shorthand border property is: You can also specify a single border if you wish:
border-top: 2px solid green;

p {
border-bottom: 5px dotted #eee;

border: 2px solid green;
border-left: 1px outset red;

}
border-right: 2px double orange;

Challenge
Recreate what you see:
Index page:
Add a h2 tag with some text inside it
CSS page:
Target the h2 tag and:
Change the color to green,
Change the text align to center,
Add a top border that is 4px wide, double for the style and
coloured green,
Add a bottom border that is 4px wide, solid for the style and
coloured light grey.
CSS Margin
Margin shorthand property is
Margin: 100px 50px 100px 50px;

Margin sets the amount of whitespace around the border.
That would be 100px top margin, 50px right margin, 100px
bottom margin, and 50px left margin. As you can see the
The margins you can set are:
Margin-top list on the left goes clockwise and is important to
Margin-right remember.
Margin-bottom
Margin-left You could think of margin as a picture frame on a wall. If
you want to move the frame down then add some margin-
To make something move downward on a page you would top to increase the whitespace above it.
use margin-top as you are pushing away from the top of the
screen.
To make something move away from the left side of the
screen you guessed it, margin-left. If you use a negative
margin then things can be moved off the page.
Challenge
Index page:
Add a paragraph with the text “normal paragraph”
Add another paragraph below with the text “margin paragraph”, Add a
class to the margin paragraph called margin-paragraph.
<p class=”margin-paragraph” >
CSS page:
Target the second paragraph with the margin-paragraph class.
Do this by placing a dot/period/full stop in front of the class name.
.margin-paragraph { }
The dot is the syntax we use to target a html class in our CSS stylesheets.
Give the paragraph a 1px border, solid that has a colour of
firebrick.
Give the paragraph a margin-top of 50px.
Margin can be set to auto
Index page:
Add a div tag and inside add the text “A div container with auto margin”
CSS page:
Target the div tag and:
Add a solid border that is 1px wide and coloured red,
Refresh the page,
Now change the width to 500px, width: 500px;
Finally set the margin to auto.
CSS Padding
Padding shorthand is just like margin shorthand:
padding : 50px 100px 50px 100px;

Padding is the space arount an element. Padding is the
That is 50px of padding on the top, 100px on the right,
space between the element and the border. If you have a
50px on the bottom and 100px of padding on the left.
paragraph with a border and you want the border to be
further away you would use padding to pad it out.
So a simple explanation could be if you want to move
something around on the page use margin, and if you want
If your paragraph has a background color then the padding
to make something bigger then use padding.
will also be that color.
Just like margin you have:
Padding-top
Padding-right
Padding-bottom
padding-left
Challenge
Index page:
Add a paragraph with some text in it.
CSS page:
Target the paragraph tag:
Give the paragraph a 1px border coloured green and make it
solid,
Save and refresh the page.
Next add some top padding of 50px,
Save and refresh again to see the changes,
Add a background-color of lightblue to the paragraph,
Add 50px of padding-bottom
Save & Refresh,
Add 100px of padding-left.
Cool hopefully you are starting to see how margin and padding work.
Make a CSS button
Index page:
Add a div tag,
Inside that div tag add an anchor tag with the text “Join Now”, give the anchor tags href
attribute a value of “#” like this:
<a href="#">Join Now</a>
CSS page:
Target the div tag:
Make the text align to center in the div tag,
Give the div tag a margin-top of 50%, - This shifts the div tag down 50% of its
parent container. What is the parent container? For this div tag it is the page(body tags) for
the anchor tag the parent is the div tag.
Target the anchor tag inside the div tag like this:
div a { } - A space between the word div and anchor means
target all anchor tags inside div tags. Look at your anchor
tag, it is inside the div tag. Check your html if you need more
clarification.
(save & refresh after each step to help understanding)
Set the text-decoration to none,
Give it a background color of #191,
Change the text color to white,
Add padding of 1em top, 2em right 1em bottom and 2em left,
em is another unit, it is a relative unit.
Use text-transform and set it to uppercase,
Use font-weight and set it to bold,
Set a bottom border 4px wide that is solid and coloured #333,
Now create a new css rule like this:
a:hover { }
Here you target the anchor tag with a, you then type colon hover :hover
which means apply this style anytime you hover over an anchor tag.
It is known as a pseudo class, Which is used to define a state, In this case

the state of hovering over an anchor element. We will use the hover
pseudo class to style the anchor tag when the mouse cursor hovers over
the anchor tag.
Inside the a:hover CSS rule add:

A background-color of #1c1
Save and refresh and hover over the button.
Cool the button background colour becomes lighter when you hover
over it!!
Well done there were quite a few things covered in this little button
tutorial, Give yourself a pat on the back.
Button challenge code
CSS page:
div {
text-align: center;
margin-top: 50%;
If you got really stuck here is the way I coded the }
button, Note that there are many ways to achieve div a {
the same result. text-decoration: none; /*Remove underline*/
background: #191;
color: white;
Index page: padding: 1em 2em 1em 2em;
text-transform: uppercase; /*upcase the text*/
font-weight: bold; /*Bold the text*/
<div> border-bottom: 4px solid #333;
<a href="#">Join Now</a> }
</div>
a:hover {
background-color: #1c1;
}
Height and Width
You can add the height and width of an element like so:
div {
height: 200px ;
width: 200px;
background-color: #999;
}
Height and Width
Index page:
<div>Make me a box</div>
<div>Me too</div>
CSS page:
div {
height: 200px;
width: 200px;
background-color: green;
margin: 25px; /*25px of margin on every side */
}
The margin is shorthand for equal amounts on all

sides.
Max Width
Index page:
<div>50% please</div>
CSS page:
div {
border: 2px solid green;
max-width: 50%;
}
The div gets set to a maximum of 50% of the page, as that is the parent
of the div. Look at your html and you will see the div nested inside the
body tags.
If you resize the page the div will also resize, never getting wider than
50% of the page size.
If you have a width property in your CSS rule and a max-width property
then the max-width will override the width property. It has a higher
specificity.
Min Width
Index page:
<div>Welcome Visitor</div>
CSS page:
div {
color: white;
background: #f59;
text-align: center;
padding: 20px;
min-width: 500px;
}
If you add a min-width property then resize the screen so that it is

smaller, the element won’t keep getting smaller and resizing to the page.
Once it reaches the minimum width value the page can get smaller but
the size of the element will not decrease anymore. You will get a
scrollbar at the bottom of the page to scroll along with.
Text and Fonts
Text
You can use letter-spacing to to change the space between each letter.
letter-spacing: 4px;
letter-spacing: -1px;
You can align text with the text-align property.
You have already used center to align text in the center of the page. If you have a paragraph and want more or less of a gap between the
Other values are left, and right. lines to make it easier to read then you could use line-height.
You have also briefly seen the text-decoration property, which line-height: 1.3;
can be used to add underlines, overlines, lines through the text or as we line-height: 0.7;
did with a link remove the decoration all together. line-height: 1.9;
text-decoration: none; Note that line height doesn’t have a unit such as px or em, just a
text-decoration: overline; numeric value. The number is multiplied by the font-size of the
text-decoration: underline; element. You can have a unit if you wish such as 5% or 2em. The
text-decoration: line-through; unitless number value is preferred as you won’t get unexpected results.
You have also seen text-transform which can be used to change text to
upper or lower case.
text-transform: uppercase;
text-transform: lowercase;
text-transform: capitalize;
Capitalize only changes the first character of each word.
Line height, Letter spacing
Index page:
<h1>Click Here</h1>
<p>Lots of text here Lots of text here Lots of
text here Lots of text here Lots of text here Lots
of text here Lots of text here Lots of text
here</p>
CSS page:
h1 {
letter-spacing: 5px;
}
p {
line-height: 1.9;
}
Font
Font style can be used to alter the way text looks such as italicised or
oblique.
font-style: normal;
You can change the font with the font-family property. You can specify font-style: italic;
a general font like serif, or sans-serif or monospace or you can be font-style: oblique;
specific and use a font in that generic family such as arial or verdana
which are both sans-serif fonts. Times new roman is a specific font from If you want to make a font larger or smaller on the page then you use
the serif family. font-size.
font-size: 30px;
font-family: “Times New Roman”, serif; font-size: 2em;
If the font name is more than one word then surround it in quotes. If font-size: 100%;
you specify more than one font family then separate them with a
comma. 1em is equal to whatever the current font size is. The default font size
Here Times New Roman is specifically used, however if a computer starts at 16px in browsers. So 1em will equal 16px unless you alter it.
does not have that specific font we have said just use any serif generic This means that a font-size of 2em is equal to 32px, Play around with it.
font you have. It is a relative unit as its value it relative to the font-size that is currently
set. Whereas a px is absolute it is not relative to anything else.
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
Here we say specifically use an Arial font which is part of the generic You have also seen font-weight which was used to bold the text.
sans-serif family. However if a computer does not have that font then font-weight: bold;
just use any generic sans-serif font. As you can see the order matters. font-weight: normal;
Box Model
Margin
Border
Padding
I am the content, a paragraph for example.

The box model is a visualisation of what you are actually doing
when you add padding, a border, and margin.
Essentially every html element can be thought of as a box. The box model is just a box that wraps around every element and you
have been doing it this whole time. The box is made up of a combination of the content, the padding, the border and the margin.
Padding is the area around the content.

Border is the bit that goes around the padding and content.
The margin is the amount of space between the border and other elements on the page.
CSS Layout
How elements are displayed on a page

Display Property
Now add an anchor element to your page, And another
short one. So you have two links..
Look at how they sit together one after another on the

Add a div to your page and give it a border. Now
same line. They are inline elements. It sits inline (on the
look at it, it stretches the entire width of the page, same line) and does not take up all the space.
and if you added another div they would not line
up next to each other, This means by default it is a These are the default display values. Every html element
block level element. has a default display value. Next time you add an element
to a page try to guess what its default display value is.
Think of a block, it takes up all the space given to
The most common default display values are either block
it. Every block element will begin on a new line on or inline.
the page.
Display: none
If you want to hide something but have it still affect the
layout then you could use the visibility property and give it
a value of hidden.
You can set the display property to none to make
visibility: hidden;
something not show up on the page.
The element will take up the same amount of space on the

Try adding a paragraph to your html file.
page as before, it will just be hidden, so it will affect the
Now target the paragraph in your CSS file and add the line:
page layout.
display: none;
The page will render as if it were there.
This will change the default value from inline-block to

none and the paragraph will not be displayed.
The page is displayed as if the element is not even there.

Challenge Menu
Index page:
Add an unordered list with some li tags inside it, Then in each li tag add
an anchor link:
<ul>
<li><a href="#">HOME</a></li>
<li><a href="#">ABOUT</a></li>
<li><a href="#">CONTACT</a></li>
</ul>
CSS page:
Target the li tag and change the display to inline.
Target the ul tag and change the text-align to center
Target the anchor tag and change the text-decoration to none
Change the anchor background color to lightblue
Give the anchor top and bottom padding of 1em and left and
right of 2em
Menu Code
CSS page:
ul {
text-align: center;
Index page:
}
<ul>
<li><a href="#">HOME</a></li>
li {
<li><a href="#">ABOUT</a></li>
display: inline;
<li><a href="#">CONTACT</a></li>
}
</ul>
a {
background: lightblue;
padding: 1em 2em;
text-decoration: none;
}
Inline-block
Another display value is inline-block.
Inline block elements are like inline elements but you can give them a width and a
height. Think of it as combining the inline value and the block value.
The element gets treated as if it were a block level element so you can then decide how
much space you want it to take up, but it can act as an inline element and have other
elements next to it!
COOL!
Position Property - relative
It is positioned relatively, it is 30px away from where it would have
been. There will be a gap from where you pushed the element, into its
new position, no other element will fill this gap that has been left.
Other elements will not move out of the way either. So you could
An element can be positioned in four ways. overlap elements.
Static, relative, fixed or absolute.
try :
Once the position property has been set you can then use the top, Index page:
bottom, left and right position properties. Depending on what position <div>Hello There</div>
value you use the outcome will be different. CSS page:
div {
By default html elements are positioned static. position: relative;
position: static; left: 50px;
border: 1px solid red;
If an element has a static position then it will not be affected by the top,
}
bottom, left and right properties.
Static position is not special, elements are just placed onto the page in
the normal flow, one after another.
The relative position means an element is displayed relative to its

normal position. If you set the left property to a value of 50px then the
element will be pushed 50px to the right from where it would have
otherwise been.
Position Property - fixed
If you want the element to be fixed to the right side of the page then
give it a width and give the right property a value of 0, or maybe 20px if
you want a gap between the page and the element.
If you set the position property to fixed then it will be positioned in Try out the example on the next page.
relation to the viewport, It will stay in exactly the same place even if the
screen is scrolled.
Think of a website whee you have scrolled down but a menu is always
there at the top of the page. That is fixed positioning. Or a menu on the
side of a webpage that has social media icons, As you scroll it is always
in the same place, That is fixed positioning. Very useful stuff.
Remember relative positioning? The element would leave a gap where

it would have been.
Fixed positioning does not leave a gap where the element would have
been, The page flow remains normal.
With fixed positioning set you can use the top, bottom, left and right
properties to position an element on the page. If you want something
right at the very top of the page you can set top to 0. This means there
are 0 pixels or any unit between the element and the top of the page.
Fixed position footer
Index page:
<h2>Fix that down the bottom!</h2>
<div>
setting a fixed position;
</div>
CSS page:
div {
position: fixed;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
left: 0;
text-align: center;
border: 5px dotted lightblue;
}
Position Absolute
Absolute positioning can be a little more confusing. An element that has absolute positioning is positioned relative to the nearest positioned
element.
If there is no other positioned element then the absolute positioned element is relative to the document body.
So if you have a div positioned relative, Then inside that div you add another div but position it absolute. If you set the absolute positioned divs
right and bottom values to 0 it will position that div relative to the outside div.
This example will demonstrate.

Position Absolute
Index page:
Add two divs and give them a class name:
<div class="relative-div">Relative div

<div class="absolute-div">absolute div</div>
</div>
CSS page:
Target each div with a specific class:
div.relative-div {
position: relative;
width: 500px;
height: 250px;
border: 5px solid red;
}
div.absolute-div {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
width: 50%;
height: 100px;
border: 1px dotted blue;
}
Overlapping elements
You can overlap html elements, and with the z-index property you can
specify the order of the elements.
Index page:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<div></div>
CSS page:
div {
background-color: firebrick;
height: 80px;
width: 500px;
border-radius: 10px;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
z-index: -1;
}
Float and Clear properties
The float property can be used to position elements on a page.
Index page:
<div class="right">Im on the right</div>
<div class="left">Im on the left</div>
CSS page:
.left {
float: left;
background: lightblue;
color: #fff;
padding: 1em 2em;
font-weight: bold;
}
.right {
float: right;
background: #1c1;
color: #fff;
padding: 1em 2em;
font-weight: bold;
}
Clear property
If you have the same CSS as the previous page but
add another div:
<div class="right">Im on the right</div>
<div class="left">Im on the left</div>
<div class=”bottom”>Bottom yeah down here</div>
As you can see if you float elements then they

don’t follow the normal flow of the page.
Elements placed after other floated elements will

flow around.
Target the bottom div
Add the rule:
.bottom {
clear: both;
}
This clears both of the divs with float properties.

The values you can give clear are:
clear: right; floating elements are not allowed to
float on the right side of an element.
clear: left; floating elements are not allowed to
float on the left side of an element.
clear: both; floated elements are not allowed to
float around any side of the element. (It is
therefore pushed to the bottom where we wanted it)
Common float property problems
If you have one element that is a set height, and .clearfix {
then another element in it that is taller, so an
overflow: auto;
element that is taller than its containing element
and you float it, it will then overflow outside of the }
container element.
An example would be an image inside a
Usually this is undesired however there is a containing div, if you floated the image
common solution that people use. to the right then the div would not
adjust, so the overflow property can be
used to make the div correctly surround
You can create a class called clearfix or clear or
the elements within it.
anything you wish and then set the overflow
property to auto.
Pseudo classes
A pseudo class defines the state of an element. There are many pseudo classes so feel free to
We used the hover pseudo class to change the background of a button
earlier on. google for more of them. It is unlikely you will use
Some anchor pseudo classes are: them all and more likely just a handful.
a:link {color: blue;}
a:visited {color: purple;} Another useful pseudo class is :focus which can be
a:hover {color: orange;} used to style an input box when you are targetting
a:active {color: yellow;}
it.
Try out the examples above to help you understand each state. The
active state would be when you are clicking on an element. Check out the next page for an example.
Focus on the input
Index page:
<input type="text" name="username" placeholder="

Username"> <br/>
<input type="password" name="password"
placeholder="Password">
CSS page:
input {
margin-top: 1em;
padding: .5em 1em;
font-size: 1.2em;
border-radius: 10px;
}
input:focus {
color: #fff;
background: #333;
outline: none;
}
The focus pseudo class allows us to change properties when that input
field has focus. The outline property is set to none to remove the default
blue line that occurs when you focus on an element.
Navigation bar challenge
Index page:
Add an unordered list
In the ul add some li tags and add an anchor element inside each list
item.
CSS page:
Target the ul:
Set the padding and margin each to 0,
Set the background to #333,
Target the li:
Set the display to inline,
Target the anchor tags inside the list items:
Set the display to inline-block,
Set the text decoration to none,
Change the text color to white,
Add 1em of padding on the top and bottom and 2em of padding
on the left and right.
Target the hovered anchor tag:

Set the background color to #191
Nicely Done!
Navigation bar code
CSS page:
ul {
margin: 0;
Index page: padding: 0;
background: #333;
<ul> }
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li> li {
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li> display: inline;
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li> }
</ul>
li a {
display: inline-block;
color: #fff;
padding: 1em 2em;
}
a:hover {
background-color: #191;
}
CSS3 the newest standard
The new features
I’m pretty sure you have seen this before,
Round the corners of any element.
Round corners
Top-left Top-right Bottom-right Bottom-left
border-radius: 5px 10px 5px 10px;

background-size
The background-size property can be used to specify the size of the
background image. You can set the size in length and height or
percentages or using the keywords cover or contain.
Cover scales the image so that the area you specify is completely
You can set a background image in CSS with
covered. The image height and width may exceed the elements area as
it is being scaled. It won’t overflow however so you will not see it. It will
background-image: url(‘a url path’); just mean some parts of the image are not visible.
Contain scales the image to be as large as possible but the width and
You can set the position with values such as center,
height of the image must still fit inside the element. So there may be
top bottom, left and right. areas of the element that are not covered by the background image.
See an example on the next page to create a background image that

background-position: center;
covers the top of a page.
You can set whether you want an image to tile and

repeat over the page
background-repeat: no-repeat;
Background image
Find an image url you can use or add an image to your website's folder.
CSS page:
Taget the html tag (at a minimum it will always be the screen height):
html {
background: url('landscape.jpg');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: center center; /*horizontal
and vertically centered*/
background-size: cover;
min-height: 100%;
}
Set the background image with background and the url. Then set the
repeat to none. Set the position to center vertically and horizontally. Set
the size to scale and cover the area, in this case the html tags which are
as large as the whole page. Notice some of the image will be missing as it
has been scaled. Set the minimum height to be 100% of the html tag
height. Otherwise the image will not cover the whole screen.
A shorthand is:
background: url('image_url') no-repeat center center fixed;

background-size: cover;
RGBA Colors
Opacity
The opacity property can be used on its own:
.post {
RGBA colors are just RGB color values with an alpha value. background-color: #11cc11;
The alpha value sets the opacity of the color. opacity: 0.8;
}
rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2); In the example above you are not targeting just the background color
rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.4); but a post which also contains text. (That is what a post is after all) This
rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.6); method will target all the elements that make up the post class and
change their opacity. Compared to the rgba example on the left which
rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8);
only targets the color itself.
rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);
The opacity value ranges from 0 - 1 zero

being transparent and 1 being fully
opaque. Try the examples above to see the
different values of red created with the
varying opacity level.
Text shadow
text-shadow: horizontal vertical blur color;
Box shadow
box-shadow: horizontal vertical blur color;
Text Shadows
You can add shadows to elements with css. You can add a text shadow to
any piece of text or use a box shadow to apply a shadow to the actual
element.
The text shadow has a horizontal shadow and a vertical shadow, you
then specify the colour you want the shadow to be:
h2 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px green;
}
You can also add a blur to the text shadow, It will be the third value,
here a 5px blur is added.
h2 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px green;
}
Box Shadows
The box shadow has a horizontal value and a vertical value for the box
shadow, You also specify the color of the shadow.
div {
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
background-color: lightblue;
box-shadow: 10px 10px slategrey;
}
You can also add a blur to the shadow, This will be the third value. Here
I will add a 10px blur.
div {
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px slategrey;
}
Inset box shadow
Just add the keyword inset and the shadow gets applied inside the
element.
<button>Normal Button</button>
<button class="button">Button</button>
Add some styles:
.button {
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 1.3em 4em;
font-size: 1em;
outline: none;
box-shadow: 0px 1px 5px #333;
}
.button:active {
box-shadow: inset 0px 3px 5px #333;
}
When you click on the button the active pseudo class is triggered and
the inset box shadow gets applied.
Making a Form
This form won’t actually submit anywhere but it is a nice example to
practice your html and css skills.
Index page:
<div class="form-div">
<form>
<h2>Sign Up For Free</h2>
<input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Name">
<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email">
<input type="submit" value="Sign Up">
</form>
<div>
CSS page:
.form-div {
text-align: center;
}
form {
background-color: #eee;
padding: 1em;
}
input {
display: block;
margin-top: 0.5em;
}
Index page: CSS page:
<div class="form-div"> .form-div {
<form> text-align: center;
<h2>Sign Up For Free</h2> }
<div>
form {
<input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Name">
background-color: #eee;
</div>
padding: 1em;
<div>
<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email"
min-width: 80%;
>
}
</div>
<div> input {
<input class="btn" type="submit" value="Sign Up"> margin-top: 0.5em;
</div> outline: none;
</form> padding: 0.75em;
<div> border: none;
min-width: 80%
}
input.btn {
min-width: 0;
color: #fff;
background-color: #22de7a;
padding: 1em 2em;
margin-top: 1.5em;
font-weight: bold;
}
The result so far
Index page:
<div class="form-div">
<form>
<h2>Sign Up For Free</h2>
<div>
<input class="data-entry" type="text" name="name" placeholder="
Name">
</div>
<div>
<input class="data-entry" type="email" name="email"
placeholder="Email">
</div>
<div>
<input class="btn" type="submit" value="Sign Up">
</div>
</form>
<div>
CSS page: .data-entry:focus {
body {font-family: sans-serif; background-color: background-color: #22de7a;
lightblue;} color: #fff;
}
.form-div {
text-align: center; input.btn {
} min-width: 0;
color: #fff;
form { background-color: #22de7a;
background-color: #eee; padding: 1em 2em;
padding: 1em; margin-top: 1.5em;
display: inline-block; font-weight: bold;
min-width: 80%; }
box-shadow: 2px 4px 15px #555;
} input.btn:active {
box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 5px #333;
h2 { }
color: #22de7a;
} input.btn:hover {
background-color: #22fe7a;
input { }
margin-top: 0.5em;
outline: none;
padding: 0.75em;
border: none;
min-width: 80%
}
The Result
Some styles get added so that when the user clicks

on an input box it changes color, and styles are also
applied to the button when it is clicked.
If you liked the html and css guide then feel free to check out my
website and sign up for more tutorials.
http://LearnBuildCode.com
Learn to build websites with
my free tutorials
Learn Build Code

Learning to build beautiful looking websites doesn’t have to be
hard, Follow along and get learning!
I hope you really enjoyed this book and most of all
learned something from it!
Feel free to leave a review on amazon and let me

know what you think of it.
Thanks again
Harry
Good luck on your Website
building journey!

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What tools are recommended for building websites?

What tools are recommended for building websites?

What are the main parts of an HTML document?

What are the main parts of an HTML document?

Learn HTML and CSS

Learn to build a website with HTML and CSS

You don’t want to use a word processor as this

Go to the sublime text website to download the

I recommend google chrome but feel

Open Your Tools

Then in sublime text click file, then

Add the example to your index.html file and save it.

describing web pages Every HTML tag describes a certain

The <head> tags are where you add information

Whenever you want to add a large amount of text

An anchor tag consists of two <a></a> tags an opening and

These types of url’s are called absolute url’s as they define

HTML Attributes They provide more information to a

<a href=”www.google.com”>A Link</a>

<img src=”an_image.jpg” alt=”An Image” >

Unordered lists are most frequently

Try writing out a list

Try writing out an ordered list

Inside the body tags add an unordered list. </ul>

Nicely done, you have a list of links that go to different pages.

The table is then divided into horizontal rows with <tr></tr>

the table row tags.

Then to create a cell a table data tag is placed <td></td>

This is the basics of creating a table in HTML. <tr>

when writing CSS rules.

A submit button can be defined with:

Or you could define a radio button with:

Every input field must have a name attribute

The name isn’t important but the .css extension is.

The index.html file will import the styles from the

<link href="styles.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">

CSS example files and save them.

Then reload the browser to see the

(You should have the doctype and head tags in your p {

(Use a colon after the word color and then after

CSS describes how HTML }

RGB color values,

Hexadecimal color values,

When setting a property value such as background- p { color: green; }

Try experimenting with the colours you can make. You

#ff0000 You have both red values at their highest point on

#000000 Just remember that syntax and you will be good.

work, Try experimenting with making a colour

#CC22AA -> #C2A or #AABBCC -> #ABC

#CD0066 -> #CD06 will not work, only if all values

allowed are solid, dashed, dotted, groove, inset,

border-top: 2px solid green;

border-bottom: 5px dotted #eee;

border-left: 1px outset red;

border-right: 2px double orange;

Margin: 100px 50px 100px 50px;

padding : 50px 100px 50px 100px;

Just like margin you have:

It is known as a pseudo class, Which is used to define a state, In this case