Ch5 Air Pollution Part1
Ch5 Air Pollution Part1
Ch5 Air Pollution Part1
AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL
Zerihun Alemayehu (AAiT‐CED)
What is Air ?
A continuous, compressible, ideal fluid. It is a
mixture of gases, with numerous suspended
particles, some solid and some liquid.
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Composition of the Atmosphere
Gas Conc., by volume Conc., % by volume
Nitrogen 280,000 78.09
Oxygen 209,000 20.95
Argon 9,300 0.93
Carbon dioxide 320 0.032
Neon 18 0.0018
Helium 5.2 0.00052
Methane 1.5 0.00015
Krypton 1.0 0.0001
Hydrogen 0.5 0.00005
Dinitrogen Oxide 0.2 0.00002
Carbon monoxide 0.1 0.00001
Ozone 0.08 0.000008
the Atmosphere
Structure of
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Basic Calculations
Ideal Gas Law:
PV = nRT
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + …..
Units of Measure
Particulates:
High Low
mg/m3 g/m3 or ppm
Gases:
High Low
% by Vol. ppmv, ppbv or g/m3
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Units of Measure
Converting ppm to g/m3
At standard condition (0oC and 101.325 kPa)
ppm g mol mass 10 3
g / m
3
L / mol
M
Vp 22 . 414 L / GM
p
GMW
For temperatures (T2) and pressures (P2) other than
standard conditions
L T2 101 . 325 kPa
22 . 414
GM 273 K P2
ppm = Vp/Va
Example
A one-cubic-meter sample of air was found to
contain 80 μg/m3 of SO2. The temperature and
pressure were 25oC and 103.193 kPa when the
air sample was taken. What was the SO2
concentration in ppm?
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Solution
Determine GMW of SO2
GMW of SO2 = 32.07 + 2(16.00) = 64.07
Convert temperature to absolute temperature
25oC + 273 K = 298 K
80 g 298 101 . 325
22 . 414
ppm 64 . 07 273 103 . 193
1 . 00 m 1, 000 L / m 3
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= 0.0300 ppm of SO2
Air pollution
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Sources of pollutants
Natural air pollutant sources
plant pollens
wind‐blown dust
volcanic eruptions
lightning‐generated forest fires
Manmade sources
transportation vehicles
industrial processes
power plants
municipal incinerators
Classification by state of matter
Major classes Subclasses Typical members of subclasses
Particulates Solid Dust, smoke, fumes, fly ash
Liquid Mist, spray
Gases
Organic Hydrocarbons Hexane, benzene, ethylene,
Inorganic Aldehydes and ketones methane, butane, butadiene
Other organics Formaldehyde, acetone
Oxides of carbon Chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols
Oxides of sulfur Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Oxides of nitrogen Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide
Other inorganics Nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide
Hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride,
ammonia
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Classification by Origin
Primary air pollutants are pollutants in the atmosphere that
exist in the same form as in source emissions.
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and total suspended
particulates.
Secondary air pollutants are pollutants formed in the
atmosphere as a result of reactions such as hydrolysis,
oxidation, and photochemical oxidation.
acidic mists and photochemical oxidants.
Air quality management source control of primary air
pollutants.
Air Pollution Regulations
The Clean Air Act established two types of air quality
standards.
Primary standards set limits to protect public health,
including the health of "sensitive" populations such as
asthmatics, children, and the elderly.
Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare,
including protection against decreased visibility, damage
to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.
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Criteria Air Pollutants
The Clean Air Act characterizes five primary pollutants and
one secondary pollutant as criteria air pollutants.
Primary criteria pollutants include the gases sulfur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) and
solid or liquid particulates (smaller than 10 µm, PM‐10) and
particulate lead.
Secondary criteria pollutant Ozone (O3) is the regulated
under Clean Air Act.
Adiabatic Expansion and Compression
An adiabatic process is one that takes place with no addition or removal of
heat and with sufficient slowness, so that the gas can be considered to be in
equilibrium at all times.
With the first principle of thermodynamics we have:
Heat added = Increase in +
External work done by
To gas thermal energy or on the gas
zero
(adiabatic process)
If the air expands, its temperature will decrease
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Air Pollution Meteorology
Highs and lows
Air pressure is the weight of air resting on a given area of the
Earth's surface
Low pressure occurs when air is warm, expands, gets lighter
and rises.
High pressure occurs when air gets cold, contracts, becomes
heavier (denser) and sinks (falls).
Air flows from regions of high pressure (highs) to low
pressure (lows) as it tries to equalize the difference between
the two, known as the pressure gradient.
This movement of air is wind.
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Highs and lows
isobars
The greater the difference between the high and the low
pressure, the greater the wind speed.
The closer the isobars on a weather map are together, the
stronger the winds.
Cyclone and Anticyclone
Good weather Foul weather
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
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Turbulence
Turbulence: the addition of random fluctuations of wind
velocity to the overall average wind velocity.
Mechanical Turbulence
Shearing of the atmosphere Eddies
The greater the wind speed the larger the turbulence
Thermal Turbulence
Caused by heating/cooling of the Earth’s surface
Rising density Sinking density
current current
Stability
The tendency of the atmosphere to resist or enhance vertical
motion/turbulance.
Lapse rate: The rate at which air temperature changes with
height.
Dry adiabatic lapse rate: The rate at which dry air cools as it rises.
dT/dz = ‐1.00oC/100 m
Three categories of stability:
Neutral
Unstable
Stable
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Stability and Lapse rate
Superadiabatic, Strong, Unstable
Temperature Reduction > 1 oC/100m
Subadiabatic, Weak, Stable
Temperature Reduction < 1 oC/100m
Neutral
Temperature Reduction = 1 oC/100m
Inversion (Extreme Subadiabatic)
Temperature Increase with Height
Lapse Rates
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
100 m
Elevation
(m)
T-1 T
Temperature (oC)
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Superadiabatic – Unstable
Subadiabatic – Stable
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Example
Given the following temperature and elevation data,
determine the stability of the atmosphere.
Elevation, m Temperature, oC
2.00 14.35
324.00 11.13
Solution
Determine the existing lapse rate
T T T1 11 .13 14 .35
2 0 .0100 o C / m 1 .00 0 C / m
Z Z 2 Z 1 324 .00 2 .00
The atmospheric stability is neutral
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Strong Lapse Condition (Looping)
Wind
Weak Lapse Condition (Coning)
Wind
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Inversion Condition (Fanning)
Wind
Inversion Below, Lapse Aloft
(Lofting)
Wind
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Weak Lapse Below, Inversion Aloft
(Trapping)
Wind
Terrain Effects
Heat Islands
Absorbs or radiates heat at a greater rate than the
surrounding
The atmosphere becomes more stable
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Terrain Effects‐Land Breath
During night , the land cools more rapidly than the water.
Terrain Effects‐Sea Breath
During the morning the land heats faster than water.
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