BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

for ce, CEM, Ense,cese

(EE24)
Module no.1
Contents:
 The Scientific Notation
 Units of Measurement

Topic Objectives:

 To explain scientific notation

 To solve some exercises with proper prefixes of
measurement
 WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC NOTATION?

Today we will discuss the use of scientific notation also referred

to as exponential notation. The notation is based on powers of
base number 10. The general format looks something like this:

N X 10x where N = number greater than 1

but less than 10
10 = BASE and
x = exponent of 10.

Exponent X = indicates the number of places

the decimal point is moved to the right or
left.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/sci_not.html
1. As an example, how do we place the number
23419
in standard scientific notation?
So we have: 2.3419 X 10 4

2. Express the following number in scientific notation: 0.000436

And the expression will be 4.36 X 10-4

http://members.aol.com/profchm/sci_not.html
Exercises:
Now it is your turn. Express the following numbers in their equivalent standard
notational form:
1) 123,876.3
2) 1,236,840.
3) 4.22
4) 0.000000000000211
5) 0.000238
6) 9.10

Let's discuss how one would multiply with such notations. The general format for
multiplying using scientific notation is as follows:
(N X 10x) (M X 10y) = (N) (M) X 10x+y

http://members.aol.com/profchm/sci_not.html
ENGINEERING NOTATION & METRIC PREFIXES
- specialized form of scientific notation
- applications used to express value of voltage, current,
resistance, power, and time
Metric prefixes are used in conjunction with engineering notation
Prefix Symbol Power of ten Value

pico p 10-12 one-trillionth

nano n 10-9 one-billionth
micro  10-6 one-millionth
milli m 10-3 one-thousandth
Kilo K 103 one-thousand
mega M 106 one-million
Giga G 109 one-billion
Tera T 1012 one-trillion
Express each quality in appropriate metric prefix
a) 50,000V b) 25,000,000Ω c) 0.000036A

Sample Exercises:
1. Add 15mA and 8000A and express the sum in (mA)

2. Add 0.05MW and 75kW and express the sum in (kW)

3. Add 50mV and 2500V and express the sum in (mV)

4. Add 0.00025mA and 5A and express the sum in (mA)

Module no.2
Contents:
 The Atomic Structure
 The Copper Atom
 The Coulomb’s Law
 The Principle of Free Electron
Topic Objectives:

 To recall the definition and parts of an atom

 To illustrate the atomic structure of copper material.
 To explain Coulomb’s Law
 To describe the principle of free electron
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN CIRCUIT THEORY

So why doesn't the electron just spin off ? Why does it

stay orbiting the nucleus?
- the electron is attracted to the nucleus because of
its CHARGE.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html
 The force caused by the spinning, which should cause the
electron to spin off away from the nucleus, is balanced by the
charge force attracting the electron towards the nucleus. So it
doesn't fly off OR cling to the nucleus, it spins around being
pulled equally in both directions

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGES

COULOMB’S LAW

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html
An ion is an atom or group of bonded atoms which
have lost or gained one or more electrons, making
them negatively or positively charged.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion)
COULOMB’S LAW

“The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is

inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html
 COULOMB’S LAW EQUATION

Where:
Q1 represents the quantity of charge on object 1 (in Coulombs),
Q2 represents the quantity of charge on object 2 (in Coulombs), and
d represents the distance of separation between the two objects (in
meters).
The symbol k is a proportionality constant known as the Coulomb's law
constant. The value of this constant is dependent upon the medium that the
charged objects are immersed in. In the case of air, the value is
approximately 9.0 x 109 N • m2 / C2.
If the charged objects are present in water, the value of k can be reduced
by as much as a factor of 80. It is worthwhile to point out that the units on k
are such that when substituted into the equation the units on charge
(Coulombs) and the units on distance (meters) will be canceled, leaving a
Newton as the unit of force.
COULOMB : The Unit of Charge
Electrical Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs,
symbolized by C.
One coulomb is the total charge possessed by
6.24 x 10 18 electrons

number of electrons
Q =
6.24 x 10 18 electrons/C

Example:
1. How many coulombs do 93.8 x 1016 electrons represent?

2. How many electrons does it take to have 3C of charge?

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html
THE COPPER ATOM – the most commonly used metal in
electrical/electronics industry.
4th shell = 2(4)2 = 32e

3rd shell = 2(3)2 = 18e

2nd shell = 2(2)2 = 8e

29 p
29 n 1st shell = 2(1)2 = 2e

No. of Electron in each shell

Is given by 2n2

Where n = shell number

Nucleus
Valence electron (free electron)
 Since Copper atom has only one(1) electron in the outer-
most shell UNSTABLE AND VOLATILE
 Since the outermost shell electron is farthest from the
nucleus THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS WEAKER!

FREE ELECTRON - the outermost shell electron or (valence

electron)
Free Electrons are in rapid motion around the nucleus. While the
electrostatic force is trying to pull the nucleus and the electron together,
the electron is in motion and trying to pull away.
These two effects balance, keeping the electron in orbit. The electrons in
an atom exist in different energy levels. The energy level of an electron is
proportional to its distance from the nucleus.

http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v1/css/h1011v1_30.htm
 Helium atom model
This helium (He) model displays two valence electrons
located in its outermost energy level.
Helium is a member of the noble gases and contains
two protons, neutrons, and electrons

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion)

Fact:
One cubic inch of copper at
room temperature has 1x1024
free electrons moving randomly

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmmic.html
 Module no.3
Contents:
 CHARGES and Its Law
 Electrical Quantities: Voltage and Current

Topic Objectives:

 To state the Law of charges

 To define the meaning of voltage in relation to charges
 To define the meaning of current in relation to charges
 To solve problems dealing with voltage and current
from a given charge
LAW OF CHARGES

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l1c.html
THE VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE SURROUNDS TWO MAGNETISM SURROUNDS

ELECTRIC CHARGES A MAGNET'S POLES

http://amasci.com/miscon/voltage.html

The Separation of Charges

“The separation of positive and negative charges establishes

a potential difference (VOLTAGE).”
http://www.mi.mun.ca/users/cchaulk/eltk1100/ivse/ivse.htm#
“The potential difference causes the free electrons to move
in a single direction, thus establishes the flow of electrons
(ELECTRIC CURRENT)”
CHARGES
One Coulomb :
1C = 6.24x1018 protons
-1C = 6.24x1018 electrons

THE VOLTAGE - involves work (Energy)

W = F x d (joules) but F = ma
The statement:
1 volt = the amount of work (joules) required to move
one coulomb of charge between two points.
The equation:
Voltage (V) = W (joules)
Q (coulomb)

To determine the energy:

W = (Q) (V) (joules, J)

To determine the charge involved:

Q= W_ (coulomb, C)
V
Sample Problems:

1. Find the voltage between two points if 60J of energy are

required to move a charge of 20C between two points.

2. Determine the energy expended moving a charge of 50C

between two points if the voltage across these points is
6V.

ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)

Which came first, Voltage or Current?

VOLTAGE is the starting mechanism

CURRENT is simply a reaction to the applied voltage
 CURRENT
= is the result of the movement of electric charge

= rate of flow of charge

The statement:
1 ampere = one coulomb of charge (6.24x1018e) pass
through an imaginary plane in one second.

The current equation:

Q_ (coulomb, C)
I = = Ampere (A)
t (sec, S)
 Manipulating:

Q = (I) (t) (coulomb, C)

t = Q_ (seconds, S)
I

Sample Problems:

1. The charge flowing through the imaginary surface is 0.16C

every 64ms. Determine the current in amperes.

2. Determine how long it will take 4 x 1016 e to pass

through the imaginary surface if the current is 5mA.
Exercises:

1. Find the charge in coulombs of

a) 5.31x1020 electrons
b) 2.9 x 1022 protons

2. How many protons have a combined charge of 6.8pC?

3. Find the current flow through a light bulb from a steady

movement of
a) 60 C in 5 sec
b) 15 C in 2 min
c) 1022 electrons in 1 hr

4. Electrons pass to the right through a wire cross section

at the rate of 6.4 x 1021 electrons per minute. What is the
current in the wire?
5. Will a 10-A fuse blow for a steady rate of charge flow
through it of 45000 C/h?

6. Assuming a steady current flow through a switch, find the

time required for
a) 12C if I = 30pA (in hour)
b) 2.58 x 1015 electron if I = - 64.2 nA (in hour)

7. Find the voltage drop across a light bulb if 0.5A current

flowing through it for 4 sec causes the light bulb to give
off 240J of light and heat energy.

(Next is supplementary problems)

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. The total charge entering a terminal is given by

q  5t sin 4t mC
Calculate the current at t = 0.5sec

2. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between

t =1sec and t = 2sec, if the current passing the terminal is

i  (3t 2  t ) A
POWER AND ENERGY
The Equation:

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/energy/u5l1e.html
POWER = an indication of how much work (energy) can be
accomplished amount of time.
= rate of doing work
= product of voltage and current

1 Watt = One joule of work that is either absorbed or

delivered at a constant rate of 1 second
P = V x I

= W x Q
Q t
Power Equation:

W (Joules) (Watts, W)
P = t (sec)
 ENERGY = Power that must be used over a period of time
= lost or gained by the system

Energy Equation:

W = (P) x (t) ( Watt-seconds or Joules)

Power (W) x time (hr)

Energy (kilowatt-hour, kWh) =
1000

POWER RATING OF RESISTORS

If Pin > PR
Pin resistor will be damaged!
PR ( Excessive HEAT!)
Check whether the resistor in each circuit has possibly been
damaged.

+ ¼W
_ 100Ω _ 1W
9V 10Ω
+ 5V
(a)
(c)

+ ½ W
_ 1.5kΩ
24V

(b)
ADDITIONAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. In an electric circuit an energy of 9.25 mJ is required to

transport 0.5 mC from point a to point b. What electric
potential difference exists between the two points?

2. A resistor has a potential difference of 50.0V across its

terminals and 120.0C of charge per minute passes a fixed
point. Under these conditions at what rate is electric energy
converted to heat?

3. How many coulombs of charge is the equivalent of

1 Ampere-hour*?

4. Determine the current through a 5kΩ resistor when the

power the power dissipated by the element is 20mW.
 ADDITIONAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS

5. How much energy (in kilowatt-hours) is required to light a

100watt bulb (continuously for 1 year = 365 days)?

6. How long can a 205W television set be on before using more

than 4kWhr of energy?

7. What is the cost of using a 5Hp motor for two hours if the
rate is P50.00 per kWhr ?

8. What is the total cost of using all of the following at P50.00

per kWhr?
a) A 1200w toaster for 30min d) A 4800W electric
b) six 50W bulbs for 4 hrs clothes dryer for
c) A 400W washing machine for 45mins 20mins
 EFFICIENCY - the ratio of output to input power
Pout
η = x 100%
Pin

Sample Problems:

1. A 2Hp motor operates at an efficiency of 75%. What is the

power input in watts? If the applied voltage is 220V, what
is the input current?

2. What is the output in horsepower of a motor with an

efficiency of 80% and an input current of 8A at 120V?
3. How long(in hours) can a 12-V car battery supply 40A to
a starter motor if the battery has 4x106 J of chemical energy
that can be converted to electric energy?

4. What is the operating efficiency of a fully loaded 2Hp dc

electric motor that draws 19A at 100V?
 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES:
1. A conductor has a constant current of five amperes. How
many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor in one
minute?

2. How many electrons pass a fixed point in a 100-watt light bulb

in 1 hour if the applied constant voltage is 120 V?
3. Obtain the work and power associated with a force of
7.5x104 N acting over a distance of 2 meters in an elapsed time
of 14 seconds.