Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of

global change. Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations

as movement of people from rural to urban areas with
population growth equating to urban migration. The United
Nations projected that half of the world's population would
live in urban areas at the end of 2008.

Urbanization is closely linked to

modernization, industrialization, and the
sociological process of continuous changes.
Urbanization occurs naturally from individual and
corporate efforts to reduce time and expense in
commuting and transportation while improving
opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and
transportation.

Living in cities permits individuals and families to take

advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity,
and marketplace competition. People move into cities
to seek economic opportunities. In rural areas, often
on small family farms, it is difficult to improve one's
standard of living beyond basic sustenance. Farm
living is dependent on unpredictable environmental
conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence,
survival becomes extremely problematic.

Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where

money, services and wealth are centralized. Cities
are where fortunes are made and where social
mobility is possible. Businesses, which generate jobs
and capital, are usually located in urban areas.
Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also
through the cities that foreign money flows into a
country. It is easy to see why someone living on a
farm might wish to take their chance moving to the city and trying to
make enough money to send back home to their struggling family.
The process of urbanization is rapid all over the world. The facilities
like education, healthcare system, employment avenues, civic facilities
and social welfare are reasons attracting people to urban areas. The
census of India defines some criteria for urbanization. These are:

• Population is more than 5000

• The density is over 400 persons per sq.km
 • 75% of the male population engages in non-agricultural
occupations.
• Cities are urban areas with population
more than one lakh.
• Metropolises are cities with population
of more than one million.

Historically, cities have been the driving

force in economic and social development.
At present approximately 307 million Indians
lives in nearly 3700 towns and cities spread
across the country. This is 30.5% of its
population, in sharp contrast to only 60 millions (15%) who lived in
urban areas in 1947 when the country became Independent. During
the last fifty years the population of India has grown two and half
times, but Urban India has grown by nearly five times. In numerical
terms, India's urban population is second largest in the world after
China, and is higher than the total urban population of all countries put
together barring China, USA and Russia.

India: Urban Population 1901 – 2001

 Urban Percentage of Decadal growth
population Urban to total rate (percent)
(million) population
190 29.9 10.8 -
1
191 25.9 10.3 0.4
1
192 28.1 11.2 18.3
1
193 33.5 12.0 19.1
1
194 44.2 13.9 32.0
1
195 62.4 17.3 41.4
1
196 78.9 18.0 26.4
1
197 109.1 19.9 38.2
1
198 159.5 23.3 46.1
1
199 217.6 25.7 36.4
1
200 306.9 30.5 41.0
1

Accelerating urbanization
is powerfully affecting the
transformation of Indian
society. Slightly more than
26 percent of the country's
population is urban, and in
1991 more than half of
urban dwellers lived in 299
urban agglomerates or cities of more than 100,000 people. By 1991
India had twenty-four cities with populations of at least 1 million. By
that year, among cities of the world, Bombay (or Mumbai, in Marathi),
in Maharashtra, ranked seventh in the world at 12.6 million, and
Calcutta, in West Bengal, ranked eighth at almost 11 million. In the
1990s, India's larger cities have been growing at twice the rate of
smaller towns and villages. Between the 1960s and 1991, the
population of the Union Territory of Delhi quadrupled, to 8.4 million,
and Madras, in Tamil Nadu, grew to 5.4 million. Bangalore, in
Karnataka; Hyderabad, in Andhra Pradesh; and many other cities are
expanding rapidly. About half of these increases are the result of rural-
urban migration, as villagers seek better lives for themselves in the
cities.

Cities as Centers

Cosmopolitan cities are the great hubs of commerce and government

upon which the nation's functioning depends. Bombay, India's largest
city and port, is India's economic powerhouse and locus of the nation's
atomic research. The National Capital Territory of Delhi, where a series
of seven cities was built over centuries, is the site of the capital--New
Delhi--and political nerve center of the world's largest democracy.
Calcutta and Madras fill major roles in the country's economic life, as
do high-tech Bangalore and Ahmedabad (in Gujarat), famous for
textiles. Great markets in foods, manufactured goods, and a host of
key commodities are centered in urban trading and distribution points.
Most eminent institutions of higher learning, cradles of intellectual
development and scientific investigation, are situated in cities. The
visual arts, music, classical dancing, poetry, and literature all flourish
in the urban setting. Critical political and
social commentary appears in urban
newspapers and periodicals. Creative new
trends in architecture and design are
conceptualized and brought to reality in
cities.

Lifestyle of Urban areas

Most Indian cities are very densely populated. New Delhi, for example,
had 6,352 people per square kilometer in
1991. Congestion, noise,
traffic jams, air pollution,
and major shortages of
key necessities
characterize urban life.
Every major city of India faces the same proliferating problems of
grossly inadequate housing, transportation, sewerage, electric power,
water supplies, schools, and hospitals. Slums and jumbles of pavement
dwellers' lean-tos constantly multiply. An increasing number of trucks,
buses, cars, three-wheel auto rickshaws, motorcycles all spewing
uncontrolled fumes, surge in sometimes haphazard patterns over city
streets jammed with jaywalking pedestrians, cattle, and goats.
Accident rates are high (India's fatality rate from road accidents, the
most common cause of accidental death, is said to be twenty times
higher than United States rates), and it is a daily occurrence for a city
dweller to witness a crash or the running down of a pedestrian. In 1984
the citizens of Bhopal suffered the nightmare of India's largest
industrial accident, when poisonous gas leaking from a Union Carbide
plant killed and injured thousands of city dwellers. Less spectacularly,
on a daily basis, uncontrolled pollutants from factories all over India
damage the urban environments in which millions live.

Survey report about income-expenditure patterns:

About 5% of the Indian urban population belonged to households

with monthly per capita expenditure in the range “Rs.335-395”, that
is, spending about Rs.11-13 per person per day on consumption.

About 5% of the urban population of India had MPCE of Rs.2540 or

more. Another 5% had MPCE between Rs.1880 and Rs.2540.

Average monthly per capita consumer expenditure (average MPCE)

was Rs.559 in rural India and Rs.1052 in urban India at 2004-05
prices.
Out of every rupee spent in 2004-05 by the average rural Indian on
consumption, 55 paisa was spent on food. Of this, 18 paisa was
spent on cereals and cereal substitutes, 8 paisa on milk and milk
products, 6 paisa on vegetables, 5 paisa on edible oil, 5 paisa on
sugar, salt and spices, and 5 paisa on beverages, refreshments and
processed food.

Out of every rupee spent in 2004-05 by the average urban Indian on

consumption, 43 paise was spent on food. Of this, 10 paise was
spent on cereals and cereal substitutes, 8 paise on milk and milk
products, 6 paise on beverages, refreshments and processed food,
and 4 paise on vegetables.

In both rural and urban India, fuel and light took up 10% of total
consumer expenditure while clothing, bedding and footwear took up
5%.
Medical expenses formed 7% of total consumer expenditure in rural
India and 5% in urban India.

Educational expenses formed 3% of total consumer expenditure in

rural India and 5% in urban India.

Conveyance expenses formed 4% of total consumer expenditure in

rural India and 7% in urban India.

Average quantity of cereals consumed per person per month was

12.1 kg in rural areas and 9.9 kg in urban areas.

Average value of cereals consumed per person per month was

Rs.101 in rural India and Rs.106 in urban India.

In rural areas of Haryana and Punjab, expenditure on cereals formed

only 9% of total consumer expenditure. But in rural areas of West
Bengal and Assam cereals contributed 23% or more to total
consumer expenditure, and in rural areas of Orissa, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand and Bihar, they formed 27-28% of consumer expenditure.

In urban areas of Punjab and Haryana cereals took up 6-7% of the

household (consumption) budget; in urban areas of Bihar and Orissa
they took up 17%.

Between 1972-73 and 2004-05, the share of food in total consumer

expenditure has fallen from 73% to 55% in rural areas and from 64%
to 42% in urban areas. The share of cereals has fallen from 41% of
consumer expenditure to 18% in rural India and from 23% to 10% in
urban India. The share of fuel and light in total consumer
expenditure has risen from under 6% to 10% in both rural and urban
areas. The share of clothing in total consumer expenditure has fallen
from 7-8% to 4.5% in rural India and from 5-7% to 4% in urban India.
Quantity of cereals consumed per person per month has declined
between 1993-94 and 2004-05, that is, in the decade preceding the
survey, from 13.4 kg to 12.1 kg in rural India and from 10.6 kg to 9.9
kg in urban India.
Effects
Negative effects of urbanization:

Increased population leads to more waste, garbage and byproducts.

Natural habitats destroyed for housing purposes
Poor waste management causes the spread of disease and pollution
Food demand increases and more land needs to be cleared for food
production
High density of people can lead to conflicts and the quick spread of
health problems

A range of economic, political,social, cultural and environmental

factors affect urbanization.
Urbanization is encouraged socially and culturally through the media.
Socio-cultural impacts
Cities have a strong
socio-cultural impacts on
their surrounding rural
areas. The mass media
depicts city life as
superior to rural life, the
“STANDARD” language is
deemed that of the
national capital, and
better services are
received in the city due to
its wealth.
The fertility rate in cities
is often lower than in
rural areas due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of
children,foodand living space in cities, and family planning.
Socio-economic impacts
As a city grows, the cost of housing and infrastructure also grows,
since there are less water, land and building material available, and
greater congestion problems. As a city decays in this way,
governments often do not meet the service needs of residents and
urban development is dominated by private capital.
Unemployment grows, as do drug abuse, crime and homelessness.
Environmental impacts of Urbanisation

Some of the chief forces driving urbanisation today are shifting of jobs
from agriculture to industry and the concentration of economic
opportunities in the urban areas. Urbanisation is associated with
higher incomes, improved health, higher literacy, improved quality
of life and other benefits. Yet along with the benefits of urbanization
come environmental and social ills. Since with urbanization the
concentration of people is increasing in cities so is the demand for
basic necessities like food, energy, drinking water and shelter. The
result is in terms of poor quality housing, lack of water supply and
sanitation facility and lack of proper waste disposal facility leading
to spread of communicable diseases.

Urbanisation affects the environment in three major ways:

implications due to urban poverty which is a result of
migration, stressed infrastructure and management
systems and finally incresing consumerism. These problems
warrant major concerns on three accounts. Firstly the prevailing
pattern and trend of Urbanisation is more material and energy
intensive. Secondly the discharge of pollutants and generation of
solid waste in cities is particularly harmful because it is
uncontrollable and thirdly the financial, institutional, technological
and infrastructure systems available for help to control these
problems in the region at present are inadequate.

Urban waste

Increasing urbanisation is resulting in the generation of increasing

amounts of solid waste. It is estimated that 20-50 percent of the
solid waste generated remains uncollected. In New Delhi, 3,880
tons of garbage is produced per day, yet only 2,420 tons is
collected for disposal. Even if collected, municipal solid waste
remains a problem in many cities.
Urban water quality

Ever increasing
urbanisation
and their
growing
amounts of
waste have
over taxed
the natural
recycling
capabilities
of local
rivers and
lakes. Of the
many
problems
associated with urban effluents, nutrient loading or eutrophication
of local waters is one of the most serious problems. Poor water
resource management too contributes to water problems.

Adverse effects of Urbanization there is increasing competition for

facilities due to the high standard of living in urban areas, which has
triggered several negative effects.
Slums and its consequences of overcrowding.
Lack of sanitation, Poverty, Illiteracy, Unemployment and
Crime is the worst impact of urbanization.
Global warming, air ,pollution, water scarcity and pollution and loss of
forest cover, agricultural land and depletion of wildlife as a result of
urban sprawl, pose serious threats to the environment.
benefits of urbanisation
Urbanization can help the earth by providing more housing in smaller
areas to the increasing population.

Positive effects of urbanization

The urbanisation process has marked effects on the natural and

cultural environment, on housing arrangements and social networks,
as well as on work and employment patterns, not only in the cities, but
also in the rural areas. Access to health care, social services, and
cultural activities are in many cases better in the cities, but there the
access may not be evenly distributed among the population. The
urbanisation is also part of larger processes occurring in the world, of
which market integration is the most important. Globalisation means
flow of economic capital, labour, goods and services, as well as
ideologies across national borders. Shifts in social networks and living
arrangements may lead to changes in mental health and social capital,
and a depletion of human capital may be the outcome in some rural
areas.

There are many other benefits for urbanization, some of those being:

• Efficiency- more efficient use of land, less land use per person
and housing is more efficiently used to house more people.
• Concentration of resources-people come up with more ideas and
resources are readily available. A larger variety of resources are
found in urban areas.
• Public transportation is easily found, cutting down the need for
private transportation-which in turn cuts down on pollution.
• Economy- jobs are more easily found than in rural areas.

Poverty Alleviation Programme:

India is a haven to 22% of the world’s poor. Such a high incidence of

poverty is a matter of apprehension, in view of the fact that poverty
eradication has been one of the major objectives of the development
process. Really, poverty is a global dialog. Poverty eradication is
considered integral to humanity’s mission for sustainable
development. Thus, reduction of poverty in India is vital for the
attainment of international goals. The philosophy underlying the
poverty alleviation programs is to tackle the rural poverty by endowing
the poor with productive assets and training for raising their skills so
that they are assured of a regular stream of employment and income
in raising themselves above the poverty line.

The poverty alleviation programmes are classified into (i) self-

employment programmes; (ii) wage employment programmes,- (iii)
food security programmes; (iv) social security programmes; and (v)
urban poverty alleviation programmes. The parameter used for
evaluation included utilization of allocated funds, change in poverty
level, employment generation and number or proportion of
beneficiaries.
Programme no 1
National Rural Employment Program (NREP)

The NREP was launched in October, 1980 and became a regular Plan
programme from April, 1981. The programme was expected to
generate additional gainful employment in the rural areas, to the
extent of 300-400 million mandays per annum, create durable
community assets, and improve nutritional status and living standards
of the poor.

An outlay of Rs. 1620 crores was provided under this Programme, out
of which the outlay from 1980-81 onwards (Rs. 1280 crores) was to be
shared equally between the Centre and the States.

A major step was taken in 1983-84 when it was decided to subsidise

the cost of thefoodgrains to be distributed under this Programme. A
subsidy to the extent of 37 Paise to 40 Paise per kg was provided for
wheat and rice to be distributed under the Programme. According to
the guidelines, foodgrains were to be provided at the rate of 1 kg per
man day. The total foodgrains made available each year during 1980-
85.

The creation of durable assets was an important objective of this

Programme and, in fact, the real distinguishing feature between the
Food for Work Programme and the NREP.

The National Rural Employment Programme will be continued in the

Seventh Plan as an important component of the anti-poverty strategy.
As indicated earlier, this will have to be viewed as an integral part of
the total package, which would imply that an effort would have to be
made to direct and monitor the wage
employment opportunities accruing through
this.
Programme to members of the target group including those indentified
for assistance under the IRDP. The same principle would apply in the
choice of projects which would, therefore, have to take account of
labour-intensity of projects, their capacity to provide reasonably long
spells of employment during implementation, direction towards poor,
long-term income and employment generation potential, capacity to
create a base for productive asset endowment and capacity for filling
gaps in vital infrastructure. Based on this, priority will be accorded to
works for the development of waste lands and marginal lands allotted
under land reform measures, renovation of derelict tanks for large
scale development of fisheries with the target-group orientation, social
forestry including fuel and energy plantations, fodder and pasture
development and roadside plantations with maximum involvement of
the community/ target-groups in their management

coupled with nursery development of target-group land-holders.

Development of composite homestead projects for the shelterless in

the form of housing complexes-cum-production estates within a larger
concept of habitat development, field works in irrigation command
areas and micro watersheds, roads according to well-defined techno-
economic norms and within planned priorities such as those arising out
of the MNP, and need-based construction of buildings which apart from
schools, panchayat ghars, etc., would provide vital economic
infrastructures like buildings for godowns, banks and workshops/shops
for target-group beneficiaries would be

chosen.

The broad objectives of the programme, while remaining the same as

in the Sixth Plan, would have to conform to the above priorities.

The Sixth Plan experience has shown that the distribution of foodgrains
has not kept up to the stipulated level of 1 kg. per manday for a
variety of reasons relating to problems of storage

and movement, quality of foodgrains and diversion to the public

distribution system, and in some cases because of local preferences for
coarse grains. The importance of foodgrain distribution under the
Programme cannot be over-emphasised in view of its effects both on
stabilization of prices and the improvement of nutritional standards of
workers. With the comfortable food stocks, an additional I million
tonnes of foodgrains will be provided for the Programme over

and above its normal requirements. The quantum of foodgrains

distribution per worker per day would also be stepped up. The States
will be asked to prepare detailed action plans to ensure

that the process of foodgrain distribution is streamlined to achieve the

Programme objectives.

Wherever necessary, coarse grains would have to be purchased locally

and made available for the Programme. Efforts have been made
successfully in some States to distribute other commodities such as
sarees as wage payment in kind. Such efforts would be encouraged in
other areas also in such manner as to provide encouragement to
decentralised production of handloom textiles, etc.

With a view to overcoming the problems of ad hoc selection of projects

and suspicious about the quality of work, detailed guidelines for
important sub-sectors figuring under the

Programme such as roads, social forestry and housing have already

been issued. These will have to be supplemented by the preparation of
detailed techno- economic norms at the State

level and of technical training manuals for the implementation staff.

The provision allowing for spending upto 50 per cent of the allocations
on materials would be continued in the interest of

ensuring the durability of the assets created. Since the relative costs of
labour and materials for different projects would vary, the stipulated
ratio would be maintained for the district as a whole which would allow
substantial flexibility in the context of decentralised economic
planning.

Programme No. 2:

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
is an Indian job guarantee scheme, enacted
by legislation on August 25, 2005. The
scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of
employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at
the statutory minimum wage of Rs.100 per day. The Central
government outlay for scheme is Rs. 39,100 crores ($8 billion) in FY
2009-10.

This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power
of the rural people, primarily semi or un-skilled work to people living in
rural India, whether or not they are below the poverty line. Around one-
third of the stipulated work force is women. The government is
planning to open a call center, which upon becoming operational can
be approached on the toll-free number, 1800-345-22-44.[1] It was
initially called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
but was renamed on 2 October 2009.

The act was brought about by the will hav de poinience UPA coalition
government supported by the left parties. The promise of this project
was one of the major factors that gained UPA willing pplin the Indian
general election, 2004.

Dr. Jean Drèze, a Belgian born economist, at the Delhi School of

Economics, has been a major influence on this project.

The plan:

The act directs state governments to implement MGNREGA "schemes".

Under the MGNREGA the Central Government meets the cost towards
the payment of wage, 3/4 of material cost and some percentage of
administrative cost. State Governments meet the cost of
unemployment allowance, 1/4 of material cost and administrative cost
of State council. Since the State Governments pay the unemployment
allowance, they are heavily incentivized to offer employment to
workers.

However, it is up to the State Government to

decide the amount of unemployment allowance,
subject to the stipulation that it not be less than
1/4th the minimum wage for the first 30 days, and
not less than 1/2 the minimum wage thereafter.
100 days of employment (or unemployment
allowance) per household must be provided to
able and willing workers every financial year.

Process
Adult members of rural households submit their name, age and
address with a photo to the Gram Panchayat. The Panchayat registers
households after verification and issues a job card. The job card
contains the details of the adult member enrolled and his/her photo. A
registered person can submit an application for work in writing (for at
least fourteen days of continuous work) either to the panchayat or to
Programme Officer.

The panchayat/programme officer accepts the valid application and

issue a dated receipt of application. A letter providing employment will
be sent to the applicant and also displayed at the panchayat office.
Employment will be provided if possible within a radius of 5 km; if it is
above 5 km, transport allowance and 10% extra living allowance will
be paid. New public works can be started when at least 50 workers
become available who cannot be absorbed under existing schemes. If
employment under the scheme is not provided within fifteen days of
receipt of the application daily
unemployment allowance will be paid
to the applicant.

No discrimination between men and

women is allowed under the act.
Therefore, men and women must be
paid the same wage. All adults can
apply for employment.

History and Funding

The scheme started from February 2, 2006 in 200 districts, was

expanded to cover another 130 districts in 2007-2008 and eventually
covered all 593 districts in India in April 1, 2008. The outlay was Rs.
11,000 crores in 2006-2007, and has been rising steeply, to Rs. 39,100
crores (140% increased amount respect of previous 2008-2009
budget) in 2009-2010. First a proposal is given by Panchayat to Block
office then Block is decide whether work would be sanction or not. The
date on which proposal issue by panchayat for Block is known as
TS(technical Sanction Date) and when Block accept the proposal and
fulfill required formality known as AS(administration sanction date).
Block is decide whether work would be

Implementation

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, in its performance

audit of the implementation of MGNREGA has found "significant
deficiencies" in the implementation of the act. The plan was launched
in February 2006 in 200 districts and eventually extended to cover 593
districts. 4,49,40,870 rural households were provided jobs under
NREGA during 2008-09, with an national average of 48 working days
per household.

Recent developments
As with any government scheme, proponents hail it as one of the most
direct and effective poverty alleviation programmes, while detractors
believe a lot of money is going into wrong and undeserving hands.

There have been two or three significant and recurring criticisms about
NREGA. One of them is that the assets created by the scheme are of
dubious quality. Another criticism is that funds are being given out as
dole to the not-so-deserving. Neither criticism may be entirely
unwarranted, as it is difficult to check the exact status of people or
quality of assets being created in such a massive programme.

At another level, the

country’s infrastructure
sector is booming but the
construction industry is in
dire need of skilled
workforce. The paucity is not
only delaying projects but
also impacting the quality of
workmanship. There is
hardly a channel of supply of
skilled and certified masons,
bar-benders, carpenters, etc,
on the scale required, so
that a person serving as an
unskilled labour till the other
day at one site may declare
himself a mason at another site, the next day.

An Assocham study shows that the number of vocationally-trained

workers in India is just 5.3% compared to 95.8% in South Korea, 80.4%
in Japan, 78.1% in Canada and 75.3% in Germany; that nearly 93% of
workers (or 353 million people) in India’s unorganised sector do not get
employment-related training; that around 80% of the new entrants to
the workforce every year have no opportunity for skill training; that
against 12.8 million new entrants to the workforce annually, the
existing training facilities can train only about 3.1 million, thus
releasing nearly 10 million untrained workers to an already-big pool!
Grim numbers. Surely, we do not have much reason to celebrate our
largest youth population in the world if much of it is unskilled?
Index
Sr. Particulars Page
No. nos.
 1. Urbanisation

2. India – Population census

3. Cities as centres

4. Lifestyle in urban areas

5. Income expenditure patterns

6. Effects

(i) Negative Effects

(ii) Positive Effects

7. Poverty Allevietion Programmes

(i) Programme No. 1: National Rural

Employment Programme (NREP)

(ii) Programme No. 2: National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act (NREGA)

CONCLUSION

Conclusion:
Urbanisaton has indeed substantiated the economic growth
in any continent. This is because urbanization is driven by factors that
influence the cultural, social and economic aspects so as to accentuate
growth helping the country to develop. Like many others, urbanization
too has its merits and demerits. Making two sides of a coin.

1. urbanization has created jobs but yet there is disguised

unemployement.

2. urbanization has provided infrastructure, but due to many

loopholes, there remains urban poverty.

3. urbanization in literal sense meant to make optimum use of

resources but Alas! Resources are exploited.

4. urbanization & industrial growth go parallel yet pollution

remains a concern.

Thus we conclude, on urbanization, that skilled labour or

physical labour should work towards the progress in
creating more employement. People should be an asset to
the society and not a liability and thus poverty can be
reduced and it can repress the gap between the rich and
the poor. At last, as responsible citizens of this world
wemust conserve energy and help in reducing pollution by
doing things to the best of our capacity.

CONCLUSION:-

Poverty Alleviation Programmes:-

India houses 22%of the world’s poor population. This necessitates the
government to act efficiently on Poverty. Thus poverty Alleviation
programmes!! India being a diverse nation there often arises conflicts
based on caste, creed. Such programmes from the Government of
India are granted to people foe their upliftment respective of their
caste, gender and creed.
Inspite of the success of such poverty alleviation programmes
implemented by the government, many such programmes will still be
needed for the upliftment of the country.

Bibliography

1. www.google.co.in

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. www.nrega.nic.in

4. www.nrep.nic.in

5. Urbanisation: Changing Environments by Corrin

Flint, David Flint
 Certificate

I professor Shirley Pillay hereby declare that the students of St

Andrews College, Mumbai of T.Y.Bcom(Accounts & Finance). Group No
7 have completed the project on Urbanisation for the subject
Economics during the academic year 2010-11.
 Declaration
We the students of St Andrews College of T.Y.Bcom(Accouning &
Finance ) Group 7 declare that we have completed the project for the
subject Economics. The information we have submitted here is true to
the best of our knowledge.

Name Roll No Signature

John Athaide 6204

Stephie Crasto 6207

Krithika Iyer 6225

Aurelies Martin 6230

Vernon Palhia 6238

Reuben Rego 6243

Garima Sharma 6252

Satyajeet Mendon 6257

 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the Mumbai University for introducing the
Bachelor of Accounting and Finance course, which gave us an
opportunity to gain practical knowledge in various subjects.

In preparation of this project I gradually thank St. Andrew’s college and

the principal Dr. Marie Fernandes, the dean A.D.Mascarenhas, who
have been very co-operative and guided me throughout.

My special thanks are to our dearest Prof. Shirley pillai , families and
friends who have always been by our side.