Designation: D 4914 – 99

Standard Test Methods for

Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement
Method in a Test Pit1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope * material contains particles larger than the maximum particle

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the size allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when Practice
in-place density and unit weight of soil and rock using a D 4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.
pouring device and calibrated sand to determine the volume of Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, or
a test pit. The word “rock’’ in these test methods is used to portions. The material from the in-place unit weight test is
imply that the material being tested will typically contain physically divided into a control fraction and an oversize
particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm). fraction based on a designated sieve size. The unit weight of
1.2 These test methods are best suited for test pits with a the control fraction is calculated and compared with the unit
volume of from 1 to 6 ft3 (0.03 and 0.17 m3). In general, the weight(s) established by the laboratory compaction test(s).
materials tested would have a maximum particle size of 3 to 5 1.4.2.1 Because of possible lower densities created when
in. (75 to 125 mm). there is particle interference (see Practice D 4718), the percent
1.2.1 These test methods may be used for larger sized compaction of the control fraction should not be assumed to
excavations if desirable. However, for larger sized excavations, represent the percent compaction of the total material in the
Test Method D 5030 is preferred. field.
1.2.2 Test Method D 1556 or D 2167 are usually used to 1.4.3 Normally, the control fraction is the minus No. 4 sieve
determine the volume of test holes smaller than 1 ft3 (0.03 m3). size material for cohesive or nonfree draining materials and the
While the equipment illustrated in these test methods is used minus 3-in. sieve size material for cohesionless, free-draining
for volumes less than 1 ft3 (0.03 m3), the test methods allow materials. While other sizes are used for the control fraction
larger versions of the equipment to be used when necessary. (3⁄8, 3⁄4-in.), these test methods have been prepared using only
1.3 Two test methods are provided as follows: the No. 4 and the 3-in. sieve sizes for clarity.
1.3.1 Test Method A—In-Place Density and Unit Weight of 1.5 Any materials that can be excavated with handtools can
Total Material (Section 9). be tested provided that the void or pore openings in the mass
1.3.2 Test Method B—In-Place Density and Unit Weight of are small enough (or a liner is used) to prevent the calibrated
Control Fraction (Section 10). sand used in the test from entering the natural voids. The
1.4 Selection of Test Methods: material being tested should have sufficient cohesion or particle
1.4.1 Test Method A is used when the in-place unit weight interlocking to maintain stable sides during excavation of the
of total material is to be determined. Test Method A can also be test pit and through completion of this test. It should also be
used to determine percent compaction or percent relative firm enough not to deform or slough due to the minor pressures
density when the maximum particle size present in the in-place exerted in digging the hole and pouring the sand.
material being tested does not exceed the maximum particle 1.6 These test methods are generally limited to material in
size allowed in the laboratory compaction test (refer to Test an unsaturated condition and are not recommended for mate-
Methods D 698, D 1557, D 4253, and D 4254). For Test rials that are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a moisture
Methods D 698 and D 1557 only, the unit weight determined in condition such that water seeps into the hand-excavated hole.
the laboratory compaction test may be corrected for larger The accuracy of the test methods may be affected for materials
particle sizes in accordance with, and subject to the limitations that deform easily or that may undergo volume change in the
of Practice D 4718. excavated hole from standing or walking near the hole during
1.4.2 Test Method B is used when percent compaction or the test.
percent relative density is to be determined and the in-place 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
1
information only.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on
1.7.1 In the engineering profession it is customary to use
Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special
and Construction Control Tests. units representing both mass and force interchangeably, unless
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published January 2000. Originally dynamic calculations (F 5 Ma) are involved. This implicitly
published as D 4914 – 89. Last previous edition D 4914 – 89 (1994)e1.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 4914
combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute 3. Terminology
system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesir- 3.1 Definitions:
able to combine the use of two separate systems within a single 3.1.1 Except as follows in 3.2, all definitions are in accor-
standard. These test methods have been written using inch- dance with Terminology D 653.
pound units (gravimetric system) where the pound (lbf) repre- 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sents a unit of force (weight). However, conversions are given 3.2.1 control fraction—the portion of a soil sample consist-
in the SI system. The use of balances or scales recording ing of particles smaller than a designated sieve size.
pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 3.2.1.1 Discussion—This fraction is used to compare in-
should not be regarded as nonconformance with these test place unit weights with unit weights obtained from standard
methods. laboratory tests. The control sieve size depends on the labora-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the tory test used.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.2 oversize particles—the portion of a soil sample con-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- sisting of the particles larger than a designated sieve size.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards 4. Summary of Test Method
statements, see Sections 7 and A1.5. 4.1 The ground surface at the test location is prepared and a
template (metal frame) is placed and fixed into position. The
2. Referenced Documents volume of the space between the top of the template and the
2.1 ASTM Standards: ground surface is determined by filling the space with cali-
C 127 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of brated sand using a pouring device. The mass of the sand
Coarse Aggregate2 required to fill the template in place is determined and the sand
C 566 Test Method for Total Moisture Content of Aggregate removed. Material from within the boundaries of the template
by Drying2 is excavated forming a pit. Calibrated sand is then poured into
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained the pit and template; the mass of sand within the pit and the
Fluids3 volume of the hole are determined. The wet density of the
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character- in-place material is calculated from the mass of material
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft·lbf/ft3(600 removed and the measured volume of the test pit. The moisture
kN·m/m3))3 content is determined and the dry unit weight of the in-place
D 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in material is calculated.
Place by the Sand-Cone Method3 4.2 The unit weight of a control fraction of the material can
D 1557 Test Method Laboratory Compaction Characteris- be determined by subtracting the mass and volume of any
tics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 oversize particles from the initial values and recalculating the
kN-m/m3))3 unit weight.
D 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method3 5. Significance and Use
D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water 5.1 These test methods are used to determine the in-place
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock3 unit weight of compacted materials in construction of earth
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies embankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For construc-
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock tion control, these test methods are often used as the bases for
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction3 acceptance of material compacted to a specified unit weight or
D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit to a percentage of a maximum unit weight determined by a
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table3 standard laboratory test method (such as determined from Test
D 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and Unit Method D 698 or D 1557), subject to the limitations discussed
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density3 in 1.4.
D 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water 5.2 These test methods can be used to determine the
Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles3 in-place unit weight of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soil
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci- mixtures, or other similar material.
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil Rock,
and Related Construction Materials3 NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the
D 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit4 criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur- and objective testing/sampling/inspection. Users of these test methods are
poses5 cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure
reliable results. Reliable results depends on many factors; Practice D 3740
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. 6. Apparatus
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. 6.1 Balance or Scale—A balance (or scale) to determine the
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. mass of the calibrated sand and the excavated soil having a

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 D 4914
minimum capacity of 50 lbm (20 kg) and meeting the require- 6.8 Metal Straightedge, about 2 in. (50 mm) high, at least
ments of Specification D 4753 for a balance of 0.01-lbm (1-g) ⁄ in. (3 mm) thick, and with a length 1.5 times the side length
18

readability. (or diameter) of the metal template, used for screeding excess
6.2 Balance or Scale—A balance (or scale) to determine sand placed in template. It must have a thickness or rigidity
moisture content of minus No. 4 material having a minimum slweguch that it will not bend when screeding the sand.
capacity of 1000 g and meeting the requirements of Specifi- 6.9 Sand—The sand must be clean, dry, uniform, unce-
cation D 4753 for a balance of 0.1 g readability. mented, durable, and free flowing. The gradation, physical
6.3 Drying Oven—An oven, thermostatically controlled, characteristics, selection, and storage of the sand shall meet the
preferably of the forced-draft type, and capable of maintaining requirements of Test Method D 1556 except that the maximum
a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C throughout the drying particle size may be No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
chamber. 6.9.1 If the test methods are used for test pits larger than
6.4 Sieves—No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and 3-in. (75-mm) about 6 ft3 (0.17 m3), a one-size material relatively free of fines
sieve, conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11. and of a larger particle size, such as pea gravel, may be used.
6.5 Metal Template—A square or circular template to serve 6.10 Miscellaneous Equipment—Shovels for preparing test
as a pattern for the excavation. Template dimensions, shapes, surface; hammer for seating template; assorted small brushes,
and material may vary according to the size of the test pit to be picks, chisels, bars, knives, and spoons for digging test pit;
excavated. The template shall be rigid enough not to deflect or buckets with lids, seamless cans with lids, or other suitable
bend. containers for retaining the test sample and sand without
moisture change; bags or other suitable containers for waste
NOTE 2—The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that has
been found suitable for this purpose. sand; cloth for collecting excess sand or soil; and assorted pans
and porcelain dishes suitable for drying moisture content
6.6 Liner, approximately 1⁄2-mil thick and large enough to specimens.
line the test pit with about 1 ft (0.3 m) extending beyond the
outside of the template. Any type of material, plastic sheeting, 7. Hazards
etc., can be used as long as it is flexible enough to conform to 7.1 Precaution:
the ground surface. 7.1.1 These test methods may involve handling heavy loads.
6.7 Sand Pouring Devices—(See Fig. 2 for typical devices.) 7.1.2 Some sands used in the procedures outlined herein
Many types of pouring devices are available. The device must may be dusty and appropriate precautions should be taken
have a spout that will reach into a field test pit so that the drop when mixing and pouring.
distance from the end of the spout to the sand surface can be 7.2 Caution:
maintained at about 2 in. (50 mm). The inside diameter of the 7.2.1 Materials that may flow or deform during the test must
spout must also be large enough to allow free flow of the sand be identified and appropriate precautions taken.
without clogging. 7.2.2 Movement of heavy equipment in the immediate test
area should not be permitted during the volume determination.
7.2.3 Errors may arise in the computed unit weight of
material due to the influence of excessive moisture in the soil.
These errors may be significant in materials with high perme-
ability, such as sands and gravels, where the bottom of the test
hole is close to or below the water table. Errors may also arise
due to change in density of the calibrated sand as it becomes
wetted from capillary or freestanding water while performing
the test. This problem becomes evident when removing the
calibrated sand from the test hole and wet sand is observed on
the bottom or sides of the test hole. When a liner is used, the
buoyant forces of free water beneath or behind the liner may
adversely affect the volume determination.
7.2.4 Suitably protect the test area and equipment during
periods of inclement weather such as rain, snowfall, or high
wind. If the in-place moisture content value is required, it may
be necessary to protect the area from direct sunlight.
7.2.5 Numerous containers may be required during perfor-
mance of these test methods. Properly label all containers to
avoid a possible mixup.
7.2.6 The total mass of the calibrated sand, or the soil
sample, or both, may exceed the capacity of the scale used,
requiring cumulative determinations of mass. Take care to
ensure that the total mass is properly determined.
7.2.7 Pouring devices with valves provide consistent sand
FIG. 1 Typical Metal Template for Excavating Test Pit flow from test to test only if the valve is opened completely

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 D 4914

FIG. 2 Typical Sand Pouring Devices

each time. A valve that is only partially open can significantly from the pouring device should be constant. If the reservoir
alter the flow characteristics of the device. Each individual capacity of the pouring device is too small to fill the test pit
pouring device has unique characteristics which may cause the with one pour, use two or more pours to fill the test pit. Stop the
sand to flow from it differently. The final calibration values are stream of sand when the reservoir is about three-fourths empty
affected by changes in these flow characteristics. Consequently, and before the size of the stream diminishes. Refill the
calibration values are not interchangeable, even for devices reservoir and resume pouring.
which may appear to be identical. 7.2.9 Pouring devices permit a varied sand drop distance
7.2.8 Do not allow pouring devices to run out of sand during that must be carefully controlled if consistent results are to be
the pouring operation. The size of the stream of poured sand achieved. A distance of 2 in. (50 mm) from the end of the spout

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 D 4914
to the surface being poured is recommended. Variations in the tions where removal of large particles would undermine the
drop distance can significantly affect results. The drop distance template.
is directly affected by the operator’s ability to control the 9.6 Prepare the surface of the area to be tested.
pouring device and by the operator’s judgment of the drop 9.6.1 Remove all loose material from an area large enough
distance while doing so. This involves stooping while holding on which to place the template. Prepare the exposed surface so
a pouring device with an initial mass of 50 lbm (20 kg) or more that it is a firm, level plane.
that is constantly changing in mass as the sand flows into the 9.6.2 Personnel should not step on the area selected for
test pit. Calibration values are notinterchangeable from device testing. Provide a working platform when testing materials
to device and are not necessarily interchangeable from operator which may flow or deform.
to operator. Individual operators must demonstrate that they 9.7 Place and seat the template on the prepared surface.
can duplicate the calibration values for a device before they 9.7.1 Use a hammer to firmly seat the template to avoid
may use them, preferably within 1 % of the average value for movement of the template while the test is performed. The use
another operator. Otherwise, separate calibrations for the of nails, weights, or other means may be necessary to maintain
various operators are required. the position.
9.7.2 Remove any material loosened while placing and
8. Calibration and Standardization seating the template, taking care to avoid leaving any void
8.1 Calibrate the sand pouring equipment and sand in space under the template. If necessary, fill voids under the
accordance with Annex A1. template with plastic soil, modeling clay, or other suitable
material, provided that this material is not subsequently exca-
9. Test Method A, Procedure—In-Place Density and Unit vated as part of the material removed from the test pit.
Weight of Total Material 9.8 Determine the mass of sand used to fill the space
9.1 Use Test Method A to determine a total unit weight (see between the soil surface and the top of the template.
1.4). 9.8.1 Irregularities of the soil surface within the template
9.2 Determine the recommended sample volume and select must be taken into account. To do this, determine the mass of
the appropriate template for the anticipated material gradation sand required to fill the space between the soil surface and the
in accordance with Annex A2. Assemble the remainder of the top of the template.
required equipment. 9.8.2 It is recommended that a cloth with a hole slightly
9.3 Determine the mass of each combination of empty larger than the template center hole be placed over the template
container, lid, and container liner (if used) that will contain the to facilitate locating and collecting any excess sand, or loose
excavated material. Number the containers and mark as to use. material, or both.
Write the mass on the container or prepare a separate list. 9.8.3 Place a liner (approximately 1⁄2-mil thick) over the
9.4 Prepare the quantity of calibrated sand to be used. template and shape it by hand to conform to the irregular soil
9.4.1 Two sets of calibrated sand are necessary. Determin- surface and the template. The liner should extend approxi-
ing the volume of the test pit requires two separate sand pours mately 1 ft (0.3 m) outside the template. The liner should not
to ( 1) measure the mass of sand used to fill the space between be stretched too taut or contain excessive folds or wrinkles (see
the soil surface and the top of the template, and (2) measure the Fig. 3).
mass of sand used to fill the test pit up to the top of the 9.8.4 Pour the calibrated sand onto the liner inside the
template. The difference between the two gives the mass of template using a sand pouring device (see Fig. 4). Slightly
sand in the test pit. overfill the template (see 7.2.7-7.2.9). Return any sand remain-
9.4.2 Estimate the mass of calibrated sand and the number ing in the pouring device to the original container.
of containers required to fill the space between the soil surface 9.8.5 Carefully level the calibrated sand by screeding with
and the top of the template. Calculate the estimated mass by the steel straightedge across the top edges of the template.
multiplying the template volume by the density of the cali- Return all screeded excess sand to the original container. Take
brated sand. Number the containers to be used and mark as to care to avoid the loss of any excess sand.
use, for example, “template correction.” Fill the containers 9.8.6 Remove the calibrated sand in the template and, if the
with sand. Determine and record on a separate list the mass of
the containers and sand.
9.4.3 From the anticipated volume of the test pit, estimate
the mass of calibrated sand required to fill the test pit. Increase
this amount by about 25 % to ensure that a sufficient sand
supply is available at the site, and then add to it the mass of
sand calculated in 9.4.2. Calculate the estimated mass to be
used for the test pit by multiplying the anticipated volume of
the test pit by the density of the calibrated sand. Determine the
number of containers required, number them, and mark as to
use, for example, “test pit.’’ Fill the containers with sand.
Determine and record on a separate list the mass of the
containers and sand.
9.5 Select a representative area for the test, avoiding loca- FIG. 3 Plastic Liner Placed Over the Template

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 D 4914
weight, which would include the larger particle(s), need not be
calculated. The “control fraction’’ values determined then
become the values for the total material from the test pit. If
enough of these particles are found so that their mass is
determined to be about 5 % or more of the mass of the
excavated material, repeat the test with a larger test pit in
accordance with the guidelines in Annex A2.
9.9.6 The sides of the pit should slope inward slightly.
Materials that do not exhibit much cohesion may require a
more conical-shaped test hole.
9.9.7 The profile of the finished pit must be such that poured
sand will completely fill the excavation. The sides of the test pit
FIG. 4 Sand Being Poured Into the Template
should be as smooth as possible and free of pockets or
overhangs or anything that might interfere with the free flow of
sand is to be reclaimed, place it in a specially marked container. the sand.
Remove the liner. 9.9.8 Clean the bottom of the test pit of all loosened
9.9 Excavate the test pit. material.
9.9.1 Using handtools (chisel, knife, bar, etc.), excavate the 9.10 Determine the volume of the test pit.
center portion of the test pit. NOTE 3—A liner may be required to prevent migration of the calibrated
9.9.1.1 Do not permit any movement of heavy equipment in sand into the natural voids of the material mass. The liner, approximately
the area of the test pit as deformation of the soil within the test 1⁄2-mil thick, should be large enough to extend approximately 1 ft (0.3 m)

pit may occur. outside of the template after having been carefully placed and shaped to
9.9.2 Place all material removed from the test pit in the the soil surface within the pit. Allowances must be made for slack. The
liner should not be stretched too taut nor contain excessive folds or
container(s) (see Fig. 5), being careful to avoid losing any wrinkles. Inspect the linear for punctures before use.
material (see 9.8.2).
9.9.3 Avoid moisture loss by keeping the container covered 9.10.1 Pour the calibrated sand using the sand pouring
while material is not being placed in it. Use a sealable plastic device. Use the same pouring technique as used in the
bag inside the container to hold the material. calibration procedure described in Annex A1. Slightly overfill
9.9.4 Carefully trim the sides of the excavation so that the the template. Return any sand remaining in the pouring device
dimensions of the test pit at the soil-template contact are as to the original container.
close as possible to that of the template hole. Avoid disturbing 9.10.1.1 While the sand is being poured, avoid any vibra-
the template or the material beneath or outside the template. tions in the test area.
9.9.5 Continue the excavation to the required depth, care- 9.10.2 Carefully level the calibrated sand by screeding with
fully removing any material that has been compacted or the steel straightedge across the top edges of the template.
loosened in the process. Return all screeded excess sand to the original container. Take
9.9.5.1 If during excavation of material from within the test care to avoid the loss of any excess sand.
pit, a particle(s) is found that is about 11⁄2 times, or more, larger 9.10.3 If the calibrated sand is to be reclaimed, remove the
than the maximum particle size used to establish the dimen- used sand and place it into a specially marked container.
sions and minimum volume of the test pit (see Annex A2), set Remove the liner and template.
the particle(s) aside and mark appropriately. Determine the 9.11 Determine the dry unit weight.
mass and volume of the particle(s) and then subtract them from 9.11.1 Determine the mass of calibrated sand in the template
the mass and volume of the material removed from the test pit. (sand used to fill the space between the soil surface and the top
Consider the larger particle(s) as “oversize’’ and follow the of the template) as follows:
procedure outlined in Section 10, except that the “total’’ unit 9.11.1.1 Calculate and record the total mass of the sand and
containers prepared in 9.4.2. Record the container numbers.
9.11.1.2 Determine and record the total mass of the empty
containers plus the sand residue (sand not used) and containers.
9.11.1.3 Calculate the mass of sand in the template and
record.
9.11.2 Determine the mass of calibrated sand in the test pit
and template (sand used to fill the test pit to the top of the
template) as follows:
9.11.2.1 Calculate and record the total mass of the sand and
containers prepared in 9.4.3. Record the container numbers.
9.11.2.2 Determine the total mass of the empty containers
plus the sand residue and containers and record.
9.11.2.3 Calculate the mass of sand in the test pit and
template (mass of sand used) and record.
FIG. 5 Excavation of the Test Pit 9.11.3 Calculate the mass of the calibrated sand used to fill

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 D 4914
the test pit and record. 10.5 Wash the oversize particles and reduce the free water
9.11.4 Record the density of the calibrated sand (determined on the surface of the particles by blotting, draining, or a similar
in the calibration procedure described in Annex A1). method.
9.11.5 Calculate the volume of the test pit and record. 10.6 Determine the wet mass of the oversize particles plus a
9.11.6 Determine the total mass of the excavated material container of predetermined mass, and record.
and containers. 10.7 Calculate the wet mass of the oversize particles and
9.11.7 Calculate and record the total mass of the containers record.
used to hold the excavated material. Record the container
10.8 Calculate the wet mass of the control fraction and
numbers.
record.
9.11.8 Calculate the mass of the excavated material and
record. 10.9 Determine the volume of the oversize particles by one
9.11.9 Calculate the wet density of the excavated material. of the following procedures:
9.11.10 If the excavated material contains oversize particles 10.9.1 Determine and record the mass of all oversize
(normally larger than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve for cohesive particles suspended in water using the procedures and prin-
materials and 3-in. (75-mm) sieve for cohesionless materials), ciples of Test Method C 127, disregarding the ovendrying and
separate the material using the appropriate size sieve. If the 24-h soaking period. Calculate and record the volume of the
material contains about 3 % (wet basis) or more oversize oversize particles.
particles, Test Method B should be used. 10.9.2 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles using
9.11.11 If 2 % or less oversize particles are present, obtain a a known bulk specific gravity value. If previous tests for bulk
moisture content specimen representative of the excavated specific gravity of similar oversize particles from a particular
material and determine the moisture content in accordance with source have been performed and the value is relatively con-
Test Method D 2216 or C 566 and record. stant, a bulk specific gravity may be assumed. The bulk specific
gravity value used must correspond to the moisture condition
NOTE 4—For rapid moisture content determination of materials con-
taining less than 15 % fines (minus No. 200), use a suitable source of heat
of the oversize particles when their mass is determined. As
such as an electric or gas hotplate. If a source of heat other than the used in this test method, determine the bulk specific gravity on
controlled temperature oven is used, stir the test specimen to accelerate the oversize particles in the moisture condition as stated in
drying and avoid localized overheating. The material may be considered 10.5-10.7. If an oven dry or saturated surface dry (SSD) bulk
dry when further heating causes, or would cause, less than 0.1 % specific gravity is used, then also determine the mass of the
additional loss of mass. oversize particles for this test method on oven dry or SSD
9.11.12 If required or desired, calculate and record the dry material, respectively.
density and dry unit weight of the material. 10.10 Calculate the volume of the control fraction and
record.
10. Test Method B, Procedure—In-Place Density and
Unit Weight of Control Fraction 10.11 Calculate the wet density of the control fraction.
10.12 Determine the moisture content of the control fraction
10.1 This test method is used when the material being tested
in accordance with Test Method D 2216 or C 566 (see Note 4)
contains oversize particles and the percent compaction or
and record.
percent relative density of the control fraction are to be
determined (see 1.4). 10.13 Calculate the dry density and dry unit weight of the
10.2 Obtain the in-place wet density of total material by control fraction and record.
following the procedure for Test Method A, as stated in 10.14 If desired, determine and record the moisture content
9.1-9.11.9. of all oversize particles in accordance with Test Method
10.3 To obtain the wet density of the control fraction, D 2216 or C 566 (see Note 4). If previous tests for moisture
determine the mass and volume of the oversize particles and content of the oversize particles from a particular source have
subtract them from the total mass and total volume to get the been performed and the value is relatively constant, a moisture
mass and volume of the control fraction. Then calculate the content may be assumed.
density of the control fraction from the mass and volume of the 10.15 If desired, determine the percentage of oversize
control fraction. particles as follows:
10.3.1 Normally, the wet density of the control fraction is 10.15.1 Calculate the dry mass of the control fraction and
determined and the dry density calculated using the moisture record.
content of the control fraction. 10.15.2 Calculate the dry mass of the oversize particles and
10.3.2 In addition, the moisture content of the oversize record.
particles, the moisture content of the total material, and the
10.15.3 Calculate the dry mass of the total sample and
percentage of oversize particles may be determined.
record.
10.4 After obtaining the wet mass of total material removed
from the test pit, separate the material into the control fraction 10.15.4 Calculate the percentage of oversize particles and
and the oversize particles using the designated sieve. Do this record.
rapidly to minimize loss of moisture. If the test is for 10.16 Calculate the moisture content of the total material.
construction control, place the control fraction in an airtight 10.17 If desired, calculate the dry density and dry unit
container for further tests. weight of the total material and record.

7
 D 4914
11. Test Method A, Calculation where:
11.1 Calculate the mass of the sand contained in the rwet 5 wet density3
of material excavated from test pit,
template as follows: lbm/ft (Mg/m3),
m10 5 mass of wet material removed from test pit, lbm
m6 5 m 2 2 m4 (1)
(kg), and
where: VT 5 volume of test pit, ft3 (m3).
m 6 5 mass of sand in template, lbm (kg), 11.7 Calculate the dry density of the material removed from
m2 5 mass of template sand and container(s) (before test), test pit as follows:
lbm (kg), and rwet

S D
m4 5 mass of template sand residue and container(s) (after rd 5 w (9)
test), lbm (kg). 1 1 100
11.2 Calculate the mass of the sand used to fill the test pit
and template as follows: where:
rd 5 dry density of material from test pit, lbm/ft3 (Mg/
m 5 5 m1 2 m3 (2)
m3),
where: rwet 5 wet density
3
of material excavated from test pit,
m 5 5 mass of sand used, lbm (kg), lbm/ft (Mg/m 3), and
m1 5 mass of sand and container(s) (before test), lbm (kg), w 5 moisture content of material excavated from test pit,
and %.
m 3 5 mass of sand residue and container(s) (after test), 11.8 Calculate the dry unit weight of the material removed
lbm (kg). from test pit as follows:
11.3 Calculate the mass of the sand used to fill the test pit as (inch-pound)
follows: 1 lbf
gd 5 rd 3 1 lbm (10)
m7 5 m 5 2 m6 (3)

where: where:
m 7 5 mass of sand in test pit, lbm (kg), gd 5 dry unit3
weight of material excavated from test pit,
m5 5 mass of sand used, lbm (kg), and lbf/ft (kN/m3), and
m6 5 mass of sand in template, lbm (kg). rd 5 dry density of material from test pit, lbm/ft3 (Mg/m3).
11.4 Calculate the volume of the test pit as follows:
(inch-pound) Assume that in the inch-pound system 1 lbm 5 1 lbf.
(SI)
m7
VT 5 r (4) gd 5 r d 3 9.807 (11)
s
(SI)
where:
m7 1 9.807 5 the constant to convert Mg to kN.
VT 5 r 3 3 (5)
s 10 11.9 If required, convert dry unit weight in inch-pound units
where: to SI units as follows:
VT 5 volume of test pit, ft3(m3), unit weight, kN/m 3 5 unit weight, lbf/ft 3 3 0.1571 (12)
m7 5 mass of sand in test pit, lbm (kg), and
rs 5 density of calibrated sand, lbm/ft3 (Mg/m3). where:
11.5 Calculate the mass of the wet material removed from 0.1571 5 the constant to convert pounds-force per cubic
test pit as follows: feet to kilonewton per cubic metre.
m10 5 m 8 2 m9 (6)
12. Test Method B, Calculation
where: 12.1 Calculate the wet mass of the oversize particles as
m 10 5 mass of wet material removed from test pit, lbm follows:
(kg),
m13 5 m 11 2 m12 (13)
m8 5 mass of wet material removed from test pit plus
mass of container(s), lbm (kg), and where:
m9 5 mass of container(s) for m8, lbm (kg). m 13 5 wet mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg),
11.6 Calculate the wet density of the material removed from m11 5 wet mass of oversize particles and container, lbm
test pit as follows: (kg), and
(inch-pound) m12 5 mass of container, lbm (kg).
m10 12.2 Calculate the wet mass of the control fraction as
rwet 5 V (7) follows:
T
(SI) m18 5 m 10 2 m13 (14)
m10 1
rwet 5 V 3 3 (8) where:
T 10

8
 D 4914

m 18 5 wet mass of control fraction, lbm (kg), rwet~c!

S D
rd ~c! 5 (22)
m10 5 mass of wet material removed from test pit, lbm 1 1 100
wf
(kg), and
m13 5 wet mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg). where:
12.3 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles based on r d (c) 5 dry density of control fraction, lbm/ft 3 (Mg/m3),
the mass in air and mass in water method as follows: rwet(c) 5 wet density of control fraction, lbm/ft3 (Mg/m
(inch-pound) 3), and

m13 2 m14
wf 5 moisture content of control fraction, %.
Vos 5 (15) 12.8 Calculate the dry unit weight of the control fraction as
62.4 lbm/ft3
(SI) follows:
(inch-pound)
m13 2 m14 1
Vos 5 3 3 (16) 1 lbf
1 g/cm3 10 gd ~c! 5 rd ~c! 3 1 lbm (23)
where: Assume that in the inch-pound system 1 lbm 5 1 lbf.
62.4 lbm/ft3 5 density of water,
(SI)
1 g/cm3 5 density of water,
1 5 constant to convert g/cm3 to kg/m3, gd ~c! 5 r d ~c! 3 9.807 (24)
3
10
m 5 wet mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg), where:
13
and 9.807 5 constant to convert Mg to kN,
m14 5 mass of oversize particles suspended in gd (c) 5 dry unit weight of control fraction, lbf/ft3 (kN/
water, lbm (kg). m3), and
12.4 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles based on r d (c) 5 dry density of control fraction, lbm/ft 3 (Mg/m3).
a known bulk specific gravity as follows:
(inch-pound) 12.9 If required, convert dry unit weight in inch-pound
units, to SI units, using Eq 12.
m13
Vos 5 (17) 12.10 Calculate the dry mass of the control fraction as
Gm 3 ~62.4!
(SI) follows:
m 13 1 m18

S D
Vos 5 3 (18) m19 5 wf (25)
Gm 3 ~1 g/cm3! 103 1 1 100
where:
Vos 5 volume of oversize particles, ft3 (m3), where:
m13 5 wet mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg), and m 19 5 dry mass of control fraction, lbm (kg),
Gm 5 bulk specific gravity of oversize particles. m18 5 wet mass of control fraction, lbm (kg), and
wf 5 moisture content of control fraction, %.
12.5 Calculate the volume of the control fraction as follows:
12.11 Calculate the dry mass of the oversize particles using
Vc 5 V T 2 Vos (19) one of the following equations as appropriate:
where: m17 5 m15 2 m 16 (26)
Vc 5 volume of control fraction, ft3 (m3), m13

S D
VT 5 volume of test pit, ft3 (m 3), and m17 5 wos (27)
Vos 5 volume of oversize particles, ft3 (m3). 1 1 100
12.6 Calculate the wet density of the control fraction as
where:
follows:
m 17 5 dry mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg),
(inch-pound) m15 5 dry mass of oversize particles and container, lbm
m18 (kg),
rwet ~c! 5 V (20)
c m16 5 mass of container, lbm (kg),
(SI) m13 5 wet mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg), and
m18 1 wos 5 moisture content of oversize particles, %.
rwet ~c! 5 V 3 3 (21) 12.12 Calculate the dry mass of the total sample as follows:
c 10
m20 5 m19 1 m 17 (28)
where:
rwet (c) 5 wet density of control fraction, lbm/ft3 (Mg/m where:
3), m 20 5 dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus
m18 5 wet mass of control fraction, lbm (kg), and oversize), lbm (kg),
Vc 5 volume of control fraction, ft3 (m3). m19 5 dry mass of control fraction, lbm (kg), and
12.7 Calculate the dry density of the control fraction as m17 5 dry mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg).
follows: 12.13 Calculate the percent oversize particles as follows:

9
 D 4914
m17 13.1.6 In-place dry unit weight, total or control fraction, or
p 5 m 3 100 (29)
20 both.
13.1.7 In-place moisture content(s), total or control fraction,
where:
and test method used.
p 5 percent oversize,
m17 5 dry mass of oversize particles, lbm (kg), and 13.1.8 Test apparatus description.
m20 5 dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus 13.1.9 Description of calibration procedures.
oversize), lbm (kg). 13.1.10 Density of calibrated sand.
12.14 Calculate the moisture content of the total material as 13.1.11 Comments on test, as applicable.
follows: 13.1.12 Visual description of material.
13.1.13 If determined or assumed, bulk specific gravity and
m10 2 m20 test method used.
w5 m 20 3 100 (30)
13.1.14 If required, percentage of oversize particles.
where: 14. Precision and Bias
w 5 moisture content of material excavated from test
pit, %, 14.1 Precision—Test data on precision is not presented due
m10 5 mass of wet material removed from test pit, lbm to the nature of the soil and rock materials being tested by these
(kg), and test methods. It is not feasible at this time to have ten or more
m 20 5 dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus agencies participate in an in situ testing program at a given site.
oversize particles), lbm (kg). Also, it is not feasible to produce multiple test locations having
12.15 Calculate the dry density and dry unit weight of the uniform properties. Any variation observed in the data is just as
total material by using Eq 9 or Eq 10 and 11). likely to be due to specimen variation as operator or laboratory
12.16 If required, convert dry unit weight in inch-pound testing variation.
units, to SI units, using Eq 12. 14.1.1 Subcommittee D 18.08 is seeking any data from
users of these test methods that might be used to make a limited
13. Report statement on precision.
14.2 Bias—There is not accepted reference value for these
13.1 Report the following information, as appropriate: test methods, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
13.1.1 Test location.
13.1.2 Test location elevation. 15. Keywords
13.1.3 Test hole volume. 15.1 acceptance test; degree of compaction; density tests;
13.1.4 In-place wet density, total or control fraction, or both. field test; In-place density; pit test; quality control; sand
13.1.5 In-place dry density, total or control fraction, or both. replacement method

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALIBRATING SAND POURING EQUIPMENT AND SAND

A1.1 Scope A1.3.2.1 When a new supply of sand is processed into the
A1.1.1 This annex describes the procedure for calibrating storage bin.
sand pouring equipment and sand. A1.3.2.2 At intervals not exceeding 14 days when several
A1.1.2 The calibration determines an average density of unit weight tests are required on a daily basis.
poured sand for use in calculating the volume of a test pit A1.3.2.3 If tests are made at infrequent intervals, the sand
excavated to determine in-place unit weight of soil and rock. must be calibrated before a test or series of tests is begun.
A1.3.2.4 For any change in equipment, personnel, or size or
A1.2 Summary of Test Method shape of the field test pit, (see 7.2.7-7.2.9).
A1.2.1 Using a specific pouring device, sand is poured into A1.3.2.5 After any significant changes in atmospheric hu-
a calibration mold of similar size and shape of a field test pit to midity, or change in moisture of the sand. The sand should be
determine the density of the sand as poured under specific as dry as possible.
conditions. NOTE A1.1—Most sands have a tendency to absorb moisture from the
atmosphere. A very small amount of absorbed moisture can make a
A1.3 Significance and Use substantial change in bulk density. In areas of high humidity or where the
humidity changes often, the bulk density may need to be determined more
A1.3.1 This calibration procedure is performed to obtain the often than the 14-day maximum interval indicated. The need for more
value of density of the sand using a specific pouring device for frequent checks can be determined by comparing the results of different
use in measuring the volume of a field unit weight test pit. bulk-density tests on the same sand made in the area and conditions of use
A1.3.2 This procedure should be performed: over a period of time.

10
 D 4914
A1.3.2.6 If tests are routinely made using reclaimed sand, A1.7.2 Place the calibration mold on a rigid surface.
calibrate when the cumulative mass of sand removed from the A1.7.3 Using the pouring device, pour the sand into the
storage container equals the capacity of the container. A record calibration mold, slightly overfilling. Use a circular motion to
of the mass of sand removed should be kept at a convenient keep the sand surface relatively level. Keep the end of the
location on or near the container. spout about 2 in. (50 mm) above the sand surface while
pouring. A constant sand drop distance and the avoidance of
A1.4 Apparatus
any vibration of the measure are critical to the achievement of
A1.4.1 Metal Straightedge—About 2 in. (50 mm) high, at consistent results (see A1.5.2).
least 1⁄8in. (3 mm) thick, and with a length 1.5 times the side
A1.7.3.1 If the reservoir capacity is too small to fill the
length of the calibration mold.
calibration mold with one pour, use two or more pours to fill
A1.4.2 Mold—A mold or container is required that is
the mold. See 7.2.8 for the procedure to follow when more than
similar to the size and shape of the test pit excavated in the
one pour is necessary.
material. The volume of the mold shall be determined in
accordance with the principles described in Test Method A1.7.4 Strike off the excess sand even with the top of the
D 4253. calibration mold using the metal straightedge (see A1.5.2.2).
A1.4.3 Miscellaneous Equipment—Buckets to mix and re- A1.7.5 Determine the mass of the sand and calibration mold
claim sand, pans, thick paper, and miscellaneous brushes and and record.
scoops for reclaiming sand. A1.7.6 Calculate the mass of sand in the calibration mold
and record.
A1.5 Technical Hazards
A1.7.7 Calculate the density of the sand and record.
A1.5.1 Consistent sand flow (see 7.2.7-7.2.9).
A1.7.8 Repeat the procedure in A1.7.1-A1.7.7 as a second
A1.5.2 Vibration of Poured Sand:
trial.
A1.5.2.1 Any vibration or jarring of poured sand, whether
the pouring process is complete or not, causes densification of A1.7.9 Determine the uniformity of the two values obtained
the sand and results in erroneous test results. To achieve by dividing either value by the other. If the value of the ratio is
consistent results, the sand must be free to flow without any between 0.990 and 1.010, inclusive, average the two values and
outside agitation. record the average density. If the value of the ratio falls outside
A1.5.2.2 Striking off material above the top of the calibra- the limits, go to A1.7.10.
tion mold must be done consistently with as little vibration as A1.7.9.1 Compare the average density with previously de-
possible. termined values to see if it is consistent and reasonable. If it is
A1.5.2.3 Place calibration molds on rigid, vibration free not, go to A1.7.10.
surfaces while performing the calibration. A1.7.10 Check to see that all equipment is performing
A1.5.3 Reclaimed Sand: correctly, that all calibrations are correct, and that the proce-
A1.5.3.1 As a general rule, reclaiming sand is no longer dures and techniques used are correct. If no problems are
desirable or economically feasible. discovered, then repeat procedure. If the values are still
A1.5.3.2 If sand is reclaimed, after each recovery it must be inconsistent, go to A1.7.11.
screened over a sieve that would pass its original maximum A1.7.11 Thoroughly mix all the sand being represented by
particle size to eliminate clay balls or other foreign matter. this calibration and repeat the procedure. If the values are still
Discard the sand after three usages. inconsistent, discard all the sand and repeat the procedure
using fresh sand from the original supply.
A1.6 Conditioning
A1.6.1 Store the sand in covered bins or containers to A1.8 Calculation
maintain a uniformly dry condition. A 55-gal barrel with a
valve near the bottom makes an excellent storage container. An A1.8.1 Calculate the density of the sand as follows:
internal heat source, such as a heat tape, may be necessary in (inch-pound)
storage containers in areas that experience significant changes m
rs 5 V (A1.1)
in atmospheric moisture.
A1.6.2 When a new supply of sand is introduced into the (SI)
storage bin and before each calibration, thoroughly mix the m 1
rs 5 V 3 3 (A1.2)
sand and blend. Calibration records must document new 10
shipments of sand and dates that new sand is introduced into
the current storage bin. where:
rs 5 density of sand, lbm/ft3 (Mg/m3),
A1.7 Procedure m 5 mass of sand in calibration mold, lbm (kg), and
V 5 volume of calibration mold, ft3 (m3).
A1.7.1 Determine and record the mass of the mold.

11
 D 4914

A2. GUIDELINES FOR TEST HOLE OR TEST DIMENSIONS AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT

A2.1 This annex covers guidelines for selecting the exca- A2.3 The guidelines shown in Table A2.1 apply to test pit
vation dimensions and the type of equipment to use based on Types A and B (see Fig. A2.1). These test pits generally are for
the maximum particle size present in the material (or control non-free draining materials or for cohesionless materials whose
fraction) being tested. These guidelines apply to both these test gradation and particle angularity will allow near-vertical side
methods and to the companion Test Method D 5030 for using walls to be excavated.
water replacement to determine the volume of an excavated
test pit. The guidelines are given in Table A2.1 and Table A2.2. A2.4 The guidelines shown in Table A2.2 apply to test pit
(Metric equivalents for these two tables are provided in Table Type C (see Fig. A2.1). This type of test pit can be excavated
A2.3.) The typical types of test pit excavation shapes are when Type A or B cannot. For this case, the slope of the side
shown in Fig. A2.1. walls will be much flatter, approximately the angle of repose of
A2.2 These guidelines are based on providing a represen- the material.
tative sample of the material being tested and on practical
working conditions. For a discussion of the shape and dimen- A2.5 These guidelines are only applicable when the limi-
sions of the test pits and for the minimum volumes for the tations stated in 1.5 and 1.6 for unstable or soft materials are
excavation, see Appendix X1 in Test Method D 5030 . followed.
TABLE A2.1 Test Apparatus and Minimum Excavation VolumeA

NOTE 1—More than 18-in. maximum particle size should be deter-

mined on a case-by-case basis.
Minimum Required
Maximum
Required Suggested Apparatus and Minimum
Particle
Volume, Template Opening Depth,
Size in.B
ft3 in.C
3 1.0 24-in. square frame 18
5 2 30-in. square frame 12
8 8 4-ft diameter ring 24
12 27 6-ft diameter ring 24
18 90 9-ft diameter ring 36
A
Test Pit Types A and B (see Fig. A2.1).
B
Maximum particle size present in total material or the maximum particle size of
control fraction if the total in-place unit weight is not of concern.
C
This depth is necessary to obtain the minimum required volume of material
when using the suggested apparatus and template opening.

12
 D 4914
TABLE A2.2 Test Apparatus and Minimum Excavation VolumeA

NOTE 1—More than 8-in. maximum particle size should be determined

on a case-by-case basis.
Approximate
Maximum Minimum Suggested Apparatus Required
Diameter of
Particle Required and Template Minimum
Excavated
Size, in.B Volume, ft3 Opening Depth, in.C
Hole, in.
3 1.0 33-in. square frame 10 30
5 2 40-in. square frame 12 35
8 8 62-in. diameter ring 18 54
A
Test Pit TypeC (see Fig. A2.1).
B
Maximum particle size present in total material or the maximum particle size of
control fraction if the total in-place unit weight is not of concern.
C
This depth is necessary to obtain the minimum required volume of material
when using the suggested apparatus and template opening.

TABLE A2.3 Metric Equivalents for Table A2.1 and Table A2.2
Inches Millimetres
3 75
5 125
8 200
10 250
12 300
18 450
24 600
30 750
33 825
35 875
36 900
40 1000
54 1350
62 1550
Feet Metres
4 1.2
6 1.8
9 2.7
Cubic Feet Cubic Metres
1.0 0.03
2 0.06
8 0.23
27 0.76
90 2.55

13
 D 4914

FIG. A2.1 Test Pit Configurations

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

In accordance with Committee D-18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard since
the last edition 89 (1994)e1 that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Added Practice D 3740 to Section 2. (4) Revised Precision and Bias Statement to conform to
(2) Added new note in 5.2 on the use of Practice D 3470. Committee D-18 Policy.
(3) Renumbered existing notes. (5) Added Summary of Changes.

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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14