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Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
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Revision Exercise 17: Prelims Paper 2 Revision

1(a) Hydrogen peroxide reacts both as an oxidising agent and as a reducing agent, depending
on the conditions. Hydrogen peroxide reduces potassium dichromate(VI) in acidic solution
to chromium(III) ions. Hydrogen peroxide will oxidise chromium(III) ions back to
chromate(VI) ions in alkaline solution.

Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e-  2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) E = +1.33 V

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-  H2O2(aq) E = +0.68 V

Deduce the overall equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and
dichromate(VI) ions using the data above.

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(b) In alkaline solution the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with chromium(III) ions is

2Cr3+(aq) + 10OH-(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) → 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l)

This reaction is used to prepare potassium dichromate(VI) from chromium(III) chloride and
hydrogen peroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. The mixture is boiled until it is bright
yellow. Boiling is continued until excess hydrogen peroxide has been destroyed.The
solution is then cooled, and acidified with ethanoic acid.

(i) The reaction occurring on acidification with ethanoic acid is:

2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

Show that this is not a redox reaction.

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(ii) Hydrogen peroxide on heating reacts as follows:

2H2O2(aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Suggest how you would know when all the hydrogen peroxide has been destroyed in the
reaction mixture.

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(iii) Why is it essential to destroy all the hydrogen peroxide in the mixture before it is acidified?

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(iv) Derive the two half equations which together give the overall equation for the reaction
between hydrogen peroxide and chromium(III) ions in alkaline solution.

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Equilibria a2 Q18 pdf

2 Methane reacts with steam in a reversible reaction. In industry this reaction, carried out at a
pressure of 30 atm, is used to produce hydrogen for the manufacture of ammonia

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +210 kJ mol–1

(a)(i) Define the term partial pressure as applied to a gas mixture.

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(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.

(iii) State and explain the effect of increasing the total pressure on the position of this
equilibrium;

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(b) State the effect on the value of Kp for this equilibrium of the following.

(i) Increasing the total pressure

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(ii) Increasing the temperature.

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(iii) Adding a catalyst

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(c) There is a theory that methane, CH4, constantly leaks from the earth’s crust. This is not
noticeable on land but at the bottom of a cold sea, such as off the Canadian coast, the
methane is trapped in a solid cage of water molecules.

CH4(g) + 6H2O(s)  [CH4(H2O)6](s)

methane hydrate

At –29 °C the equilibrium pressure of the methane is 101.3 kPa.

(i) Write an expression for Kp for this equilibrium.

(ii) Deduce the value of Kp at –29°C, stating its units.

(iii) At 0°C the equilibrium pressure of methane rises to 2600 kPa. What does this tell you
about the effect of temperature change on the position of equilibrium and about the
enthalpy change for this reaction?

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(iv) Some people have suggested collecting the methane hydrate from the bottom of the sea
and allowing it to warm up to 0 °C on board a ship. Comment on whether this would be a
useful method for collecting methane.

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Equilibria A2 Q31 pdf

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3(a) The bombardier beetle Metrius contractus persuades potential predators to disappear by
firing a boiling mixture of irritants at them. The reaction producing this ammunition is a
redox reaction, H2O2 being the oxidising agent.

The two half-reactions involved are:

OH O

+ 2H+ + 2e- E= +0.70 V

OH O

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-  2H2O E = +1.77 V

(i) Write the overall equation for the reaction and show that the reaction is feasible.

(ii) The beetle makes use of an enzyme catalyst in the reaction. Explain in general terms how
catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction using a graph of the Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution of molecular energies.

(iii) The reaction is highly exothermic; in principle its enthalpy of reaction could be found by
using average bond enthalpies. By a consideration of the structure and bonding in the
compounds involved, suggest why the use of the average bond enthalpies for C=O, C–C,
C=C and O–H would give a highly inaccurate answer for the enthalpy of reaction.
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(b) On heating hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation.

2H2O2  2H2O + O2

Hydrogen peroxide is marketed as an aqueous solution of a given ‘volume strength’. The

common 20-volume solution gives 20 dm3 of oxygen from 1 dm3 of solution. What is the
concentration in g dm–3 of such a solution?

(Molar volume of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment is 24 dm3.)

(c) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, can also act as a reducing agent.

The rapid oxidation of hydrogen peroxide was used in World War II to generate steam to
launch the V1 ‘flying bomb’. H2O2 (100 volume) was reacted with acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution.

(i) Write the half-equation for the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen, O2.

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(ii) The MnO4- ions are reduced to Mn2+ during the reaction. Derive the overall equation for the
reaction between H2O2 and acidified KMnO4.

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(iii) Suggest in terms of the collision theory of chemical kinetics why 100-volume hydrogen
peroxide (this gives 100 dm3 of oxygen from 1 dm3 of hydrogen peroxide when it
decomposes to water and oxygen) was used rather than the more common 20-volume
solution.

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Equilibria A2 Q34 pdf

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4(a) A compound D, CH3CH(OH)COOH, may be prepared from C3H7OH by the following series
of reactions.

(i) Identify compounds A, B and C.

(ii) Outline the reaction mechanism with chlorine.

(b) Assuming the percentage yield for each step in sequence to be 80%, calculate the mass of D that
could be made from 60 g of C3H7OH.
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(c) An aqueous solution of D of concentration 0.100 mol dm–3 has a pH value of 2.04.

(i) Calculate the value of the dissociation constant, K a, for D.

(ii) Suggest, with reasoning, whether D or propanoic acid, CH 3CH2COOH, Ka = 1.3 × 10–5 mol dm–3,
would be more exothermic in reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.1
mol dm–3.

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Equilibria A2 pdf Q39

5 Hard water contains dissolved calcium or magnesium ions, which come from the rocks over
which the water has flowed. The concentration of these ions can be found in several ways.

(a) One method is to titrate a known volume of the water with a standard solution of the
compound edta.

Edta complexes with Ca2+ ions in a 1:1 ratio. To ensure that the edta complexes
satisfactorily with the Ca2+ ions, the solution must be buffered at about pH 10. At this pH the
indicator used will change colour when all the Ca2+ ions have been complexed.

(i) The buffer which is usually used in this titration is a mixture of aqueous ammonia and
ammonium chloride solution. Explain how this mixture behaves as a buffer solution.

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(ii) A 50.0 cm3 sample of tap water was titrated with edta solution of concentration 0.0100 mol
dm–3. In the titration 31.2 cm3 of the edta solution was needed before the indicator changed
colour. What is the calcium ion concentration in the water in mol dm–3?
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(b) A second method for the determination of Ca 2+ uses the precipitation of the salt calcium
ethanedioate, CaC2O4 The precipitate is filtered off, dissolved in warm dilute nitric acid, and
the ethanedioate, now in solution as ethanedioic acid, is determined by titration with
standard potassium manganate(VII) solution.

(i) 25.0 cm3 of a solution of Ca 2+ ions containing 0.0500 mol dm–3 of Ca2+ ions was treated with
excess ammonium ethanedioate solution, and the precipitate of calcium ethanedioate was
filtered off. Find the mass of the salt which would be precipitated.

(ii) The precipitate was washed with warm dilute nitric acid until completely dissolved, and the
washings made up to 250 cm3 with pure water. 25.0 cm3 portions of this solution were
added to about 25 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, and the mixture was titrated at 60ºC with
0.00200 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII) solution. Write the equation for the reactions
occurring during the titration and calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII)
solution which would be required.

Quantitative Chemistry Q18 pdf

6 Spider silk is a natural polymer which has an exceptional strength for its weight. Kevlar is a
man-made polymer designed to have similar properties. It has a wide variety of uses from
sporting equipment to bullet-proof vests.
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(a) In Kevlar, the polymer strands line up to form strong sheets with bonds between the
strands.

On the diagram above, draw a labelled part of a second polymer chain showing how bonds
could be formed between the chains.

(b) The transport of oil by sea has resulted in a number of oil spills in recent years. As well as
a waste of a valuable resource, these have caused major environmental problems.
Traditional sorbent materials absorb water and sink. Researchers have developed new
sorbent materials to help collect the spilled oil. The sorbent consists of a material called
‘hydrophobic aerogels’. This is a network of silicon(IV) oxide with some of the silicon atoms
attached to fluorine-containing groups.

—O—Si—CH2—CF3

The introduction of these fluorine-containing groups allows the oil to be absorbed but not
the water. Tests show that these materials can absorb more than 200 times their mass of
oil without sinking.

(i) Suggest what the word hydrophobic means.

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(ii) Suggest why the fluorine-containing groups allow oil to pass through but not water
molecules.

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(iii) Suggest another important fluorine-containing polymer that repels water-containing

materials.

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9701_s09_qp4 Q9
7 Silver bromide, AgBr, is widely used in photography. In a photographic film, AgBr crystals
are precipitated into a gelatine base as ‘grains’ of diameter about 1 x 10–6 m.

(a) Calculate the approximate number of silver ions contained in a grain of AgBr of mass 2.5 x
10–12 g.
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(b) AgBr is only sparingly soluble in water. The [Ag+] in a saturated solution of AgBr can be
estimated by measuring the Ecell of a particular cell.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the E(Ag+|Ag) can be measured.

(ii) Explain briefly the effect on the e.m.f of the cell if [Ag+] decreases.

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In its saturated solution, [AgBr(aq)] = 7.1 x 10–7 mol dm–3.

(iii) Write an expression for the solubility product of AgBr, and calculate its value, including
units.

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(c)(i) Write a chemical equation representing the lattice energy of AgBr.

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(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s).

first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1

electron affinity of bromine = –325 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine = +112 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of AgBr(s) = –100 kJ mol–1
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(iii) How might the lattice energy of AgCl compare to that of AgBr? Explain your answer.

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(d) In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
silver ion to a silver atom.

Br-  Br + e-
Ag+ + e-  Ag

Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process in a
AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer.

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9701_w05_qp4 Q1
8 Rodinol is used as a photographic developer. In alkaline solution it is a mild reducing agent,
providing electrons according to the following half equation.

Rodinol ‘develops’ a latent photographic image by reducing activated silver bromide grains
to silver metal and bromide ions.

(a) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between rodinol and AgBr.

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(b) Suggest, with a reason, how the basicity of rodinol might compare to that of ammonia.

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(c) Suggest structural formulae for the compounds E, F and G in the following chart of the
reactions of rodinol.

(d) Rodinol can be synthesised from phenol by the following route.

(i) Suggest reagents and conditions for step I.

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(ii) State the type of reaction in step II and suggest reagents and conditions for it.

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(e) Rodinol is also an important intermediate in the commercial production of the analgesic
drug paracetamol.

(i) Name two functional groups in paracetamol.

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(ii) State the reagent and condition to convert rodinol into paracetamol.

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9701_w05_qp4 Q4
9 The phenol 1-naphthol is a starting point for the manufacture of carbaryl, an insecticide and
a plant growth inhibitor.

(a)(i) Suggest a structure for the intermediate C and draw it in the box above.

(ii) Name the functional groups in carbaryl.

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(iii) Suggest structures for the three products formed when carbaryl is hydrolysed.

(iv) What reagents and conditions would you use for this hydrolysis?

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(b) Suggest reagents and conditions for converting 1-naphthol into each of the following
compounds.

(i)
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(ii)

(c) Compound D is an isomer of 4-nitro-1-naphthol. D is formed as a by-product during the

reaction in b(ii). It can be converted into 2-amino-1-naphthol, E.

(i) Suggest the structural formula of the isomer D.

(ii) Suggest reagents and conditions needed for reaction I.

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(iii) Suggest the structural formula of the compound formed when compound E reacts with an
excess of CH3COCl.

(d) When an alkaline solution of compound E is added to a solution containing Cu 2+(aq) ions, a
pale green-blue precipitate F forms. Analysis of F shows that its formula is
Cu(C10H8NO)2(H2O)2.

(i) Complete the following structural formula of F.

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When an excess of concentrated NH 3(aq) is added to F, the precipitate dissolves to form a

deep blue solution.

(ii) State the formula of the ion and type of reaction responsible for the formation of the deep
blue colour. Explain your answer.

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9701_w07_qp4 Q6
10 Compound Z, an organic compound with three functional groups, has the molecular
formula C4H6O2. The functional groups can be confirmed by the following tests.

(a) Z decolourises aqueous bromine. Z reacts with sodium to give hydrogen and a solid
compound of formula C4H5O2Na. When Z is heated with ethanoic acid and a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling liquid of molecular formula C 6H8O3 is formed.
A few drops of Z form a yellow/orange precipitate when added to 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent. When a few drops of Z are warmed with Tollens’ reagent, a
silver mirror is formed. Z does not show cis-trans isomerism.

Deduce the displayed formula of Z.

In parts (b) and (c) you may use R– to represent the part of the molecule that does not
react.

(b) What is the organic compound formed by the reactions of Z in each of the tests as follows?

with sodium

with ethanoic acid

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(c) With the aid of an equation, draw the structure of the organic compound formed by Z in
each of the tests in (a).

with Tollens’ reagent

with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,

(d) But-2-enoic acid is an isomer of Z which shows cis-trans isomerism.

Draw a displayed formula of the cis isomer of this acid.

(e) Ethanoic acid is manufactured from methanol, CH 3OH, by reacting it with carbon monoxide
in the presence of a catalyst containing rhodium metal and iodide ions.

CH3OH + CO  CH3CO2H

The reaction proceeds in a number of stages.

(i) One stage in this process is the reaction of methanol with hydrogen iodide.

What organic compound is formed in this reaction?

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(ii) A later stage involves the conversion of an intermediate compound.

State the type of reaction involved.

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9701_w07_qp2 Q5, 9701_w05_qp2

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