BS 5950-1 1990
BS 5950-1 1990
BS 5950-1 1990
8 ritish Standard
Structural use of steelwork
in building
Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and
continuous construction: hot rolled sections
Aciers de construction
Partie 1. Code de bonne pratique pour Ia conception des ouvrages de construction
a
simple continue: profiles lamines chaud
Stahlkonstruktion im Bauwesen
Teil 1. Leitfaden fur die Verwendung warmgewalzter Profilstahle in
einfacher und Endlosbauweise
Revised text
AMD 6972 Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress
February 1992
Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.
1
Table 4. Maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness of parts subject to applied tensile stress
(see notes 1 to 6)
Design Internal External NOTE 1. For sections with flanges the thickness is the flange
grade conditions conditions thickness defined in the relevant British Standard.
K=l K=2 K=l K=2 NOTE 2. The relevant structural steel standard may require
Charpy values to be agreed for certain product grades and
thicknesses.
mm mm mm mm
NOTE 3. Where no value is shown, the maximum thickness
43A 25 50 15 30 for adequate notch toughness may be assumed to be in excess
438 25 50 15 30 of 100 mm.
438(T) 30 60 20 40 NOTE 4. The inclusion of a thickness limit in the table does
43C 60 - 40 80 not necessarily imply that steel of that thickness can be
supplied to that design grade in all product forms.
43D - - 90 -
NOTE 5. For design grades 43B(T) and 50B(T), verification
43DD - - - - of the impact properties of quality B by testing should be
43E - - - - specified under option 7 of BS EN 10025 when the steel is
43EE - - - - ordered.
NOTE 6. The maximum thickness values are based on a
50A 20 40 12 25 minimum Charpy value of 27 J* at the following test
508 20 40 12 25 temperatures.
508(T) 25 50 16 32 Design grades 43, 50 and 55
50C 45 90 30 60 Quality Test temperature
50D 100 - 70 - oc
50DD - - 100 - A (no test)
B +20
50E - - - - c 0
50EE - - - - D -20
50F - - - - DO -30*
E -40
55C 35 70 25 50 EE -50
F -60
55EE - - - -
Design grade WR 50
55F - - - - Quality Test temperature
WR50A 45 90 30 60 oc
WR508 45 90 30 60 A 0
WR50C 85 - 55 - B
c
0
-15
---------------------------------------------
2
AMD 6972 Table 6. Design strengths, Py, for steel to BS 4360
February 1992
Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.
mm N/mm 2
43 16 275
40 265
63 255
80 245
100 235
50 16 355
40 345
63 335
80 325
100 315
55 16 450
25 430
40
63 400
3
AMD 6972 Clause 4.3. 7. 7 Equal flanged rolled sections
February 1992 In paragraph 1, line 3, insert 'not' between 'are' and 'equal'.
In the definition of ''A', delete 'LE/r' and substitute 'LE!ry'·
In the definition of 'r', delete 'r' and substitute 'ry'·
In paragraph 4, line 4, insert 'the' between 'for' and 'value'.
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4
AMD 6972 Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in
February 1992 clearance holes, Pbs
In the overall heading of columns 1 to 3, delete 'Steel to BS 4360' and substitute
'Design grade of steel'.
AMD 6972 Table 34. Bearing strength of parts connected by parallel shank friction
February 1992
grip fasteners, Pbg
In the overall heading of columns 1 to 3, delete 'Steel to BS 4360' and substitute
'Design grade of steel'.
9202-2 CSB/27
5
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Contents
Page Page
Foreword 5 3.5 Limiting proportions of cross sections 16
Committees responsible Back cover 3.5.1 General 16
3.5.2 Classification of cross sections 16
Code of practice 3.5.3 Classification of elements 18
Section one. General 3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections 18
3.5.5 Compound flanges 18
1.0 Introduction 6
3.5.6 Longitudinally stiffened flanges 18
1.0.1 Aims of economical structural design 6
1.0.2 Overall stability 6 3.6 Slender cross sections 18
1.0.3 Accuracy of calculation 6 3.6.1 General 18
3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry
1.1 Scope 6
shear 18
1.2 Definitions 6 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads
1.3 Major symbols 7 and circular hollow sections 18
1.4 Other materials 8 3.6.4 Other elements 18
Page Page
4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in Section five. Continuous construction
compression 55 5.1 General 79
4.5.12 Hollow sections 55 5.1.1 Scope 79
4.6 Axially loaded tension members 55 5.1.2 Loading 79
4.6.1 Tension capacity 55 5.1.3 Classification of multi-storey frames as sway
4.6.2 Eccentric connections 55 or non-sway 79
4.6.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 55 5.2 Elastic design 79
4.6.4 Laced or battened ties 56
5.3 Plastic design 79
4.7 Compression members 56 79
5.3.1 General
4.7.1 General 56 Type of loading 79
5.3.2
4.7.2 Effective lengths 56 79
5.3.3 Grades of steel
4.7.3 Slenderness 56 79
5.3.4 Geometrical properties
4.7.4 Compression resistance 57 80
5.3.5 Restraints
4.7.5 Compressive strength 57 80
5.3.6 Stiffeners at hinge locations
4.7.6 Eccentric connections 67 80
5.3.7 Fabrication restrictions
4.7.7 Columns in simple construction 67
4.7.8 Laced struts 67 5.4 Continuous beams 80
4.7.9 Battened struts 68 5.4.1 Elastic design 80
4.7.10 Angle, channel and T-section struts 68 5.4.2 Plastic design 80
4.7 .11 Batten-starred angle struts 69 5.5 Portal frames 80
4.7 .12 Battened parallel angle struts 69 5.5.1 General 80
4.7 .13 Back-to-back struts 69 5.5.2 Elastic design 80
5.5.3 Plastic design 80
4.8 Axially loaded members with moments 72
4.8.1 General 72 5.6 Multi-storey rigid frames: elastic design 82
4.8.2 Tension members with moments 72 5.6.1 General 82
4.8.3 Compression members with moments 72 5.6.2 Non-sway frames 82
5.6.3 Sway frames 83
4.9 Members with biaxial moments 73
5.6.4 Subframes 83
4.10 Empirical design rules for members in lattice
5.7 Multi-storey rigid frames: plastic design 83
frames and trusses 73
5.7 .1 General 83
4.11 Additional provisions for gantry girders 74 5.7.2 Non-sway frames 83
4.11.1 General 74 5.7.3 Sway frames 83
4.11.2 Crabbing of trolley 74
4.11.3 Lateral torsional buckling 74 Section six. Connections
4.11.4 Shear buckling 74
6.1 General recommendations 85
4.11.5 Local compression under wheels 74
6.1.1 General 85
4.11.6 Welded girders 74
6.1.2 Intersections 85
4.12 Purl ins and side rails 74 6.1.3 Joints in simple construction 85
4.12.1 General 74 6.1.4 Joints in rigid construction 85
4.12.2 Deflections 74 6.1.5 Joints in semi-rigid construction 85
4.12.3 Wind loading 74 6.1.6 Joints subject to vibration and/or load
4.12.4 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 74 reversal 85
4.13 Column bases 75 6.1.7 Splices 85
4.13.1 General 75 6.2 Fastener spacing and edge distances 85
4.13.2 Empirical design of baseplates 76 6.2.1 Minimum spacing 85
4.13.3 Connection of baseplates 76 6.2.2 Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates 85
4.14 Cased sections 76 6.2.3 Minimum edge and end distances 86
4.14.1 General 76 6.2.4 Maximum edge distances 86
4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending 77 6.3 Ordinary bolting 86
4.14.3 Cased struts 77 6.3.1 Effective areas of bolts 86
4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and 6.3.2 Shear capacity 86
moment 77 6.3.3 Bearing capacity 86
4.15 Web openings 77 6.3.4 Long joints 86
4.15.1 General 77 6.3.5 Large grip lengths 87
4.15.2 Sections other than castellated 78 6.3.6 Bolts subject to tension 87
4.15.3 Castellated beams 78 6.4 Friction grip fasteners 87
6.4.1 General 87
2
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Page Page
6.4.2 Parallel shank friction grip fasteners 88 10 Effective length, LE, for cantilever of length L 24
6.4.3 Waisted shank fasteners: slip resistance 88 11 Bending strength, Pb, (in N/mm 2 ) for rolled
6.4.4 Friction grip fasteners subject to external sections 25
tension 88 12 Bending strength,pb, (in N/mm 2 ) for welded
6.4.5 Combined shear and tension 88 sections 25
6.4.6 Holes for friction grip fasteners 88 13 Use of m and n factors for members of uniform
6.5 Pin connections 89 section 26
6.5.1 General 89 14 Slenderness factor v for flanged beams of
6.5.2 Tension members and pin plates 89 uniform section 27
6.5.3 Design of pins 89 15 Slenderness correction factor, n, for members
with applied loading substantially concentrated
6.6 Weld detail and design 89
within the middle fifth of the unrestrained
6.6.1 General 89
length 28
6.6.2 Details of fillet welds 89
6.6.3 Partial penetration butt welds 90 16 Slenderness correction factor, n, for members
Welded details for structural hollow sections 90 with applied loading other than as for table 15 29
6.6.4
6.6.5 Design of fillet welds 90 17 Moment diagram between adjacent points of
Design of butt welds 91 lateral restraint 30
6.6.6
18 Equivalent uniform moment factor, m 31
6.7 Holding-down bolts 91
19 Bending strength, Pb, (in N/mm 2 ) for rolled
sections with equal flanges
Section seven. loading tests
(a) Py = 265 N/mm 2 32
7.1 General 92 (b) Py = 275 N/mm 2 33
7.2 Test conditions 92 (c) Py = 340 N/mm 2 34
7.3 Test procedures (d) Py = 355 N/mm 2 35
92
7.3.1 Test loads 20 Slenderness correction factor, n, for standard
92
7.3.2 Preliminary loading 92 load conditions 36
7.3.3 Acceptance test 93 21 Critical shear strength, Qcr (in N/mm 2 )
7.3.4 Strength test 93 (a) Grade 43 steel (py = 265 N/mm 2 ) 40
7.3.5 Test to failure 93 (b) Grade 43 steel (Py = 275 N/mm 2 ) 41
7.3.6 Check tests 93 (c) Grade 50 steel (Py = 340 N/mm 2 ) 42
(d) Grade 50 steel (Py = 355 N/mm 2 ) 43
Appendices 22 Basic shear strength, qb (in N/mm 2 )
(a) Grade 43 steel (py = 265 N/mm 2 ) 44
A Formal statement of safety factor format
(b) Grade 43 steel (py = 275 N/mm 2 ) 45
adopted in BS 5950 : Part 1 to facilitate correla-
(c) Grade 50 steel (Pv = 340 N/mm 2 ) 46
tion with ISO 2394 and BS 5400 : Part 3 94 (d) Grade 50 steel (Py = 355 N/mm 2 ) 47
B Lateral torsional buckling of members subject to
23 Flange dependent shear strength factor, q 1
bending 95 (in N/mm 2 )
c Compression strength: Perry strut formula 98
(a) Grade 43 steel (Py = 260 N/mm 2 ) 48
D Effective lengths of struts in simple construction 98
(b) Grade 43 steel (Py = 275 N/mm 2 ) 49
E Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames 103
(c) Grade 50 steel (py = 340 N/mm 2 ) 50
F Frame instability 107
(d) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm 2 ) 51
G Design of restrained members with an
24 Nominal effective length, LE, for a strut 56
unrestrained compression flange 107
25 Strut table selection 57
H Web buckling 111
26 Type of section obtained for table 25 58
27 Compressive strength, Pc, (in N/mm 2 ) for struts 59
Tables
28 Angle, channel and T-section struts 70
1 Limit states 9 29 Empirical values for purl ins 75
2 Load factors and combinations 10 30 Empirical values for side rails 75
3 Factor K for location of material and tensile 31 Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners 86
stress 11 32 Strength of bolts in clearance holes 87
4 Maximum thickness of parts subjected to 33 Bearing strength on connected parts for
applied tensile stress 12 ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Pbs 87
5 Deflection limits other than for pitched roof 34 Bearing strength on parts connected by parallel
portal frames 14 shank friction grip fasteners, Pt:>g 88
6 Design strengths, Pv, for steel to BS 4360 15 35 Maximum dimensions of holes 89
7 Limiting width to thickness ratios 17 36 Design strength, Pw 90
8 Strength reduction factors for slender elements 19 37 Comparison of partial safety factors 95
9 Effective length, LE, for beams 23 38 Limiting :A for box sections of uniform wall
thickness, including RHS 97
39 Equivalent uniform moment factor, mt 111
3
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Page Page
Figures 20 Compound side stanchion with crane gantry 101
1 Staggered holes 16 21 Compound valley stanchion with crane gantry 102
2 Angles with holes in both legs 16 22 Restraint coefficients for limited frame 103
3 Dimensions of sections 20 23 Effective length ratio LEIL for a column in a
4 Effective shear area of typical sections 22 rigid-jointed frame braced against sidesway for
5 End panel designed not using tension field k3 = Oo
104
action 38 24 Effective length ratio LEI L for a column in a
6 End panel designed using tension field action rigid-jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway
(single stiffener) 39 for k 3 = 0 104
7 End panel designed using tension field action 25 Effective length ratio LEI L for a column in a
(double stiffener) rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of
39
8 Stiff bearing length relative stiffness k 3 = 1 105
53
9 Dimensions of castellated sections 26 Effective length ratio LEIL for a column in a
78
10 Haunch restraints rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of
81
11 Subframes relative stiffness k 3 = 2 105
84
11aMinimum edge and end distances 27 Critical buckling mode of frame braced against
86
12 Joint length at splice sidesway 106
87
13 Pin-t!nded tension members 90
28 Critical buckling mode of frame free to sway 106
14 Welded end connections 29 Members restrained on tension flange 108
90
15 Symmetrical fillet welds 30 Typical haunch 109
90
16 Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders 97 31 Value of f3t 110
17 Side stanchion 32 Intermediate moments 111
99
18 Side stanchion with restraints 100
19 Simple side stanchion with crane gantry 100
4
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Foreword
This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction This Part does not apply to other steel structures for which
of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards appropriate British Standards exist.
Policy Committee. This Part of BS 5950 replaces BS 5950 :
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard
Part 1 : 1985 which is withdrawn. BS 5950 is a document
that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to
combining codes of practice to cover the design construc-
appropriately qualified and experienced people and that
tion and fire protection of steel structures and specifications
construction and supervision should be carried out by
for materials, workmanship and erection.
capable and experienced organizations.
This edition introduces technical changes but it does not
The full list of organizations who have taken part in the
reflect a full review or revision of the standard, which will
work of the Technical Committee is given on the back
be undertaken in due course.
cover. The Chairman of the Committee is Mr P R Brett and
The changes introduced are indicated by a single side line in the following people have made a particular contribution
the margin of the page. in the drafting of the code.
BS 5950 comprises the following Parts: Mr P A Rutter Vice-Chairman
Mr PH Allen
Part l Code of practice for design in simple and
Mr B Auger
continuous construction: hot rolled sections
Mr R J Campion
Part 2 Specification for materials, fabrication and
Mr E F Hole
erection: hot rolled sections
Part 3 Design in composite construction Mr 8 L Hurst
Section 3. 1 Code of practice for design of Mr J C Kalra
Mr E G Lovejoy
simple and continuous composite beams
Dr DB Moore
*Section 3.2 Code of practice for design of
Prof. D A Nethercot
composite columns and frames
Dr M HOgle
Part 4 Code of practice for design of floors with
Mr P R Salter
profiled steel sheeting
Dr J E Spindel
Part 5 Code of practice for design of cold formed
Mr R Taggart
sections
Mr J C Taylor
Part 6* Code of practice for design in light gauge
Mr AD Weller
sheeting, decking and cladding
Dr F J Whitbread
Part 7*Specification for materials and workmanship:
cold formed sections Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
Part 8 Code of practice for fire resistant design confer immunity from legal obligations.
Part 9 * Code of practice for stressed skin design
Part 1 gives recommendations for the design of structural
steelwork in simple and continuous construction and its
provisions apply to the majority of structures, although it is
recognized that cases will arise when other proven methods
of design may be more appropriate.
*In preparation.
5
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section one
6
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section one
1.2.22 H-section. A section with one central web and two 1.2.41 strength. Resistance to failure by yielding or
equal flanges which has an overall depth not greater than buckling.
1.2 times the width of the flange.
1.2.42 strut. A member of a structure carrying predomi-
1.2.23 hybrid. Composed of elements of more than one nantly compressive axial load.
strength grade of steel.
1.2.43 subframe. Part of a larger frame.
1.2.24 !-section. Section with central web and two equal
1.2.44 transverse. Direction perpendicular to the stronger
flanges which has an overall depth greater than 1.2 times
of the rectangular axes of the member.
the width of the flange.
1.2.25 imposed load. Load on a structure or member, 1.2.45 ultimate limit state. That state which if exceeded
other than wind load, produced by the external environment can cause collapse of part or whole of the structure.
and intended occupancy or use.
1.2.26 instability. Inability to carry further load due to 1.3 Major symbols
vanishing stiffness.
Area
1.2.27 lateral restraint
Effective area
For a beam. Restraint which prevents lateral movement of
the compression flange. Gross area
Shear area (bolts)
For a compression member. Restraint which prevents
lateral movement of the member in a particular plane. Tensile stress area (bolts)
Shear area (sections)
1.2.28 longitudinal. Along the length of the member.
Spacing of transverse stiffeners
1.2.29 pattern loading. Loading arranged in such a manner or Effective throat size of weld
as to give the most severe effect on a particular element. 8 Breadth
1.2.30 pitch. Distance between centres of fasteners lying in b Outstand
the direction of stress. or Width of panel
Stiff bearing length
1.2.31 plastic cross section. A cross section which can
Charpy impact value
develop a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to
allow redistribution of bending moments within the Depth of section
structure. or Diameter of section
or Diameter of hole
1.2.32 plastic design. Design method assuming redistribu- d Depth of web
tion of moment in continuous construction. or Nominal diameter of fastener
1.2.33 plastic moment. Moment capacity allowing for E Modulus of elasticity of steel
redistribution of stress within a cross section. End distance
1.2.34 pretensioned fastener. Fastener tensioned to a Compressive force due to axial load
specified proportion of its proof stress before connected Shear force (bolts)
components are loaded. Tensile force
1.2.35 semi-compact cross section. A cross section in Shear force (sections)
which the stress in the extreme fibres should be limited to Compressive stress due to axial load
yield because local buckling would prevent development of Shear stress
the plastic moment capacity in the section. Shear modulus of steel
1.2.36 serviceability limit states. Those limit states which Warping constant of section
when exceeded can lead to the structure being unfit for its Storey height
intended use. Second moment of area about the major axis
1.2.37 slender cross section. A cross section in which yield Second moment of area about the minor axis
of the extreme fibres cannot be attained because of Torsion constant of section
premature local buckling. Length of span
1.2.38 slenderness. The effective length divided by the Effective length
radius of gyration. Larger end moment
1.2.39 slip resistance. Limit of shear that can be applied Max,May Maximum buckling moment about the major or
before slip occurs in a friction grip connection. minor axis in the presence of axial load
Mb Buckling resistance moment (lateral torsional)
1.2.40 stability. Resistance of the structure or part of the
structure to overturning or overall failure. Mcx,Mcv Moment capacity of section about the major and
minor axes in the absence of axial load
7
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section one
8
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section two
2.1 General principles and design methods 2.1.2.3 Rigid design. The connections are assumed to be
capable of developing the strength and/or stiffness required
2.1.1 limit state concept by an analysis assuming full continuity. Such analysis may
Structures should be designed by considering the limit be made using either elastic or plastic methods.
states at which they would become unfit for their intended 2.1.2.4 Semi-rigid design. Some degree of connection
use, by applying appropriate factors for the ultimate limit stiffness is assumed, but insufficient to develop full
state and the serviceability limit state. continuity as follows.
Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are (a) The moment and rotation capacity of the joints
given in table 1. should be based on experimental evidence, which may
permit some limited plasticity providing the ultimate
Table 1. Limit states tensile capacity of the fastener is not the failure criterion.
On this basis, the design should satisfy the strength,
Ultimate Serviceability stability and stiffness requirements of all parts of the
structure when partial continuity at the joints is to be
1 Strength (including general 5 Deflection taken into account in assessing moments and forces in
yielding, rupture, buckling 6 Vibration (e.g. wind the members.
and transformation into induced oscillation) (b) As an alternative, in simple beam and column
a mechanism)
7 Repairable damage structures an allowance may be made for the inter·
2 Stability against due to fatigue restraint of the connections between a beam and a
overturning and sway column by an end restraint moment not exceeding 10 %
8 Corrosion and
3 Fracture due to fatigue durability of the free moment applied to the beam, assuming this
4 Brittle fracture to be simply supported, provided that the following
apply.
The overall factor in any design has to cover variability of: ( 1) The beams and columns are designed by the
Material strength: 'Ym general rules applicable to simple design.
Loading: 'Yll (2) The frame is provided with lateral support or
braced against sidesway in both directions.
Structural performance: 'Yp
(3) The beams are designed for the maximum net
In this code the material factor, 'Ym , is taken as 1 .0
moment which includes an allowance for the restraint
(see 3.1.1). Depending on the type of load, values of 'Yfl
moment at one or both ends.
and 'Yp are assigned. The product of 'Yfl and 'Yp is the factor
'Yt. by which the specified loads are to be multiplied in (4) Each column is designed to resist the algebraic
checking the strength and stability of a structure (see sum of the restraint moments from the beams at the
table 2). same level on each side of the column, in addition to
moments due to eccentricity of connections.
A detailed breakdown of 'Y factors is given in appendix A.
(5) The assumed end restraint moment need not,
2.1.2 Methods of design however, be taken as 10% of the free moment for all
beams, provided that the same restraint moment is
2.1.2.1 General. The design of any structure or its parts used in the design of the column and beam at each
may be carried out by one of the methods given in 2.1.2.2 connection.
to 2.1.2.5.
(6) The beam-to-column connections are designed to
In all cases, the details of members and connections should transmit the appropriate restraint moment, in addition
be such as to realize the assumptions made in design without to the end reactions assuming the beams are simply
adversely affecting any other parts of the structure. supported.
2.1.2.2 Simple design. The connections between members (7) The welds and fasteners should be designed for
are assumed not to develop moments adversely affecting the actual moment capacity of the connection not
either the members or the structure as a whole. the assumed moment.
The distribution of forces may be determined assuming 2.1.2.5 Experimental verification. Where design of a
that members intersecting at a joint are pin connected. structure or element by calculation in accordance with any of
The necessary flexibility in connections may result in some the preceding methods is not practicable, or is inappropriate,
non-elastic deformation of the materials, other than the the strength, stability and stiffness may be confirmed by
fasteners. loading tests in accordance with section seven.
It is necessary to maintain stability against sway and the
provisions of 2.4.2.3 apply.
9
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section two
2.2 Loading
Table 2. Load factors and combinations
2.2.1 General
Loading Factor, It
All relevant loads should be considered separately and in
such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical Dead load 1.4
effects on the elements and the structure as a whole.
Dead load restraining uplift or overturning 1.0
The magnitude and frequency of fluctuating loads should
Dead load acting with wind and imposed
also be considered.
loads combined 1.2
Loading conditions during erection should receive particular
attention. Settlement of supports may need to be taken Imposed load 1.6
into account. Imposed load acting with wind load 1.2
Wind load 1.4
2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind loading Wind load acting with imposed load or
Reference should be made to BS 6399 : Part 1, BS 6399 : crane load 1.2
Part 3 and CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2 for the determination Forces due to temperature effects 1.2
of the dead, imposed and wind loads.
Crane loading effects
2.2.3 Dynamic loads and impact effects Vertical load 1.6
These may be determined from BS 6399 : Part 1 in the case Vertical load acting with horizontal loads
of cranes. (crabbing or surge) 1.4
It is recommended that values for cranes of loading class 03 Horizontal load 1.6
and Q4 as defined in BS 2573 : Part 1 should be established Horizontal load acting with vertical 1.4
in consultation with the crane manufacturer.
Crane load acting with wind load* 1.2
2.3 Temperature effects *When considering wind or imposed load and crane loading
acting together the value of 'Yf for dead load may be taken as 1 2.
Where, in the design and erection of a structure, it is
necessary to take account of changes in temperature, it may
be assumed that in the UK the average temperature of Where a structure or member is subject to loads from two
internal steelwork varies from -5 °C to +35 °C. The actual or more cranes the crane loads should be taken as the
range, however, depends on the location, type and purpose maximum vertical and horizontal loads acting simultaneously
of the structure and special consideration may be necessary where this is reasonably possible.
for structures in other conditions, and in locations abroad
subjected to different temperature ranges. 2.4.2 Stability limit state
2.4.2.1 General. In considering the overall stability of any
2.4 Ultimate limit states structure or part, the loads should be increased by the
relevant It factors given in table 2.
2.4.1 Limit state of strength
The designer should consider overall frame stability which
2.4.1.1 General. In checking the strength and stability of embraces stability against overturning and sway stability.
the structure the loads should be multiplied by the relevant
2.4.2.2 Stability against overturning. The factored loads,
It factors given in table 2. The factored loads should be
considered separately and in combination, should not cause
applied in the most unfavourable realistic combination for
the structure or any part of the structure (including the
the part or effect under consideration.
foundations) to overturn or lift off its seating. The combin·
The load capacity of each member and its connections, ation of dead, imposed and wind loads should be such as to
as determined by the relevant provisions of this standard, have the most severe effect on overall stability (see 2.2.1 ).
should be such that the factored loads would not cause
Account should be taken of probable variations in dead
failure.
load during construction or other temporary conditions.
2.4.1.2 Overhead travelling cranes. The It factors given in
table 2 for vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes 2.4.2.3 Sway stability. All structures, including portions
should be applied to the dynamic crane loads, i.e. the static between expansion joints, should have adequate stiffness
vertical wheel loads increased by the appropriate allowance against sway.
for dynamic effects (see 2.2.3). To ensure this, in addition to designing for applied
For cranes on outdoor gantries the wind loads on the horizontal loads, a separate check should be carried out
gantry and supporting structure should be obtained from: tor notional horizontal forces.
(a) BS 2573 : Part 1, for cranes in the working condition;
(b) CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2, for cranes which are not
working.
10
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section two
These notional forces may arise from practical imperfections 2.4.4 Brittle fracture
such as lack of verticality and should be taken as the greater
2.4.4.1 General. Brittle fracture need not be considered
of:
except in locations subject to tensile stresses in service due
1 %of factored dead load from that level, applied
to applied axial load or moment.
horizontally;
Where such tension exists then the maximum thickness may
0.50% of factored load (dead plus vertical imposed)
be determined from 2.4.4.2 if the service temperature does
from that level, applied horizontally. not fall below that normal in the UK, taken as -5 °C for
These notional forces should be assumed to act in any one internal conditions and -15 °C for external conditions.
direction at a time and should be applied at each roof and Where the steel is subjected to lower temperatures or where
floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as the steel grade or thickness used is not covered by table 4
acting simultaneously with the factored dead plus vertical then the energy absorption should comply with 2.4.4.3,
imposed loads taken as: which may also be used in place of table 4.
1.4 X (unfactored dead load); and Where severe restraint conditions occur due to welding then
1.6 X ( unfactored vertical imposed load). reference should be made to BS 5400 or specialist advice.
The notional force should not: The recommendations of this clause do not apply to grade
(a) be applied when considering overturning; 43A base plates (see 4.13).
(b) be combined with the applied horizontal loads; 2.4.4.2 Maximum thickness. The maximum thickness for
(c) be combined with temperature effects; adequate notch toughness should not exceed the value
given in table 4 for the value of K determined from table 3.
(d) be taken to contribute to the net reactions at the
Where no value is shown, the maximum thickness of the
foundations. product form for guaranteed notch toughness in BS 4360
Sway stability may be provided for example by braced given in table 4 should not be exceeded.
frames, joint rigidity or by utilizing staircase, lift cores and 2.4.4.3 Energy absorption. The Charpy impact value, Cv,
shear walls. Whatever system is used, reversal of loading in joules, at the minimum service temperature should not
should be accommodated. The cladding floors and roof be less than:
should have adequate strength and be so secured to the
structural framework as to transmit all horizontal forces to ~
the points of sway resistance. Where such sway stability is 710K
provided by construction other than the steel framework, where
the steelwork designer should state clearly the need for
Y5 is the minimum yield strength of the material (in
such construction and the forces acting upon it (see 1.5).
N/mm 2 );
2.4.2.4 Foundation design. The design of foundations t is the thickness of material from which the specimen
should be in accordance with BS 8004 and should accom· is taken (in mm);
modate all the forces imposed on them. Attention should
K is determined from table 3.
be given to the method of connecting the steel superstructure
to the foundations and the anchorage of any holding down
bolts as recommended in 6.7. Table 3. Factor K for location of material and
Where it is necessary to quote the foundation reactions it tensile stress
should be clearly stated whether the forces and moments
result from factored or unfactored loads. Where they result Tensile stress Welded Unreamed Non- Drilled
due to factored location punched welded or
from factored loads the relevant "Yf factors for each load in loads at the holes location reamed
each combination should be stated. location being holes
considered
2.4.3 Fatigue
Fatigue need not be considered unless a structure or element N/mm 2
is subjected to numerous significant fluctuations of stress. ,;;;; 100 2 2 2 2
Stress changes due to fluctuations in wind loading need not
be considered but account should be taken of wind induced > 100 1 1 2 2
oscillations.
In the design of crane supporting structures only those 2.4.5 Structural integrity
members which support cranes of utilization classes U4 to
U9 as defined in BS 2573 need be checked for fatigue by 2.4.5.1 Requirements for all structures. All structures
reference to BS 5400 : Part 10. should follow the principles given in 1.0.1. The additional
requirements in 2.4.5.2 to 2.4.5.5 apply to buildings.
When designing for fatigue a "Yf factor of 1.0 should be used.
11
Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress (see note 1)
BS4360 Maximum thickn- for adequate Maximum supply thickn- in BS 4380 for guaranteed Charpy impact value, according to
notch toughn- (188 note 2) product type (188 note 3)
Internal External Sections Rectangular Circular Plat• Wide flats Flats and
conditions conditions (except hollow hoilow round and ....
hollow sactions sections square ban
grade K=1 K=2 K=1 K=2 sections) ....
co
co
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 0
43A 25 50 15 30 (see note 4) n/a n/a (see note 4) (see note 4) (see note 4)
438 (see note 5) 30 60 20 40 100 n/a n/a 100 50 100
43C 60 40 80 100 16 40 100 50 100
430 90 100 16 40 100 50 100
4300 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
43E n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 75
43EE n/a 16 40 75 50 n/a
50A 20 40 12 25 (see note 4) n/a n/a (see note 4) (see note 4) (see note 4)
508 (see note 5) 25 50 16 32 100 n/a n/a 100 50 100
soc 45 90 30 60 100 16 40 100 50 100
500 100 70 100 16 40 100 50 100
5000 100 n/a n/a 100 50 n/a
50E 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a 75
50EE n/a 16 40 75 30 n/a
50F n/a n/a n/a 40 n/a n/a
55C 19 16 25 25 25 19
55EE n/a 16 25 63 50 63
55F n/a 16 25 40 n/a n/a
NOTE 1. For sections with flanges the thickness is the flange thickness defined in BS 4.
NOTE 2. Where no value of maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness is shown, the maximum supply thickness in 85 4360 governs.
NOTE 3. n/a indicates that the product is not available in this grade.
NOTE 4. There is no Charpy test requirement in 85 4360 for grades 43A and 50A. The maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness governs.
NOTE 5. For grades 438 and 508, option 8.39 of 85 4360 should be invoked when the steel is ordered, otherwise the limits for grades 43A and 50A apply.
NOTE 6. 25 mm for round and square bars of grade WR50A.
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section two
Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement (2) At the periphery. Ties anchoring columns at the
embedded in concrete or masonry provided that they are periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for the
properly anchored to the steel framework. force given in ( 1) but not less than 1 %of the factored
Steel members provided for other purposes may be utilized vertical load in the column at that level.
as ties. When checked as ties other loading may be ignored. (c) Columns. All column splices should be capable of
Beams designed to carry the floor or roof loading will resisting a tensile force of not less than two-thirds of
generally be suitable provided that their end connections factored vertical load applied to the column from the
are capable of resisting tension. floor level next below the splice.
All ties and their end connections should be of a standard Except where the steel framework is of continuous
of robustness commensurate with the structure of which construction in at least one direction, the columns
they form a part and should be capable of carrying a should be carried through at each beam-to-column
factored tensile load of not less than 75 kN at floors or connection.
40 kN at roof level. (d) Integrity. Any beam which carries a column should
Ties are not required at a roof level where steelwork be checked, together with the members which support it,
supports. cladding weighing not more than 0.7 kN/m 2 and for localization of damage as recommended in 2.4.5.4.
carries roof loads only. (e) Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy
Where a building is provided with expansion joints, each floor or roof units are used they should be effectively
section between expansion joints should be treated as a anchored in the direction of their span either to each
separate building for the purpose of this clause. other over a support or directly to their supports as
recommended in BS 8110.
2.4.5.3 Additional requirements for certain multi-storey
buildings. Local or national regulations may stipulate that 2.4.5.4 Localization of damage. Where required by 2.4.5.3
tall multi-storey buildings be designed to localize accidental a building should be checked to see whether at each storey
damage. in turn any single column, or beam carrying a column,
Steel-framed buildings which satisfy the recommendations could be removed without causing collapse of more than
of 1.0.1 and 2.4.5.2 may be assumed to meet this require- a limited portion of the building local to the member
ment provided that the five additional conditions given concerned. Where the removal of one of these members
below are met. would cause failure in excess of appropriate limits that
member should be designed as a key element as recom-
A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed
mended in 2.4.5.5.
to localize accidental damage but which does not satisfy
these five additional conditions should be checked as For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that
recommended in 2.4.5.4. substantial permanent deformation of members and their
connections is acceptable.
(a) Sway resistance. The means of providing sway
resistance as recommended in 2.4.2.3 (i.e. steel bracing, In this check only one-third of the ordinary wind load and
rigid joints, shear walls, staircase and lift cores, etc.) one-third of the ordinary imposed load need be considered
should be sufficiently distributed throughout the together with the dead load, except that in the case of
building so that no substantial portion of the structural buildings used predominantly for storage, or where the
frame is solely reliant on a single plane of bracing in each imposed load is of a permanent nature, the full imposed
orthogonal direction. load should be used. The l't factor should be taken as 1.05
except that when considering overturning the dead load
(b) Tying. The ties referred to in 2.4.5.2 should be supplying the restoring moment should be multiplied by a
arranged in continuous Iines wherever practicable f't factor of 0.9.
throughout each floor and roof level in two directions
approximately at right angles. These and their connec- 2.4.5.5 Key elements. Where it is required by 2.4.5.4 to
tions should be checked for the following factored design a member as a key element, the accidental loading
tensile loads, which need not be considered as additive should not be less than that stipulated.
to other loads. Accidental loads should be applied to members from
( 1) Generally. 0.5 WtStLa for any internal ties and appropriate directions together with the reactions from
0.25WtStLa for edge ties but not less than 75 kN for other building components attached to the member which
floors or 40 kN at roof level are subject to the same loading but limited to the ultimate
where strength of these components or their connections.
Wt is the total factored dead and imposed load per In this check the effects of ordinary loads should also be
unit area of floor or roof; considered, to the same extent and with the same l't factors
st is the mean transverse spacing of the ties; as recommended in 2.4.5.4 for localization of damage.
La is the greatest distance, in the direction of the Any other steel member or other structural component
tie, between adjacent lines of columns or other which provides lateral restraint vital to the stability of a key
vertical supports. element should itself also be designed as a key element for
the same accidental loading.
13
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section two
14
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section three
15
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section three
-+---+---+-
I I I
g > _.;;'--~---~~-
-+- -+-
I I
' ' < Direction
-L--+--t-- -+-- ---+-of stress
I
Sp Sp
16
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section three
Rolled sections
b
"T"'-8.5€
b
-r"'-9.5€ r "'- 15e
b
d d d
Rolled sections - <.39e -<.39e - <.39e
t t t
Stems ofT-sections d d d
T-section - <.8.5€ - " 9.5€ -"" 19€
t t t
17
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section three
Class 4. Slender sections are those which contain slender 3.5.6 Longitudinally stiffened flanges
elements subject to compression due to moment or axial The unsupported width, b, of a flange or part of a flange,
load. Local buckling may prevent the stress in a slender which is effectively supported along both edges either by a
section from reaching the design strength. web or a longitudinal stiffener, should be taken as the width
Design of class 4 sections is considered in 3.6. between adjacent lines of welds or fasteners connecting it to
the supporting elements. In rolled sections b should be
3.5.3 Classification of elements measured as shown in figure 3.
Flat elements in a cross section are either: Where the free edge of the flange is supported by a
(a) internal elements attached on both longitudinal edges longitudinal stiffener, the flange thickness, T, should not be
to other elements or to longitudinal stiffeners which are less than b/20 unless the edge stiffener is itself supported at
connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, or suitable intervals.
(b) outstand elements attached on only one horizontal Where the flange is stiffened by transverse as well as
edge to an adjacent element, the other edge being free. longitudinal stiffeners or a web, the thickness, T, should not
be less than 1/100 of the smaller panel dimension a orb,
Flat elements are generally of constant thickness. Tapered
where a is a spacing of transverse stiffeners on the flange.
elements may be treated as flat elements having the average
thickness defined in BS 4.
Elements may be classified as plastic, compact or semi· 3.6 Slender cross sections
compact if they meet the limits given in table 7. Those
which do not meet the limits for semi-compact elements 3.6.1 General
are classified as slender.
Local buckling may become the design criterion when the
3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections proportions of elements in a cross section exceed those
given for semi-compact elements in table 7. Such cross
The limiting width to thickness ratio, d/t, for the web of a sections are defined as slender and their capacity is limited.
semi-compact section is given by the following:
(a) when R is positive 3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry shear
( 1) for sections built-up by welding Where thin webs which have a d/t ratio> 63E are required
d 120E (41 ) to carry shear the capacity of the cross section should be
t-~ 1 + 1.5R and~ -R -13 E calculated from 4.4.4.2.
(2) for rolled sections 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads and
120E (41 circular hollow sections
d
-~ and~ - - 2) E
t 1 + 1.5R R In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis a value
(b) when R is negative of the design strength, Pv, should be assumed such that the
limiting proportions for semi-compact sections are met
d 120E (see table 7). The same reduced value of Pv should be used
- ~ and ~250E
t (1 +R)2 for that element throughout the design of the section
in which R is the ratio of the mean longitudinal stress in the whenever it is in compression, except that such reduction
web to Pv• compression being taken as positive and tension need not be made in the design of connections to that
as negative. element.
18
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section three
Stems of T -sections 14
--
d
--5
te
NOTE 1. Dimensions b, d, t, Tare as defined in figure 3.
NOTE 2. € = c75r·
p;
NOTE 3. The strength of slender cross sections may be obtained
from 3.6.2, 3.6.3 and 3.6.4 as appropriate. Alternatively the
more rigorous approach given in BS 5950 : Part 5 may be used.
19
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section three
= =
=---
d t-. .,._ D
t
1.. 8 J
Rolled beams Rolled RHS b = 8- 3t
and columns channels d = D- 3t
d
T
_j
]~~
. ..jl Tees CHS
b
Angles
T b ,.. b .. , T
r1
I
d
' Double angles
_j_
t
T
_1
f
T
.--
1. .
b
. 11
,.
d d
..... ...... t
~
Fabricated sections
b
T
AT i1 _j
IF~ Ti
I I
20
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.1 General along the flange, provided that the dead load of the floor
and the imposed load it supports together constitute the
4.1.1 Scope dominant loading on the beam. The floor construction
This section gives rules for the design of simple elements or should be capable of resisting this lateral force.
elements comprising parts of frames.
4.2.3 Shear
4.1.2 Class of cross section Shear force Fv not greater than shear capacity Pv, where
Reference should be made to 3.5 for the classification of Pv = 0.6pyAv and Avis the shear area taken as follows:
cross sections. (a) rolled I, H and channel sections,
load parallel to web tD
4.1.3 Design strength (b) built-up sections and boxes,
The design strength should be obtained from table 6. load parallel to webs td
The reduction of 20 N/mm 2 given in 4.7.5 for welded (c) solid bars and plates 0.9A
elements in compression does not apply to the element (d) rectangular hollow sections,
(D~B) A
when it is checked for other effects such as bending, shear
load parallel to webs
and connections.
(e) circular hollow sections 0.6A
(f) any other case 0.9A 0
4.2 Members in bending
where
4.2.1 General t is the total web thickness;
4.2.1.1 Span of beams. The span of a beam should be 8 is the breadth;
taken between the effective points of support. D is the overall depth;
4.2.1.2 Length of cantilevers. The length of a cantilever d is the depth of the web;
should be taken as the distance from the effective point of A is the area of the section;
the support to the tip of the cantilever.
A 0 is the area of the rectilinear element of the section
4.2.1.3 General conditions. All members in bending should which has the largest dimension in the direction
meet the following conditions. parallel to the load.
(a) At critical points the combination of maximum When the depth to thickness ratio, d/t, of a web exceeds
moment and co-existent shear, and the combination of 63e then it should be checked for shear buckling in
maximum shear and co-existent moment should be accordance with 4.4.5.
checked.
(b) The deflection Iimits given in 2.5.1 should be 4.2.4 Elastic shear stress
considered. In sections where webs vary in thickness or have holes
(c) Unless the compression flange has full lateral significantly larger than those required for fasteners,
restraint, as indicated in 4.2.2, the resistance of the the shear stress should be calculated from first principles
member to lateral torsional buckling should be checked assuming elastic behaviour. In such cases the maximum
in accordance with 4.3. shear stress, fv, should not exceed 0.1Py-
(d) Local buckling should be considered as given in 3.6. 4.2.5 Moment capacity with low shear load
(e) When loads or reactions are applied through the Where Fv.;;;; 0.6Pv the moment capacity, Me, should be
flange to the web the conditions of 4.5 for bearing and taken as follows.
buckling should be met.
For plastic or compact sections:
4.2.2 Full lateral restraint
Me= PvS but.;;;; 1.2pyZ
When full lateral restraint is provided no reference need be NOTE. The elastic limitation is to prevent plasticity at working
made to 4.3 which deals with the lateral torsional buckling load. If S;;. 1.2Z then the 1.2 constant may be replaced by the
resistance of the member. ratio of the factored load to the unfactored load.
For semi-compact sections:
Full restraint exists if the frictional or positive connection
of a floor or other construction to the compression flange Me= PvZ
of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force of not For slender sections:
less than 2.5% of the maximum factored force in the com-
Me =pvZ
pression flange of the member, under factored loading.
This load should be considered as distributed uniformly where
Pv is the design strength (reduced for slender sections,
see 3.6);
21
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
S is the plastic modulus of the section about the When a beam requires lateral restraint within its span,
relevant axis; such restraint should have sufficient strength and stiffness
Z is the elastic modulus of the section about the to inhibit lateral movement of the compression flange
relevant axis. relative to the supports. This may be provided by lateral
restraints or torsional restraints (see 4.3.2 and 4.3.3).
When the depth to thickness ratio, d!t, of a web exceeds
63€ then it should be checked for shear buckling in All beams should also satisfy the requirements of 4.2.1
accordance with 4.4.5. and 4.2.3 to 4.2.6 inclusive.
4.2.6 Moment capacity with high shear load 4.3.2 lateral restraints
Where Fv > 0.6Pv the moment capacity, Me. should be 4.3.2.1 Where one or more lateral restraints are required
taken as follows. at intervals within the span of a beam, these intermediate
lateral restraints should be capable of resisting a total force
(a) For plastic or compact sections: of not less than 2.5% of the maximum factored force in
Me = Pv (S- SvPd but~ 1.2pvZ the compression flange, divided between the intermediate
2.5Fv lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing.
where p 1 = - - - 1.5
Pv The intermediate lateral restraints should either be con-
nected to an appropriate system of bracing capable of
and Sv is taken as follows:
transferring the restraint forces to the beam's effective
For sections with equal flanges: the plastic modulus points of support, or else connected to an independent
of the shear area, Av (see figure 4(a)); robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling a similar
For sections with unequal flanges: the plastic modulus function.
of the gross section less the plastic modulus of that Where two or more parallel members require lateral restraint
part of the section remaining after deduction of the at intervals, it is not adequate merely to connect the
shear area (see figure 4(b)). members together such that they become mutually depen-
(b) For semi-compact sections: dent.
Me= PvZ 4.3.2.2 Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints
(c) For slender sections: are provided, each intermediate lateral restraint should be
capable of resisting a force of not less than 1 % of the
Me =pvZ maximum factored force in the compression flange.
where Py and Z are as defined in 4.2.5.
In this case, the bracing system should be capable of resis-
When the depth to thickness ratio, d/t, of a web exceeds ting the greater of the effects of:
63€ then it should be checked for shear buckling in
(a) the 1 % restraint force considered as acting at only
accordance with 4.4.5.
one point at a time;
4.3 Lateral torsional buckling (b) the restraint forces described in 4.3.2.1.
4.3.2.3 Where more than three parallel members share the
4.3.1 General same system of restraints, the combined lateral restraint
A beam not provided with full lateral restraint as defined in force should be taken as the sum of the three largest lateral
4.2.2 should be checked for resistance to lateral torsional restraint forces required for each individual restrained
buckling. member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2.1 and
4.3.2.2.
-- t d t d
22
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.3.2.4 Purlins adequately restrained by sheeting need not (a) For beams with lateral restraints at the ends only, the
normally be checked for the forces arising from the value of LE should be obtained from table 9, taking Las
restraining of rafters of roof trusses or portal frames carrying the span of the beam. If the conditions of restraint at each
predominantly roof loads, provided that either: end differ, the mean value of LE should be taken.
(a) there is bracing of adequate stiffness in the plane of (b) For beams with effective lateral restraints at intervals
the rafters; or within their length, the value of LE should be taken as
(b) the roof sheeting is capable of acting as a diaphragm. 1.0L for normal loading conditions or 1.2L for destabil·
izing loading conditions (see 4.3.4), taking L as the
4.3.3 Torsional restraints distance between restraints.
A beam may be taken as torsionally restrained (about its (c) For a portion of a beam between one end and the
longitudinal axis) at any point in its length where both the first intermediate restraint, account should be taken of
flanges are effectively held in position relative to each other the conditions of restraint at the support. The effective
by external means, (in the lateral direction). length L E should be taken as the mean of the value given
Torsional restraint at support positions may be provided by in item (b) and the value given by table 9 for the condit-
bearing stiffeners acting in conjunction with the bearing of ions of restraint at the support, taking L as the distance
the beam (see 4.5.8). between the restraint and the support in both cases.
Torsional restraint may be provided at any point by means 4.3.6 Effective lengths of cantilevers
of a suitable diaphragm between two similar members or
else an equivalent panel of bracing. Alternatively such 4.3.6.1 With intermediate lateral restraint. If a cantilever
restraint may be provided by external means. has intermediate restraints to the compression flange, or
when a moment is applied at the tip, the lengths between
A torsional restraint should be capable of resisting a couple restraints should be treated as beams; the effective length,
comprising forces of not less than 1 % of the maximum L E, should be taken from 4.3.5.
factored force in the compression flange, acting at a lever
arm equal to the depth between the centroids of the flanges. 4.3.6.2 Without intermediate lateral restraint. When a
cantilever has no intermediate restraint to the compression
4.3.4 Destabilizing load
flange and no moment is applied to the tip, the effective
Destabilizing load conditions exist when a load is applied to length, LE, should be taken from table 10.
the top flange of a beam and both the load and the flange
are free to deflect laterally (and possibly rotationally also) 4.3.7 Lateral torsional buckling resistance of members
relative to the centroid of the beam. subject to bending
4.3.5 Effective lengths of beams 4.3. 7.1 General. Equal flanged rolled sections may be
When considering lateral torsional buckling, the effective checked using the conservative approach in 4.3.7 .7.
length, L E, of a beam should be taken as follows. For other members, or a portion of a member, between
Normal Destabilizing
Compression flange laterally restrained Both flanges fully restrained against 0.7L 0.85L
Beam fully restrained against torsion rotation on plan
Compression flange laterally unrestrained Restraint against torsion provided only by 1.0L + 20 1.2L + 2D
Both flanges free to rotate on plan positive connection of bottom flange to
supports
23
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
adjacent lateral restraints, subject to bending about their 4.3.7.2 Equivalent uniform moment, M. The equivalent
major axis the following condition should be satisfied: uniform moment, M, is given by:
M~Mb M=mMA
where where
M is the equivalent uniform moment; MA is the maximum moment on the member or the
Mb is the lateral torsional buckling resistance moment. portion of the member under consideration;
NOTE. For box sections of uniform thickness (including structural m is an equivalent uniform moment factor, determined
hollow sections) this check is unnecessary within the limits given from 4.3.7.6.
in 8.2.6.1 and Mb may be taken aspySx. For circular hollow
sections a lateral torsional buckling check is not required.
Braced laterally
24
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
4.3.7 .3 Buckling resistance, Mb. For members with at least 4.3.7.4 Bending strength, Pb· The bending strength, Pb.
one axis of symmetry the buckling resistance moment, Mb, is related to the equivalent slenderness, XL T, the design
is given by: strength of the materiai,Py. and member type, i.e. rolled or
fabricated by welding. Pb can be obtained from tables 11,
Mb = SxPb
12 or from the formulae in 8.2 on which these tables are
where based.
Sx is the plastic modulus of the section about the major
axis;
Pb is the bending strength determined from 4.3.7.4.
Table 11. Bending strength,pb, (in N/mm 2 ) for Table 12. Bending strength, Pb, (in N/mm 2 ) for
rolled sections welded sections
I~L
30
245
245
265
265
275
275
325
325
340
340
355
355
415
408
430
421
450
438
~ T
30
245
245
265
265
275
275
325
325
340
340
355
355
415
401
430
412
450
427
35 245 265 273 316 328 341 390 402 418 35 245 265 272 307 317 328 368 378 391
40 238 254 262 302 313 325 371 382 397 40 231 244 250 282 292 301 337 346 358
45 227 242 250 287 298 309 350 361 374 45 212 224 230 259 268 276 308 316 327
50 217 231 238 272 282 292 329 338 350 50 196 207 212 238 246 253 282 288 297
55 206 219 226 257 266 274 307 315 325 55 180 190 195 219 225 232 257 263 275
60 195 207 213 241 249 257 285 292 300 60 167 176 180 201 207 212 245 253 264
65 185 196 201 225 232 239 263 269 276 65 154 162 166 188 196 204 235 242 251
70 174 184 188 210 216 222 242 247 253 70 142 150 155 182 189 196 224 230 238
75 164 172 176 195 200 205 223 226 231 75 135 145 151 175 182 188 212 218 225
80 154 161 165 181 186 190 204 208 212 80 131 141 146 168 174 179 201 205 211
85 144 151 154 168 172 175 188 190 194 85 127 136 140 160 165 171 188 190 194
90 135 141 144 156 159 162 173 175 178 90 123 131 135 152 157 162 173 175 178
95 126 131 134 144 147 150 159 161 163 95 118 125 129 144 147 150 159 161 163
100 118 123 125 134 137 139 147 148 150 100 113 120 123 134 137 139 147 148 150
105 111 115 117 125 127 129 136 137 139 105 109 115 117 125 127 129 136 137 139
110 104 107 109 116 118 120 126 127 128 110 104 107 109 116 118 120 126 127 128
115 97 101 102 108 110 111 117 118 119 115 97 101 102 108 110 111 117 118 119
120 91 94 96 101 103 104 108 109 111 120 91 94 96 101 103 104 108 109 111
125 86 89 90 95 96 97 101 102 103 125 86 89 90 95 96 97 101 102 103
130 81 83 84 89 90 91 94 95 96 130 81 83 84 89 90 91 94 95 96
135 76 78 79 83 84 85 88 89 90 135 76 78 79 83 84 85 88 89 90
140 72 74 75 78 79 80 83 84 84 140 72 74 75 78 79 80 83 84 84
145 68 70 71 74 75 75 78 79 79 145 68 70 71 74 75 75 78 79 79
150 64 66 67 70 70 71 73 74 75 150 64 66 67 70 70 71 73 74 75
155 61 62 63 66 66 67 69 70 70 155 61 62 63 66 66 67 69 70 70
160 58 59 60 62 63 63 65 66 66 160 58 59 60 62 63 63 65 66 66
165 55 56 57 59 60 60 62 62 63 165 55 56 57 59 60 60 62 62 63
170 52 53 54 56 56 57 59 59 59 170 52 53 54 56 56 57 59 59 59
175 50 51 51 53 54 54 56 56 56 175 50 51 51 53 54 54 56 56 56
180 47 48 49 51 51 51 53 53 53 180 47 48 49 51 51 51 53 53 53
185 45 46 46 48 49 49 50 50 51 185 45 46 46 48 49 49 50 50 51
190 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 48 48 190 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 48 48
195 41 42 42 44 44 44 46 46 46 195 41 42 42 44 44 44 46 46 46
200 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 44 44 200 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 44 44
210 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 40 210 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 40
220 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 220 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37
230 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 230 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34
240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31
250 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 250 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29
25
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
m n m n
Members loaded between adjacent lateral Sections with 1.0 From tables 1.0 1.0
restraints equal flanges 15 and 16
Members not loaded between adjacent Sections with From table 1.0 1.0 1.0
lateral restraints equal flanges 18
26
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
T Compression
Tension T I [ _l Compression
Tension
j_
10:
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.79
0.78
0.9
0.81
0.80
0.8
0.84
0.83
0.7
0.88
0.87
0.6
0.93
0.92
0.5
1.00
0.99
0.4
1.11
1.10
0.3
128
127
02
1.57
1.53
0.1
220
2.11
0.0
12.67
6.36
1.5 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.97 1.08 124 1.48 1.98 421
2.0 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.96 1.06 120 1.42 1.84 324
2.5 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.03 1.16 1.35 1.70 2.62
3.0 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.91 1.00 1.12 129 1.57 2.21
3.5 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.89 0.97 1.07 1.22 1.46 1.93
4.0 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.94 1.03 1.16 1.36 1.71
4.5 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.11 1.27 1.55
5.0 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.05 120 1.41
5.5 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.85 0.92 1.01 1.13 1.31
6.0 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.07 1.22
6.5 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.02 1.14
7.0 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.97 1.08
7.5 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.02
8.0 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.98
8.5 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.93
9.0 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.90
9.5 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.86
10.0 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83
11.0 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.78
12.0 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.73
13.0 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.69
14.0 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.66
15.0 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.63
16.0 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61
17.0 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.58
18.0 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.56
19.0 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55
20.0 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53
NOTE. 1 For beams with EQUAL flanges, N = 0.5. For beams with UNEQUAL flanges refer to 4.3.7.5.
NOTE 2. v should be determined from the general formulae given in 8.2.5, on which this table is based:
(a) for sections with LIPPED flanges (e.g. gantry girders composed of channel+ universal beam); and
(b) for intermediate values to the right of the stepped line in the table.
27
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 15. Slenderness correction factor, n, for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within
the middle fifth of the unrestrained length
-- rw
I' NOTE 1. All hogging moments are +ve.
_I L
~ maximum NOTE 2. {3 is defined in table 18.
L
(see table 17).
""'"'";"L ''"gth l
{3 positive {3 negative
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -{).2 -{),6 -0.8 -1.0
+50.00 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65
+10.00 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67
+5.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.70
+2.00 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.77 0.76
+1.50 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.80
+1.00 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92
+0.50 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88
0.00 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
-0.10 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
-{).20 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86
-{).30 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87
-0.40 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87
-{).50 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88
-{).60 0.62 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88
-{).70 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.67 0.73 0.79 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89
-0.80 0.56 0.53 0.54 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.90 0.90
-{).90 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.84 0.88 0.91
-1.00 0.62 0.58 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.80 0.85 0.92
-1.10 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.54 0.57 0.63 0.68 0.76 0.83 0.89
-1.20 0.70 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.87
-1.30 0.73 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.69 0.77 0.83
-1.40 0.74 0.70 0.64 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.74 0.81
-1.50 0.75 0.70 0.64 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.59 0.65 0.73 0.80
-1.60 0.76 0.72 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.64 0.72 0.80
-1.70 0.77 0.74 0.66 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.70 0.78
-1.80 0.79 0.77 0.68 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.62 0.69 0.76
-1.90 0.80 0.79 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.67 0.75
-2.00 0.81 0.81 0.70 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.74
-5.00 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.62 0.65
-50.00 0.99 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.65
Infinity 1.00 0.96 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.65 0.65
NOTE 4. The values of n in this table apply only to members of UNIFORM section.
NOTE 5. Values for intermediate values of {3 and I' may be interpolated.
NOTE 6. When n from this table is used, m = 1 .00.
28
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 16. Slenderness correction factor, n, for members with applied loading other than as for table 15
~~
supported span equal to the unrestrained length
I
(see table 17).
I
Unrestrained length L
~positive ~negative
'Y=M/M 0
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -02 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0
+50.00 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.77 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65
+10.00 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.67
+5.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.70
+2.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.76
+1.50 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.79
+1.00 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.89
+0.50 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92
0.00 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
-0.10 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
-0.20 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93
-0.30 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94
-0.40 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93
-0.50 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
-0.60 0.71 0.77 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
-0.70 0.57 0.64 0.70 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91
-0.80 0.47 0.52 0.59 0.67 0.73 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.92
-0.90 0.47 0.46 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.90 0.90 0.90
-1.00 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.58 0.66 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.89 0.89
-1.10 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.54 0.61 0.69 0.77 0.83 0.87 0.88
-1.20 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.64 0.73 0.80 0.84 0.87
-1.30 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.47 0.49 0.53 0.61 0.70 0.77 0.82 0.86
-1.40 0.64 0.59 0.55 0.49 0.48 0.51 0.58 0.67 0.74 0.79 0.85
-1.50 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.51 0.47 0.49 0.56 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.84
-1.60 0.69 0.64 0.59 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.55 0.63 0.69 0.76 0.83
-1.70 0.71 0.66 0.60 0.54 0.50 0.51 0.55 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.82
-1.80 0.74 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.81
-1.90 0.76 0.71 0.63 0.57 0.53 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.80
-2.00 0.78 0.73 0.65 0.58 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.57 0.63 0.70 0.79
-5.00 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.74 0.70 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.61 0.67
-50.00 0.99 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.65
Infinity 1.00 0.96 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.65 0.65
NOTE 4. The values of n in this table apply only to members of UNIFORM section.
NOTE 5. Values for intermediate values of {3 and')' may be interpolated.
NOTE 6. When n from this table is used, m = 1.00.
29
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
f1
(3 + ve 'Y + ve
H
~ Z"ZJ n
YLUfZ H
(3 + ve 'Y- ve
Ho
f1
---l --
(3 + ve 'Y- ve
(JH
(3- ve 'Y + ve
(3- ve 'Y- ve
H
fJH
(3- ve 'Y- ve
30
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
{3 m
HI l '
fJH
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.0 0.57
Beta negative -o.1 0.54
-o.2 0.51
-o.3 0.48
-Q.4 0.45
H( y)nH
•
He:-----__
-o.s
to 0.43
----.Jf3H -1.0
NOTE 1. The values of m in this table apply only to end moments applied to beams of UNIFORM section with EQUAL flanges.
In all other cases, m = 1.0.
NOTE 2. Values of m for intermediate values of {3 may be interpolated, or determined from the equation:
m = 0.57 + 0.33{3 + 0.10{3 2 ; but not less than 0.43.
NOTE 3. {3 is the ratio for the smaller end moment to the larger end moment on a span equal to the unrestrained length.
4.3.7.7 Equal flanged rolled sections. This clause gives a When using table 19 the effect of the loads and moments
conservative approach. If a full analysis is required or the between restraints may be considered by multiplying the
sections are equal flanged rolled sections, then the provisions effective length by the slenderness correction factor n.
of 4.3.7.1 to 4.3.7.6 should be used. Reference may be made to 4.3.7.6 for value of n. Altern-
In each length between lateral restraints, the maximum atively, except for destabilizing loads (see 4.3.4), n may be
moment should not exceed the buckling resistance moment, taken from table 20.
Mb, of the section taken as pbS x.
Where 4.3.8 Buck! ing resistance moment for single angles
The buckling resistance moment for a single angle should be
pb is determined from table 19(a), (b), (c) or (d), for "A
taken as:
and x;
Mb = O.BpyZ for Llrw.;;;;; 100
Sx is the plastic modulus of the section about the x-x
axis; Mb = 0.7pyZfor Llrw.;;;;; 180
A is the slenderness of section= LE/r; Mb = 0.6pyZ for Llrvv.;;;;; 300
L E is the effective length from 4.3.5 or 4.3.6, where
r is the radius of gyration about the member minor Z is the smaller elastic modulus about the appropriate
axis; axis;
x is the torsional index (see 4.3.7.5) which may be rvv is the radius of gyration about the weakest axis;
taken as D!T. L is the unrestrained length.
31
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 19. Bending strength,Pb. (in N/mm 2 ) for rolled sections with equal flanges
(a) Pv = 265 N/mm 2
~ 30
5
265
10
265
15
265
20
265
25
265
30
265
35
265
40
265
45
265
50
265
35 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265
40 265 265 265 265 265 264 264 264 263 263
45 265 265 261 258 256 255 254 254 254 254
50 265 261 253 249 247 246 245 244 244 244
55 265 255 246 241 238 236 235 235 234 234
60 265 250 239 233 229 227 226 225 224 224
65 265 245 232 225 221 218 216 215 214 214
70 265 240 225 217 212 209 207 205 204 204
75 263 235 219 210 204 200 198 196 195 194
80 260 230 213 202 196 191 189 187 185 184
85 257 226 207 195 188 183 180 178 176 175
90 254 222 201 188 180 175 171 169 167 166
95 252 217 196 182 173 167 163 160 158 157
100 249 213 190 176 166 160 156 153 150 149
105 247 209 185 170 160 153 148 145 143 141
110 244 206 180 164 154 147 142 138 136 134
115 242 202 176 159 148 140 135 132 129 127
120 240 198 171 154 142 135 129 125 123 121
125 237 195 167 149 137 129 124 120 117 115
130 235 191 163 144 132 124 119 114 111 109
135 233 188 159 140 128 119 114 109 106 104
140 231 185 155 136 124 115 109 105 102 99
145 229 182 152 132 120 111 105 101 97 95
150 227 179 148 129 116 107 101 97 93 91
32
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 19 (continued)
(b) Pv = 275 N/mm 2
~30
5
275
10
275
15
275
20
275
25
275
30
275
35
275
40
275
45
275
50
275
35 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275
40 275 275 275 275 274 273 272 272 272 272
45 275 275 269 266 264 263 263 262 262 262
50 275 269 261 257 255 253 253 252 252 251
55 275 263 254 248 246 244 243 242 241 241
60 275 258 246 240 236 234 233 232 231 230
65 275 252 239 232 227 224 223 221 221 220
70 274 247 232 223 218 215 213 211 210 209
75 271 242 225 215 209 206 203 201 200 199
80 268 237 219 208 201 196 193 191 190 189
85 265 233 213 200 193 188 184 182 180 179
90 262 228 207 193 185 179 175 173 171 169
95 260 224 201 186 177 171 167 164 162 160
100 257 219 195 180 170 164 159 156 153 152
105 254 215 190 174 163 156 151 148 146 144
110 252 211 185 168 157 150 144 141 138 136
115 250 207 180 162 151 143 138 134 131 129
120 247 204 175 157 145 137 132 128 125 123
125 245 200 171 152 140 132 126 122 119 116
130 242 196 167 147 135 126 120 116 113 111
135 240 193 162 143 130 121 115 111 108 106
140 238 190 159 139 126 117 111 106 103 101
145 236 186 155 135 122 113 106 102 99 96
150 233 183 151 131 118 109 102 98 95 92
33
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 19 (continued)
I~30
5
340
10
340
15
340
20
340
25
340
30
340
35
340
40
340
45
340
50
340
35 340 340 340 340 340 340 339 339 339 339
40 340 333 333 320 328 327 327 326 326 326
45 340 333 323 318 316 315 314 314 313 313
50 340 322 312 307 304 302 301 301 300 300
55 340 315 303 296 292 290 288 287 286 286
60 337 308 293 285 280 277 275 274 273 272
65 333 301 283 273 268 264 262 260 259 258
70 329 294 274 263 256 251 248 246 245 244
75 325 287 265 252 244 239 235 233 231 230
80 321 281 257 242 232 227 223 220 218 216
85 318 275 248 232 222 215 211 207 205 203
90 214 269 240 223 211 204 199 196 193 191
95 31-1 263 232 213 201 194 188 185 182 180
100 307 257 225 205 192 184 178 174 171 169
105 304 252 218 197 184 175 169 165 161 159
110 301 246 211 189 176 166 160 156 152 150
115 297 241 205 182 168 159 152 147 144 142
120 294 236 199 176 161 151 145 140 136 134
125 291 231 193 170 155 145 138 133 129 127
130 288 227 188 164 148 138 131 126 123 120
135 285 222 183 158 143 133 125 120 117 114
140 282 218 178 153 138 127 120 115 111 108
145 279 213 173 148 133 122 115 110 106 103
150 276 209 168 144 128 118 110 105 101 99
34
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 19 (concluded)
~30
5
355
10
355
15
355
20
355
25
355
30
355
35
355
40
355
46
355
60
355
35 355 355 355 354 353 353 352 352 352 352
40 355 352 346 342 341 340 339 339 339 338
45 355 344 335 320 328 327 326 325 325 325
50 355 335 324 318 315 313 312 311 311 311
55 354 327 314 306 302 300 298 297 297 296
60 350 319 303 294 289 286 284 283 282 281
65 346 312 293 283 276 273 270 268 267 266
70 341 305 283 271 264 259 256 254 252 251
75 337 298 274 260 251 246 242 240 238 236
80 333 291 265 249 239 233 229 226 224 222
85 329 284 256 238 228 221 216 213 210 209
90 326 278 247 228 217 209 204 200 198 196
95 322 271 239 219 206 198 193 189 186 184
100 318 265 231 210 197 188 182 178 175 173
105 315 260 224 202 188 178 172 168 165 162
110 311 254 217 194 179 170 163 159 155 153
115 308 248 210 186 171 162 155 150 147 144
120 305 243 204 180 164 154 147 142 139 136
125 301 238 198 173 157 147 140 135 131 129
130 298 233 192 167 151 141 133 128 125 122
135 295 228 187 161 145 135 127 122 118 116
140 292 223 181 156 140 129 122 117 113 110
145 288 219 176 151 135 124 117 111 108 105
150 285 214 172 146 130 119 112 107 103 100
35
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
{H H' I I
1.0
0.77
(H
l ~ ~
{H HJ ~ 0.65
~ t ~
iw 0.86
f ~ ~
w 0.94
fz z z z z z z z z z z z '
~
&J ~
0.94
'\ /
trdw t ~
0.94
36
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.4.2.3 Minimum web thickness to avoid flange buckling. 4.4.5.2 Design of internal and end panels. Internal panels
In order to avoid the flange buckling into the web: may be designed using tension field action and the end
panels designed accordingly. Alternatively internal and end
(a) Without intermediate stiffeners: t;;;;;. 2: 0 (;~~) panels may be designed simply (but conservatively) without
using tension field action.
(b) With intermediate transverse stiffeners:
4.4.5.3 Design without using tension field action.
(1) where stiffener spacing a> 1.5d: t;;;;;. ("yf )
d
250 345
This clause should be used for the design of unstiffened
girders and may be used (conservatively) for the design of
;;:w (1 - p:J ;
resisted by method (b), the remainder of the loading
being resisted by method (a) and the web designed Kt = 4
accordingly.
Mpt is the plastic moment capacity of the smaller flange
4.4.4.3 Sections with slender flanges. The moment capacity about its own equal area axis parallel to the flange;
should be calculated from the reduced stress as given in 3.6.
f is the mean longitudinal stress in the smaller flange
4.4.5 Shear buckling resistance of thin webs due to moment and/or axial load;
Pyt is the design strength of the flange;
4.4.5.1 General. This clause applies to webs which are
assumed to carry shear only, axial load and bending Mpw is the plastic moment capacity of the web about its
moment being carried entirely by the flanges. For webs own equal area axis perpendicular to the web.
carrying shear and direct stress, see H.3. 4.4.5.4.2 End panels designed not using tension field
Webs without intermediate stiffeners should be designed action (see figure 5). This clause may be used for the design
according to 4.4.5.3. of end panels in girders designed using tension field action.
Webs with intermediate stiffeners may be designed according In this case the end panel should be designed according
to 4.4.5.3 or 4.4.5.4. to 4.4.5.3.
Webs with longitudinal stiffeners should be designed to Additionally they should be checked as a beam spanning
BS 5400. between the flanges of the girder capable of resisting a shear
force Rtt and a moment Mtt as given in 4.4.5.4.4.
37
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Panel B Panel A
Bearing
stiffener
v
~
L<
38
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
r:;~
Panel A: designed utilizing tension field action.
Panel B: designed utilizing tension field action.
Bearing stiffener and end post: designed for combination of compressive loads due to bearing and a
moment equal to 2/ 3 Mtt.
Figure 6. End panel designed using tension field action (single stiffener)
End post
( ')
Bearing
stiffener
Panel B Panel A
vvv
L...l
Figure 7. End panel designed using tension field action (double stiffener)
39
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 ~
55 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
60 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
65 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 157
70 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 155 153 148
75 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 155 152 150 147 145 140
80 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 157 152 148 145 143 140 137 132
85 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 150 145 141 138 136 132 130 124
90 159 159 159 159 159 158 152 144 138 134 131 128 124 122 116
95 1bl-J 159 159 159 159 153 146 137 131 127 123 121 117 114 108
100 159 159 159 159 155 147 140 131 124 120 116 114 109 107 100
105 159 159 159 159 150 141 133 124 118 113 109 106 102 98 91
110 159 159 159 155 145 136 127 118 111 106 102 98 93 90 83
115 159 159 159 150 139 130 121 111 104 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 159 159 158 146 134 124 115 105 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 159 159 154 141 129 118 109 97 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
230 121 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 118 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 18
240 115 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 19 17
245 112 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
250 109 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
40
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 21 (continued)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
..
55 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
60 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
65 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 160
70 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 164 162 158 157 152
75 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 162 159 156 154 150 148 143
80 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 161 155 151 148 146 142 140 135
85 165 165 165 165 165 165 162 154 148 144 141 138 134 132 126
90 165 165 165 165 165 162 155 147 141 136 133 131 126 124 118
95 165 165 165 165 165 156 149 140 134 129 125 123 118 116 110
100 165 165 165 165 159 150- 142 133 126 121 118 115 110 108 100
105 165 165 165 164 154 144 136 126 119 114 110 107 102 98 91
110 165 165 165 159 148 138 130 119 112 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 165 165 165 154 142 132 123 112 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 165 165 162 149 137 126 117 106 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 165 165 158 144 131 120 110 97 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
230 123 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 120 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 18
240 117 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 18 17
245 114 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
250 110 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
41
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 21 (continued)
dlt 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 -
55 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
60 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 195
65 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 201 198 196 191 189 183
70 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 196 191 188 185 180 178 171
75 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 193 186 181 177 174 169 167 160
80 204 204 204 204 204 202 194 183 176 171 167 163 158 155 148
85 204 204 204 204 204 194 185 174 166 160 156 153 147 144 136
90 204 204 204 204 197 186 176 164 156 150 146 142 136 133 123
95 204 204 204 202 189 177 167 155 146 140 135 131 124 120 111
100 204 204 204 195 181 169 158 146 136 129 123 119 112 108 100
105 204 204 204 188 174 161 150 136 125 117 112 108 102 98 91
110 204 204 198 181 166 153 141 126 114 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 204 204 192 174 158 144 132 115 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 204 204 186 167 151 136 122 106 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 204 201 179 160 143 127 112 97 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
230 132 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 127 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 18
240 122 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 19 17
245 117 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
250 112 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
42
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 21 (concluded)
dlt 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 ~
55 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
60 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 212 208 206 200
65 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 212 207 204 201 197 194 188
70 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 208 201 196 192 190 185 182 175
75 213 213 213 213 213 213 208 198 191 185 181 178 173 170 163
80 213 213 213 213 213 208 199 188 180 174 170 167 161 158 150
85 213 213 213 213 210 199 190 178 170 163 159 155 150 146 138
90 213 213 213 213 202 190 180 168 159 152 148 144 138 134 123
95 213 213 213 208 194 182 171 158 148 142 136 132 124 120 111
100 213 213 213 200 186 173 161 148 138 129 123 119 112 108 100
105 213 213 210 193 178 164 152 138 125 117 112 108 102 98 91
110 213 213 204 186 169 155 143 126 114 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 213 213 197 178 161 146 132 115 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 213 212 190 171 153 137 122 106 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 213 207 184 163 145 127 112 97 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
230 132 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 127 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 18
240 122 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 19 17
245 117 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
250 112 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
43
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
60 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
65 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
70 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
75 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 148
80 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 151 149 148 145 143
85 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 147 145 143 140 137
90 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 145 142 140 138 134 131
95 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 138 135 133 128 125
100 159 159 159 159 159 150 147 142 137 133 130 127 122 119
105 159 159 159 159 159 148 144 138 133 129 125 122 116 111
110 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 134 128 124 120 116 109 104
115 159 159 159 159 147 142 137 130 124 118 113 109 102 97
120 159 159 159 159 145 140 134 126 118 112 107 103 96 91
125 159 159 159 148 143 137 131 121 113 107 102 98 91 86
130 159 159 159 146 140 133 127 116 108 102 97 93 86 81
135 159 159 150 144 137 130 123 112 104 97 93 89 82 77
140 159 159 149 142 135 127 118 108 100 94 89 85 78 73
145 159 159 147 140 132 123 114 104 96 90 85 81 75 70
150 159 159 145 138 129 119 111 100 93 87 82 78 71 67
44
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 22 (continued)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
60 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
65 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
70 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
75 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 156 154 152
80 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 155 153 152 149 147
85 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 156 153 151 149 147 143 140
90 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 153 149 146 144 141 137 134
95 165 165 165 165 165 165 154 149 145 142 138 136 131 127
100 165 165 165 165 165 155 151 146 141 137 133 130 124 120
105 165 165 165 165 157 152 148 142 136 131 127 124 117 112
110 165 165 165 165 154 150 145 137 131 126 121 117 110 105
115 165 165 165 165 152 147 141 133 126 120 114 110 103 98
120 165 165 165 155 149 143 137 129 120 114 109 104 97 92
125 165 165 165 153 147 140 134 123 115 108 103 99 92 87
130 165 165 165 151 144 137 130 118 110 103 98 94 87 82
135 165 165 155 148 141 134 125 114 105 99 94 90 83 78
140 165 165 153 146 138 130 121 110 101 95 90 86 79 74
145 165 165 152 144 135 125 117 106 98 92 87 83 76 71
150 165 165 150 141 132 122 113 102 94 88 83 79 72 68
45
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 22 (continued)
dlt 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
60 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
65 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 194 192
70 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 194 192 190 187 184
75 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 191 188 186 183 179 176
80 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 190 186 182 179 176 171 167
85 204 204 204 204 204 204 191 185 180 176 172 169 162 158
90 204 204 204 204 204 192 187 180 174 169 164 161 154 149
95 204 204 204 204 193 188 183 174 167 162 157 153 144 138
100 204 204 204 204 190 184 178 169 161 154 148 143 134 128
105 204 204 204 193 187 180 173 163 153 145 139 134 125 119
110 204 204 204 190 183 176 168 156 145 137 131 126 117 111
115 204 204 204 187 179 171 163 149 138 130 124 119 110 104
120 204 204 193 184 176 166 156 142 132 124 118 113 104 98
125 204 204 190 181 172 161 150 136 126 119 112 107 99 93
130 204 204 188 178 168 156 145 131 121 114 107 103 94 88
135 204 204 185 175 163 150 140 127 117 109 103 98 89 84
140 204 193 183 171 158 146 135 122 112 105 99 94 86 80
145 204 191 180 168 153 141 131 118 109 101 95 91 82 76
150 204 189 177 164 149 137 128 115 105 98 92 87 79 73
155 204 187 175 159 145 134 124 112 102 95 89 85 76 70
160 204 185 172 156 142 130 121 109 99 92 87 82 73 68
165 204 183 169 152 138 127 118 106 97 90 84 79 71 65
170 193 181 165 149 135 125 116 103 94 87 82 77 69 63
175 192 179 162 146 133 122 113 101 92 85 80 75 67 61
46
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
Table 22 (concluded)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
60 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
65 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 200 198
70 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 201 198 196 193 190
75 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 202 198 194 192 189 184 181
80 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 197 192 188 184 181 175 171
85 213 213 213 213 213 213 198 191 186 181 177 173 166 162
90 213 213 213 213 213 199 193 186 179 173 169 164 157 151
95 213 213 213 213 201 195 189 180 172 166 160 155 145 139
100 213 213 213 213 197 190 183 173 165 157 150 145 135 129
105 213 213 213 200 193 186 178 167 156 148 141 136 126 120
110 213 213 213 197 189 181 173 159 148 140 133 128 118 112
115 213 213 202 194 185 176 166 152 141 133 126 121 112 105
120 213 213 200 191 181 171 160 145 135 126 120 115 106 99
125 213 213 197 188 177 165 154 139 129 121 114 109 100 94
130 213 213 195 184 173 159 148 134 124 116 110 104 95 89
135 213 202 192 180 167 154 143 129 119 111 105 100 91 85
140 213 200 189 177 162 149 139 125 115 107 101 96 87 81
145 213 198 186 173 157 145 135 121 111 104 97 93 84 77
150 213 196 183 168 153 141 131 118 108 100 94 89 80 74
155 213 194 180 164 149 137 127 114 105 97 91 86 77 72
160 213 192 177 160 146 134 124 111 102 94 89 84 75 69
165 202 189 173 156 142 131 121 109 99 92 86 81 72 67
170 201 187 170 153 139 128 119 106 97 90 84 79 70 64
175 199 185 166 150 136 125 116 104 95 87 82 77 68 62
47
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 52 67 68
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 79 92 96 96 89
85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 106 119 122 122 114 104
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 120 140 145 144 141 128 115
95 0 0 0 0 0 29 116 154 165 165 162 156 139 124
100 0 0 0 0 0 110 155 180 185 182 176 168 148 131
105 0 0 0 0 81 151 184 201 202 196 188 179 156 138
110 0 0 0 0 133 182 208 219 217 209 199 189 165 144
115 0 0 0 79 168 207 228 235 230 221 210 198 171 149
120 0 0 0 132 197 229 247 250 243 232 219 205 176 152
125 0 0 0 168 221 248 263 264 255 241 226 211 180 155
130 0 0 91 197 242 266 278 277 264 248 231 216 183 158
135 0 0 138 221 261 281 293 288 272 254 236 220 186 160
140 0 0 172 243 278 296 307 297 278 259 240 223 188 162
145 0 0 200 262 293 312 318 304 284 263 244 226 190 163
150 0 86 224 279 308 325 328 310 288 267 246 228 192 164
155 0 133 245 296 324 336 336 316 292 270 249 231 193 165
160 0 166 264 311 338 346 343 321 296 272 251 232 194 166
165 0 194 282 325 350 354 349 325 299 275 253 234 195 167
170 0 218 298 340 360 361 355 329 302 277 255 235 196 168
175 0 239 313 354 369 368 359 332 304 279 256 237 197 168
180 65 258 327 366 377 373 364 335 306 280 258 238 198 169
185 116 275 341 377 384 378 367 337 308 282 259 239 199 170
190 151 292 356 386 390 383 371 340 310 283 260 240 199 170
195 178 307 370 394 396 387 374 342 312 285 261 241 200 170
200 202 321 382 402 401 391 377 344 313 286 262 241 200 171
205 223 335 392 408 405 394 379 346 314 287 263 242 201 171
210 242 348 402 414 409 397 382 347 316 288 264 243 201 171
215 260 360 411 420 413 400 384 349 317 289 264 243 202 172
220 276 374 418 425 417 402 386 350 318 289 265 244 202 172
225 291 387 425 429 420 405 388 351 319 290 265 244 202 172
230 305 399 432 433 423 407 389 352 319 291 266 245 203 172
235 319 409 438 437 425 409 391 354 320 291 266 245 203 173
240 332 419 443 441 428 411 392 355 321 292 267 245 203 173
245 344 427 448 444 430 412 394 355 322 292 267 246 203 173
250 356 435 452 447 432 414 395 356 322 293 268 246 204 173
48
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 23 (continued)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 40
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 57 71 80 78
105 0 0 0 0 108 170 210 216 216 209 200 190 166 146
110 0 0 0 0 154 200 225 235 231 222 211 200 174 152
115 0 0 0 109 188 225 245 251 244 235 222 209 180 156
120 0 0 0 155 216 247 264 265 258 245 230 216 184 160
125 0 0 52 189 240 266 280 281 269 254 237 222 188 163
130 0 0 121 217 261 284 296 293 278 260 243 226 191 165
135 0 0 162 241 280 300 312 303 286 266 247 230 194 167
140 0 0 194 262 297 316 325 312 292 271 251 233 196 169
145 0 54 221 282 313 331 336 319 297 275 254 236 198 170
150 0 119 245 300 329 344 345 325 302 278 257 238 200 171
155 0 159 266 316 345 355 353 331 306 282 260 240 201 172
160 0 190 285 331 358 364 360 335 309 284 262 242 202 173
165 0 217 303 347 370 372 366 340 312 287 264 244 203 174
170 0 240 319 363 380 379 371 343 315 289 265 245 204 175
175 32 261 335 376 388 386 376 346 317 290 267 246 205 175
180 106 280 349 388 396 391 380 349 319 292 268 247 206 176
185 146 298 364 398 403 396 384 352 321 294 270 248 207 176
190 177 314 380 407 409 400 387 354 323 295 271 249 207 177
195 203 330 393 415 414 404 390 356 324 296 272 250 208 177
200 226 344 404 422 419 408 393 358 326 297 272 251 208 178
205 247 358 415 429 424 411 396 360 327 298 273 252 209 178
210 266 371 424 434 428 414 398 362 328 299 274 252 209 178
215 283 385 433 440 432 417 400 363 329 300 275 253 210 178
220 299 399 440 445 435 420 402 364 330 301 275 253 210 179
225 314 412 447 449 438 422 404 366 331 302 276 254 210 179
230 329 423 453 453 441 424 405 367 332 302 276 254 211 179
235 343 433 459 457 444 426 407 368 333 303 277 255 211 179
240 356 443 464 460 446 428 408 369 334 303 277 255 211 180
245 368 451 469 463 448 430 410 370 334 304 278 255 211 180
250 380 459 474 466 450 431 411 371 335 304 278 256 212 180
49
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 23 (continued)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 71 76
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 92 110 118 119 112
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 135 152 157 156 146 133
105 0 0 0 157 245 288 312 316 309 295 279 262 224 195
110 0 0 0 212 281 317 336 337 326 308 289 270 230 199
115 0 0 121 254 312 342 357 356 340 318 297 277 235 203
120 0 0 186 289 339 365 380 371 350 327 304 283 239 206
125 0 0 233 319 363 387 399 384 359 334 310 288 242 208
130 0 53 271 346 385 408 414 394 367 340 314 291 245 210
135 0 148 303 371 407 426 427 402 373 344 318 295 247 212
140 0 202 332 393 429 440 438 410 378 249 321 297 249 213
145 0 244 358 414 447 453 447 416 383 352 324 300 251 214
150 0 279 382 436 462 464 455 421 387 355 327 302 252 215
155 0 309 404 456 475 473 462 426 391 358 329 304 253 216
160 103 337 424 473 486 481 468 430 394 360 331 305 254 217
165 167 362 444 488 496 488 473 434 396 363 333 307 255 218
170 212 385 466 501 504 494 478 437 399 364 334 308 256 218
175 249 406 484 512 512 500 482 440 401 366 336 309 257 219
180 280 426 500 522 519 505 486 443 403 368 337 310 258 219
185 309 445 515 531 525 509 489 445 405 369 338 311 268 220
190 334 463 527 539 530 513 493 447 406 370 339 312 259 220
195 357 483 538 546 535 517 495 449 408 371 340 313 259 221
200 379 501 548 552 540 520 498 451 409 372 341 313 260 221
205 399 518 557 558 544 523 500 453 410 373 342 314 260 221
210 419 532 565 563 548 526 503 454 411 374 342 315 261 222
215 437 545 573 568 551 529 505 456 412 375 343 315 261 222
220 454 557 580 573 554 531 506 457 413 376 343 316 261 222
225 470 567 586 577 557 533 508 458 414 376 344 316 262 222
230 486 577 591 581 560 535 510 459 415 377 345 317 262 223
235 504 586 597 584 562 537 511 460 416 378 345 317 262 223
240 521 594 602 587 565 539 512 461 417 378 345 317 262 223
245 536 601 606 590 567 540 514 462 417 379 346 318 263 223
250 550 608 610 593 569 542 515 463 418 379 346 318 263 223
50
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
Table 23 (concluded)
dlt 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 74 93 93
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 120 133 137 134 124
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 160 173 176 173 160 145
105 0 0 0 193 274 315 337 340 331 315 296 278 237 206
110 0 0 67 243 309 344 361 362 348 327 306 286 243 210
115 0 0 164 284 340 369 385 380 361 337 314 293 248 213
120 0 0 222 319 367 392 407 395 371 345 321 298 251 216
125 0 0 266 349 392 417 425 407 380 352 326 303 254 218
130 0 122 303 376 414 437 440 417 387 357 330 306 257 220
135 0 190 335 401 439 454 452 425 393 362 334 309 259 222
140 0 239 364 424 459 468 463 432 398 366 338 312 261 223
145 0 278 390 447 477 480 472 438 403 370 340 315 263 224
150 0 312 414 470 491 490 480 443 407 373 343 317 264 225
155 74 343 436 489 504 499 486 448 410 375 345 318 265 226
160 158 370 457 505 515 507 492 452 413 378 347 320 266 227
165 210 395 480 519 524 514 498 456 416 380 349 321 267 228
170 251 418 501 532 532 520 502 459 418 382 350 323 268 228
175 285 440 519 543 540 526 507 462 420 383 351 324 269 229
180 316 460 534 552 547 531 510 464 422 385 353 325 270 230
185 344 480 548 561 553 535 514 467 424 386 354 326 270 230
190 369 501 560 569 558 539 517 469 426 388 355 326 271 230
195 392 521 571 576 563 543 520 471 427 389 356 327 271 231
200 414 538 581 582 567 546 522 473 428 390 356 328 272 231
205 435 554 590 588 571 549 524 474 429 391 357 328 272 231
210 454 568 598 593 575 552 527 476 431 392 358 329 272 232
215 473 581 605 598 578 554 529 477 432 392 359 330 273 232
220 490 592 611 602 582 557 530 478 433 393 359 330 273 232
225 507 602 617 606 584 559 532 480 433 394 360 330 273 232
230 526 612 623 610 587 561 534 481 434 394 360 331 274 233
235 544 620 628 613 590 563 535 482 435 395 361 331 274 233
240 561 628 633 616 592 564 536 483 436 395 361 332 274 233
245 575 635 637 619 594 566 538 483 436 396 362 332 274 233
250 589 642 641 622 596 567 539 484 437 396 362 332 275 233
51
BS 5950: Part 1 1990
Section four
4.4.6 Design of intermediate transverse web stiffeners Stiffeners subject to external loads and moments should
meet the conditions for load carrying web stiffeners in 4.5.2.
4.4.6.1 General. Intermediate transverse stiffeners may be
In addition they should satisfy the following interaction
on one or both sides of the web.
expression:
4.4.6.2 Spacing. The spacing of intermediate stiffeners,
where they are provided, should comply with 4.4.2, Fq-Fx Fx Ms
---"-~ + -+- ~ 1
dependent on the thickness of the web. PCJ, px Mys
4.4.6.3 Outstand of stiffeners. The outstand of the IfF q < Fx then (Fq- Fx) should be taken as zero.
stiffeners should comply with 4.5.1.2.
In the equation above:
4.4.6.4 Minimum stiffness. Transverse web stiffeners not Fq is the stiffener force given above;
subject to external loads or moments should have a second
Pq is the buckling resistance of an intermediate web
moment of area, 1,, about the centre Iine of the web such
stiffener (see 4.5.1.5);
that:
Fx is the external load or reaction;
15 ;;. 0.75dt 3 for a ;;..j2 d
Px is the buckling resistance of a load carrying stiffener
and
(see 4.5.1.5);
M 5 is the moment on the stiffener due to eccentric
applied load;
where Mvs is the moment capacity of the stiffener based on its
d is depth of the web; elastic modulus.
t is minimum required web thickness for spacing a using 4.4.6.7 Connection to web of intermediate stiffeners.
tension field action as given in 4.4.5.4.1; Intermediate transverse stiffeners not subject to external
a is the actual stiffener spacing. loading should be connected to the web to withstand a
shear between each component and the web (in kN per
4.4.6.5 Additional stiffness for external loading. When
millimetre run) of not less than:
transverse web stiffeners are subject to lateral forces or to
moments due to eccentricity of transverse loads relative to /5b 5
t2
the web, the minimum value of I, given in 4.4.6.4 should be where
increased by: t is the web thickness (in mm);
(a) for lateral forces: 2 FD 3 /Et; b 5 is the outstand of the stiffener (in mm).
(b) for moments: M5 D 2 /Et. For stiffeners subject to external loading the shear between
where the web and the stiffener due to such loading has to be
D is the overall depth of the section; added to the above value.
E is the modulus of elasticity; Stiffeners not subject to external loads or moments may
terminate clear of the tension flange and in such a situation
F is the factored lateral force to be taken by the the distance cut short on the line of the weld should be
stiffener and deemed to be applied at the compression approximately 4t.
flange;
Stiffeners should extend to the compression flange but
M 5 is the moment on the stiffener due to eccentric need not be connected to it.
applied load;
t is the web thickness.
No increase in the minimum value of I 5 is required for 4.5 Web bearing, buckling and stiffener
transverse loads in line with the web. design
4.4.6.6 Buckling check on intermediate transverse web
4.5.1 General
stiffeners. Stiffeners not subject to external loads or
moments should be checked for a stiffener force: 4.5.1. 1 Introduction. This clause covers the design of webs
Fq = V- V5 ~Pq for beams and girders subject to loading through the flange
parallel to the plane of the web. When the web of a member
where
acting alone (i.e. without stiffeners) proves inadequate,
V is the maximum shear adjacent to the stiffener; stiffeners to cover the following should be provided.
V5 is the shear buckling resistance of the web panel (a) Load carrying stiffener: to prevent local buckling of
designed without using tension field action (see the web due to concentrated loading. See 4.5.2 and 4.5.4.
4.4.5.3).
52
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
(b) Bearing stiffener: to prevent local crushing of the 4.5.1.5 Buckling resistance of stiffeners. The buckling
web due to concentrated loading. See 4.5.3 and 4.5.5. resistance should be based on the compressive strength Pc
(c) Intermediate transverse web stiffener: to prevent (see 4.7.5) of a strut using table 27(c). the radius of gyration
being taken about the axis parallel to the web. The effective
buck! ing of a slender web due to shear. See 4.4.5
section is the full area or core area of the stiffener
and 4.4.6.
(see 4.5.1.2) together with an effective length of web on
(d) Torsion stiffener: to provide torsional restraint to each side of the centreline of the stiffeners limited to 20
beams and girders at supports. See 4.5.8. times the web thickness.
(e) Diagonal stiffener: to provide local reinforcement of The design strength used should be the minimum value
a web in shear and bearing. See 4.5.6. obtained for the web or the stiffener. The reduction of
(f) Tension stiffener: to transmit tensile forces applied 20 N/mm 2 referred to in 4.7 .5 need not be taken unless the
to a web through a flange. See 4.5.7. stiffener is attached to a welded section.
The same stiffeners may perform more than one function The effective length for intermediate transverse stiffeners
and their design should comply with the requirements of used in calculating the buckling resistance,Pq, should be
those functions. taken as 0.7 times the length of the stiffener.
4.5.1.2 Outstand of web stiffeners. Unless the outer edge is The effective length for load carrying web stiffeners used in
continuously stiffened the outstand from the face of the calculating the buckling resistance, Px, assumes that the
web should not exceed 19t5 e. flange through which the load or reaction is applied is
When the outstand is between 13t5 e and 19t 5 € then the effectively restrained against lateral movement relative to
stiffener design should be on the basis of a core section the other flange. It should be taken as:
with an outstand of 13 t 5 e. (a) flange restrained against rotation in the plane of the
stiffener (by other structural elements):
4.5.1.3 Stiff bearing length. The stiff bearing length, b 1 ,
is that length which cannot deform appreciably in bending. LE=0.7L
To determine b 1 the dispersion of load through a steel (b) flange not so restrained:
bearing should be taken as 45 ° through solid material. LE = L
See figure 8. where L is the length of the stiffener.
4.5.1.4 Eccentricity. Where a load or reaction is applied If the load or reaction is applied to the flange by a compres·
eccentric to the centreline of the web or where the centroid sion member, then unless effective lateral restraint is
of the stiffener does not lie on the centreline of the web, provided at that point, the stiffener should be designed as
the resulting eccentricity of loading should be allowed for part of the compression member applying the load, and the
in design. connection should be checked for the effects of the strut
action.
53
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.5.2 Load carrying stiffeners n2 is the length obtained by dispersion through the
flange to the flange to web connection at a slope of
4.5.2.1 Web check. Load carrying web stiffeners should be 1 :2.5 to the plane of the flange;
provided where compressive forces applied through a flange
t is the thickness of the web;
by loads or reactions exceed the buckling resistance, Pw,
of the unstiffened web, where: Pyw is the design strength of the web.
Pw = (bl +nd tPc
4.5.4 Design of load carrying stiffeners
where
4.5.4.1 Buckling check. The external load or reaction, F x,
b 1 is the stiff bearing length (see 4.5.1.3);
on a stiffener should not exceed the buckling resistance, Px,
n 1 is the length obtained by dispersion at 45 ° through of the stiffener as given in 4.5.1.5.
half the depth of the section;
Where the stiffener also acts as an intermediate stiffener it
t is the web thickness; should be checked for the effect of combined loads in
Pc is the compressive strength from 4.7 .5 using accordance with 4.4.6.6.
table 27(c) and A as follows.
4.5.4.2 Bearing check. Load carrying web stiffeners should
In determining Pc the slenderness, A, of an unstiffened web also be of sufficient size that:
should be taken as 2.5d/t (where dis the depth of the web)
provided that the flange through which the load or reaction A> O.BFx
is applied is effectively restrained against: Pys
(a) rotation relative to the web; where
(b) lateral movement relative to the other flange. F x is the external load or reaction;
If these conditions are not met the slenderness, A, of the A is the area of the stiffener in contact with the flange;
web, acting as a strut, should be determined in accordance Pys is the design strength of the stiffener.
with 4.5.1.5 for the appropriate end restraint.
4.5.5 Design of bearing stiffeners
4.5.2.2 Web check between stiffeners. The compressive
stress, fed, on the compression edge of a web, calculated as Bearing stiffeners should be designed for the applied load or
follows, due to loads or reactions applied direct, or through reaction less the local capacity of the web as given in 4.5.3.
a flange, between web stiffeners, should not exceed the Where the web and the stiffener material are of different
compressive strength for edge loading, ped. strengths the lesser value should be assumed to calculate the
The compressive stress, fed• on the edge of a panel between capacity of the web and the stiffener.
two web stiffeners should be calculated as follows.
4.5.6 Design of diagonal stiffeners
(a) Divide point loads and distributed loads shorter than
the smaller panel dimension by the smaller panel Diagonal stiffeners should be designed to carry the portion
dimension a or d. of the applied shear and bearing that exceeds the capacity
of the web.
(b) Add the intensity (force/unit length) of any other
distributed loads. Where the web and the stiffener are of different strengths
the value taken for design should be taken as given in 4.5.5.
(c) Divide by the web thickness t.
When the compression flange is restrained against rotation 4.5.7 Design of tension stiffeners
relative to the web:
Tension stiffeners should be designed to carry the portion
Ped = [ 2.75 + (a~) 2 ] (d~t) 2 of the applied load or reaction less the capacity of the web
as given in 4.5.3 for bearing stiffeners.
OR when the compressio.n flange is not so restrained: Where the web and the stiffener are of different strengths
the value taken for design should be taken as given in 4.5.5.
Ped = [ 1.0 + (a:d)2 J (d~t)2 4.5.8 Torsion stiffeners
where a is the distance between transverse web stiffeners. Where bearing stiffeners are required to provide torsional
restraint at the supports of the beam, they should meet the
4.5.3 Bearing stiffeners following criteria.
Bearing stiffeners should be provided for webs where forces (a) The conditions of 4.5.3.
applied through a flange by loads or reactions exceed the (b) The second moment of area of the stiffener section
local capacity of the web at its connection to the flange about the centreline of the web, / 5 , should be such that:
given by:
/ 5 ~ 0.34 a 5 D 3 Tc
(bl + n2 )tPyw
where
where
a. = 0.006 for A~ 50;
b 1 is the stiff bearing length (see 4.5.1.3);
54
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.5.1 0 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension 4.6.3.2 Double angles. For back-to-back double angles
connected to one side of a gusset or section which are:
Stiffeners required to resist tension should be connected to
the flange transmitting the load by continuous welds or (a) in contact or separated by a distance not exceeding
non-slip fasteners. the aggregate thickness of the parts with solid packing
pieces;
4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in compression (b) connected by bolts or welding such that the slender-
Stiffeners required to resist compression should either be ness of the individual components does not exceed 80;
fitted against the loaded flange or connected by continuous then the effective area, A 8 , may be taken as the net area of
welds or non-slip fasteners. the connected legs plus the area of the outstanding legs
The stiffener should be fitted against or connected to both multiplied by:
flanges when: 5a 1
(a) a load is applied directly over a support; 5a 1 + a2
or (b) it forms the end stiffener of a stiffened web; where
or (c) it acts as a torsion stiffener. a 1 is the net sectional area of the connected parts as
given in 3.3.2;
4.5.12 Hollow sections a 2 is the sectional area of the unconnected parts.
Where concentrated loads are applied to hollow sections NOTE. The area of the leg of an angle should be taken as the
consideration should be given to local stresses and deforma- product of the thickness by the length from the outer corner minus
half the thickness, and the area of the leg of aT-section as the
tions and the section reinforced as necessary.
product of the thickness by the depth minus the thickness of the
flange.
4.6 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.3.3 Other types. The following types of members
should be designed using the net area from 3.3.2 and
4.6.1 Tension capacity treated as axially loaded members.
The tension capacity, Pt. of a member should be taken (a) Single angle ties connected through both legs by lug
from: angles or otherwise, single channel sections connected by
both flanges and T -sections connected only through the
Pt = AePv
leg or both the flange and the leg.
where Ae is the effective area of the section as determined
(b) Double angle ties connected to both sides of a gusset
from 3.3.3 or 4.6.2 to 4.6.4.
or section provided that the components are held
55
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
56
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4. 7.4 Compression resistance For single angle, channel and T-section struts reference
The compression resistance, Pc. of a member should be should be made to 4.7.10.
obtained from:
4. 7.5 Compressive strength
(a) for plastic, compact or semi-compact sections:
The compressive strength,Pc. depends on the slenderness, A.,
Pc=A 9 Pc of the gross section, the design strength, Pv, or the reduced
(b) slender sections: design strength for slender sections (see 3.6) and the
Pc=AgPcs relevant strut curve.
where Pc may be established first by reference to tables 25
and 26. These indicate, for any shape, thickness of steel and
A 9 is the gross sectional area (see 3.3.1);
axis of buckling, which of the four strut tables 27(a) to (d).
Pc is the compressive strength (see 4.7.5); is relevant to the case. Alternatively, Pc may be obtained
Pes is the compressive strength for slender sections from the formula given in appendix C.
(see 4.7.5 and 3.6). For sections fabricated from plate by welding, the value
Steel sections encased in structural concrete may be of Pv should be reduced by 20 N/mm 2 .
designed as cased struts in accordance with 4.14.
Welded plate I or H-section (see note 2 and 4.7 .5) up to 40 mm 27(b) 27(c)
(or as shown in table 26(c)) over 40 mm 27(b) 27(d)
NOTE 1. For thicknesses between 40 mm and 50 mm the value of Pc may be taken as the average of the values for
thicknesses up to 40 mm and over 40 mm.
NOTE 2. For welded plate I or H-sections where it can be guaranteed that the edges of the flanges will only be
flame-<:ut, table 27(b) may be used for buckling about the y-y axis for flanges up to 40 mm thick, and table 27(c)
for flanges over 40 mm thick.
NOTE 3. 'Welded box section' includes any box section fabricated from plates or rolled sections, provided that all
longitudinal welds are near the corners of the section. Box sections with welded longitudinal stiffeners are not
included in this category.
57
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
8
r..
'
..I
I I
EiJ
r ~ ..,
u
0.25<8<0.8
r
I
8
'
I
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w
r .u
..1
u
-208
s""'·
EiJ
(c) Welded plate I or H-section
r 8 .,
Ff4
I I
w u
8
.;;;o.25
58
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Section four
:~
15
225
225
245
245
255
255
265
265
275
275
305
305
320
320
325
325
335
335
340
340
355
355
395
394
410
409
415
414
430
429
450
448
20 225 244 254 264 273 303 317 322 332 337 351 390 405 410 424 444
25 222 241 251 261 270 299 314 318 328 333 347 386 400 405 419 438
30 220 239 248 258 267 296 310 315 324 329 343 381 395 399 414 432
35 217 236 245 254 264 292 306 310 320 324 338 375 389 393 407 425
40 214 233 242 251 260 287 301 305 315 319 333 368 382 386 399 417
42 213 231 240 249 258 285 299 303 312 317 330 365 378 383 396 413
44 212 230 239 248 257 283 297 301 310 314 327 362 375 379 392 409
46 210 228 237 246 255 281 294 299 307 312 325 359 371 375 388 404
48 209 227 236 244 253 279 292 296 305 309 322 355 367 371 383 399
50 208 225 234 242 251 277 289 293 302 306 318 351 363 367 379 394
52 206 223 232 241 249 274 286 291 299 303 315 346 358 362 373 388
54 205 222 230 238 247 271 283 287 295 299 311 342 353 366 367 381
56 203 220 228 236 244 268 280 284 292 296 307 336 347 350 361 374
58 201 218 226 234 242 265 277 281 288 292 303 331 341 344 354 366
60 200 216 224 232 239 262 273 277 284 288 298 325 335 337 347 358
62 198 214 221 229 236 259 269 273 280 283 293 318 328 330 339 349
64 196 211 219 226 234 255 265 268 275 278 288 311 320 322 331 340
66 194 209 216 223 230 251 261 264 270 273 282 304 312 314 322 330
68 192 206 213 220 227 247 256 259 265 268 276 296 304 306 313 320
70 189 204 210 217 224 242 251 254 259 262 270 288 295 297 303 310
72 187 201 207 214 220 237 246 248 253 256 264 280 287 288 294 299
74 184 198 204 210 216 233 240 243 247 250 256 272 278 279 284 289
76 182 194 200 206 212 227 235 237 241 243 249 264 269 270 275 279
78 179 191 197 202 208 222 229 231 235 237 242 255 260 261 265 269
80 176 188 193 198 203 217 223 225 229 230 235 247 251 252 256 259
82 173 184 189 194 199 211 217 219 222 224 228 239 243 243 247 250
84 170 181 185 190 194 206 211 213 216 217 221 231 234 235 2-38 240
86 167 177 181 186 190 200 205 207 209 211 214 223 226 226 229 231
88 164 173 177 181 185 195 199 200 203 204 208 215 218 218 221 223
90 161 169 173 177 180 189 193 195 197 198 201 208 211 211 213 215
92 158 166 169 173 176 184 188 189 191 192 194 201 203 203 206 207
94 154 162 165 168 171 179 182 183 185 186 188 194 196 196 198 200
96 151 158 161 164 166 173 176 177 179 180 182 187 190 189 191 192
98 147 154 157 159 162 168 171 172 173 174 176 181 183 183 185 186
59
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Section four
~ 100
225
144
245
150
255
153
265
155
275
157
305
163
320
166
325
167
335
168
340
169
355
171
395
175
410
176
415
177
430
178
450
179
102 141 146 149 151 153 158 161 161 163 163 165 169 170 171 172 173
104 137 142 145 147 149 154 156 156 158 158 160 163 165 165 166 167
106 134 139 141 143 145 149 151 152 153 153 155 158 159 159 160 161
108 131 135 137 139 141 145 146 147 148 149 150 153 154 154 155 156
110 127 132 133 135 137 140 142 143 144 144 145 148 149 149 150 151
112 124 128 130 131 133 136 138 138 139 140 141 143 144 144 145 146
114 121 125 126 128 129 132 134 134 135 135 136 139 140 140 141 141
116 118 121 123 124 125 129 130 130 131 131 132 135 135 135 136 137
118 115 118 120 121 122 125 126 126 127 127 128 130 131 131 132 133
120 112 115 116 118 119 121 122 123 123 124 125 127 127 127 128 129
122 109 112 113 114 115 118 119 119 120 120 121 123 123 123 124 125
124 107 109 110 111 112 115 116 116 116 117 117 119 120 120 120 121
126 104 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 113 113 114 116 116 116 117 117
128 101 104 105 105 106 108 109 109 110 110 111 112 113 113 113 114
130 99 101 102 103 103 105 106 106 107 107 108 109 110 110 110 111
135 93 95 96 96 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 102 102 102 103 103
140 87 89 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96 96
145 82 84 84 85 85 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 90 90
150 78 79 79 80 80 81 82 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 84 89
155 73 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 79 79
160 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74
165 65 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70
170 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66
175 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 63
180 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59
185 53 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56
190 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 53
195 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51
200 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
210 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44
220 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
230 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37
240 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34
250 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
260 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
270 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
280 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
290 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
300 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
310 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21
320 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
330 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
340 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
350 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
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Section four
~15
225
225
245
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255
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265
265
275
275
305
305
320
320
325
325
335
335
340
340
355
355
395
394
410
409
415
413
430
428
450
447
20 224 243 253 263 272 301 315 320 330 334 349 387 401 406 420 439
25 220 239 248 258 267 295 309 314 323 328 342 379 393 397 411 430
30 216 234 243 253 262 289 303 307 316 321 335 371 384 389 402 420
35 211 229 238 247 256 283 296 300 309 313 327 361 374 379 392 409
40 207 224 233 241 250 276 288 293 301 305 318 351 364 368 380 396
42 205 222 231 239 248 273 285 289 298 302 314 347 359 363 375 391
44 203 220 228 237 245 270 282 286 294 298 310 342 354 358 369 385
46 201 218 226 234 242 267 279 283 291 294 306 337 349 352 364 379
48 199 215 223 231 239 263 275 279 287 291 302 332 343 347 358 372
50 197 213 221 229 237 260 271 275 283 286 298 327 337 341 351 365
52 195 210 218 226 234 256 267 271 278 282 293 321 331 334 349 358
54 192 208 215 223 230 253 263 267 274 278 288 315 325 328 337 350
56 190 205 213 220 227 249 259 263 269 273 283 309 318 321 330 342
58 188 202 210 217 224 245 255 258 265 268 278 302 311 314 322 333
60 185 200 207 214 221 241 250 254 260 263 272 295 304 306 314 325
62 183 197 204 210 217 236 246 249 255 258 266 288 296 299 306 316
64 180 194 200 207 213 232 241 244 249 252 261 281 289 291 298 307
66 178 191 197 203 210 227 236 239 244 247 255 274 281 283 289 298
68 175 188 194 200 206 223 231 233 239 241 249 267 273 275 281 288
70 172 185 190 196 202 218 226 228 233 235 242 259 265 267 272 279
72 169 181 187 193 198 213 220 223 227 230 236 252 257 259 264 270
74 167 178 183 189 194 208 215 217 222 224 230 244 249 251 255 261
76 164 175 180 185 190 204 210 212 216 218 223 237 241 243 247 252
78 161 171 176 181 186 199 205 206 210 212 217 230 234 235 239 244
80 158 168 172 177 181 194 199 201 204 206 211 222 226 227 231 235
82 155 164 169 173 177 189 194 196 199 200 205 215 219 220 223 227
84 152 161 165 169 173 184 189 190 193 195 199 209 212 213 216 219
86 149 157 161 165 169 179 183 185 188 189 193 202 205 206 208 212
88 146 154 158 161 165 174 178 180 182 183 187 195 198 199 201 204
90 143 150 154 157 161 169 173 175 177 178 181 189 192 192 195 197
92 139 147 150 153 156 165 168 170 172 173 176 183 185 186 188 191
94 136 143 147 150 152 160 164 165 167 168 171 177 179 180 182 184
96 133 140 143 146 148 156 159 160 162 163 165 171 173 174 176 178
98 130 137 139 142 145 151 154 155 157 158 160 166 168 168 170 172
100 127 133 136 138 141 147 150 151 152 153 155 161 162 163 164 166
102 124 130 132 135 137 143 146 146 148 149 151 156 157 158 159 161
104 122 127 129 131 133 139 141 142 144 144 146 151 152 153 154 156
106 119 124 126 128 130 135 137 138 139 140 142 146 148 148 149 151
108 116 121 123 125 126 131 133 134 135 136 138 142 143 143 144 146
61
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Section four
I~110
225
113
245
118
255
120
265
121
275
123
305
128
320
130
325
130
335
131
340
132
355
134
395
137
410
139
415
139
430
140
450
141
112 111 115 117 118 120 124 126 127 128 128 130 133 134 135 136 137
114 108 112 114 115 117 121 123 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133
116 105 109 111 112 114 117 119 120 121 121 122 125 126 127 128 129
118 103 106 108 109 111 114 116 116 117 118 119 122 123 123 124 125
120 100 104 105 107 108 111 113 113 114 114 116 118 119 119 120 121
122 98 101 103 104 105 108 110 110 111 111 112 115 116 116 117 118
124 96 99 100 101 102 105 107 107 108 108 109 112 112 113 113 114
126 94 96 97 99 100 103 104 104 106 105 106 109 109 110 110 111
128 91 94 95 96 97 100 101 101 102 102 103 106 106 106 107 108
155 67 69 69 70 70 72 72 72 73 73 73 75 75 75 75 76
160 64 65 66 66 66 68 68 68 69 69 69 70 71 71 71 71
165 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 67 67
170 57 58 59 59 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 63 64
175 55 56 56 56 57 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 60
180 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 57 57
185 49 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54
190 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 50 51 51 51 52
195 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49
200 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47
210 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 43
220 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39
230 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36
240 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33
250 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
260 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
270 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
280 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
290 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23
300 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
310 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
320 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19
330 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
340 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
350 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
62
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Section four
~15
225
225
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245
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265
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275
305
305
320
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325
325
335
335
340
340
355
355
395
393
410
408
415
413
430
427
450
446
20 224 242 252 261 271 299 312 317 326 331 345 382 396 401 414 433
25 217 235 245 254 263 290 303 308 317 321 335 370 384 388 402 419
30 211 228 237 246 255 281 294 298 307 311 324 358 371 375 388 405
35 204 221 230 238 247 272 284 288 296 300 313 345 357 361 374 389
40 198 214 222 230 238 262 274 278 285 289 301 332 343 347 358 373
42 195 211 219 227 235 258 269 273 281 285 296 326 337 340 361 366
44 193 208 216 224 231 254 265 269 276 280 291 320 330 334 344 358
46 190 205 213 220 228 250 261 264 271 275 286 314 324 327 337 351
48 187 202 209 217 224 246 266 260 267 270 280 307 317 321 330 343
50 184 199 206 213 220 241 252 255 262 265 275 301 310 314 323 335
52 181 196 203 210 217 237 247 250 257 260 270 294 303 306 315 327
54 179 193 199 206 213 232 242 245 252 255 264 288 296 299 308 319
56 176 189 196 202 209 228 237 240 246 249 258 281 289 292 300 310
58 173 186 192 199 205 223 232 235 241 244 252 274 282 284 292 302
60 170 183 189 195 201 219 227 230 236 238 247 267 274 277 284 293
62 167 179 185 191 197 214 222 225 230 233 241 260 267 269 276 285
64 164 176 182 188 193 210 217 220 225 227 235 253 260 262 268 276
66 161 173 178 184 189 205 212 215 220 222 229 246 252 254 260 268
68 158 169 175 180 185 200 207 210 214 216 223 239 245 247 252 259
70 155 166 171 176 181 195 202 204 209 211 217 232 238 239 244 251
72 152 163 168 172 177 191 197 199 203 205 211 226 231 232 237 243
74 149 159 164 169 173 186 192 194 198 200 205 219 223 225 229 235
76 146 156 160 165 169 181 187 189 193 194 200 212 217 218 222 227
78 143 152 157 161 165 177 182 184 187 189 194 206 210 211 215 220
80 140 149 153 157 161 172 177 179 182 184 188 200 203 205 208 213
82 137 146 150 154 157 168 173 174 177 179 183 193 197 198 201 205
84 134 142 146 150 154 163 168 169 172 174 178 187 191 192 195 199
86 132 139 143 146 150 159 163 165 168 169 173 182 185 186 189 192
88 129 136 139 143 146 155 159 160 163 164 168 176 179 180 183 186
90 126 133 136 139 142 151 155 156 158 159 163 171 173 174 177 180
92 123 130 133 136 139 147 150 152 154 155 158 165 168 169 171 174
94 120 127 130 133 135 143 146 147 149 150 153 160 163 163 166 168
96 118 124 127 129 132 139 142 143 145 146 149 155 158 158 160 163
98 115 121 123 126 129 135 138 139 141 142 145 151 153 154 155 158
100 112 118 120 123 125 132 134 135 137 138 140 146 148 149 151 153
102 110 115 118 120 122 128 131 132 133 134 136 142 144 144 146 148
104 107 112 115 117 119 125 127 128 130 130 133 138 130 140 142 143
106 105 110 112 114 116 121 124 125 126 127 129 134 135 136 137 139
108 102 107 109 111 113 118 120 121 123 123 125 130 131 132 133 135
63
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Section four
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104
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106
265
108
275
110
305
115
320
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325
118
335
119
340
120
355
122
395
126
410
127
415
128
430
129
450
131
112 98 102 104 106 107 112 114 115 116 117 118 122 124 124 125 127
114 96 99 101 103 105 109 111 112 113 113 115 119 120 121 122 123
116 93 97 99 101 102 106 108 109 110 110 112 116 117 117 118 120
118 91 95 96 98 100 104 105 106 107 107 109 112 114 114 115 116
120 89 93 94 96 97 101 103 103 104 105 106 109 110 111 112 113
122 87 91 92 93 95 98 100 100 101 102 103 106 107 108 109 110
124 85 88 90 91 92 96 97 98 99 99 100 103 104 105 106 107
126 83 86 88 89 90 94 95 95 96 97 98 101 102 102 103 104
128 82 84 86 87 88 91 93 93 94 94 95 98 99 99 100 101
130 80 82 84 85 86 89 90 91 91 92 93 95 96 97 97 98
135 75 78 79 80 81 84 85 85 86 86 87 89 90 90 91 92
140 71 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 81 81 82 84 85 85 85 86
145 68 70 70 71 72 74 75 76 76 76 77 79 80 80 80 81
150 64 66 67 68 68 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76
155 61 63 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 71 72
160 58 59 60 61 61 63 64 64 64 64 65 66 67 67 67 68
165 55 56 57 58 58 60 60 60 61 61 61 63 63 63 64 64
170 52 54 54 55 55 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 61
175 50 51 52 52 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 57 58
180 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 55
185 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52
190 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 49
195 42 42 43 43 43 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47
200 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45
210 36 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41
220 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38
230 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35
240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32
250 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
260 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
270 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 25
280 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24
290 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
300 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21
310 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
320 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
330 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
340 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
350 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
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265
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296
320
320
309
325
325
314
335
335
323
340
340
327
355
355
341
395
393
376
410
407
390
415
411
394
430
425
408
450
444
426
25 214 231 240 249 257 283 296 301 309 313 326 360 373 377 390 407
30 205 222 230 238 247 271 283 287 296 300 312 344 356 360 372 388
35 196 212 220 228 236 259 271 274 282 286 297 327 339 342 353 368
40 188 203 210 218 225 247 258 261 268 272 283 310 321 324 334 348
42 184 199 206 214 221 242 252 256 263 266 277 304 314 317 327 340
44 181 195 202 209 216 237 247 251 257 261 271 297 306 309 319 331
46 178 192 199 205 212 232 242 245 252 255 265 290 299 302 311 323
48 174 188 195 201 208 227 237 240 246 249 259 283 291 294 303 314
50 171 184 191 197 204 222 232 235 241 244 253 276 284 287 295 306
52 168 181 187 193 199 217 226 229 235 238 246 269 277 279 287 298
54 165 177 183 189 195 213 221 224 229 232 240 262 269 272 279 289
56 161 173 179 185 191 208 216 219 224 227 234 255 262 264 271 281
58 158 170 175 181 187 203 211 213 218 221 229 248 255 257 264 272
60 155 166 172 177 183 198 206 208 213 215 223 241 247 250 256 264
62 152 163 168 173 178 193 201 203 208 210 217 234 240 242 248 256
64 149 159 164 169 174 189 196 198 202 204 211 227 233 235 241 248
66 145 156 160 165 170 184 191 193 197 199 205 221 226 228 234 240
68 142 152 157 162 166 179 186 188 192 194 200 214 220 221 226 233
70 139 149 153 158 162 175 181 183 187 189 194 208 213 215 219 225
72 136 145 150 154 158 170 176 178 182 183 189 202 207 208 213 218
74 133 142 146 150 155 166 171 173 177 178 183 196 200 202 206 211
76 130 139 143 147 151 162 167 169 172 173 178 190 194 195 199 204
78 127 136 139 143 147 157 162 164 167 169 173 184 188 189 193 198
80 125 132 136 140 143 153 158 160 163 164 168 179 182 184 187 191
82 122 129 133 136 140 149 154 155 158 159 163 173 177 178 181 185
84 119 126 130 133 136 145 150 151 154 155 159 168 171 172 176 179
86 117 123 127 130 133 142 146 147 149 151 154 163 166 167 170 174
88 114 120 123 127 130 138 142 143 145 146 150 158 161 162 165 168
90 111 118 121 123 126 134 138 139 141 142 146 154 156 157 160 163
92 109 115 118 120 123 131 134 135 137 138 142 149 152 152 155 158
94 106 112 115 117 120 127 131 132 134 135 138 145 147 148 150 153
96 104 109 112 115 117 124 127 128 130 131 134 140 143 143 146 148
98 101 107 109 112 114 121 124 125 126 127 130 136 138 139 141 144
100 99 104 107 109 111 117 120 121 123 124 126 132 134 135 137 139
102 97 102 104 106 108 114 117 118 120 121 123 129 131 131 133 135
104 95 99 102 104 106 111 114 115 116 117 120 125 127 127 .129 131
106 93 97 99 101 103 109 111 112 113 114 116 121 123 124 125 127
108 90 95 97 99 101 106 108 109 110 111 113 118 120 120 122 124
-- ----
65
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
~110
225
88
245
93
255
95
265
96
275
98
305
103
320
105
325
106
335
108
340
108
355
110
395
115
410
116
415
117
430
118
450
120
112 86 90 92 94 96 101 103 103 105 105 107 112 113 114 115 117
114 84 88 90 92 94 98 100 101 102 103 104 109 110 110 112 113
116 83 86 88 90 91 96 98 98 99 100 102 106 107 107 109 110
118 81 84 86 88 89 93 95 96 97 97 99 103 104 105 106 107
130 71 74 75 76 77 81 82 83 83 84 85 88 89 89 90 91
135 67 70 71 72 73 76 77 78 79 79 80 83 84 84 85 86
140 64 66 67 68 69 72 73 74 74 74 75 78 79 79 80 81
145 60 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 70 70 71 73 74 74 75 76
150 58 59 61 61 62 64 65 66 66 66 67 69 70 70 71 71
155 55 57 58 58 59 61 62 62 63 63 64 65 66 66 67 67
160 52 54 55 55 56 58 59 59 59 60 60 62 63 63 63 64
165 50 51 52 53 53 55 56 56 56 57 57 59 59 59 60 60
170 47 49 50 50 51 52 53 53 54 54 54 56 56 56 57 57
175 45 47 47 48 48 50 50 51 51 51 52 53 54 54 54 54
180 43 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 51 52
185 42 42 43 43 44 45 46 46 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 49
190 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 44 44 45 46 46 46 47 47
195 38 39 40 40 40 41 42 42 42 42 43 44 44 44 44 45
200 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 43
210 34 34 35 35 35 36 37 37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 39
220 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36
230 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 33
240 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30
250 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28
260 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26
270 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
280 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23
290 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
300 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20
310 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19
320 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18
330 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17
340 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16
350 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15
66
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.7 .6 Eccentric connections M x is the nominal moment about the major axis;
Moments due to eccentricity of connections should be M y is the nominal moment about the minor axis;
calculated and allowed for in design in accordance with 4.8 Mbs is the buckling resistance moment for simple
except as follows. columns;
{a) Columns in simple construction. The eccentricity of· Z y is the elastic modulus about the minor axis;
the beam end reactions or other loads should be as
follows. Py is the design strength.
(1) For a beam supported on the cap plate, the load The buckling resistance moment for simple columns Mbs
should be taken as acting at the face of the column, should be taken as the value of Mb determined as described
or edge of packing if used, towards the span of the in 4.3.7.3 and 4.3.7.4 but using the equivalent slenderness
beam. XL T of the column given by:
(2) For a roof truss supported on the cap plate, ALT = 0.5 {L/ry)
eccentricity may be neglected provided simple where
connections are used which do not develop significant L is the distance between levels at which both axes
moments adversely affecting the structure. are restrained;
(3) In all other cases the load should be taken as ry is the radius of gyration about the minor axis.
acting at a distance from the face of the steel column NOTE. For circular hollow sections and for box sections of uniform
equal to 100 mm, or at the centre of the length of stiff wall thickness, including RHS, within the limits given in 8.2.6.1, Mbs
bearing whichever gives the greater eccentricity. equals PySx.
(b) Laced, battened struts and batten-starred angle struts. 4.7 .8 Laced struts
These may be treated as single integral members A laced strut consisting of two or more main components
and designed as axially loaded struts in accordance may be designed as a single integral member, provided that
with 4.7.8, 4.7.9 and 4.7.11 respectively. the following conditions are met.
(c) Angles, channels and T-sections. The effect of (a) The main components are effectively restrained
eccentric end connections may be neglected and the against buckling by a lacing system of flats or sections.
members designed in accordance with 4.7.10.
(b) The lacing comprises an effectively triangulated
(d) Continuous construction. This should be in accord- system on each face and as far as practicable the lacing
ance with section five. should not vary throughout the length of the member.
(c) Except for the panels referred to in (f). double
4.7.7 Columns in simple construction
intersection lacing systems and single intersection lacing
In structures of simple construction it is not necessary to systems mutually opposed in direction on opposite sides
consider the effect on columns of pattern loading. For the of two main components should not be combined with
purpose of column design, all beams supported by a column members or diaphragms perpendicular to the longitudinal
at any one level may be assumed to be fully loaded. The axis of the strut unless all forces resulting from the
nominal moments applied to the column by simple beams deformation of the strut members are calculated and
should be calculated from the eccentricities given in 4.7.6(a). allowed for in the design.
Moments due to partial fixity in semi-rigid design should be
(d) Single lacing systems mutually opposed in direction
added (see 2.1.2.4).
on opposite sides of two main components should not
In multi-storey columns which are effectively continuous at be used unless the resulting torsional effects are allowed
their splices, the net moment applied at any one level for.
should be divided between the column lengths above and
(e) All lacings, whether in double or single intersection
below that level in proportion to the stiffness, 1/L, of each
systems, should be inclined at an angle between 40 °
length, except that when the ratio of the stiffnesses does
and 70 ° to the axis of the member.
not exceed 1.5 the moment may be divided equally.
(f) Tie panels should be provided at the ends of the
The nominal moments applied to the column (including any
lacing systems, at points where the lacing is interrupted,
restraint moments from 2.1.2.4(b)) may be assumed to have
and at connections with other members.
no effect at the levels above and below the level at which
they are applied. Tie panels may take the form of battens complying
with 4.7 .9; alternatively cross braced panels of equivalent
When only nominal moments are applied, the column should
rigidity may be used.
satisfy the following relationship:
In either case the tie panels should be designed to carry
.!..s_ + M X + ___!!_:t_ ~ 1 the loads for which the lacing system is designed.
AgPc Mbs PyZy (g) The maximum slenderness, Ac, of a main component
where (based on its minimum radius of gyration) between
F c is the compressive force due to axial load; consecutive points where the lacing is attached should
not exceed 50. The maximum slenderness of the strut as
Pc is the compressive strength;
a whole should not be taken as less than 1.4Xc.
Ag is the gross cross-sectional area;
67
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
(h) The effective length of a lacing should be taken as point in the length of a member equal to not less than
the distance between the inner end welds or fasteners for 2.5% of the maximum factored axial load in the member.
single intersection lacing and as 0.7 times this distance For members carrying bending stresses calculated from
for double intersection lacing connected by welds or eccentricity of loading, applied end moments or lateral
fasteners at the intersection. The slenderness of a lacing loads, the battens should be proportioned to resist any
should not exceed 180. shear due to bending in addition to the above mentioned
(i) The lacings and their connections should be designed value of not less than 2.5 %.
to carry the forces induced by a transverse shear at any NOTE. For battened angle members see 4.7.11 or 4. 7.12 as
point in the length of the member equal to not less than appropriate.
2.5 %of the maximum axial load in the member, divided 4.7.10 Angles, channels and T-section struts
equally amongst all transverse lacing systems in parallel
4.7.10.1 General. For struts composed of angles, channels
planes. For members carrying bending stresses calculated
and T-sections, the eccentricity of normal end connections
from eccentricity of loading, applied end moments or
may be ignored and the strut designed as an axially loaded
lateral loading, the lacing should be proportioned to
member provided that the conditions of 4.7.10.2 to
resist any shear due to bending in addition to the above
4.7.10.5 are met.
mentioned value of not less than 2.5 %.
Alternatively, in the internal bays of continuous struts, such
4. 7.9 Battened struts as those forming the legs of towers or the compression
A battened strut consisting of two or more main components flanges of lattice girders, the effective length may be deter·
may be designed as a single integral member, provided that mined from 4.7.2 and table 24.
the following conditions are met.
The length L should be taken as the distance between the
(a) The main components are effectively restrained intersection of centroidal axes or the intersections of the
against buckling by a system of battens consisting of setting out lines of the bolts, and r is the radius of gyration
plates or sections, so connected to the main components about the relevant axis. Axes are defined in table 28.
as to form with them an effectively rigid jointed frame.
Intermediate restraints may be allowed for in determining
(b) Battens are positioned opposite each other in each the relevant length L for buckling about each axis, provided
plane at the ends of the member and at points where it is they Iie at an angle of not more than 45 o to the plane of
laterally restrained. Intermediate battens should be buckling considered.
positioned opposite each other and be spaced and
proportioned uniformly throughout the length of a 4.7.10.2 Single angle struts. For a single angle connected
by one leg to a gusset, or directly to another member, by:
member.
(c) The maximum slenderness, A.c, of a main component (a) two or more fasteners in line along the angle at each
(based on its minimum radius of gyration) between end end or by an equivalent welded connection, the slender-
welds or end fasteners of adjacent battens should not ness A should be taken as the greatest of:
exceed 50. The slenderness of the battened strut, Ab, (1)0.85Lvvfrvv but;;;.Q.7Lvvlrvv+15;
about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the battens (2) 1.0Laa1raa but;;;.0.7Laa1raa + 30;
should be calculated from:
(3) 0.85Lbb/rbb but;;;;. 0.7Lbb/rbb + 30;
Ab = (Am 2 + Ac 2) rh
(b) a single fastener at each end, the compression
where resistance should be taken as 80 % of the compression
Am is the ratio LE/r of a whole member about that resistance of an axially loaded member and the slender-
axis; ness A should be taken as the greatest of:
Ac is as defined above. (1) 1.0Lvvfrvv but;;;.0.7Lvvfrvv+ 15;
The maximum slenderness of the battened strut about (2) 1.0Laa/raa but;;;;. 0.7 Laalraa + 30;
the axis perpendicular to the plane of the battens should (3) 1.0Lbb/rbb but;;;;. 0.7Lbb/rbb + 30;
not be taken as less than 1.4Ac-
4.7.10.3 Double angle struts. For double angle struts inter-
(d) The thickness of plate battens should be not less connected back-to-back as recommended in 4.7.13 or
than 1/50 of the minimum distances between welds or battened as recommended in 4.7.12 and connected at each
fasteners. The slenderness of sections used as battens end by one leg of each angle to a gusset, or directly to
should not exceed 180. The width of an end batten
another member, as follows:
along the axis of the main components should be not
less than the distance between centroids of the main (a) to one side of a gusset or member at each end by two
members and not less than half this distance for inter· or more fasteners in line along each angle or by an equiv-
mediate battens. Further, the width of any batten alent weld, the slenderness A should be taken as the
should be not less than twice the width of the narrower greater of:
main component. (1) 1.0Lxx/rxx but;;;.0.7Lxxlrxx+30;
(e) The battens and the connections between them and (2) [(0.85Lyylryyl 2 +A/]Y2 but;;;.1.4Ac;
the main components should be designed to carry the
forces and moments induced by a transverse shear at any
68
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
(b) to one side of a gusset or member at each end by one 4.7 .11 Batten-starred angle struts
fastener in each angle, the slenderness A. should be taken A battened strut of cruciform section may be designed as a
as the greater of: single integral member provided that it meets the conditions
(1) 1.0Lxxlrxx but;;.0.7Lxxlrxx +30; given in 4.7 .9 except as follows.
(2) [(1.0Lyyfryyl 2 +A./]'~> but;;;. 1.4A.c; (a) Battens should be connected to the backs of angles
(c) to both sides of a gusset or member at each end by parallel to both the rectangular axes of the member.
two or more fasteners in line along the angles, the They should alternate in each plane and the effective
slenderness A. should be taken as the greater of: length of a main component should be taken as the
spacing centre-to-centre ofthe battens in the same plane.
( 1) 0.85L xxlr xx but;;;. 0.7L xxlr xx + 30;
(b) The transverse shear of not less than 2.5% of the
(2) [(L YY /r YY )2 +A. c 2 ]% but;;.1.4A.c;
factored axial load should be taken as acting perpendi-
(d) to both sides of a gusset or member at each end by a cular to the minor axis of the member. The battens in
single fastener through each angle, the compression each plane should be designed for the components of
resistance should be taken as 80 % of the compression this shear resolved perpendicular to the rectangular
resistance of an axially loaded member and the slender- axes plus any transverse shear due to the weight or wind
ness A. should be taken as the greater of: resistance of the member.
(1) 1.0Lxxlrxx but;;.0.7Lxxlrxx +30; 4.7 .12 Battened parallel angle struts
(2)[(L YY /r YY )2 +'!1. c 2 ]% but;;.1.4A.c; A battened parallel angle strut composed of two similar
In (a) to (d) Ac = Lvvlrvv with Lvv measured between inter- angles arranged symmetrically with their corresponding
connecting fasteners for back-to-back struts or between end rectangular axes aligned may be designed as a single integral
welds or end fasteners of adjacent battens for battened angle member providing that in all other respects it meets the
struts. conditions given in 4.7 .9.
4.7.10.4 Single channel struts. For a single channel conn- The eccentricity of end connections should be allowed for
ected only by its web to a gusset, or directly to another as recommended in 4.7.10.3.
member, by:
4. 7.13 Back-to-back struts
(a) two or more rows of fasteners arranged symmetrically
across the web at each end, or an equivalent welded 4.7.13.1 Components separated. A strut composed of two
connection, the slenderness A. should be taken as the angles, channels or T-sections, separated back-to-back by a
greater of: distance not exceeding that required for the end gusset
connection, may be designed as a single integral member
(1) 0.85Lxx/r xx;
provided the following conditions are met.
(2) 1.0Lyylryy but;;.0.7Lyylryy +30;
(a) The main components should be of similar cross
(b) two or more fasteners arranged symmetrically in a section with their corresponding rectangular axes aligned.
single row across the web at each end, or an equivalent
(b) The main components should be interconnected by
welded connection, the slenderness A. should be taken as
fasteners. Where the components are connected together
the greater of:
by welding the member should be designed as a battened
(1) 1.0Lxxlrxx; strut as given in 4.7.9.
(2) 1.0Lyylryy but;;;. 0.7Lyylryy + 30; (c) The member should not be subjected to transverse
4.7.10.5 Single T-section struts. For a singleT-section loads perpendicular to the connected surfaces other than
connected only by its flange to a gusset, or directly to the weight or the wind resistance of the member.
another member, by: (d) The slenderness, A., of the compound strut about
(a) two or more rows of fasteners arranged symmetrically the axis parallel to the connected surfaces should be
across the flange at each end, or an equivalent welded calculated from 4.7.9(c) for battened struts.
connection, the slenderness A. should be taken as the (e) The main components should be connected at
greater of: intervals so that the member is divided into at least three
(1) 1.0Lxxlrxx but;;.0.7Lxxlrxx +30; bays of approximately equal length. At the ends of the
(2) 0.85Lyylryy; member the main components should be interconnected
by not less than two fasteners along each line along the
(b) two or more fasteners arranged symmetrically in a
length of the member.
single row across the flange at each end, or an equivalent
welded connection, the slenderness A. should be taken as (f) The interconnecting fasteners should be designed to
the greater of: transmit the longitudinal shear between the main
components induced by a transverse shear 0 at any
(1) 1.0Lxx/rxx but;;.0.7Lxx/rxx + 30; point in the member; Q should be taken as not less than
(2) 1.0Lyyfryy; 2.5% of the factored axial compression in the member
plus any load due to self weight or wind resistance of
the member. In no case should the fasteners be less
than 16 mm in diameter.
69
cno:~
Table 28. Angle, channel and T-section struts ~en
:::!". (J'1
OID
:::3CJ'1
Clause Connection Sections and axes Slenderness ratios _o
(see notes 1 and 2) 0 ..
c:
.....
"'0
!))
4.7.10.2(a) .....
vv axis: 0.85Lvvf'vv but~ 0.7Lvvlrvv + 15 .-+
X
4.7.10.3(a) xxaxis: 1.0Lxxlrxx but~0.7Lxxlrxx +30
I
_L~_L
yy axis: [!0.85Lyy/r YY ) 2 + Xc 2 ]'12 but~ 1.4;\.c
-...J
0 8
(see note 4)
X
I
(see note 5)
{i5
(see note 4)
yy axis: [!Lyylr YY ) 2 +X/]'!. but;;;. 1.4;\.c
(see note 5)
Ltl
4.7.10.4(a) xx axis: 0.85 L x xlr xx
tp
I ••
I •• :
I
IY
yy axis: 1.0Lyyfr YY but;;:;. 0.7 Ly/'vY + 30
tJ -'- ~--'-
yy axis: 1.0 Lyylryy but;;:;. 0.7Lyylr YY + 30
e
4.7.10.5(a)
IX XX axis:1.0Lxxlrxx but;;;.0.7Lxxlrxx + 30
-....!
Y-~-Y yy axis:0.85Lyylryy
..... lx
4.7.10.5(b)
IX
xx axis: 1.0Lxx/'xx but;;;.0.7Lxx/rxx + 30
l95 Y-~-Y
lx
yy axis: 1.0Lyylryy
NOTE 1. The length L is taken between the intersections of the centroidal axes or the intersections of the setting out lines of the bolts, irrespective of whether
the strut is connected to a gusset or directly to another member.
NOTE 2. Intermediate lateral restraints reduce the value of L for buckling about the relevant axes. For single angle members, Lw is taken between lateral
restraints perpendicular to either aa or bb. (/)OJ
NOTE 3. For single or double angles connected by one bolt, the compression resistance is also reduced to 80% of that for an axially loaded member, see ~(/')
4.7.10.2(b) and 4.7.10.3(dl. ~. 0'1
0co
NOTE 4. Double angles are either battened (see 4. 7.12) or interconnected back-to-back (see 4.7.13). Battens or interconnecting fasteners are also needed at the ::J 0'1
ends of members.
_o
0
NOTE 5. \: = Lvvlrvv with Lvv measured between interconnecting fasteners for back-to-back struts or between end welds or end fasteners of adjacent battens for c: "
.., Ql
battened angle struts. ;:::!.
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
The longitudinal shear per interconnection should be Moments in angle, channel and T-section members due to
taken as 0.250~, where Ac is the slenderness of the eccentricity of connections may be treated as recommended
main component centre-to-centre of interconnections. in 4.6.3 for tension members or 4.7.10 for struts.
(g) At all interconnections the fasteners should pass
through solid steel packings, washers or gussets. In struts 4.8.2 Tension members with moments
at least two fasteners should be provided in line across Tension members with moments should be checked for
the width of all members that are sufficiently wide to resistance to lateral-torsional buckling in accordance with
accommodate them. 4.3 under moment alone. They should also be checked
for capacity under the combined effects of axial load and
4.7.13.2 Components in contact. A strut composed of two moment at the points of greatest bending moments and
angles, channels or T-sections in contact back-to-back or axial loads, usually at the ends.
separated by continuous steel packing may be designed as a
The following relationship should be satisfied:
single integral member providing that the following
conditions are met. F Mx My
--+ +-- ,;:;;,
(a) The main components should be similar sections AePy Mcx Mcy
arranged symmetrically with their corresponding where
rectangular axes aligned. F is the applied axial load in member;
(b) Interconnection should be as follows. A9 is the effective area (see 3.3.3);
(1) When interconnection is by means of fasteners at Py is the design strength;
least two fasteners should be provided in line across
Mx is the applied moment about the major axis at
the width of the member providing it is sufficiently
critical region;
wide. The spacing of the fasteners should not exceed
300 mm or 32t where tis the thickness of the thinner Mcx is the moment capacity about the major axis in the
part joined. absence of axial load (see 4.2.5 and 4.2.6);
(2) When interconnection is by means of welds both My is the applied moment about the minor axis at
pairs of edges of the main components should be critical region;
welded. The spacing centre-to-centre of interconnec- Mcy is the moment capacity about the minor axis in the
tions should be taken as the spacing centre-to-centre absence of axial load (see 4.2.5 and 4.2.6).
of consecutive effective lengths of weld on the same
Alternatively for greater economy in plastic or compact
edge. The space between consecutive welds on the
cross sections only the following relationship should be
same edge should not exceed 300 mm or 16t where t
satisfied.
is the minimum thickness of the parts joined.
(c) The member should not be subject to transverse load ( ~)z,
perpendicular to the connected surfaces other than the M,x
weight or wind resistance of the member. where
(d) The slenderness, X, of the compound strut about the M,x is the reduced moment capacity about the major
axis parallel to the connected surfaces should be axis in the presence of axial load obtained from
calculated from 4.7.9(c). published tables;
(e) The main components should be connected at M,y is the reduced moment capacity about the minor
intervals so that the member is divided into at least three axis in the presence of axial load obtained from
bays of approximately equal length. At the ends of the published tables;
member the main components should be interconnected z1 is a constant taken as:
by not less than two fasteners in each Iine along the
2.0 for I and H sections;
length of the- member, or by equivalent welds.
2.0 for solid and hollow circular sections;
(f) The interconnecting welds or fasteners should be 5/3 for solid and hollow rectangular sections;
designed to transmit the longitudinal shear between the 1.0 for all other cases.
components as given in 4.7 .13.1 (f).
z2 is a constant taken as:
(g) In members exposed to the weather or other corrosive
1.0 for I and H sections;
influences the components should be connected by
2.0 for solid and hollow circular sections;
continuous welds, or fasteners as laid down in 6.2.4.
5/3 for solid and hollow rectangular sections;
1.0 for all other cases.
4.8 Axially loaded members with moments 4.8.3 Compression members with moments
4.8.1 General 4.8.3.1 General. Compression members should be checked
Members should comply with 4.2 to 4.7 inclusive, covering for local capacity at the points of greatest bending moment
the treatment of members subject to moments and axial and axial load (usually at the ends). This capacity may be
loads applied separately, in addition to the recommend- limited either by yielding or local buckling depending on
ations given in 4.8.2 and 4.8.3. the section properties. The member should also be checked
72
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
~1 + -0.5F)
This method of providing restraint to the rafter should
- only be used where the loading is mainly roof loading.
Pcy
73
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
4.11 Additional provisions for IR is the second moment of area of the crane rail about
its horizontal centroidal axis;
gantry girders
K R is a constant taken as:
4.11, 1 General
(a) when the crane rail is mounted directly on the
In addition to the general rules for beams given in 4.2 to 4.5 beam flange K R = 3.25;
gantry girders should fulfil the conditions given in 4. 11.2
(b) where a suitable resilient pad not less than 5 mm
to 4.11.6.
thick is interposed between the crane rail and the
Gantry girders should be designed to resist factored loading beam flange K R = 4.0.
as given in 2.2.3 and 2.4.1.
The stress obtained by dispersing the load over this length
4. 11.2 Crabbing of trolley should not be greater than Pyw.
Gantry girders intended to carry cranes of loading class 01
4.11.6 Welded girders
and 02 as defined in BS 2573 : Part 1 need not be designed
for the effects of crabbing action. Welds should be continuous throughout. Top flange welds
should preferably be full penetration butt welds and should
Gantry girders intended to carry cranes of class 03 and 04
be checked for the effects of local compression, see 4.11.5,
as defined in BS 2573 : Part 1 should be designed for the in addition to all other effects. It should be assumed that
following couple due to crabbing action. This couple need this force is wholly transmitted by the welds to the web.
not be combined with the horizontal loads obtained
from 2.2.3. The couple is due to the crabbing action of two
wheels or bogies comprising two equal and opposite forces, 4.12 Purl ins and side rails
F R, acting transverse to the rail, one at each end of the
4.12.1 General
wheelbase.
Purl ins and side rails may be designed on the assumption
LcWw Ww
FR = - - b u t ; ; . - - that the cladding provides lateral restraint to an angle
40aw 20 section, or to the face against which it is connected in the
where case of other sections. In both cases, the type of cladding
Lc is the span of the crane; and its fixings should be such that it is capable of acting in
this manner.
Ww is the factored maximum load on a wheel or bogie
pivot;
4.12.2 Deflections
aw is the distance between the centres of the two end The deflections of purlins and side rails should be limited to
wheels or between the pivots of the bogies (where
suit the characteristics of the particular cladding system.
horizontal guide rails are used aw is the wheelbase of
the guide rails).
4.12.3 Wind loading
4.11.3 Lateral torsional buck Iing Wind loading should be determined in accordance with
No account should be taken of the effect of moment CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2. The effects of local pressures
gradient, i.e. nand m should be taken as 1.0 (see 4.3). need not be considered in the design of the purl ins and side
rails.
4.11.4 Shear buck Iing
The shear buckling resistance should be calculated without 4.12.4 Empirical design of purlins and side rails
using tension field action (see 4.4.5.3). 4.12.4.1 General. As an alternative to other methods of
design, purl ins and side rails fabricated from hot rolled
4. 11.5 Local compression under wheels angles or hollow sections may be designed in accordance
Local compression on the web may be obtained by with empirical rules given in 4.12.4.3 or 4.12.4.4. Purlins
distributing the crane wheel load over a length xR where: and side rails fabricated from cold formed sections should
XR = 2(HR + T) be designed in accordance with BS 5950 : Part 5.
where 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design
HR is the rail height; (a) The members should be of steel to a minimum of
T is the flange thickness. grade 43 of BS 4360.
Alternatively where the properties of the rail are known: (b) Unfactored loads should be considered for empirical
design, i.e. effectively 'Yt = 1.0.
If+ IR)l/3
XR =KR ( - - - (c) The span of the members should not exceed 6.5 m
t
centre-to-centre of main supports.
where
(d) Where the members generally span only one bay each
t is the web thickness; member should be connected by at least two fasteners at
11 is the second moment of area of the flange about its each end.
horizontal centroidal axis; (e) Where the members are generally continuous over
two or more bays, with staggered joints in adjacent lines
74
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
of members, at least one end of any single bay members (d) Dimensions. The dimension D of the member
should be connected by not less than two fasteners. perpendicular to the plane of the cladding and the
dimension 8 parallel to the plane of the cladding should
4.12.4.3 Specific rules for the empirical design of pur/ins
be not less than the values given in table 30, except that
(a) Slope. The slope of the roof should not exceed 30 °. when Z 1 is greater than the minimum value from
(b) Loading table 30, the minimum value of D may be reduced in
(1) The loading on the purl in should be substantially the same proportion. However, in no case should D be
uniformly distributed. Not greater than 10% of the less than B.
total roof load on the member should be due to other
types of load. Table 30. Empirical values for side rails
(2) Imposed load should be determined as recom-
mended in 2.2, but should not be taken as less than Side rail Z, (min.) z, (min.) D 8
0.75 kN/m 2 • section
WpL
RHS L/70 L/150 4.13 Column bases
1800
4.13.1 General
Wp is the total unfactored load on one span of the purl in
(in kNI due to either (dead+ imposed) or (wind -dead) Column bases should be of sufficient size, stiffness and
whichever is the greater. strength to transmit the axial load, bending moments and
L is the length-centre-to-centre of main (vertical) supports, shear forces in columns to their foundations or other
but where properly supported sag rods are provided, support without exceeding the load carrying capacity of
may be taken as the sag rod spacing for the determination
of 8 only (in mm).
such supports.
The nominal bearing pressure between the baseplate and
4.12.4.4 Specific rules for empirical design of side rails the support may be determined on the basis of a linear
(a) Slope. The slope of the cladding should not exceed distribution of pressure. For concrete foundations the
15 a from the vertical. bearing strength may be taken as 0.4fcu where feu is the
characteristic concrete cube strength at 28 days.
(b) Loading. Side rails should not generally be subjected
to loads other than wind load and the self weight of the Baseplates may be designed either by the empirical method
cladding. Not more than 10% of the total load on the given in 4.13.2 or by other rational means.
member about the axis under consideration should be The connection of the column to the baseplate should
due to loading from other sources or due to loads which comply with 4.13.3.
are not uniformly distributed. Notwithstanding the Baseplates of grade 43A steel subject to compression only
above, side rails may be used to provide restraint to should not be limited in thickness by the brittle fracture
their supporting members. requirements. Grade 43A baseplates transmitting moments
(c) Section moduli. The elastic section moduli, Z 1 and to the foundation should not exceed 50 mm unless special
Z 2 , of the side rail about its axes parallel to and consideration is given to brittle fracture.
perpendicular to the plane of the cladding respectively
should be not less than the values given in table 30.
75
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
76
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
de is the minimum depth of solid casing within the feu is the characteristic concrete cube strength at
width of the steel section; 28 days of the encasement but~ 40 N/mm 2 ;
r is the minimum radius of gyration of the steel Pc is the compressive strength of the steel section
section alone. determined as given in 4.7.5 using and'v 'x
as
defined in (a) and taking Pv ~ 355 N/mm 2 ;
4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending Pv is the design strength of the steel ~ 355 N/mm 2 •
Cased beams which meet the conditions given in 4.14.1 4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and moment
should be designed as for an uncased section (see 4.2 A cased section meeting the conditions given in 4.14.1 and
and 4.3) except that the radius of gyration, rv, may be subject to combined axial compression and bending moment
taken as 0.2(8 + 100) mm or 'v of the uncased section should satisfy the following relationships.
whichever is greater. All other properties should be taken as
(a) For capacity:
for the uncased section. The buckling resistance moment,
Mb, should not exceed 1Y. times that permitted for the Fe Mx Mv
-+--+--~1
uncased section, where 8 is the width of the flange. Pes Mcx Mev
In the calculation of deflections, the effective moment of (b) For buckling resistance:
inertia of the cased section may be taken to be that of the Fe mMx mMv
steel section plus the transformed net area of the concrete, -+--+--~1
i.e.: Pc Mb Mev
where
lc- Is
lcs = I s + - - - Fe is the compressive force due to axial load;
O!e
Pc is the compression resistance (see 4.14.3);
where
Pes is the short strut capacity (i.e. the compression
lcs is the second moment of area of cased section;
resistance of a cased strut of zero slenderness);
15 is the second moment of area of steel section;
Mx is the applied moment about the major axis;
Ic is the second moment of area of gross concrete
Mv is the applied moment about the minor axis;
section;
m is the equivalent uniform moment factor
0! 8 is the modular ratio.
obtained from table 18;
4.14. 3 Cased struts
Mcx is the major axis moment capacity of the steel
Cased struts which meet the conditions given in 4.14.1 section (see 4.2.5 or 4.2.6);
may be designed on the following basis.
Mev is the minor axis moment capacity of the steel
(a) The radius of gyration, r v, of the member about its section (see 4.2.5 or 4.2.6);
axis in the plane of its web or webs should be taken
Mb is the buckling resistance moment obtained
as 0.2bc, but not more than 0.2(8 + 150) mm where be
from 4.3.7.3 using section properties as given
is the minimum width of solid casing within the depth of
in 4.14.2.
the steel section and 8 is the overall width of the steel
flange or flanges. Where the radius of gyration of the
steel section alone is greater than that of the composite 4.15 Web openings
section, the radius of gyration of the steel section alone
may be used. 4.15. 1 General
The radius of gyration,'"' of the member about its axis Except as provided for in 3.3 for holes for fasteners,
parallel to the planes of the flanges should be taken as the effects of openings should be considered in the design.
that of the steel section alone. At all points where the applied shear or moment at the net
section exceeds the capacity of the member adequate
(b) The compression resistance, Pc, of the cased section reinforcement should be provided.
should be determined from:
Members should comply with 4.2 to 4.4 as appropriate
Pc = ( A 9 + 0.45 P;
feu
Ac )
Pc but not greater than and 4.5. In addition they should comply with 4.15.2
or 4.15.3 as appropriate.
the short strut capacity given by:
77
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section four
1.080
D ~ 1.50
78
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section five
(c) Where an actual pin or rocker is provided the base (c) the elongation (on a gauge length of 5.65y"S 0 )
stiffness should be taken as zero. is not less than 15 %, where S 0 is as given in BS 18.
79
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section five
The cross section of members not containing plastic hinges 5.3.7 Fabrication restrictions
should be compact unless under an elastic analysis of the With in a length equal to the member depth either side of a
frame they satisfy the recommendations of section four. plastic hinge location the following restrictions should be
5.3.5 Restraints applied to the tension flange and noted in the design
Torsional restraint should be provided at a plastic hinge documents.
location if practicable (except as in 5.5.3.1 ). Where (a) Holes should be drilled or else punched 2 mm
impracticable the restraint should be provided within a undersize and reamed.
distance of D/2 of the plastic hinge locatio11 along the (b) All sheared or hand flame cut edges should be
member. finished smooth by grinding, chipping or planing.
Within a member containing a plastic hinge the maximum These restrictions should also be applied where local yield
distance Lm from the hinge restraint to an adjacent lines are assumed in the design of rigid connections, (see
restraint should be calculated by one of the following 6.1.4) and where repetition of loading makes fatigue a
methods. design criterion (see 6.1.6).
(a) Conservatively Lm (in mm) may be taken as:
38ry 5.4 Continuous beams
=
where
Lm
[1~o + (;;sf (;6 fJ 112 5.4.1 Elastic design
When an elastic analysis is used the capacity and buckling
resistance of the section should be calculated from section
fc is the average compressive stress due to axial load four.
(in N/mm 2 ); For a compact section the elastic moment diagram for each
Py is the design strength (in N/mm 2 ); span may be modified by up to 10% of the peak elastic
ry is the radius of gyration about the minor axis moment provided that the moments and shear remain in
(in mm); equilibrium with the factored loads.
x is the torsional index. 5.4.2 Plastic design
Where the member has unequal flanges ry should be Plastic analysis may be used provided the conditions of 5.3
taken as the lesser of the values for the compression are met.
flange only or the whole section.
Where the cross section of the member varies within the
length Lm the minimum value of ry and the maximum 5.5 Portal frames
value of x should be used. 5.5.1 General
(b) The method given in appendix G taking account of In the elastic or plastic design of portal frames attention
restraint to the tension flange, or the conservative should be paid to the deflection of the frame at serviceability
method in 5.5.3.5 may be used with the ratio of the loading.
depth of haunch to the depth of rafter = 1 .
The spacing of restraints to member lengths not containing 5.5.2 Elastic design
a plastic hinge should be such as to satisfy the recommenda· When an elastic analysis is used the recommendations
tions of section four. Where the restraints are placed at the of 5.4.1 should be applied. The stability of the frame
limiting distance Lm no further checks on restraint spacings should be checked in accordance with 2.4.2, and the
are required. stability of individual components checked in accordance
with section four or appendix G.
5.3.6 Stiffeners at hinge locations
Web stiffeners should be provided where a load is applied 5.5.3 Plastic design
within D/2 of a plastic hinge location which exceeds 5.5.3.1 General. Plastic analysis may be used provided the
10% of the shear capacity of the member (see 4.2.3). conditions of 5.3 are met. The conditions of 5.3.5 need not
The stiffener should be provided within a distance of half be met at the last hinge to form provided it can be clearly
the depth of the member either side of the hinge location identified.
and be designed to carry the applied load in accordance
with 4.5.4 and 4.5.5. If the stiffeners are flat plates the 5.5.3.2 Sway stability. In the absence of a rigorous analysis
outstand to thickness ratio, b 5 /t 5 , should not exceed 9. of frame stability the following condition should be satisfied.
Where sections are used the ratib: The horizontal deflection, b, calculated by linear elastic
80
BS 5950: Part 1 1990
Section five
Irrespective of the effects of cladding this condition may be h is the column height;
satisfied provided that in each bay: lc is the minimum second moment of area of the
Lb 44 L ( p ) ( 275) column for bending in the plane of the frame (taken
D<:. n h 4 + PLr!L Pvr as zero if the column is not rigidly connected to the
rafter);
in which Lb is the effective span of the bay. When the
depth of the haunches (as shown in figure 10) is not less lr is the minimum second moment of area of the
than 2D then: rafters for bending in the plane of the frame;
Pyr is the design strength of the rafters;
Lb = L- Lh
Lr is the total developed length of the rafter;
otherwise, Lb should be taken as equal to L
n is the arching ratio Wr!W0 ;
where
wr is the factored vertical load on the rafters;
P 2/c) (L)
(f. . bay frame;
h for a smgle W0 is the maximum value of Wr which could cause
plastic failure of the rafter treated as a fixed ended
P ( ~~) (~) for a multi-bay frame; beam of span L.
5.5.3.3 Snap-through stability of rafter. In each internal
Lh is the haunch length. If the haunches at each side of bay of a multi-bay frame (i.e. greater than two bays)
the bay are different, the mean value should be taken. snap-through instability may occur due to spread of
L is the span of the bay; columns and inversion of the rafter.
D is the minimum depth of the rafters;
Depth of
haunch
I
Depth of
haunch
I
Depth of
haunch
I
* Restraint
X Restraint
or virtual restraint (see second paragraph
of 5.5.3.5.21
81
BS 5950: Part 1 1990
Section five
To prevent this the rafter slenderness should be such that: Depth of haunch/depth
(2) the depth of the haunch is not greater than three Moments due to horizontal loads should be determined by
times the depth of the rafter; a linear elastic analysis of the whole frame.
(3) the haunch flange is not smaller than the rafter The elastic moment diagram for any member may be
flange; modified by up to 10 % of the peak elastic moment in
that member for the same combination of loads provided
then Ls may conservatively be taken as:
that:
K 1 ryx
(a) the forces and moments in the frame remain in
(nx 2 _ 104 ) 112 for grade 43 steel
equilibrium;
K 2 ryx (b) all the members in which the moments are reduced
194 x 2 _ 104 )1 12 for grade 50 steel have compact cross sections;
where (c) moments are not reduced about the minor axis of
'v is the minimum radius of gyration of the rafter any column.
section; The.capacity and buckling resistance should be determined
x is the torsional index of the rafter section; in accordance with section four.
K 1 and K 2 have the following values:
5.6.2 Non-sway frames
A frame which satisfies the conditions of 5.1.3 for non-sway
frames should be analysed using ordinary linear elastic
methods (including the use of suitable subframes).
82
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section five
The effective length of the columns may be obtained from members. Plastic design may then be carried out providing
appendix E taking the columns as braced against sidesway. that the buckling resistance of the members is checked by
Vertical load and horizontal loads should be applied in reference to 4.8.3.3.
accordance with 5.1.2.1 and 5.1.2.2.
5. 7.3 Sway frames
5.6.3 Sway frames
5.7 .3.1 General. Plastic design may be used where proper
A frame which does not satisfy the conditions of 5.1.3 for
allowance is made for frame instability effects. This may be
non-sway frames should be designed as a sway frame.
done by carrying out a full elastic-plastic sway analysis or
Initially the frame should be checked under pattern vertical by using the simplified method given in 5.7.3.3. The load
loading as for a non-sway frame. For this purpose the factors employed should be those given in table 2.
effective length of the columns should be obtained from
The frame should be checked under all combinations of
appendix E taking the columns as braced against sidesway.
loading taking the effective length of the columns in the
The effects of sway should then be accounted for under all plane of the frame as 1.0L. When considering vertical
combinations of loading. When considering vertical loading loading in the absence of wind load the notional horizontal
in the absence of wind loads the notional horizontal loads loading of 5.1.2.3 should be applied.
given in 5.1.2.3 should also be applied. Either of the
Where the strength of the frame is increased for any reason
following methods may be used.
the stability of the columns may be checked using the
(a) Extended simple design. The effective length of the original factored loads rather than the enhanced collapse
columns in the plane of the frame should be obtained loads of the frame.
from appendix E allowing for sidesway.
5.7.3.2 Pattern loading. The columns should also be
(b) Amplified sway method. The moments due to
checked against pattern vertical loading using an effective
horizontal loading should be amp Iified by the factor:
length from appendix E taking the column as braced against
"!l.cr sidesway.
("!l.cr - 1)
5.7.3.3 Simple check for frame stability. The following
where Acr is the elastic critical load factor obtained from conditions should be satisfied.
appendix F.
(a) The plastic hinge mechanism should be a sway mode
The effective length of the columns in the plane of the with hinges assumed in all the beams and at the base of
frame should be taken as 1.0 L. each column but no other plastic hinges in the columns.
(b) The lower lengths of the columns should be designed
5.6.4 Subframes
to remain elastic under the theoretical hinge moments
5.6.4.1 Vertical loads. In the elastic analysis of any rigid assumed in (a).
frame the subframes shown in figure 11 may be used to (c) Under all combinations of unfactored loading
determine the forces and moments due to vertical loads. (including the notional horizontal force when wind loads
Alternatively the beam moments may be obtained by are not included in the combination) it should be
analysing the beams as continuous over simple supports at possible by means of moment re-distribution to produce
the columns, the column moments being obtained from the sets of moments and forces throughout the frame which
column design subframe in figure 11 *. are in equilibrium with the applied loads and under
which all members remain elastic.
5.6.4.2 Horizontal loads. The moments due to horizontal
(d) In clad frames where no account is taken of the
loads should be determined separately by means of a linear
stiffening effect of wall panels the following relationship
elastic analysis of the whole frame.
should be satisfied:
(1) Acr;;;;. 4.6;
5. 7 Multi-storey rigid frames: 0.9"ll.cr .
plastic design (2) when 4.6,;; Acr < 10: Ap;;;;. --=-
("!l.cr - 1)'
5. 7.1 General (3) when "!l.cr;;;;. 10: "!l.p;;;;. 1;
Plastic design may be used provided the frame is effectively where
braced against sidesway out of its own plane. The conditions Acr is the elastic critical load factor from appendix F;
of 5.1 and 5.3 should be satisfied. A.P is the rigid-plastic load factor of the overall frames
but should not be less than 1 locally.
5.7.2 Non-sway frames
AP is the ratio by which each of the factored loads
For the purpose of this clause a non-sway frame should
would have to be increased to cause plastic collapse of
have an effective system of bracing, satisfying the criteria
the actual frame determined in accordance with (a)
of 5.1.3, independent of the bending stiffness of the frame and (b).
*Further details of subframes may be obtained from: Institution of Structural Engineers. Joint Committee Report on Fully Rigid Multi-
Storey Welded Steel Frames, Dec. 1964.
83
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section five
Where the steel frame is suitably encased in concrete the (1) Acr ~ 5.75;
increased second moment of area of the section may be 0.95A.cr
used to determine X...· (expressed in equivalent steel units). (2) when 5. 75 ~ Acr < 20: Ap ~ (Acr _ 1 );
(e) In unclad frames or in clad frames where the stiffness
(3) when Acr ~ 20: Ap ~ 1;
of the cladding is taken into account the following
relationship should be.satisfied: where Acr and Ap are as in (d).
General Sub-span
NOTE. Full length of beams and columns is to be used, except for roof beams where there are no upper columns.
General External
NOTE. Full length of beams and columns is to be used except for the top storey where there are no upper columns.
84
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
6.1.4 Joints in rigid construction 6.1.7.4 Splices in beams. Beam splices should be designed
to transmit all the forces and moments in the member at
Joints between members in rigid construction should be
that point and have adequate stiffness.
capable of transmitting the forces and moments calculated
from the design method. For elastic design the rigidity of
the joint should be not less than that of the members. 6.2 Fastener spacing and edge distances
For plastic design the moment capacity of a joint at a
plastic hinge location should be not less than that of the 6.2.1 Minimum spacing
member and in addition the joint should possess sufficient
The distance between centres of fasteners should be not less
plastic rotation capacity.
than 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the fastener.
The fabrication restrictions given in 5.3.7 should also be
applied where local yield lines are assumed in the design of 6.2.2 Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates
elements of rigid connections. This applies irrespective of
whether elastic or plastic design is used for the structure. The distance between centres of two adjacent fasteners in a
line lying in the direction of stress should not exceed 14t
where t is the thickness of the thinner element. Where the
members are exposed to corrosive influences the maximum
85
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
spacing of fasteners in any direction should not exceed 16t area, At, as specified in the appropriate British Standard.
or 200 mm, where tis the thickness of the thinner outside For bolts where the tensile stress area is not defined At
ply. should be taken as the area at the bottom of the threads.
Where it can be shown that the threads do not occur in the
6.2.3 Minimum edge and end distances shear plane A 5 may be taken as the shank area A.
The distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the edge In the calculation of thread length allowance should be
or end of any part should be not less than the value given in made for tolerance and thread run off.
table 31. The edge distance is the distance from the centre
of a hole to the adjacent edge at right angles to the direction 6.3.2 Shear capacity
of stress. The end distance is the distance from the centre
of a hole to the adjacent edge in the direction in which the Provided that no reductions are required for long joints
fastener bears. The end distance should also be sufficient to (see 6.3.4) or large grips (see 6.3.5) the shear capacity, P5 ,
provide adequate bearing capacity (see 6.3.3.3 and 6.4.2.2). of a bolt should be taken as:
For slotted holes, edge and end distances should be measured Ps.=PsAs
from the centre of the end radius of the slot, at the end where
nearest the edge or end of the material, see figure 11 a. Ps is the shear strength obtained from table 32;
A, is the shear area as defined in 6.3.1, i.e. A or At.
Table 31. Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners
6.3.3 Bearing capacity
Quality of cut Edge and
end distance 6.3.3.1 General. The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing
on any ply should be taken as the lesser of the bearing
For a rolled, machine flame cut, capacity of the bolt (see 6.3.3.2) and the bearing capacity
sawn or planned edge 1.250 of the connected ply (see 6.3.3.3).
For a sheared or hand flame cut 6.3.3.2 Capacity of bolt. The bearing capacity of the bolt
edge and any end 1.400 itself should be taken as:
pbb = dtpbb
D is the diameter of the hole.
where
d is the nominal diameter;
t is the thickness of the connected ply, or, if the bolts
e are countersunk, the thickness of the ply minus half
the depth of countersinking;
Pbb is the bearing strength of the bolt obtained from
table 32.
6.3.3.3 Capacity of connected ply. The bearing capacity,
Pbs• of the connected ply should be taken as:
Pbs = dtPbs ,.;; 12 etpbs
1
where
Pbs is the bearing strength of the connected parts
e = end or edge distance
obtained from table 33;
Figure 11a. Minimum edge and end distances d is the nominal diameter of the bolt;
e is the end distance, as defined in 6.2.3;
6.2.4 Maximum edge distances t is the thickness of the ply, as defined in 6.3.3.2.
The maximum distance to the nearest line of fasteners from
6.3.4 Long joints
an edge of any unstiffened part should not exceed 11 te.
This rule does not apply to fasteners interconnecting the When the joint length, Li• of a splice or end connection in a
components of back-to-back tension members (see 4.6.3). compression or tension element containing more than two
Where the members are exposed to corrosive influences the bolts (i.e. the distance between the first and last rows of
maximum edge distance should·not exceed 40 mm + 4t. bolts, measured in the direction of which the load is
transferred) exceeds 500 mm, the shear capacity, P,, should
be taken as:
6.3 Ordinary bolting 5500- Li)
P. = PsAs ( 5000
6.3.1 Effective areas of bolts
but not more than given in 6.3.5 for large grips, if applicable
Since threads can occur in the shear plane, the area A. for
resisting shear should normally be taken as the tensile stress
86
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
where
Ps is the shear strength of the bolt, table 32;
Table 32. Strength of bolts in clearance holes
Ps = PsAs cds:T) g
(but see table 33)
Tension strength, Pt 195 450 0.58U1
but not more than given in 6.3.4 for long joints, if applicable. but< 0.83 Y 1
6.3.6 Bolts subject to tension Yt is the specified minimum yield strength of the fastener.
6.3.6.1 Tension capacity. The tension capacity, Pt, of a bolt Ut is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of
the fastener.
(including countersunk bolts) should be obtained from:
Pt = PtAt
where
Pt is the tension strength obtained from table 32; Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for
ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Pbs
At is the tensile stress area as specified in the
appropriate British Standard. For bolts where the
Steel to BS 4360 Other grades
tensile stress area is not defined At should be taken of steel
as the area at the bottom of the threads. gr 43 gr 50 gr 55
6.3.6.2 Prying. In connections subject to tension prying
action need not be taken into account provided the N/mm 2 N/mm 2 N/mm 2 N/mm 2
strengths given in table 32 are used. 460 550 650 0.65(U 5 + Y5)
6.3.6.3 Combined shear and tension. When bolts are Y 5 is the specified minimum yield strength.
subject to both shear and tension then in addition to the U 5 is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength.
conditions in 6.3.1 to 6.3.6.2 the following relationship
should be satisfied:
F5 Ft
-+-<1.4 6.4 Friction grip fasteners
Ps pt
where 6.4. 1 General
F. is the applied shear; For a parallel shank friction grip fastener the transverse
capacity should be obtained from the minimum value given
F 1 is the applied tension;
by the slip resistance (see 6.4.2.1), the bearing capacity
P5 is the shear capacity (see 6.3.2); (see 6.4.2.2) and, where appropriate, the resistance of long
P1 is the tension capacity (see 6.3.6.1). joints (see 6.4.2.3).
87
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
88
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
,;;;;; 22 d+2 d+5 d+2 d+6 d+2 2.5d
24 d+2 d+6 d+2 d+B d+2 2.5d
~ 27 d+3 d+B d+3 d + 10 d+3 2.5d
Where long slotted holes are used in an outer ply an external where
plate having sufficient size to completely cover the slot Pyp is the design strength of the pin;
should be provided. Such a washer or plate should be at
A is the cross-sectional area of the pin.
least 8 mm thick and of structural material but need not be
hardened. Hardened washers should also be placed under 6.5.3.3 Bearing capacity. The bearing capacity of a pin
the turned element. should be taken as:
1.2pydt
6.5 Pin connections where
d is the diameter of the pin;
6.5.1 General
t is the thickness of the connected part;
Pin connected tension members and their connecting parts
Pv is the lower of the design strengths of the pin and
should comply with 6.5.2. Pin connected compression
the connected part.
members need not.
Where the connected elements are clamped together by 6.5.3.4 Bending. The bending moments on a pin should be
external nuts the limits on thickness do not apply to calculated on the assumption that the forces transmitted
internal plies. between the pin and the connected parts are uniformly
distributed along the length in contact in each case.
6.5.2 Tension members and pin plates The moment capacity of the pin should be taken as:
The thickness of an unstiffened element containing a pinhole 1.2PypZ
should be greater than or equal to 0.25 times the distance where
from the edge of the hole to the edge of the element, Z is the elastic modulus of the pin;
measured at right angles to the axis of the member.
Pvp is the design strength of the pin.
See figure 13.
The net area beyond a pinhole parallel to, or within 45 o of
the axis of t~ member should be greater than or equal to
the net area A required for the member. The sum of the
6.6 Weld detail and design
areas at the pinhole perpendicular to the axis of the 6.6.1 General
member should be at least 1.33A. See figure 13.
The details of all welded connections should comply with
Pin plates provided to increase the net area of a member or BS 5135.
to increase the bearing capacity of a pin should be arranged
to avoid eccentricity and should be of sufficient size to 6.6.2 Details of fillet welds
distribute the load from the pin into the member.
6.6.2.1 End returns. Fillet welds terminating at the ends or
6.5.3 Design of pins sides of parts should be returned continuously around the
6.5.3.1 General. The capacity of a pin connection should corners for a distance of not less than twice the leg length,
be determined from the shear capacity of the pin at the s, of the weld unless access or the configuration renders
shear planes, see 6.5.3.2, and the bearing capacity on each this impracticable. This detail is particularly important for
connected ply, see 6.5.3.3, with due regard to the distribu- fillet welds on the tension side of parts carrying a bending
tion of load between the plies. The bending moment on the load.
pin should also be checked (see 6.5.3.4). 6.6.2.2 Lap joints. In lap joints the minimum lap should be
not less than 4t where tis the thickness of the thinner part
6.5.3.2 Shear capacity. The shear capacity of a pin should
be taken as: joined. Single fillet welds should only be used where the
parts are restrained to prevent opening of the joint.
0.6PypA
89
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
~
E43 E51 E51*
r"
.".'.
-j -----, N/mm 2 Nlmm 2 Nlmm 2 Nlmm 2
40 or 43 215 215 -
WR50 and 50 215 255 - 0.5Ue but
~ 0.54U5
55 - 255 275*
Figure 14. Welded end connections Where the fillet welds are symmetrically disposed as shown
in figure 15 the strength of the weld may be taken as equal
to the design strength of the parent metal provided that:
6.6.2.4 Single fillet welds. A single fillet weld should not (a) the weld is made with a suitable electrode (or other
be subject to a bending moment about the longitudinal axis welding consumable) which will produce all weld tensile
of the weld. specimens as specified in BS 709 having both a minimum
yield strength and a minimum tensile strength not less
6.6.2.5 Intermittent fillet welds. Intermittent fillet welds than those specified for the parent metal;
should not be used in fatigue situations or where capillary
action could lead to the formation of rust pockets.
The longitudinal spacing along any one edge of the element
between effective lengths of weld, as given in 6.6.5.2,
should not exceed the lesser of 300 mm or 16t for
I "'1111 ,..
I
compression elements or 24t for tension elements, where t
is the thickness of the thinner part joined. Lf---
f
Tension in connected
plate
Back-to-back struts and ties should have spacing of welds in
accordance with 4.7.13 and 4.6.3 respectively.
End runs of fillet welds should extend to the end of the
part connected. Figure 15. Symmetrical fillet welds
90
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section six
(b) the sum of the throat sizes is not less than the 6.6.6.2 Throat thickness of partial penetration butt welds.
connected plate thickness; The throat thickness of a partial penetration butt weld
(c) the weld is principally subject to direct compression welded from one side or the thickness of each throat
or tension. welded from both sides should be taken as the minimum
depth of penetration.
6.6.5.2 Effective length. The effective length of a run of
In the case of a V or bevel weld the depth of penetration
fillet weld should be taken as the overall length less one leg
should be taken as the depth of preparation minus 3 mm.
length, s, for each end which does not continue round a
corner. Except where it can be shown that greater penetration can
consistently be achieved the depth of penetration on one
The effective length should be not less than 4s.
side for a J or U weld should be taken as the depth of weld
6.6.5.3 Throat size. The effective throat size, a, of a fillet preparation.
weld should be taken as the perpendicular distance from The specified penetration should be not less than 2.../t
the root of the weld to a straight line joining the fusion where t is the thickness of the thinner part joined (in mm).
faces which lies within the cross section of the weld.
It should not, however, be taken as greater than 0. 7 times 6.6.6.3 Design rules for partial penetration butt welds.
the effective leg length, s. When the weld is unsymmetrical relative to the parts joined
the resulting eccentricity should be allowed for when
6.6.5.4 Angle of intersection of members connected by calculating the maximum stress and the joint restrained
fillet welds. Where the fusion faces form an angle of against rotation.
greater than 120 ° or less than 60 ° the adequacy of the
The capacity of a weld comprising of a partial penetration
joint should be demonstrated by test.
butt weld and a superimposed fillet weld should be
6.6.'5.5 Design rules for fillet welds. The vector sum of the calculated as for a fillet weld, as given in 6.6.5.
design stresses due to all forces and moments transmitted
by the weld should not exceed the design strength, Pw·
The design stress in a fillet weld should be calculated on a 6. 7 Holding-down bolts
thickness equal to the effective throat size, a.
Holding-down bolts should be designed to resist the effect
For a fillet weld with unequal size legs, a deep penetration
of factored loads determined in accordance with 2.4.
fillet weld or a partial penetration butt weld with a
They should provide resistance to tension due to uplift
superimposed fillet weld, the shear and tension stress on the forces and bending moments and shear where appropriate.
fusion line should not exceed 0. 7Pv and 1.0py respectively.
Holding-down bolts required to transmit tension should be
6.6.6 Design of butt welds anchored into the foundation by a washer plate or other
load distributing member embedded in the concrete;
6.6.6.1 Design strength of butt welds. The design strength this plate or member should be designed to span any grout
of a full or partial penetration butt weld should be taken as tubes or adjustment tubes provided for the holding-down
equal to that of the parent metal, provided that the weld is bolts.
made with a suitable electrode (or other welding consumable)
The embedment length of the holding down bolts and the
which will produce all weld tensile specimens as specified
arrangement of the load distributing assembly should be
in BS 709 having both a minimum yield strength and a
such that in transmitting the loads from the anchorage to
minimum tensile strength not less than those specified for
the foundation the load capacity of the foundation is not
the parent metal.
exceeded.
The tension capacity of the bolt should be determined in
accordance with 6.3.6.
Rag bolts and indented foundation bolts should not be
used to resist uplift forces.
91
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section seven
92
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Section seven
7.3.3 Acceptance test has been estimated it may be desirable to adjust its value in
This test is intended as a non-destructive test for confirming the light of the specimen's behaviour.
structu rat performance. During a test to failure the loading should first be applied in
The assembly should prove capable of sustaining the test increments up to the strength test load. Consideration of the
loading as given in 7 .3.1. It should be recognized that such principal deflection plot should then determine subsequent
loading applied to certain structures may cause permanent load increments.
local distortions. Such effects may not indicate structural The ultimate test load is defined as that point at which the
failure in an acceptance test but the possibility of their specimen is unable to sustain any further increases in load.
occurrence should be agreed before testing. At this point gross permanent distortion is likely to have
The assembly should demonstrate substantially linear occurred and in some cases gross deformation may define
behaviour under test loading and on removal of the test the test limit.
load the residual deflection should not exceed 20 % of the Provided that there is a ductile failure the design capacity
maximum recorded. If these conditions are not met the test of a similar assembly may be determined from:
should be repeated and the assembly should demonstrate design strength )
substantially linear behaviour under test loading and the (
Design capacity = Kt averaged yield strength x
residual deflection should not exceed 10% of the maximum
recorded. x ultimate test load
Where this test is being used to relate to performance In the case of a sudden ('brittle') failure the averaged yield
established in earlier tests, the deflections should be strength should be replaced by the averaged ultimate tensile
measured at the same positions. The original maximum strength of the steel, or by 1.2 times the averaged yield
deflections should not be exceeded by more than 20 %. strength in the case of a sudden buckling-type failure.
In cases where the failure has occurred due to strut or
7.3.4 Strength test lateral torsional buckling the ratio may be calculated using
The strength test is used to confirm the calculated capacity the two values for the design strength on the appropriate
of a structure or component. Where a number of items are curve for the 'design strength' and 'averaged yield strength'.
to be constructed to a common design, and one or more These values are to be taken at the slenderness ratio
prototypes are tested to confirm their strength, the others appropriate to the situation.
may be accepted without further tests provided they are For a single test Kt should be taken as 0.9 unless the
similar in all relevant respects to the prototype (see 7.3.6). resulting capacity falls below the design capacity confirmed
Before carrying out the strength test the specimen should by the strength test, when the latter should be taken.
first be submitted to and satisfy the acceptance test For two or more related tests Kt may be taken as 1.0
described in 7.3.3. provided that the lowest of the individual ultimate test
The capacity of the assembly under test will be dependent loads is used.
on the material properties. The actual yield strength of the
7.3.6 Check tests
steel or steels in the assembly should be determined from
coupon tests. An averaged value should be taken from such Where the assembly is designed on the basis of tests as
tests having regard to the importance of each element in the defined in 7.1 (a) or (b) and a production run is carried out
assembly. The test load (including self weight) is given by: of that assembly the following precautions should be
observed.
averaged yield strength)
Test load =( x factored load (a) An appropriate number of samples (not less than two)
design strength
should be selected from each production batch at
At this load there should be no failure by buckling or random.
rupture of any part of the specimen.
(b) The samples should be carefully examined to ensure
On removal of the test load the deflection should be they are similar in all respects to the prototype tested,
reduced by at least 20 %.
particular attention being given to the following items:
7 .3.5 Test to failure ( 1) dimensions of components and connections;
It is only from a test to failure that the real mode of failure (2) tolerance and workmanship;
and true capacity of a specimen can be determined. Where (3) quality of steel used, checked with reference to
the item is not required for use it may be advantageous to mill certificates.
secure this additional information after a strength test. (c) Where it is not possible to determine either the
Alternatively the objective may be to determine the true variations or the effect of variations from the prototype
design capacity from the ultimate test capacity. In this an acceptance test should be carried out. The maximum
situation it is still desirable to carry out the load cycling of recorded deflection should not exceed 120% of the
the acceptance and strength tests. An estimate should be deflection recorded during the acceptance test on the
made of the anticipated design capacity as a basis for such prototype and the residual deflection should not be
tests. more than 105 %of that recorded for the prototype.
Before a test to failure the specimen should first satisfy the
strength test described in 7.3.4. Where the design capacity
93
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix A
Appendices
Appendix A. Formal statement of safety coefficient 'Y e which can be considered to be a function of
two partial coefficients, 'Yet and 'Y e 2 , defined as follows.
factor format adopted in BS 5950:
'Yet is to take account of the nature of the structure and
Part 1 to facilitate correlation with its behaviour, for example structures or parts of
ISO 2394and BS 5400: Part3 structures in which collapse or partial collapse can
occur without warning, where redistribution of
internal forces is not possible, or where failure of a
A.1 Design loads element can lead to overall collapse.
The design loads, 0*, are determined from the nominal 'Y e 2 is to take account of the seriousness of attaining a
loads, Qk< by the relationship: limit state from other points of view, for example
Q* = 'Y2t 'Y22 Qk economic circumstances, danger to community.
where In general, for the purposes of the design of structures in
'Yllt takes account of the possible deviation of loads from accordance with the recommendations of this standard,
their specified value; the effects of 'Yet and 'Yez can be considered to be already
incorporated in the values of 'Yt or 'Ym adopted.
-y22 takes account of the reduced probability that
various loadings acting together will simultaneously
reach their characteristic value. A.5 Verification of structural adequacy
A.5.1 For a satisfactory design:
A.2 Design load effects R* ~s*
The design load effects, s*, are determined from the design i.e. - 1- function ( fk ) ~Effects of 'Yps 'Y2 1 'Y2 2 Qk
loads, 0*, by the relationship: 'Ypm 'Ymt 'Ym2
S* = Effects of 'Yps Q* A.5.2 In BS 5950 : Part 1, the relationship in A.5.1 is
where expressed as:
'Yps takes account of the possible deviation of the
behaviour of the structure from that of the design
function ( ~:) ~ Effects of 'Yt Qk (dead loads) +
model. + 'Yt Qk (imposed loads)
where
A.3 Design resistance 'Ym = 'Ymt 'Ym 2 and is taken account of in table 6 for
design strength;
The design resistance, R*, is determined from the relation- 'Yt = 'Ypm 'Yps'YQt 'Yn and is as given in table 2.
ship:
A.l).3 In BS 5400 : Part 3 the relationship in A.5.1 is
R* = -1- function ( fk . ) expressed as:
'Ypm 'Ymt 'Ym2
where function (fk) ~The effects of 'YtL Qk
'Yf3 'Ymt 'Ym2
fk is the characteristic strength of the material;
where
'Ypm takes account of the possible deviation of the
behaviour of the material in the structure from that 'Yt3 = 'Y pm 'Yps
assumed in design; 'Ymt and 'Ym 2 are taken as a single factor 'Ym
'Ymt takes account of the possible reduction in strength 'YtL = 'Yft 'Yt2
of the material from the characteristic value;
'Ym 2 takes account of manufacturing tolerances.
A.6 Comparison of partial safety factors
A.4 Modification coefficient. yc A comparison of methods of application of partial safety
factors in ISO 2394, BS 5400 : Part 3 and BS 5950 is given
Where necessary, e.g. for the design of key elements,
in table 37.
the value of the partial cooefficients may be modified by a
94
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix A
Partial safety factors 'Yt 'Y2 'Ypm 'Yps 'Ymt 'Ym2 'Yet 'YC2
'Ye
BS 5950 : Part 1 'Y~t 'Y.I!2 'Ypm 'Yps 'Yml 'Ym:~ 'Y cl 'Yc2
95
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix B
Sx is the plastic modulus about the major axis; (b) u, the buckling parameter, and x, the torsional index,
Pv is the design strength; are given by:
TILT is the Perry coefficient (see 8.2.3). for flanged sections symmetrical about the minor
axis:
The above formula for Mb is the smaller root of:
(Me - Mb)(MP- Mb) =TIL TMeMb u= (4S/ 'Y)l/4
A2h 2
5 1
8.2.2 Elastic critical moment x = 0.566h 5 (A/J) /2
The elastic critical moment should be taken as: for flanged sections symmetrical about the major
M 1r2 E axis:
ME = :--"-p, - -
ALT2Py u ('vS/ 'Y)l/4
=
where AL T is the equivalent slenderness (see 8.2.5). A2 H
96
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix B
hw
- __ ,'vi
hs
A is the area;
J is the torsion constant which may be obtained from
the approximate value given in 8.2.6.2;
I I ..
t2
b2__j
Table 38. Limiting A. for
box sections of uniform wall
Figure 16. Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders thickness, including RHS
D/8 X
1 00
where
b is the breadth of each plate element; 350 X 275
2
t is the thickness of each plate element. Pv
170 X 275
where 4
Pv
let
N is the ratio
Uet+lttl D, 8 are overall depth, breadth
of box respectively.
let is the second moment of area of the compression
flange about the minor axis of the section;
Itt is the second moment of area of the tension flange 8.2.6.2 For a box section the value of the torsion constant,
about the minor axis of the section; J, may be obtained from the following approximate
formula:
VI is the monosymmetry index, determined as
follows: J = 4Ah 2 /'L(s/t)
For I or T-section with lipped flanges, VI can be where
calculated from: s is the breadth of each enclosing element;
VI= 0.8(2N- 1) (1 + ~~) for N> 0.5 t is the thickness of each element.
For an RHS a more accurate value is given by:
97
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Appendix C and D
98
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix D
0.1.2 Variations
Where the conditions differ from those given in 0.1.1 the
following variations to the effective lengths shown in
figures 17 to 21 may arise.
(a) If, in the plane of the diagram, the tops of the
stanchions are effectively held in position by horizontal
bracing or other suitable means, the effective lengths in
this plane may be obtained from table 24.
(b) If, in the plane of the diagram, the roof truss or L
other roof member is connected to the stanchions by a
connection capable of transmitting appreciable moment,
the effective length of the stanchion in this plane may be
determined in accordance with appendix E.
(c) If, perpendicular to the plane of the diagram,
one flange only of the stanchion is restrained at intervals
by sheeting rails, then for buckling out of the plane of X
the diagram the method given in appendix G may be I
used.
(d) If, perpendicular to the plane of the diagram,
the base of the column is not effectively restrained in
direction the effective lengths 0.85L or 0.85L 1 in
figures 17 to 21 should be increased to 1.0L or 1.0L 1
respectively.
y ___ + ___ I
I
I
y
I
I
X
99
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix D
- -r
I I
X L3
I
I
I
I
I
I
~~
~ l
I I
y
-
~~I
--- y r 1?'11
r"l
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
X L2 L L
X
I
I I
I
I
I
I
II
+ ___
I L,
I
___ y li=i 1-l-
Y- -
I
I
I I I Y_ _ Y
I
I
I
I
I L,
I
X I
l I
~
I
il
Figure 18. Side stanchion with restraints Figure 19. Simple side stanchion with crane gantry
100
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix D
Upper roof
stanchion
I
I
I
y. .I, Y2
2------H-1- - - - -
1
(r ane stanchion
B-~fft
whichever is
L1 the greatest
Combined roof and crane stanchions
Axis A-A : 1.5L
IY, i Iy C.G.
L4 Axis B-B : 0.85L
A
Ls
101
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix D
Roof stanchion
Lt
A
I
'
I
I
Bt--~ _ _ _ B,
II I
I
I
Crane stanchion
A
Effective length of stanchions
Roof stanchion
Axis 8 1 -8 1 = L 1
A Axis A-A= 1.5L 1
L
y
I y
Crane stanchion
Axis B-B = 0.85 L
AxisY-Y=L 2 ,L 3 ,L 4 orL,
I whichever is
the greatest
Combined crane stanchion
Axis A-A = 1.5L
B Axis B-B = 0.85L
102
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix E
103
)>aJ
'0(/)
'0(11
C'Oco
5_(11
-·0
X ..
m-e
m
::I.
Fixed
__
k 2,___ _ Pinned
Figure 23. Effective length ratio LE/L for a column in a Figure 24. Effective length ratio Le!L for a column in a
rigid-jointed frame braced against sidesway for k 3 =oo rigid-jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway for k 3 = 0
)>lXI
-ccn
Figure 25. Effective length ratio LE/L for a column in a rigid-jointed Figure 26. Effective length ratio LE/L for a column in a rigid-jointed "'0(11
frame with partial sway bracing of relative stiffness k 3 = 1 mco
frame with partial sway bracing of relative stiffness k 3 = 2 5_U1
-·0
X ••
m-e
I»
;:::.
_.
BS 5950: Part 1 1990
Appendix E
E is the modulus of elasticity of steel; The limited frame method given in E.2 may be extended to
rigid jointed frames in which the restraining members are
"l:.Kc is the sum of the stiffnesses 1/L of the columns in
subject to axial loads. This is providing that:
that storey of the frame.
(a) the frame satisfies the conditions of 5.1.3 for non-
E.3.4 Stiffness of panels sway frames;
The spring stiffness, SP, of a wall panel may be determined (b) proper account is taken of the effects of axial load
from: on the stiffness of the restraining members.
Figure 27. Critical buckling mode of frame Figure 28. Critical buckling mode of frame
braced against sidesway free to sway
106
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Appendix F and G
6-*-x--x--x--x--x:--x--x--x- -B)112 *
A- -A .__£_
Uniform member
* Compression flange *
F H1(B- *--x--x--x--x--x--x--x--><--*-~~
~\- [ =t;- F
* Compression flange
--L!(:-*-x--x--x--x--x--x:--x--x-*~~
\- L lJ F
[ Com~•u:n fla~ _I
Tapered members
• Effective torsional restraints to both flanges. A-A Reference axis.
X Lateral restraints to one flange. 8-8 Restraint axis.
F Axial load where present. Lt Length under consideration.
M Applied moment in either direction.
Figure 29. Members restrained on tension flange
(b) Plastic stability (see G.1.4). For uniform members MA is the maximum moment on the member or portion
use ( 1) or (2); for tapered members use (2). of the member under consideration;
Mb =pbSx ~PyZ;
( 1) Lengths without lateral loads Pb is the lateral torsional buckling resistance
L ~~( Mp ) lf2 determined in accordance with 4.3.7 except that
t ymt Mpr +aF the equivalent slenderness should be taken as ATe;
ATe is as defined in G.3.3;
(2) Lengths with lateral loads M is the applied moment at the section considered;
Lk A is the cross·sectional area at the section considered;
Lt~--
c nt S,. is the plastic modulus at the section considered;
where MP =pvS,.;
F is the applied axial load where present; Mpr = PvS,,.;
Pc is the compression resistance determined in s.,. is the reduced plastic modulus due to axial load;
accordance with 4. 7.4 except that for buckling a is as defined in G.3.1;
about the minor axis the slenderness should be Lk is as defined in G.3.5;
taken as ATe; nt is as defined in G.3.6;
c is as defined in G.3.3.
108
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix G
G.3.2 Minor axis slenderness ratio, ATe For tapered members vt is calculated by reference to the
The minor axis slenderness ratio used to determine the smallest section:
compression resistance in G.2 should be taken as: where
ATe= YA a is as defined in G.3.1;
where A is as defined in G.3.2;
A is the slenderness Llr v of the member between h 5 is as defined in G.3.2;
effloot;,. to,.;on(~1':';"" to blo;~ flanges; x is as defined in 4.3.7.5;
u is as defined in 4.3.7.5 except for tapered members
109
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix G
Otherwise mt should be obtained from table 39 where: Only positive values of N should be included.
y is obtained from G.3.2; N is positive when it produces compression in
the unrestrained flange.
f3t
is the ratio of the algebraically smaller end moment to
the larger. Moments which produce compression on Where axial load is present see G.3.6.2.
the unrestrained flange should be taken as positive. M 1 to M 5 are the moment capacities of the sections
When f3t < -1 the value of f3t should be taken as -1. corresponding to N 1 to N 5 , but see G.3.6.3.
See figure 31. Ns N2 N3 N4
NOTE. This definition of i3t is different to that given for {3 Ms is the greater of M 2 , M 3 , M4
in 4.3.7.
NE N1 N 5
is the greater of - ,
G.3.5 Limiting length, L k ME M1 M5
The limiting length, Lb should be taken as:
Only positive values of (Ns - NE ) should be
( 5.4 + 600 7) r yx included.
Ms ME
= )I
Lk
(5.4 7 x2- 1 h G.3.6.2 Axial loading. Where elastic stability is considered
no allowance should be made in the value of nt for the
where x is as defined in 4.3.7.5. For tapered members Lk effects of axial load.
should be calculated for the smallest section. Where plastic stability is being considered the values of N 1
to N 5 should be taken as:
G.3.6 Slenderness correction factor, nt
N+aF
G.3.6.1 General. The general expression of the slenderness where
correction factor, nt, is given by:
a is the distance between the reference axis and the axis
nt =[ _1_ { N 1 + 3N 2 + 4N 3 of restraint;
12 M, M2 M3 F is the applied axial load.
G.3.6.3 Moment capacities. For elastically designed
+ 2 ( :: - ::) } J 'h members of uniform section M 1 toM 5 should be taken as:
M=pvZx
where
where Z x is the elastic modulus for the compression flange
N 1 to N 5 are the values of the applied moments at the of the section.
ends of the quarter points and mid length of
the length between effective torsional restraints In all other cases Misgiven by:
as shown in figure 32. M = PvSx
where Sx is the plastic modulus of the section.
-300 -100
(3 - --3 {3 = - - =-0.3
t- +100 - t +300
taken as -1.0.
110
BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990
Appendix G and H
I~-1.0
0
1.00
0.1
0.76
0.2
0.61
0.3
0.51
0.4
0.44
0.5
0.39
0.6
0.35
0.7
0.31
0.8
0.28
0.9
0.26
1.0
0.24
1. 1
0.22
1.2
0.21
-0.9 1.00 0.78 0.63 0.52 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23
-0.8 1.00 0.80 0.64 0.53 0.46 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26
-0.7 1.00 0.81 0.66 0.55 0.47 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28
-0.6 1.00 0.83 0.67 0.56 0.49 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31
-0.5 1.00 0.85 0.69 0.58 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34
-0.4 1.00 0.86 0.70 0.59 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37
-0.3 1.00 0.88 0.72 0.61 0.54 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.41
-0.2 1.00 0.89 0.74 0.63 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44
-0.1 1.00 0.90 0.76 0.65 0.59 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48
0.0 1.00 0.92 0.78 0.68 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52
0.1 1.00 0.93 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.2 1.00 0.94 0.82 0.73 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.3 1.00 0.95 0.84 0.76 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64
0.4 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
0.5 1.00 0.97 0.88 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74
0.6 1.00 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.7S 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
0.7 1.00 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
0.8 1.00 0.99 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
0.9 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Ns
L------------------------------------------··~------------------------------~
2
qcr = 0.6Pyw
(2) when a/d > 1: Q 8 0.75] [ 1000]
= [ 1 + (a/d)
(b) When 0.8 < Aw < 1.25 2 d/t
qcr = 0.6Pyw [1- 0.8(Aw- 0.8)] a is the spacing of transverse stiffeners;
(c) When Aw ~ 1.25 d is the depth of the web;
is the thickness of the web;
Pvw is the design strength of the web.
111
BS 5950 : Part 1 1990
Appendix H
where 8 = tan- 1 ( :) 2
1630)
("d/t
Pb.er =
a is the spacing of transverse stiffeners;
d is the depth of the web; Sw is the plastic modulus of the web (t~2 )
t is the thickness of the web;
is the mean longitudinal compressive stress in the
Pvw is the design strength of the web. web (if this stress is tensile fe is negative);
NOTE. If qb is greater than 0.57 Pyw it may be taken as equal to
Pe.er is the critical axial strength of the web panel
but not greater than 0.6Pyw·
given by the following:
( 1) when one flange is in tension:
H.3 Thin or slender webs designed for
2
combined stresses
H.3.1 General
Pe.er = (~~:) ;
112
Publications referred to
BS 4 Structural steel sections
Part 1 Specification tor hot rolled sections
BS 18 Method for tensile testing of metals (including aerospace materials)
Part 1 Steel (general)
Part 4 Steel tubes
BS 29 Specification tor carbon steel forgings above 150 mm ruling section
BS 639 Specification for covered carbon and carbon manganese steel electrodes tor manual metal -arc welding
BS 709 Methods of destructive testing fusion welded joints and weld metal in steel
BS 2573 Rules for the design of cranes
Part 1 Specification for classification. stress calculations and design criteria tor structures
BS 2655 Specification tor lifts, escalators, passenger conveyors and paternosters
BS 2853 Specification for the design and testing of steel overhead runway beams
BS 3100 Specification tor steel castings for general engineering purposes
BS 3692 Specification for ISO metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts. Metric units
BS 4190 Specification for ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts
BS 4320 Specification tor metal washers for general engineering purposes. Metric units
BS 4360 Specification for weldable structural steels
BS 4395 Specification for high strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering
Part 1 General grade
Part 2 Higher grade bolts and nuts and general grade washers
Part 3 Higher grade bolts (waisted shank), nuts and general grade washers
BS 4449 Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4482 Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4483 Specification tor steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4604 Specification for the use of high strength friction grip bolts in structural steelwork. Metric series
Part 1 General grade
Part 2 Higher grade (parallel shank)
Part 3 Higher grade (waisted shank)
BS 4848 Specification for hot rolled structural steel sections
Part 2 Hollow sections
Part 4 Equal and unequal angles
Part 5 Bulb flats
BS 4933 Specification tor ISO metric black cup and countersunk head bolts and screws with hexagon nuts
BS 5135 Specification for the process of arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
BS 5400 Steel, concrete and composite bridges
Part 3 Code of practice for the design of steel bridges
Part 10 Code of practice tor fatigue
BS 5493 Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion
BS 5950 Structural use of steelwork in building
Part 2 Specification for materials, fabrication and erection : hot rolled sections
Part 3 Design in composite construction
Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of single and continuous composite beams
*Section 3.2 Code of practice for design of composite columns and frames
Part 4 Code of practice for design of floors with profiled steel sheeting
Part 5 Code of practice for design of cold formed sections
BS 6399 Loading for buildings
Part 1 Code of practice for dead and imposed loads
Part 3 Code of practice for imposed roof loads
BS 8004 Code of practice for foundations
BS 8110 Structural use of concrete
Part 1 Code or practice for design and construction
CP 3 Code of basic data for the design of buildings
Chapter V Loading
Part 2 Wind loads
ISO 2394 General principles on reliability for structures
*In preparation.
BS 5950 · Part 1 · 1990
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