Republic of the Philippines

Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University

Bacolor, Pampanga
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
Bachelor of Science in Social Work

“A4: Social Processes (Social

Environment and Social Work)”

Submitted by: BSSW 1-A

Submitted to: Mrs. Reyna Faye Laxamana, RSW

Course Outline: Social Environment and Social Work

Course Code: SWA4

Course Description: Traditional,alternative and emerging perspective to understand

children and families,groups and communities:type variation,structures,processes .
and dynamics in the Philippine context

Course Credits: 3 units

Course Content

Topic

Course Content

I. Families
• Definition and Classification of Family
• The Role of Marriage
• Values for Filipino Families
• Issues Confronting the Filipino Families
• Courtship the Filipino way
• The Law of the Family
• The Family as a system
• Family life cycle
• Family and Human Sexuality
• Family Relationship and Parenthood

II. Groups
• History of Groups Theory and Practices
• Types of Group
• Approaches to Leader
• Membership
• Social Interaction and Social Process
• How Group affect change

III. Organization
• Definition of Organization
• Types of Organization
• Traditional Paradigm
• Alternative Paradigm
IV. Community
• What si Community
• Historical Perspectives on Community
• Defining Community
• Poverty Reduction
• Community as a Social network
• Community:social Justice Oppression
• Religion and Communty
• Social Work and Community Organization
• Community Knowledge Practice,Sanction and Method
• Methods in Community Organization
V. Trends
• History of Trends in the Philippines
• Generalist social work practice defined
• Social Work in Development Social Welfare
• Implications of Developmental Social Welfare to Social Work
• Implications for Social Work Educations
• Structural Change
• Empowerment-Oriented Social Work Practice
• Information Technology in Social Work
Chapter I
(Group I)

Members:

Bennie Dominique G. Guinto

Lara Joyce Maglalang

Tricia Nicole Macapinlac

Jan Denise Mandap

Mariane Mallari

Krizelle Manasan

Jana Gwyneth Mercado

Micah Najera

Nikki Thea Manansala

Elaine Sunga

Iannera Mae Lingad

FAMILY DEFINED

Family is a group of people, who considered themselves related by blood,

marriage or adoption, usually live together or as in the case of grown children, atleast has

lived together. Note that a family is commonly binds by marriage, a mating arrangement

usually marked out by a ritual of some sort to indicate the couple's new public status.

(Henslin 1993)

Universal Functions of the Family

Accordingly, the family has the following essential functions that are self

explanatory in nature.

1. Economic Production

2. Socialization of Children

3. Care of the Sick and Aged

4. Sexual Control

5. Reproduction

Classification of Family

1. The family can be classified as to;

a. Nuclear- if a family is composed of husband wife and children. Common

examples are modern families in the urban areas.

b. Extended - when in addition to the nuclear unit, grandparents, uncles and

cousins are considered members of the family.

 c. Family of Orientation - when children within the family grow-up.

d. Family of Procreation - when the couple has their first child born.

THE ROLE OF MARRIAGE IN FAMILY

Marriage that is suppose to be an interlude in the creation of a family plays

a vital role for the success story of family goals and aspirations.

Marriage defined the role of each member of the family. The father, who is

expected to provide the material needs of the family, the mother who should teach the

children good things and positive values, and the children who should be the joy of their

parents, must show respect and total obedience, especially during children's formative

years.

The common reasons why an individual marries differ from person to person, the

common rationale are love and procreation. A Pre or post marriage scenario follows certain

pattern in a more macro-sociologic perspective.

Common patterns are:

A. Patterns of Mate Selection

Whom to marry will product to the welfare of the community as a whole.

1. Endogamy - these are set of norms specifying that people must marry within

their own group; group that belongs to same race, tribe, and social status

2. Exogamy - a marriage binds between two individuals who do not belong to same

group.
B. Pattern of Age at Marriage

Accepted as fact is, one marries upon age of majority (18 years of age),

psychologist have the opinion that it is more likely that marriage will be a successful one

if the parties are matured. At the age of 18 and above, a person is expected to be exhibit

maturity. However, (Levi-strauss report of 1956) it was mentioned that those CHUKCHEE

young women of Siberia at about twenty or so, marry a baby husbands. The bride nurses

her little husband who is three or two years old to the belief that the parental care initiated

create a lasting emotional bond between them as husband and wife.

C. Pattern of Inheritance

In a contemporary society, where material wealth spells a lot of difference,

inheritance is alwas a subject of discussion. The passing of inheritance; property, titles and

other rights to the nest generation may give rise to family dispute or misunderstanding.

Problems such as these are resolved in whatever form is customary in society or race of

descent.

D. Pattern of Descent

Descendants traced to kinship of children to their parents to establish

affiliation to indicate who the relatives of whom are. This process is called system of

descent. When descent is traced on both father and mother of the child, the system is called

bilateral, meaning the child is related to the relatives of both father and mother.
It is patrilineal system if descent is traced only to the relatives of the father; it means that

the relatives of the child's mother are not kinsmen of the child. Matrilineal system,descent

is figured on the mother's side, and children are not considered related to their father's

relatives.

E. Number of Spouse/s Pattern

If a man marries more than one spouse at a tme, a term is known as

polygymy; this is true among Muslim people; on the contrary, if a woman, marries two or

more husbands at a time like what the MOMUNU tribal women of the amazons, the

practice is called polyandry. This system, which is applied to both husband and wife, is

called polygamy.

A common marriage practice among people of the modern times is

monogamy. Where man or a woman is allowed to marry only once at a time.

F. Residence Pattern

Where to build a home after the couple married established three basic

setting.

1. Patrilocal - couples most commonly reside with groom's family

2. Matrilocal - the establishment of home with bride's family

3. Neo-local - a free choice made by bride and groom with the

establishment of new home of their own.

Sexual Relationship
 Morally speaking, sex is an integral part of married life between couple,

sex is an important process or pro-creation, logically in the absence of sex, man will cease

to exist. Simply because there wil be no new generation that will follow - after this present

generation sleeps and rest eternally. Sexual fidelity is an obligation of bothe husband and

wife during the entire duration of marriage. However, traditional Eskimos fall under this

exemption according to the report (Ruesch 1959)

VALUES FOR FILIPINO FAMILIES

There are practices considered values that are within the parameter of the

family alone among them are:

1. Respect for Elders

Filipino children are expected to e submissive, though modern times are

given consideration. The advice of the elders or parents is still sought when it comes to

making decisions on matter of importance.

At home, aside from the usual "po" at "opo", children kiss the hands of their

elder relatives as a sign of respect. Filipino children called their older siblings "ate" or

"kuya", when talking to an elderl but not necessary a relative, a third person pronoun such

as "sila" introduce or preceded by po is used as in "sino po sila".

Today, modern Filipino children replaced the kissing of hand with a kiss on

the cheek to an elderly relative, yet socialscientist commends that in this new gesture, the

respect intended to the elderly person, never diminished or reduced.

2. Care for the aged Parents (or relative's)

 Who nurses a child when he is an infant? To whose breast he was fed?

Whose harms cradled him when he was uncomfortable? The answer to of these questions

are the parents, mother or father or both! The saying "ang hindi marunong lumingon sa

pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating s paroroonan" is not only an imaginary but a

reality.

No amount of material consideration a child could repay the parents, but

care for them on their old and unproductive days.

3. Bayanihan

The spirit of "bayanihan" or cooperation is also alive among Filipino

siblings, the eldest siblings is expected to contribute for the welfare of the other brothers

and sisters. e.g. sending the younger brother or sister to school.

This process of bayanihan could easily invalidate the so-called "crab-

mentally" syndrome labeled among Filipinos.

4. Strong commitment for marriage

Sociologists put it that the unexplained lavishness on food and preparation

for a wedding occassion among Filipino families can be attributed to the Filipinos strong

commitment for the sanctity of vow and the influenced of Catholic faith and marriage

onced married, specific roles are designated according to existing norms and traditions.

The father will be the "haligi ng tahanan" or provider while the mother shall be known

as "ilaw ng tahanan" and the child is "anghel ng tahanan" or the joy of the parents.
ISSUES CONFRONTING THE FILIPINO FAMILY

1. Change in Gender Role

- Industrialization has made the roles of parents altered and extremely

modified

- Filipina mothers found themselves working, assuming the role of a

provider while the husband stays home to care for the children and do household chores.

2. Child Rearing Dilemma

- This condition leads the parents to take decision, to be employed locally

or even abroad.

- The larger number of wives entering the labor force in recent years is also

having a profound in fact on family roles, wives are now expected to joggle both career

and family

- At the same time as traditional expectations of male and female roles

continue to dominate many aspect of family life, for instance, if a child become ill, the wife

is expected to take charge, in spite of work commitment

- Yaya - if both parents are full time employed. This scenario lead to another

birth of another social problem, Juvenile Delinquency.

3. Sexual Relationship

- This issue is again brought about by the "Filipino male MACHO image"

and a question of fidelity.

 - Categorically it is considered ordinary for a Filipino male to keep a

"querida" or other woman.

- Further, a post marital-sex is a reality among Filipino male ages 20 - 25

(Larona, 1989).

- But, irony is that, Filipino males expect the total and individual marital-

fidelity of Filipina females.

4. Battered and Marital Rape

The Philippine statistics of battered women continously gets high,

especially in the urban areas, though sociologist believe that in the rural area the trend is

the same, but because of the timid character of Filipina wives in the remote rural areas,

cases are rarely reported.

Common kinds of battering are:

• slapping

• pushing

• kicking

• biting

• beating

• and so on, even attacking with knife or even a gun

Marital rape though not common in the Philippine setting, becomes a sociological fact. The

Filipino husband feel insulted when Filipina wives refused to have sex, and if it may happen

into few occasions, it may result to physical assaults (Magdangal, 2003)

5. Incest

Sexual relations between relatives such as brothers, sisters, parents, and children

are now observed among Filipino families in rare cases of incest, truly it can't be denied

that it exist (Magdangal, 2003)

This phenomenon most likely occur on remote rural areas and on highly urbanized

area such as Manila, where mothers is usually employed and the dwelling place is too small

that all members of the family sleep in one room.

According to a reports, perpetrators are usually uncles, first cousins, fathers,

brothers and step dads. Also relatives such as stepbrothers and step grand dads. No clear

report on mother and sons.

Other Issue

1. Homosexual Marriages

There is pending bill in the Philippine Senate dealing with homosexual union, with

the union; the couple may adopt a child that leads to the definition of family

Strong opposition by the Catholic Church since according to the influential Catholic

Bishop Conference in the Philippines (CBCP);

- a family is composed of a father, mother and child.

- modification of the composition will destroy the usual function of the family and

the society in general.

2. Cohabitation

With adoption of western culture and liberal education, now a days,

- Filipina women tend to be ore liberated and risk taker and career oriented.
 - Part of this orientation is the adoption of western practice of cohabitation, living

together in a sexual relationship w/o being married.

- Those who cohabited prior to marriage is most likely end up in separation, this is

because of the couple's lack of commitment to the sanctity of marriage

3. Child-mother-minus the father

With the same trend cited in the former number, on extreme cases Filipinas now a

days try the extreme, having a child without the husband.

The Future of the Filipino Family

The future of the Filipino family depends more on the success of marriage, and in

a recent survey released by the center. Listed below are factors found among successful

marriages:

• The bride and the groom are out of their teens

• The parents do not opposed the marriage

• The couple were engaged before getting married

• The couple did not cohabited

• The bride is not pregnant before marriage

• The couple finished college

• The couple have good income

• The couple agree who should work outside home

• The couple agree on how to handle house work

• The couple are religious

 ❖ COURTSHIP

- Courtship is an interlude to marriage

- Social Scientist found out that there are two factors that are preparatory to

courtship; a. Physical attraction, b. sexual attraction and then love.

- How about love at first sight? Social scientists prove that one cannot fall in love

with, if he doesn't know the person well and this is the purpose of courtship.

COURTSHIP THE FILIPINO WAY

- Filipinos are naturally romantic people;

- In fact have their own songs for love, which are known as Kundiman - a dramatic

piece sings by suitor during harana or serenade to his beloved.

- Dowry system or bigay kaya - the suppose groom to be will deliver a gift to the

family of the bride (money, piece of land, carabao, jewelries) as token of gratitude for

taking care his bride by her own family.

- "Pamamanhikan" - a process by which the groom's parents will formally give their

consent to their son, in asking the hand of the bride in marriage.

- Ambagan - is a process where the relatives of both bride and groom shall

contribute what the relative s can afford.

THE LAW OF THE FAMILY

Some ultra modern Filipino are in favor for the passing of some laws and

modification of some existing laws that govern family.

- same sex marriage - bill is pending in the congress.

- another that is in question is the absence of law governing divorce. In the Philippines, the

terms are used:

1. Annulment

2. Legal Separation

Annulment happened when the court declared a union marriage "void ab initio" or void

from the beginning for the reasons or cause cited in the Philippine Family Code. This code

defined and resolved conflict affecting the Filipino Family

The annulment of marriage will result to the following:

1. The change of civil status of the parties whose marriage is annulled, from married to

single.

2. The giving of capacity to either party to re-marry or enter into a new union.

3. However, the principle of "separation of the church an the state" annulment of marriage

by the state will not result automatically into church annulment as well! Therefore the party

may only annul civilly but not in the church.

In cases where married couple who want to seek an annulment failed to

convince the court, a legal separation is the cure. This could be an extra Judicial settlement.

Both parties who are just legally separated have no right to re-marry since their prior

marriage is still force. Theoretically speaking, there is no divorce in the Philippines but in

practice, there could be!

THE FAMILY AS A SYSTEM

❖ As a social organization which on the functioning of actual families in their

everyday lives

❖ From a system perspective - it is viewed, simultaneously a whole and a part of a

larger system - concerned with the interactions within the families and between the

families and the social environment of which they are a part.

❖ Family well-being or the optimum level of family function - how well the family

satisfies its needs, keep its boundaries open and flexible, and maintain beneficial

structural and interactions pattern

1. Family Boundaries

- describe the family's ability to meet survival and development needs

- Within the family boundary are its members and their roles, norms, values,

traditions, goals, plus other elements that distinguish one family from another and from the

social environment

Types of Family Boundaries

1. Random Families

- as most unhealthy, typically have boundaries that lack clarity or are constantly

shifting and changing

- there is no sense of family cohesion, and each member seems to be doing his or

her own thing

2. Closed Families

- Tend to be rigid, with wee-defined roles;

- Will organized and directed by planned

goals and schedules;

- Family projects and concerns take precedence over individuals desires;

- Family stability is of great importance

3. Open Families

- The healthiest type are well organized in the sense that there is clear boundary;

goals; roles and membership are well defined and well understood;

- there is flexibility

- individual concerns are responded to balanced with providing genuine for the

family as a whole

2. Structural Patterns

- The operational or transactional patterns evident in families

- Refers to the boundaries among family member

- defined in terms of rules about who may or not participate in any family activity
Types of Family Transactional Patterns

a. In Healthy Family

- the boundary among family members is neither to rigid no too diffuse;

- individuals are independence of one another yet united and focused on the needs

of the family as a whole

b. In Enmeshed Family

- the boundaries between some or all of the members are undifferentiated,

permeable, and fluid;

- the individuals lack sense of independence and act as if they were physically and

emotionally dependent on one another

c. In Disengaged Family

- the members have a little to do with one another, and the independence of each

member is rigidly respected

3. Family Alignment

- Refers to the joining or opposition of one member to another, or

- the coalitions / alliances that form among members and the manner in which they

compete or cooperate

The family as a whole with subparts

❖ The spouse subsystems

 ❖ The parental subsystems

❖ The sibling subsystems

❖ The parent - child subsystems

❖ The adult - child - elderly subsystems

4. Inter-action patterns

- factors that contribute to a healthy family

• Marriage

• Power relations

• closeness

• Problem-solving abilities

• Dealing with loss

• Family values

• Intimacy and autonomy

5. Needs Satisfaction

- Survival Needs -are basic requirement for nourishment, shelter, and

protection

- Development Needs - have to do with psychological well - being, sensing that one

belongs, experiencing self-esteem, and fulfilling one's development potential

 Some Qualities of Healthy Family

• Direct and Open communication patterns

• Appreciation and respect for one another

• Spiritual and religious commitment

• Adaptability and flexibility

• Clarity of family rules

Family Needs and Environmental Resources

Needs Environmental Needs

❖ Communication, Mobility - Telephone and postal system, newspaper; public

and private transportation

❖ Education, Enrichment - Good Schools (for children and adults), arts, recreation

❖ Spiritual needs - Religious organizations; opportunities to share meaning and

values; preservation of cultural and ethnic differences

❖ Autonomy - Gratifying work in or out of home; community participation;

opportunities for new experiences

❖ Generativity - Opportunities to contribute to the future

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

❖ Independence- is the most critical stage of the family life cycle. As you enter

young adulthood, you begin to separate emotionally from your family. During this

stage, you strive to become fully able to support yourself emotionally, physically,

socially, and financially. You begin to develop unique qualities and characteristics

that define your individual identity.

❖ Coupling or marriage- Using qualities such as trust that you gained in the

independence stage, you can explore your ability to commit to a new family and a

new way of life. Although being in an intimate relationship with someone does

involve a process of adaptation and relationship building, a marriage or committed

union often requires unique skills.

❖ Parenting: babies through adolescents- At some point in your relationship, you and

your partner will decide if you want to have a baby. Some couples know going into

a relationship that they do not want children. Parenting is one of the most

challenging phases of the family life cycle.

❖ Launching adult children- The stage of launching adult children begins when

your first child leaves home and ends with the "empty nest."

❖ Retirement or senior years- During the retirement phase of the family life cycle,

many changes occur in your life. Welcoming new family members or seeing others

leave your family is often a large part of this stage as your children marry or divorce

or you become a grandparent.

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

❖ Pre-conventional morality- moral development at this level is very low since

children at this phase are not yet fully developed when it comes to their

intellectual abilities.

❖ Conventional morality- composed of two stages:

a) the good boy/good girl orientation- children conform to rules just to win the

approval of others and maintain harmonious relationship

b) Authority orientation- children conformed to laws set by the authorities because

they are socially accepted and followed to avoid social disapproval

Post-conventional morality- third level of moral development where an individual

establishes self-imposed principles.

Eric Erikson’s psychosocial development

❖ INFANCY

❖ TODDLER

❖ EARLY CHILDHOOD

❖ MIDDLE SCHOOL YEAR

❖ ADOLESCENCE

❖ YOUNG ADULTHOOD

❖ MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
 ❖ LATE ADULTHOOD

THE FAMILY AND HUMAN SEXUALITY

❖ Basic Understandings- sexuality is a way of life not just something that one

has. Ones sexuality pervades all areas of his or her life-way of thinking, acting,

loving and receiving love, approaching and relating to God and people,

religious experiences

❖ When Taken in this Sense it can be said that one’s fulfillment as a person is

taken a tantamount to fulfillment of one’s sexuality

❖ Sex Education- the process of teaching an individual to understand and accept

himself as a whole person and as such to relate himself to other people in a

healthy, constructive and meaningful manner

• The child must receive his first education about sex from his parents

• Questions of the child about sex must be answered by parents in the simplest,

honest, and most objective manner understood by the child

• Sex education has its roots in the attitude of the parents

FAMILY RELATIONSHIP AND PARENTHOOD

❖ Child-rearing

Points to consider in the rearing of children:

• Each method of rearing the child’s individualized, depending upon the nature of the

child

• There is no child without some problems: relationship with parents

• Each child is a “bundle of potentialities”

❖ Children’s needs- the child reflects his whole family in all he is and all that he does.

Most common need of children are:

• Need for self-respect: the element of mental health

• Need for communication

• Need to belong

• Need for independence

• Need for love and affection

• Need for recognition (acceptance)

• Need for discipline

• Need to face reality

❖ Forces outside the home which help to shape and mold the personality:

• School

• Religious training
 • Community standards

• Friends and contemporaries

Family Problems and Coping Mechanisms

o The gap between generations

• Rapidly changing life- each generation must be different in order to meet the

changed conditions of its time but many families continue to follow established

customs.

• The increasing maltitude of mothers who are employed outside the home are

making the girl’s problem of maturation difficult

❖ Marriage

❖ Family disorganizations as a family crisis

- Those experienced by all

1. Mobility

2. Sudden loss of economic support

3. Death

4. Prolonged illness

5. Separation

- Those which carry a social stigma

1. Disgrace

• Loss of virginity

• Illegitimacy

• Extramarital relationship

• Living with married man

2. Crime

3. Alcoholism and drug addiction

1. Some helpful guides and suggestions for the solution of the problems of family life:

- Major focus on the problems and programs of mental health

- Sensible respect for expert opinion

- Parents and children should work out their relationship

- Develop a sensible degree of self-reliance for their children

• Responsible Planned Parenthood

1. Gives mother time to fully recover after each child birth

2. Helps parents to provide the best care for their children

3. Conception is not left to chance

4. Helps childless couples to have children not stopping birth but spacing the arrival

of children
✓ Reference: ABT Review Center
Chapter II
(Group 2)

Member:

Pascual, Khate

Suba, Maria Katrina

Soriano, Gerree Majah

Atienzo, Rommel

Soliman, Jewel

Manalastas, Einjhel

Catacutan, Allysa

Vergara, Ana Rachell

Visda, Kay Seelene

Liongson, Hazel

Zablan, Jamaica

Zabala, Jaquiline
GROUPS

History of Group Theory and Practice

20th century researchers’ concern has been multi-focused including the role

of groups in democracy, leadership, decision making, work, leisure, education and

problem solving. History concern for small groups as a unit study and as important

environment within which human behavior occurs, it is important to recognize the

impact of historical factors on the development of any particular group.

History of a Group

Every small group which we deal to which we belong is heavily influenced

by the past experiences of the members of the group. Group members do not enter

group situations from a vacuum. We come to groups having bad on our pass

experiences with others. Depending on the quality of our past individual and group

experiences, it is possible that two different people can join the same group at the

time and have diametrically opposed perceptions about what their shared

experience in the new group will be like.

What is GROUP?

• A Social System.

• Collection of 2 or more individual who interact with each other.

• Plurality of persons who have a common identity.

• Share a sense of belonging.

 • Accomplish goals and fulfill needs.

• Influence by rules and norms.

• Its members have something in common and that they believe what they

have in common makes a difference.

Definition of Social Groups

❖ William – Social group is a given aggregate of people playing inter-related roles

and recognized by themselves or others as a unit of interactions.

❖ Horton and Hunt – “Groups are aggregate or categories of people who have a

consciousness of membership and of interaction”

❖ Ogburn and Nimkoff – “Whenever two or more individual come together and

influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group”.

Social Group

Social group is a unit of interesting personalities with interdependence of

roles and statuses existing between and among themselves. It is a collection of

people who interact with each other in accordance with the position they occupy in

society.

Social group has been defined as two or more people who interact with one

another, collectively has a sense of unity.

TYPES OF GROUP

According to social ties:

❖ Primary Group - is a small group characterized by intimate, face

to face association and cooperation. (family, friends, love

relationships)

❖ Secondary Group - are more casual, less frequent, and more

special-interest directed. (athletic teams, class project group,

neighborhood)

According to form of organization:

❖ Informal Group - evolves without explicit design and which is not

specifically organized to attain a given end.

❖ Formal Group - their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is

based on members’ ability or merit. (president, vice-president,

secretary or treasurer)

According to geographical location and degree or quality of relationship:

❖ Gemeinschaft - society is one in which relationships are personal or

traditional or both. It’s a community of intimate, private and exclusive

living and familism. ( priest, nuns, and congregation of monks)

❖ Gesellschaft - refers to a social system in which most relationship are

impersonal, formal, contractual, or bargain-like. Relationship is

individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized.

According to self-identification:
 ❖ In-group – It is a social group in which individuals feel at home and

with which they identify. Members of the in-group have the

“WE” or “US” feeling.

❖ Out-group – It is a social unit in which individuals do not belong

due to differences in certain categories and which they do not

identify. Member of the out-group is viewed as “THEY” or

“THEM”.

Other Social Groups:

❖ Reference Group or Psychological Group - is used by

sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a

standard for evaluating themselves and their own behaviour.

❖ Functional Group - organized to further some special interest or

attain specific objective such as professional or occupational group.

❖ Unibonded members are united by only one common interest or

purpose.

❖ Multibonded united by more than one tie (interest, needs and value).

❖ Territorial Group - organized on the basis of residence within a

geographic area.

❖ Self-help Group - a mutual aid group in which people who face a

common concern come together for emotional support.

❖ Small Group- small enough for all members to interact

simultaneously, that is to talk with one another.

 ❖ Social Network - provide their members to interact valuable

information.

❖ Voluntary Associations - specialized, formally organized groups

established on the basis of common interest.

Other collection not considered as Social Group:

1. Aggregates – refers to a cluster of people who may be on close physical

proximity but do not interact with one another.

2. Collectivity – refers to the cluster of people interacting with one another

in a passing or short-lived manner.

3. Social Category – refers to the collection of people who are classified or

categorized in accordance with some status characteristcs. Ex: age, sex, race

etc.

Purpose why we should study groups:

• They exist and vital;

• They are inevitable and ubiquitous;

• They produce powerful forces;

• They are part of contemporary human service delivery;

• They provide social support, connection and healing;

• Task Groups are the primary vehicle used for macro change strategies.

Dimension of Group
 ❖ Group Structure

The underlying pattern of roles, norms and networks of relation among

members that define and organize the group.

Functional roles – group task roles; group building and maintenance roles;

individual roles.

Communication structure – verbal, non-verbal, one way, two way,

multidirectional

Power structure – reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert.

❖ Group Standards

• Norms for work and interactions;

• Standards apply to behaviors, attitudes, beliefs of all members;

• Members act and behave according to expectations of them for others;

• Leaders enforce norms;

• Standards define group purpose, boundaries,

• Code of ethics

❖ Group Cohesion

• Feeling of “belonging”.

• Indicates positive interactions of members;

• Shows consensus on goals and activities;

• Feeling loyalty, enthusiasm and devotion to a group;

• Individual needs met by group as groups goals are met.

 • Component forces arise from attractiveness of the group and attractiveness

of membership:

a. incentive properties of the group – goals, program, operations style,

prestige.

❖ Group Conformity

• Tendency of members to change opinion in order to conform to views of

others;

• Tendency of members to change views of others;

• Tendency to define or redefine group boundaries to include or exclude

deviates or outsiders

❖ Group Conflict

• Inevitable;

• Caused by competition of values, statuses, roles;

• Some members raise or reduces tension in group;

• Conflict can clear the air.

❖ Group Leadership

• Interrelated with concepts of authority and power;

• The person who senses and articulates norms of group;

• Enforcer of group norms

APPROACHES TO LEADER

a. The Trait Approach– asserts that leaders are born, not made, and

emerge naturally instead of being trained. It has also been called the “great man” or “great

woman” theory of leadership. Ex. Charismatic leader

b. The Position Approach– defines a leadership in terms of the authority of a

particular position. It focuses on studying the behavior, training and personal background

of leaders in high-level position.

c. The Leadership- Style Approach(Lewin, Lippitt, and White) – Authoritarian,

Democratic and Laizzez- faire.

Democratic leadership - focuses on group decision making, active member

nvolvement, honest praise and criticism and comradeship.

Autocratic leadership - characterized by domineering and hierarchical leader

behavior.

Situational leadership - suggest that leaders emerge out of the requirements

of a particular situation.

Positional leadership - suggest that leaders are created by positions they hold.

Functional leadership - suggest that leadership is simply behavior that assists

group to achieve its goal.

Laissez-faire - loosely translated, means 'to leave alone' in French. Therefore,

leaders who use laissez-faire decision-making let the groups make their own

decisions. They are only minimally involved, basically sitting back and letting the
group function on its own. Laissez-faire is usually the least effective style of leadership

decision-making.

d. The Distributed- Functions Approach– disagrees with the “great man” or trait

theory of leadership and asserts that every member of a group will be a leader at times

by taking actions that serve the group functions. The demands of leadership are viewed

as being specific to a particular group in a particular situation.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership describe the quality of the relationship between an individual and a

group. Group members whether they are in the group voluntary or involuntary, knows that

they are member of the group. For example, a leader might have a special rights that allow

the individual to preside over meetings or create rules and guidelines for the group.

❖ GroupMembership can be differentiated by levels. Formal or full psychological

suggests that we have invested ourselves significantly in the group and its goals:

we feel a high degree of commitment to the group’s goals and to the other group

members. The other members of the group likewise see and accept us as full

members of the group. When we are voluntarily a member of a group, and when

we participate directly in determining the group’s goals, we are likely to experience

full psychological membership.

❖ Aspiring members is one who is not formally a member of a group but wishes to

be a member. As a n aspiring member we might identify strongly with the goals of

 he group, but we may not be able to become a formal member of the group for

variety reasons.

❖ Marginal members are not willing to invest themselves fully in the group. May do

that necessary to remain a member of the group, but only what is minimally

necessary. Marginal members do make contributions groups, but to a much

lesser degree than fully psychological members.

Roles and Norms

Roles are expectations about what is appropriate behavior for persons in particular

positions.

Role conflict refers individual to the disparity which an individual experiences

among competing roles.

Norms are the groups common beliefs regarding appropriate behavior for

members guide group members behavior in their interactions with each other.

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND SOCIAL PROCESS

Society is rooted in inter-actions. Interaction is the basic ingredient of social

relationships. Without interaction there would be no social life. As a socio-cultural being

man lives in society, Society is a network of social relationship. It is impossible for men to

live in isolation. They always live in groups. Man plays many roles within the society. He

also performs many and varied social activities as per his nature, needs and roles.
Interaction refers to an action done in response to another action. Society is rooted in inter-

actions. Without interaction there would be no social life.

❖ Social Process

Refers to the recurrent and patterned interactions or responses of individuals to one

another which have attained stability. It is a repetitive form of social behavior that is

commonly found in social life.

❖ The Concept of Social Processes

Social processes refers to any mutual interaction experienced by an individual or a

group on each other in their attempt to solve problems and to achieve their desired goals.

Horton and Hunt (1968) Social processes consists of repetitive forms of behavior

which are commonly found in social life.

Cole (1968) It also refers to a consistent, pattern of social interaction which can be

identified in the society

Elements of Social Process

Social Process has the following essential elements:

i. Sequence of events

ii. Repetition of events

iii. Relationship between events

iv. Continuity of events

 v. Special Social results

Classification of Social Process

Based on Formation:

• Universal or basic processes

• Derived social processes

Based on Unity or Opposition:

•Conjunctive social processes

•Disjunctive social processes

Classification of Social Process

1. Conjunctive Social Processes -refers to a group’s effort to maintain and practice

consensus, cooperation, unification and integration in the group.

2. Disjunctive Social Processes - refers to a process where the members’ efforts are

directed towards disunity, disintegration, opposition and disorganization. They

are those processes in which people are pushed farther apart and become less

solidarity.

Conjunctive Social Processes

 • Cooperation

Cooperation is the most fundamental associative social process.

The term “Cooperation” has been derived from two Latin words: ‘co’ mean

‘together’ and ‘operari’ means ‘to work’. Hence, cooperation means working

together or joint activity for the achievement of common goal/s

Sharing the responsibility or the act of working together in order to

achieve a common goal or vision.

It is a social process where people work together to achieve a

group’s common objectives and share some benefit from it.

Classification of Cooperation

Cooperation can be classified into three major types:

Informal Cooperation– this is a spontaneous give-and-take relationship. It is commonly

known as primary groups or in Gemeinschaft societies. Example: Boholanos Dayong

(cooperation in times of death and gala during wedding ceremonies)

Bayanihan (cooperation in times of need).

Formal Cooperation - This type sets formal goals and objectives in social interaction.

Working together as a team.

Symbolic Cooperation - type of cooperation where one or two members of society live

together harmoniously and support on another for mutual interest.

Functions of Cooperation
 I. It creates social cohesion and integration among the members of the group.

II. It contributes to social stability and order.

III. It posters consensus and compromise in various social, economic and political

issues.

Basic or Universal Social Process

• Competition

The most important function of all dissociative social process is

competition. It is a contact among individuals or groups to acquire something which

has limited supply or insufficient in quantity and not easily available. It is

characterized by non-cooperation. And the competitors forces their attention on the

goal or the reward they are struggling to achieve but not on themselves. They try to

achieve the goal by methods other than force or fraud.

Features of Competition:

• Universal Process

It is the most universal social process present in all societies, whether

civilized or uncivilized, rural or urban, traditional or modern in all periods of history

and among all classes of people like doctors, engineers, workers, students, and

farmers etc.

• Continuous Processes
 Competition is a continuous process as it never comes to an end. If one process

of competition ends then another process of competition stands there. The desire for

status, power and wealth in an increasing degree makes a competition a

continuous process.

• Unconscious Process

The individuals or the groups who are involved in the process of

competition do not bother about themselves but they are primarily concerned with

the achievement of goal or reward. Hence, competition takes place on a

unconscious level.

• Impersonal Process

Those who take part in competition do not know one another at all. They

do not compete with each other on personal level. They focus their attention on the

goal or reward which they are trying to achieve. They do not have any contact

whatsoever. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Struggle is personal competition”

• Always governed by norms

Nowhere competition is unregulated. It is always and everywhere governed

by norms. Competitors are expected to use fair means to achieve success.

Forms of Competition

I. Competition- e.g. job

II. Political Competition – e.g. political parties

 III. Social Competition – e.g. individual talents, capacity, ability

IV. Economic salaries, promotions

V. Cultural Competition – e.g. supremacy over other races

Positive Functions of Competitions

2. It assigns individuals their places in the social system.

▪ It protects the individuals from direct conflicts and provides a

solution to the problem in a peaceful way.

▪ It furnishes motivation in the desire to excel or obtain recognition

or to win an award.

▪ It spurs individuals and groups or to put in their best efforts.

▪ It helps individuals to improve their social status

▪ The division of labor in modern life are the products of

competition.

Conflict

It is a competition in its more hostile and personal forms. It is a process of seeking

to obtain rewards by eliminating or weakening the competitors. It is seen that conflict

makes an individual or group try to frustrate the effort of another individual or group who

are seeking the same object. It implies a struggle or fight among individuals or groups for

a particular purpose or a number of purposes.

Features of Conflict
 • Universal process– found in all societies in all periods of time

• Conscious process– awareness of the effects

• Personal process– they know each other

• Intermittent process– constant, irregular

• Conflict is based on violence– Sometimes conflict takes the form of violence.

Important of Conflict

a) Conflict increases fellow feeling, brotherhood and social solidarity within

groups and societies. For example, inter-group conflict promotes intra-group

co-operation.

b) Conflict helps in the exchange of cultural elements when comes to an end.

c) It changes the status of the group or society which comes to be regarded

as super power.

d) When conflict is over, the parties give up old values and accept new ones.

It brings changes in old customs, traditions, folkways and mores.

e) Sometimes conflict helps in increasing the production which adds to the

national income.

Derived Social Process

❖ Accommodation

• Adjustment of hostile individuals or groups

 • Process of establishing temporary agreements, compromises or

negotiations among group members to be able to do work for a

particular period of time without friction.

• Actual act of working together among individuals or groups in

spite of differences or latent hostility. The end of conflict directs

the way for accommodation.

Different Forms of Accommodation

a. Yielding to Coercion – Most of hostile individuals or groups yield to

physical or some kind of power exhibit the spirit of accommodation in order

to end a conflict. For example – the weaker party submits to the stronger one out of

fear and the stronger party can pressurize the weaker party by its superior

strength.

b. Compromise – This is based on the principle of give and take. Here the

involved parties have to make some sacrifices voluntarily for each other.

c. Tolerance – a method of accommodation in which two or more contesting

parties tolerate each other with sympathy and try to understand the view point of

others. They patiently bear the differences that exist between them.

d. Arbitration – when hostile individuals or groups have equal strength and are

determined to stick to their view point, there is intervention of third party, who

acts as their arbitrator or mediator.

 ❖ Assimilation

• Is when people usually minorities assume the dominant culture habits

usually over time.

• Is the merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups.

• It is a process whereby persons and groups acquire the culture of other

group in which they come to live, by adopting its attitude and values its

patterns of thinking and behaving in short, it is way of life. It is more

permanent than accommodation.

Role and Importance of Assimilation

• In this integrative social process, the individuals or groups acquire the culture of

other groups they come to live by adopting its pattern of thinking,

behaving, its attitudes and values

• As assimilation is a cultural and psychological process. It results in the promotion

of cultural units.

• It plays a very significant role in the development of human personality.

• It brings similarity among dissimilar individuals or groups.

• It brings change in old culture, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, morals, law

and religion etc.

❖ Amalgamation

Biological interbreeding of two peoples of distinct physical appearance until

became one stock (Horton and Hunt 1984)

 When individuals or groups come into close contact to one another, amalgamation

takes place.

Biological fusion (e.g. FilAm Japino)

❖ Acculturation

A process and effect of significant changes through mutual borrowings and

adaptations by people or different cultures in contact with some continuity (Reynolds,

1971). Process of acquiring the culture of another ethnic group (Shibutani and Kwan,

1965). The process by which we come accustom to another culture over time and

eventually adopt it as our own. Learning the aspects of another culture especially the

aspects that will let the individual survive in the culture. It is the learning process where

knowledge is transferred from one culture to another. When a certain people of differences

but assume some habits of the other.

HOW GROUP AFFECT CHANGE (Dorwin Cartwright)

A. The group as MEDIUM of change

• The target of change: individual member

• Source of influence: the group

• Social worker guides group processes to achieve goals

B. The group as TARGET of change

 • The group as whole or aspects/conditions of the group may have

to be changed in order to change individual members (size,

composition, climate, structure, etc.)

C. The group as AGENT of chance

• Group efforts aim to modify or redirect features/forces n is social

environment which makes demand , create pressures, and impose constraints

on the group, thus adversely affecting its development goal achievement

(techniques: information dissemination, persusion, negotiation, bargaining,

pressure, confrontation, etc)

Structural properties of group

❖ Size

-the number of people involved is an important characteristics

of the groups, organizations, and communities in which social behaviors occurs.

❖ Communication structure

- a communication structure is the pattern of interaction that exists

in every social system

❖ Affectional structure

- this refers to the existence of subgroups in which members are

closer to each other than to members are closer to each other than to members not

a part of the subgroup

❖ Power structure

-is an overall system of influence relationships between any

individual and every other individual within any selected group of people.

❖ Leadership

-the action leading a group of people or an organization.

❖ Role structure

-is a comprehensive pattern of behavior that is socially recognized,

providing means of identifying and placing an individual in a society.

❖ Group norms

-vary based on the group and issues,without group norms

individuals would have no understanding of how to act in social situations.

❖ Status

-the relative position of an individual within a group, or of a group

within a society

Phase/Stage Theories and Models

❖ Stage Theories and Models

• Johnson and Johnson (1991:19) note they are many different approaches

that incorporate the notions of stages or phases through which group

pass. These approaches, they suggest, can be divided into two types.

• sequential- stage theories specify the 'typical' order of the phases of

group development" and

 • recurring- phase theories specify the issues that dominate group

interaction which reoccur again and again.

• if group are being formed specifically for brainstorming, it is helpful to

seek members having some diversity of opinion and background.

after the brainstorming session is over, the group then selects the

best ideas ( or a synthesis of these ideas ) related

to the issue or problem.

DIVERSITY, OPPRESSION, AND GROUPS

Understanding group behavior in the social environment requires serious

attention to issues of diversity. Successful group membership or group facilitation

 requires knowledge of and respect for the differences that we other group members

bring to the group Groups can also be effective contexts for addressing oppression

Effective Groups

• Goal achievement;

• Maintenance of good working relationship among members;

• Adaptation to changing environmental conditions that allow effectiveness to be

maintained.

Nine Dimensions of Effective Groups

1. Group goals must be clearly understood, be relevant to the needs of group

members, highlight the positive interdependence of members, and evoke from

every member a high level of commitment to their accomplishment.

2. Group members must communicate their ideas and feelings accurately and

clearly.

3. Participation and leadership must be distributed among members.

4. Conflicts should be encouraged and managed constructively…. Controversies

(conflicts among opposing ideas and conclusions) promote involvement in the

group’s work, quality and creativity in decision making, and commitment to

implementing the group’s decisions. Minority opinions should be accepted and

used.
 5. Appropriate decision- making procedures must be flexibly to match them with

the needs of the situation.

6. Power and influence need to be approximately equal throughout the group. Power

should be based on expertise, ability, and access to information, not on authority.

7. Problem- solving adequacy should be high.

8. Group cohesion needs to be high…. Cohesion is based on members liking each

other, desiring to continue as part of the group, and being satisfied with their

group membership.

9. The interpersonal effectiveness of members needs to be high. Interpersonal

effectiveness is a measure of how well the consequences of your behavior match

your intensions.

Reference: ABT Review Center

Chapter III
(Group III)

Memnbers:

Razon, Patricia Paula

 Rivera, Lovely Mariell

Roman, Arcel

Pineda, Mia

Dizon, Alexandra

Valerio, Mariella

Manlutac, Kristine

Pagal, Khaira

Ocampo, Jerwi

Pangilinan, Maria Donaviel

Najera, Mikee

Pinlac, Ricajen

Definition of Organization

1. Organizations are made up of people, with strengths and failings.

2. They exist for a specified purpose

3. Is in constant interaction with other systems in the social environment.

Including individuals, groups, other organizations and communities.

Formal Organization
 • Is a highly organized group having explicit objectives formally stated rules and

regulations and a system of specifically defined rules, each with clearly

designated rights and duties.

Social Organization

• Refers to a type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or

goals, characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division

of labor and limited membership of admission.

Types of Power in the Organization

1. Legitimate Power – based on an individual job position within the organization

2. Reward Power – based on one’s ability to provide positive outcomes and

prevent negative outcomes

3. Coercive Power- resulting from “the use of punishment and threat”

4. Referent Power - is simply derived from being well-liked by others

5. Expert Power - based on having social information or expertise that is valued

by an organization

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION

1. Market Sector or Private-for-profit organizations – For economic profit. E.g.

Ayala Inc., Robinsons Inc., San Miguel Corp.

2. Governmental Organization (GO) – Comprise the public sector. E.g. DSWD,

DepEd, DOH, DFA, OWWA

 3. Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) or private-not-for-profit organization

– Voluntary or civil sectors. E.g. SACOP, Caritas, Rotary Clubs, BahayPag-

ibig

Goals of Organization

1. Social Care Goals - Directed toward changing the environment in order for

people to improve quality of their lives and reach their maximum potential.

2. Social Control Goals - Directed toward controlling the behavior of people who

are deemed to be deviant and who interfere with the ability of others to

maximize their potential and improve the quality of their lives.

3. Rehabilitation Goals - Directed toward changing individuals so they will have

improved quality of life and better opportunity to reach their fullest potential.

Characteristics of Organization

1. Goal Displacement - Pursuing goals contrary to the goals it originally and

officially proclaimed.

2. Goal Succession - Replacement of one goal by another goal when the original

goal has been accomplished or it has declared itself unable to accomplish its

original goal.

❖ Scientific Management or Classical Theory

 • A conceptual framework for defining, structuring, and managing organizations

that is consistent with positivistic, scientific, objective, and quantitative

dimension of the traditional paradigm.

❖ Efficiency

• Defined as the production of the maximum amount of output for the least

amount of input.

❖ Effectiveness

• Defined simply as the degree to which the goals or purposes of an organization

are accomplished.

Four Principles to achieve maximum effectiveness

1. Science of Work - Scientifically studying what was known and what needed to

be done to accomplish the task.

2. Scientific Selection and Training of Workers - Objectively studying each of

the workers for their fitness for a particular task, then train them.

3. Bringing together management and workers - It involved management’s

taking responsible for closely monitoring the workers. This principle also

required that workers be rewarded appropriately.

4. Expanding the role played by managers in the overall production process

- Managers in effect took over from workers planning, decision making, and

judgments about what jobs were to be done and how those jobs were to be

carried out.
TRADITIONAL PARADIGM

Scientific Management Themes

• High degrees of specialization in jobs and the qualifications and training or

personnel.

• Clear division of labor.

• Distinct hierarchy of authority, and

• Assumption that workers are motivated primarily by economic rewards.

Bureaucracy

1. A bureaucracy is an organization made up of many departments and divisions

that are administered by lots of people.

2. Max Weber formulated the structure and characteristic of bureaucracy during

approximately the same period that Taylor’s scientific management was

emerging twentieth (20th) century.

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

• Notion of a stable officially stated structure of authority.

• Clear “pecking order” or hierarchy of authority.

• Organizational management is based on written records of transaction,

regulations, and policies that are kept over time.

• The person who fulfill the management function have specialized training and

expertise that specifically prepares them for their jobs.

 • Organizational responsibilities take precedence.

• Management of bureaucracy follows a system of stable and comprehensive

rules.

• Employment is seen as a “vocation”

• The person who manages the bureaucratic organization should be separate from

those who own the means of production.

• The resources must be free from outside control.

Human Relations Theory

• Human relations theory of organizational behavior emerged from and in many

ways became a reaction to the focuses on rationality machine-like precision,

planning, and formality of classical scientific management and bureaucratic

theory.

Basic Concepts of Human Relations Thinking

1. The importance of individual attention and positive social interaction as well as

economic rewards in workers’ productivity and satisfaction uncovered a virtually

unexplored level of organizational life that centered on informal, non-rational,

emotional, and unplanned interactions.

2. The pivotal role of informal social groups in efficiency and productivity was

discovered. These groups functioned according to informal and internal norms,

 leadership structures, communication patterns, and levels of participation that had

not been considered at all important to all scientific management proponents.

Hawthorne Effect

• According to Hawthorne Effect, workers were motivated to produce by other

than purely economic rewards.

They were also motivated by informal factors such as individual attention and

concern for their input in the operation of the organization

Theories of Human Motivation

1. Theory X - assumes that people dislike work; they want to avoid it and do not

want to take responsibility.

2. Theory Y - assumes that people are self-motivated, and thrive on responsibility.

Theory Y

• Reflects the beliefs of managers that their role was one of creating supportive

relationships in which organizational members could exercise their tendencies

to grow, develop, and learn for their own benefit and that of the organization.

Assumptions of Theory Y

1. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is a natural as play or rest.

The ordinary person does not inherently dislike work.

 2. Humans will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives

to which they are committed.

3. The most significant reward that can be offered in order to obtain commitment

is the satisfaction of the individual’s self-actualizing needs. This can be a direct

product of effort directed towards organizational objectives.

4. The average human being learns, under proper condition, not only to accept but

to seek responsibility.

5. Many more people are able to contribute creatively to the solution of

organizational problems than do so.

6. At present the potentialities of the average person are not being fully used.

Systems Perspectives

• Systems approach to organizations represent a kind of middle ground between

traditional and alternative paradigms.

• Closed-system perspective - views organizations as total units in and of

themselves with occurrences in the environment surrounding the organizations

having little impact on the organization itself.

• Open-system perspective - sees organizations as units very much influenced

by the larger environment in which they exist.

Contingency Theory

• It suggests that the effectiveness of any organizational action is determined in

the context of all other elements.

• It posits that everything is situational and that there are no absolute universals.
ALTERNATIVE PARADIGM

Organizational Life Cycle Theories

Four organizational life cycle stages

1. Startup or entrepreneurial stage

2. Growth or expansion stage

3. A domain protection stage and/or expansion stage

4. A stability stag

A third perspective on organizational life cycle theories

1. Birth

2. Growth

3. Maturity

4. Revival

Organizational Culture

• Organizations are culture by virtue of the shared experiences that organizational

members hold in common.

Organizational Climate

• It reflects how organizational members communicate culture in more visible or

observable ways.
 • It is important to assess the climate of an organization in order to determine the

nature of the culture communicated to consumers, other organizations, and the

larger community of which the organization is a part. Schneider et al. identify

four key climate dimensions:

1. The nature of interpersonal relationships

2. The nature of the hierarchy

3. The nature of work

4. The focus of support and rewards

The Iron Law of Oligarchy

• As organizations grew in scale their original goals would always end up being

displaced by the goal of maintaining the organization service to the interest of

a small group of controlling elites.

Consensus of Organizations

• Defines as any enterprise in which control rest ultimately and overwhelmingly

with the members-employees-owners regardless of the particular legal

framework through which it is achieved.

Comparison of Consensus and Bureaucratic Organizations

Consensus Bureaucratic
1. Authority Rest with the collectivity According to position or

rank

2. Rules Minimal and based on the Fixed, and emphasis is

“sub-stantive ethics” of the placed on conformity to the

situation rules

3. Social Control Based on something akin to Achieved through

peer pressure hierarchy and supervision

Social Control becomes of subordinates by their

problematic because of the superiors

homogeneity of the group

4. Social Relations “Relations are to be holistic, “Relationships are role

personal, of value in based, segmented, and

themselves.” instrumental.”

5. Recruitment and Recruitment is based on Recruitment is based on

Advancement friendship networks. formal qualification and

The concept of specialized training.

advancement is gradually The concept of

not valid, since there is no advancement is very

hierarchy of positions and meaningful for an

related rewards. individual’s career and is

based on formal assessment

of performance according
 to prescribed rules and

paths of promotion.

6. Incentives Structure Normative and solidarity Remunerative incentives

incentives are primary; are primary.

material incentives are

secondary.

7. Social Stratification Strives to be egalitarian any There are “different

type of stratification is rewards” prestige,

carefully created and privilege, or inequality

monitored by the each justified by hierarchy

collectivity.

8. Differentiation Division of labor is Maximizes division of

minimized, particularly labor to the extent that there

with regard to intellectual is a “dichotomy between

versus name work. intellectual work and

Jobs and functions are manual work, between

generalized, with the goal of administrative task and

“demystification of performance task.

expertise.” Technical expertise is

highly valued and

specialization of jobs is

maximized.
Limits of Consensus Organizations

Consensus Bureaucratic

1. Time Takes more time because It does not take more time

every members of the since an administrator

organization must agree to a simply hands down a

decision decision

2. Emotional Intensity Provides face-to-face Impersonality and

communication and formality makes conflict

consideration of the total less personal and therefore

needs of individual easier to handle

3. Non-democratic habits As members of a hierarchical society, most of us are not

and values well prepared to participate in consensual organization

Our earliest contact with organizational life in education

and other setting is bureaucratic

4. Environmental Economic, political, or (No given comparison)

constraints social pressures from

outside are more intense

5. Individuals Differences Diversity / Differences lead Able to capitalize on

to conflict. difference in attitudes,

skills, and personalities of

individual members.
Stakeholder Theory

• This theory seems to promote more cooperative, caring type of relationship.

• Addresses morals and values in managing an organization.

Chaos/Complexity Theory

• Focuses on the importance if recognizing the positive aspects of change and

flexibility.

Theory Z

• Theory Z emphasis on job security, collective decision making and collective

responsibility for decision making, along with a holistic perspective.

• Theory Z management tends to promote stable employment, high productivity,

and high employee morale and satisfaction.

Learning Organization

Total Quality Management (TQM)

• Total Quality Management “is a management approach to long-term success

through customer satisfaction.”

• It is “based on the participation of all members of an organization in improving

processes, products, services, and the culture they work in.” principles include:
 1. A focus on the consumer of the organization’s services

2. Involvement of everyone in the organization in the pursuit of quality

3. A heavy emphasis on teamwork

4. Encouragement of all employees to think about and pursue quality

within the organization

5. Mistakes are not to be covered up but are to be used as learning

experiences/opportunities

6. Workers are encouraged to work out problems solvable at their level

and not pass them along to the next level

7. Everyone is on the quality team and everyone is responsible for and

encouraged to pursue quality

Learning Culture

1. Affirmative Competence - The capacity to appreciate positive possibilities by

selectively focusing on current and past strengths, successes, and potentials.

2. Expansive Competence - The capacity to challenge habits and conventional

practices, provoking members to experiment in the margins, make expansive

promises that stretch them in new directions, and evoke values and ideals that

inspire them to passionate engagement.

 3. Generative Competence - The capacity to construct integrative systems that

allow members to see the consequences of their actions, to recognize that they

are making a meaningful contribution, and to experience a sense of progress

4. Collaborative Competence - the capacity to create forums in which members

engage in ongoing dialogue and exchange diverse perspectives.

Managing Diversity

• R. Roosevelt Thomas Jr., president of the American Institute for Managing

Diversity, has done extensive research and consultation related to the realities

of diversity in American corporations. Based on this research and experience

he has developed an approach to organizations and management called

“managing diversity”

• “‘Way of thinking’ toward the objective of creating an environment that will

enable all employees to reach their full potential in pursuit of organizational

objectives.”

Motivation of Reward System

A motive is a reason for doing something-for moving in a certain direction

People are motivated when they expect that a course of action is likely to lead to

the attainment of a goal-a valued reward that satisfies their particular needs.

Two types of Motivation

1. Intrinsic motivation - This was defined by Herzberg as “motivation

through the work itself” it takes place when people feel that the work

they do is intrinsically interesting.

 2. Extrinsic motivation - What is done to or people to motivate them.

Issues between organization and individuals

• Areas of legitimate organizational influence

• How rights to privacy are interpreted

• Discrimination at work

• Discipline

• Quality Work Life

• Job enrichment: pros and cons

• Mutual Responsibilities

Feminists approach to organizations

• Feminist theory offers an important alternative perspective on organizational

behavior.

• This theoretical perspective is increasingly being applied to thinking about

organizational life.

Global Issues

• In addition to changing realities about organizational and work life in the United

States, we must begin to recognize and respond to the global nature of our

everyday lives. We are more than ever citizens of the planet Earth. One

approach to thinking globally within the corporate world which seems

 applicable to social workers seeking excellence in the organizations we work

for and administer is that of the world-class organization

World Class Organization

• “The best in its class or better than its competitors around the world, at least in

several strategically important areas” (Hodgetts et al., 1994:14)

• According to Hodgetts et al. (1994:14-18) world class organizations, however

can be distinguished by additional characteristics of both total quality and

learning organization. Such organizations have:

1. A customer-based focus, similar to a TQM organization

2. Continuous improvement on a global scale

3. Fluid, flexible or “virtual” organization

4. Creative human resource management

5. Egalitarian climate

6. Technological support

References: ABT review board notes and Saturday Classes DHVTSU SW, human

behavior book
Chapter IV
(Group IV)

Members:

Cubacub, Lalaine P.

Galang, Tanya

Toledo, Sharmagne C.

De Guzman, Viah Aireen O.

Calma,Angelica

Catacutan,Jonalyn

Peralta, Alyssa

Dizon,Frances Nicole

Diaz,Dina

Capulong,Fransheen

Navarro,Jelly Mae
COMMUNITY

• The assumptions we made at the beginning of our journey about the relationships

among ourselves, social work and the people with whom we work are also essential

relationships to consider in defining and giving meaning to community (Kuhn-

1970).

• Communities are also fundamental building blocks of nations around the globe.

• Community is where the individual and the social environment come together.

• Community represents that level of human behavior at which we as individuals

connect with the social or collective world around us.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON COMMUNITY

• Community was influenced by the dominant worldviews in place at the time.

• Revolutionary changes in perspectives on the individual brought about by the

Renaissance in Western Europe had a great impact on the collective world of

community.

• The new paradigms of the renaissance came to define and dominate the modern

world.

• Central to this revolution was the belief in the centrality of the individual rather

than of society or collective.

• The emergence of modern science in the nineteenth century also had significant

influence on the global environment.

• A belief in human’s right to exploit nature had religious roots as well

 • A world view based on interdependence has much to teach us about how to live

together with each other

DEFINING COMMUNITY

• Derived from the Latin word “communitas” which means common. It is viewed as

spatial unit.

• A community is defined as a social group with a common territorial base with a

shared sense of common interests and a feeling of “ belonging” (robertson,

1997:494). To develop a real community, it is essential that the people participate

in its activities and acquire a “we-feeling”.

• A community may be limited to a specific or it may embrace all people of similar

attitudes and values who commune in the fellowship.

• A community is a localized grouping of people having common interests and often

working together and interrelating with one another for a common purpose. People

are the most important component of a community.

Traditional Perspective

1. Community as a place.

Community is a place in which we carry out most of our day-to-day activities. It

arises through sharing a limited territorial space for residence and for sustenance and

functions to meet common needs.

▪ Rural Community – an area in which people have a common sense of

obligation and responsibility and having a common center of interest.

 Ex. Barrio

- A primary informal and a person where everyone knows everybody else. They

are related through generations of intermarriage.

▪ City – an economic market place or market settlement that is a specific

geographic space. It is a place where local inhabitants could satisfy an

economically substantial part of their daily wants.

Ex. City

- An economic market place or market settlement that is a specific geographic

space. It is a place where local inhabitants could satisfy an economically

substantial part of their daily wants.

2. Community as a Function.

Community is a combination of social units and systems that perform the major

social functions having locality relevance.

Types of Functions/Activities by Warren

a. Local participation in production-distribution-consumption of goods.

b. Socialization

c. Social control

d. Social participation

e. Mutual support for community members.

3. Community as Middle Ground

Community has often been viewed as a kind of “mediator” or “link” in which

individual’s primary relationships come together with their secondary relationships.

Community is where the individual and the society meet.

4. Community as Ways of Relating

This approach to community focusing on the ways members relate to one another

emphasizes identification or feelings of membership by community members and feelings

by others that a member is in fact a member.

• Ferdinand Toennies – Formulated the concept of GEMEINSCHAFT and

GESELLSCHAFT.

• Gemeinschaft Relationships – ways of relating based on shared traditions, culture

or way of life and on a sense mutual responsibility arising out oof that shared

tradition.

- Gemienschaft relationships are ways people relate to each other in SMALL,

stable rural communities where people knew each other well, shared many past

experiences and continue long relationships with each other into the future.

- Gemienschaft is based on “Natural Will”

• Natural Will - reflected a quality of relationship based on mutuality in which

people did things for one another out os a sense of shared and personal

responsibility.
 • Gesselschaft Relationships - are ways of relating to each other based on contractile

exchange in which one member did something for another to return this favor in

the form of goods, money and services

- Characterized life in LARGE urban cities where people were no t likely to know

one another well.

- It is based on “Rational Will”.

• Rational Will- reflected impersonal ways of relating not based on shared culture,

tradition or personal relatedness overtime.

5. Community as a Social System

- Offers a somewhat more comprehensive or holistic view of community.

- A systems view allows us to see the various components or subsystems of

communities (Individuals, families, groups and organizations).

- Systems approaches also acknowledge those influences among systems

components and between communities and the environment are reciprocal.

▪ Alternative Perspectives on Community

- The new thinking offers more holistic or comprehensive approaches to

understanding many interrelated elements of community life than in the past.

New Concepts and Approaches

• Poverty Reduction

• Community Building/Community Renewal

• Community assets and Strengths

 • Social Capital

• Civil Ethics and Civil Society

POVERTY REDUCTION

- The theme of poverty reduction is of critical importance to social work because it

is the core of the other concerns that social workers such as the following

a. Infant mortality

b. Substance abuse

c. Violence

d. Racism and sexism

e. Child abuse and neglect

f. Hunger

g. Homelessness

h. Teen pregnancy

- Poverty reduction is also a theme that unites the effort across all system levels

A. Community Building

- A new response to poverty reduction at the community level is known as

Community Building

- It’s goal is overhauling the nation’s antipoverty approach and creating communities

for the low-income families who lives there.

- Analyzing poverty in terms of jobs or income.

- A web of interwoven problems that can lock families out of opportunity

permanently
COMMUNITY STRENGTHS AND ASSETS

- Community building also conveys an asset rather that a deficit approach to poverty

reduction consistent with alternative paradigm thinking

- Community building uses the existing assets of poor communities as the foundation

for development

- This approach focuses first on the strong institutions, associations and individual

that still exist in poor communities.

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES

- Holistic and integrative approaches to community building and renewal are often

referred to as Comprehensive Community Initiative (CCI)

Components of CCI

1. Expansion an improvement of social services and supports

a. Child care

b. Youth development

c. Family support

2. Health care

a. Mental health care

3. Housing rehabilitation

4. Community planning and organizing

5. Adult education

6. Job training
 7. School reform

8. Quality of life activities

COMMUNITY BUILDING PRINCIPLES

• Integrate community development and human service strategies.

• Forge partnership through collaboration

• Build on community strengths

• Start from local conditions

• Foster based community participation

• Require racial equity

• Value cultural strength

• Support families and children

A. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON COMMUNITY

Assets/ Capital

- A concept of wealth including property and financial holdings.

- Asset building is a new way of thinking about antipoverty strategies. It emphasizes

on resources rather than problems.

Types of Capital

1. Financial Capital

- Refers to money or property that is available for investment or use in the production

of more wealth.
2. Human Capital

- Refers to an individual’s skills, knowledge, experience, creativity, motivation, and

health.

- Like any form of capital, it is expected to have future payoffs, frequently in the

form of employment,earning and market productivity.

3. Social Capital

- Refers to resources stored in human relationships.

- It is the stuff we draw on all the time through our connections to a system of human

relationships, to accomplish things that matter to us and to solve everyday

problems.

3 Forms of Social Capital

• Horizontal Social Capital – found in communities where horizontal ties

within community are strong and norms of broad community participation

exist.

• Hierarchical Social Capital – characterized by patron-client relations

which can stifle development and skew governmental and economic

structures to the interest of a particular group.

• Absence of Social Capital – found in communities with few networks

among residents; wealthy gated communities with economic capital; poor

and isolated communities where insecurity, fear and isolation exist.

4. Spiritual Capital

- House of worship bulid and sustain more social capital

B. CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIC CULTURE AND CIVIC ETHICS

• Civil Society – it is the sphere of our most basic humanity- the personal, everyday

realm that is governed by values such as responsibility, trust, fraternity, solidarity

and love.the common element is civic engagement.

Elements in building a healthy civil society

- Social interaction

- Social capital

- Civic infrastructure

- Civic culture

• Civic Ethic – beginning with personal affinities and relationships that build trust

and it then brings small groups of citizens together in common purpose.

Non- Place Community

- A community in which attachment to a specific place or geographic territory is

absent and is not considered essential for community to exist

- Other term “ Communities of Mind”, “Communities of interest” or

“Identificational Communities”

- Non place notions of community suggest that one need not assocviate the aspects

of communityness with a specific or constant place

• Identificational Communities – the central feature of a non-place community is a

feeling of commonalty or identification with the other members of the community

- Ethnic/cultural group

- Religious group
 - Patient group

- Friendship group

- Workplace group

• Communities of Interest – a collection of people with shared interest

- Profession

- Social workers for example share common interest with

other members of the group and interest is codified in the

Code of Ethics of the profession.

• Technology and Community

• Virtual Community

- Virtual community is a computer simulation of a real imaginary system

that enables us to perform operations on the simulated system and show the effects

in real time.

- the social aggregations that emerge from the net when enough people carry

on those public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form

webs of personal relationships in cyberspace. (Howard Rheingold)

Advantages of Virtual Community

• The technology has the power to bring enormous leverage to ordinary people.

• It provides a forum for people to discuss topics of interest.

• It allows participation.

• It allows participation by many different people.

• It hides race, gender, sexual orientation, disabilities.

• It promotes interaction with others

 • It provides a sense of anonymity.

• It has no built-in opinion restraints

Disadvantages of Virtual Community

• It requires knowledge of reading, writing and typing.

• Discrimination is different but not absent.

• There are no built-in opinion restraints.

• It is easy for a few to dominate the discussion.

• Obtaining network access can be a problem.

• Participants must have a computer

• It takes time

• There is a possibility of losing touch with reality.

• It is difficult to navigate and find items of interest.

COMMUNITY AS A SOCIAL NETWORK

- A social network approach is a non-place perspective on community. The notion of

social network represents somewhat of a middle ground between traditional and

alternative paradigm thinking about community.

QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF A COMMUNITY

 • Ideal Community Vision- inclusive of all community members and offers a

qualitatively different experience in living from that possible in-organizational or

institutional life.

THEMES OF COMMUNITY

• Capacity - recognition of the fullness of each member because it is the sum of their

capacities that represents the power of the group.

• Collective Effort – the essence of community is people working together.

• Informality – transactions of value take place without money, advertising or hype.

• Stories – in universities, people know through studies. In business, people through

reports. In community people know by stories.

• Celebration – community groups constantly incorporate celebrations, parties, and

social events in their activities.

• Tragedy – the surest indication of the experience of community is the explicit

common knowledge of tragedy, death and suffering.

• Intentional Communities

• Communes

▪ Any group of five or more adults(with or without children) most pof whom

are unrelated by blood or marriage, who live together without compulsion,

primarily for the sake of some ideological goal for which a collective

household is deemed essential. (Aidala 1991)

 ▪ Communes are free as opposed to blood related families. It must include a

minimum of three families and common economic, spiritual and cultural

institution. (Bouvard 1975)

• New Towns

▪ Begun as an effort to respond to the urban crisis that erupted during the

1960’s

▪ To structure and maintain an environment in which human potential is

enhanced, and finally, one where people irrespective of age, sex, race,

religion or economic condition can positively interact with each other in

nature. (Campbell 1976)

▪ New towns were an effort to build new communities that would not be

characterized by the oppression and discriminations that had been sa

harmful to so many people and had culminated in the explosions that were

in the urban crisis of 1960.

COMMUNITY : SOCIAL JUSTICE AND OPPRESSION

“An essential first step to reducing oppression and unequal distribution of power is

the recognition of their existence.”

COMMUNITY DISCRIMINATION

• Segregation based on color and income

Types of Institutionalized Discrimination

 ▪ Blockbusting – a practice followed by some real estate brokers in which the racial

fears of white about African-American families for example are used to manipulate

housing markets. Blockbusting in this example can happen when previously all

white neighborhoods begin to become integrated.

▪ Racial Steering – a process that perpetuates existing patterns of segregation.

Involves realtors or rental property management agents steering people in a specific

areas of communities in order to maintain racial or economic segregation.

▪ Redlining – a form of discrimination used by some banks and other lending

institutions that declares certain areas or sections of communities as bad investment

risks.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

• The process of planned change designed to bring about a better fit between human

needs and social policies and programs. (Hollister)

• Directed towards the release of human potential in order to eliminate social

inequalities and problems.( Strickler)

• Intersystem and integrated approach designed to facilitate development of the

capacity of people to work continuously for their own welfare.(Billups and Julia)

• Aiming to foster the emergence and implementation of a social structure in which

all citizens are entitled to equal social, economic and political rights and equal

access to status, roles, prerogative and responsibilities. (Sullivan 1994)

RELIGION AND COMMUNITY

Religion - Encompassing the spectrum of groups and activities whose focus extends

beyond the material reality of everyday life

• A significant element of community life for many people is that of religious

institutions.

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• Religious organizations have vested interest in revitalizing surrounding

neighborhoods and communities. This form of environment change may have a

preventive effect by reducing stress related to urban infrastructure decay and

enhancing supportive resources. (Maton 1995)

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION AND SOCIAL ACTION

• Religious institution played a significant role in social action in bringing social and

economic justice in communities

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION AS A NEGATIVE FORCE IN COMMUNITY LIFE

• Some religious principles and values can lead to inappropriate guilt and anxiety or

a limited view of the nature of emotional problems. Organized religion can be used

to subjugate and disempower rather than empower groups such as women and

minorities.

COMMUNITY AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

 2 Alternative Paradigms

1. Minority Model – the foundation for the birth of disability consciousness and

arose out of the civil rights turbulence

2. Independent Living Perspective – encourage people with disabilities to begin to

assert their capabilities personally and in the political arena.

COMMUNITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION

• Special issues exist for lesbian or gay men in the community context. As a result,

relations within the community assume a special significance for lesbian and gay

individuals and their families.

RESILIENCY AND COMMUNITY

2 Ways of Community Resiliency

1. Enabling Niches – places where individuals become known for what they do are

supported in becoming more adapted and knowledgeable, and can stablish solid

relationships within and outside the community.

2. Entrapping Niches – individuals are stigmatized and isolated. Membership is

based on collective stigma and alienation.

D. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONSS
Basic Concepts

A. Concepts of society – stresses the totality of social relationships between

individuals and groups and between them and the environment or the world

B. People – are the individuals and groups in the community or society. The

inhabitants in such community.

C. Organization – unification of individuals or groups for the purpose or brotherhood,

mutual assistance, cooperation and capability in dealing effectively with their

common needs or problems or for the purpose of power, participation or social

transformation.

D. Conscientization – the process by which the people build and achieve a conscience

for humanity and express it through actions that transform themselves and their

environment and society.

E. Empowerment – process by which people discover in themselves their potentials

for power, cultivate and develop them and thus transform themselves into

organization of power for their own upliftment.

F. Participation – the act by which an individual, group or organization make their

own input into process of decision-making, policy making, planning , programming

and implementing that affect their lives and future.

G. Self-determination - the right people to put into their hands their own destiny.

H. Development – is the process that people go through from a certain state of

marginally or dissatisfaction to a relatively better state of awareness, capability or

satisfaction.
 I. Social Change or Transformation – stretched to small-scale changes like changes

in individual attitude or behavior, changes in the family or community, changes in

policy, etc..

DEFINING COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

- It is a process of helping organizations, community or people help themselves.

• CO is a method of social work that is used to fit social welfare resources to social

welfare needs.

• CO is a process by which the people identify their needs and objectives.

• CO is a method and a process by which disadvantaged people organized themselves

into a people power and mobilize this power to achieve justice, recognition and

respect.

• CO is a method and process of building and strengthening peoples participation in

all levels of the society.

SOCIAL WORK AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

Basic Attitudes of Community Organizer

• Respect for the worth and dignity of he individual person.

• Commitment to democratic process.

• Recognition of the diversity of groups and organizations.

• Commitment to social change.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

• Communities have capacities to deal with their problems.

• People want change and can change.

• People should participate in decision – making.

• Democracy requires conscious and organized participation.

• Self- imposed change has a lasting character.

• A holistic approach can deal effectively with problems.

• Communities need help in dealing with their problems

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

• CO is a means and not an end.

• Communities are different.

• Communities have the right to self-determination.

• Social need is the basis for organization.

• Community welfare is the first consideration in determining programs.

• Community organization should be kept simple as possible.

• Service should be distributed equitably.

• Leaders are acceptable to the people.

• Continuous development of leaders.

• A balance between centralization and decentralization.

• Barriers to communication must be broken down.

• Communities need professional help.

GOALS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

1) Task Goal : The accomplishment of a concrete task meant to meet a specific need and

achieve a concrete objective

Ex. Assessment of the community, identification of problem, analysis of problem,

determination of policy problem.

2) Process Goal : The achievement of process by which people gain power or develop

their capacities for participation, self-determination and cooperation

Ex. Helping people build their social awareness, development of people’s skill.

3) Relationship Goals : the attainment of meaningful changes in the relationship between

groups, sectors or classes of people in the society.

Ex. Representation and participation of the advantage group in decision-making,

justice for the poor, oppressed or exploited, gender equality or equitable distribution

of wealth.

COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE, SANCTIONS AND METHODS

Knowledge Relevance

a. Knowledge of Community as a system

b. Knowledge of change

c. Knowledge about group and individual system of behavior.

d. Knowledge of function and dysfunction of systems

Sources of Knowledge

a. Human behavior disciplines; sociology, anthropology

b. Government, economics, psychology, philosophy, biology and history

c. Change discipline; political science, law, business management

Broad Areas of Knowledge

a. Community development, operation, growth and change

b. Community disintegration and breakdown, causes and indicators.

c. Community welfare; policies ,programs and action

d. Decision-making; structure and organizational development

Sanction : Necessary for creating and sustaining institutional and organizational

arrangement of society.

TECHNIQUES AND SKILLS

Techniques : subpart of method, specific way of applyin method in specific

settings

Skills : ability to put knowledge into practical use.

7 SKILLS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

1. Organizing

2. Planning and policy-making

3. Political and legislative skills

4. Interpersonal and small group skills

5. Administrative skills

6. Strategy design and implementation

7. Promotion and communication

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION MODELS

• Locality Development

▪ Components

o Focus on community needs and goals

o Encouragement of self-help

o Technical assistance

o Integrating various specialties

o Basing programs on felt needs of people

• Social Action

- Public promotion of cause, measure or objective in an effort to obtain

support or official action.

▪ Procedural or political social action : through established parliamentary or

formal organization procedure.

▪ Direct Action : personal activity of some type; more physical and emotional

involvement of participant; deep commitment and militant spirit.

MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

Locality Development

• or community development is a process designed to create conditions of economic

and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and the
fullest possible reliance on the community's initiative it emphasizes democratic
procedures, voluntary cooperation, self-help, development of indigenous leadership
and educational objectives.

Social Planning

• emphasizes a technical process of problem-solving with regards to substantive

social problems. Rational deliberately planned and controlled changes are central.
 It includes the ability to manipulate large bureaucratic organizations. It is concerned
with establishing, arranging and delivering goods and services to people who need
them.

Social Action

• presupposes a disadvantaged segment of the population that needs to be organized

perhaps in alliance with others, to make adequate demands on the larger community
for increased resources or treatment more in accordance with social justice or
democracy aims at making basic changes in major institutions or community
practices. It seeks redistribution of power resources or decision-making in the
community and/or changing basic policies of formal organizations.

THE MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PRACTICE ACCORDING

TO SELECTED PRACTICE VARIABLES

Goal Categories

• "Goals" in the community organization literature are almost always referred to as

"task" and "process". Task goals entail the completion of a concrete task or the
solution of a delaminated problem pertaining to the functioning of a community
social system - delivery of services, establishment of new services, passing of
specific social legislation.

• (In locality development) process goals receive heavy emphasis.

• (In the social planning) stress is placed on task goals oriented toward the solution
of substantive social problems.

• (The social action) may lean in the direction of either task goals or process goals.

Assumptions Regarding Community Structure and Problem Conditions

• In Model A (locality development)

- the local community is frequently seen as overshadowed by the larger society,

lacking in fruitful human relationships and problem-solving skills and people by isolated
individuals suffering from anomie, alienation and disillusionment.
 • In Model B (Social Planning)
- The planner is likely to see the community as a particular
substantive problem which is of special to him, such as
housing, employment, recreation.
• In Model C (Social Action)

- The Practitioner would more likely view the community as a comprised of a

hierarchy of privelage and power.

• In Model C (Social Action)

- The Practitioner would more likely view the community as a comprised of a

hierarchy of privilege and power

Basic Change Strategy

• In locality development, the change strategy may be characterized as "let's all get
together and talk this over" - an effort to get a wide range of community people
involved in determining their "felt" needs and solving their own problems.
• In social planning, the basic change strategy is one of "let's get the facts and take
the logical next steps." The practitioner plays a central part in gathering and
analyzing facts and determining appropriate services, programs and actions.
• In social action, the change strategy may be articulated as "Let's organize to destroy
out oppressor...." crystallizing issues so that people know who their legitimate
enemy is and organizing mass action to bring pressure on selected targets

Characteristics Change Tactics and Techniques

• In locality development, tactics of consensus are stressed, that is, discussion and
communication among a wide range of different individuals, groups and factions.

• In social planning, fact-finding and analytical skills are important. Tactics of

conflict or consensus may be employed depending upon the practitioner's analysis
of the situation.

• In social action, conflict tactics are emphasized including methods such as

confrontation and direct action. Ability to mobilize relatively large numbers of
people is necessary to carry out rallies, marches, boycotts, and picketing.

Practitioner Roles and Medium of Change

 • In locality development, enabler role is one of facilitating a process of problem-
solving and includes such actions as helping people express their discontent,
encouraging organization, nourishing good interpersonal relationships and
emphasizing common objectives.

• In social planning, more technical or "expert" roles are emphasized, such as fact-
finding, implementation of programs, relationships with various bureaucracies and
with professionals of various disciplines, and so on.

• The social action model is likely to incorporate the "advocate“ and "activist"
roles. The advocate is " a partisan in a social conflict, and his expertise is available
exclusively to serve client interests.

Orientation Toward Power Structure

• In locality development the power structure is included within an all-

embracing concept of community. All segments of the community are thought
of as part of the client system.

• The goals which involve incompatible interests are ignored or discarded as

inappropriate values and constrains narrow the goals to those upon which all
factions can agree.

• In social planning, the power structure is usually present as sponsor or

employer of the practitioner. Planners are usually highly trained professional
specialists whose services require a considerable financial outlay in salary as
well as support in the form of supplies, facilities, and auxiliary technical and
clerical personnel.

• In social action the power structure is seen as an outside target of action, i.e.,
the power structure lies outside the client system or constituency itself, as an
oppositional or oppressive force vis-à-vis the client group.

Boundary Definition of the Community Client System or Constituency

• In locality development the total community, usually a geographic entity such

as a city, neighborhood, or village, is the client system.

• In social planning the client system might be either a total geographic

community or some area or functional sub-part of it.
 • In social action the client is usually conceived of as some community subpart
or segment which suffers at the hands of the broader community and thus needs
of the special support of the practitioner.

Assumptions Regarding Interests of Community Subparts

• In locality development the interests of various groups and factions in the

community are seen as basically reconcilable and responsive to the influences
of rational persuasion, communication, and mutual good will.
• In social planning there is no pervasive assumption about the degree of
interact ability of conflicting interests; the approach appears to be pragmatic,
oriented toward the particular problem and the actors enmeshed in it.
• The social action model assumes that interest among community subparts are
at variance and not reconcilable, and that often coercive influences must be
applied (legislation, boycotts, political and social upheavals) before meaningful
adjustments can be made.

Conception of the Public Interest

• Locality development has a rationalist-unitary concept of the public interest. It

would structure a broad cross section of community groups, focused on the
general welfare, utilizing a cooperative decision-making process.
• The social planning model tends to have an idealist-unitary view of the public
interest. Planners, often in collaboration with social scientists, place great stress
on the power of knowledge, facts and theory in arriving at a view of the public
interest which is free of the influences of political self-seeking or popular
mythology.
• The social actionists in Model C are usually well-acquainted with the grueling
interplay of conflicting forces in community change activity and, in short run,
take a realists individualist view of the public interest.

Conception of the Client Population or Constituency

• In locality development, clients are likely to be viewed as normal citizens who

posses considerable strengths which are not fully developed and who need the
services of a practitioner to help them release and focus these inherent capabilities.
 • In social planning, clients are more likely to be consumers of services, those who
will receive and utilize those programs and services which are the fruits of the social
planning process-mental health, public housing, recreation, welfare benefits, etc.

• In Model C, clients or constituents are likely to be considered as victims of "the

system" (such as slum landlords), discrimination, employers, city government.

Conception of the Client or Constituent Role

• In locality development, clients are viewed as active participants in an

interactional process with one another and with the practitioner.
• In social planning, clients are recipients of services. They are active in
consuming services, not in the determination of policy or goals, a function
reserved for the planner or some policy-making instrument such as a board of
directors or a commission.
• In social action, the benefiting group is likely to be composed of employers or
constituents. The concept of the organizer as an employee and servant of the
people is stressed. The client group, whether employers or constituents, is in a
position to determine broad goals and policies.
Reference:

• Schriver, Joe M. (2004) Human Behavior and Social Environment, Shifting

Paradigms in Essential Knowledge for Social Work Practice, 4 th Edition, Pearson

Education, Inc.

• Social Issues and Problems

Authors:

- Adelaida A. Ronquillo

- Anna Maria R Peralta

- Milagros M. Ramos

• SOCIAL WELRE AND SOCIAL WORK

Third Edition

THELMA LEE MENDOZA

Chapter V
(Group V)

Members:

Pineda, Mark Vincent

Santiago, Catherine

Sotto, Rheydel

Baluyut, Royce

Baking, Clarissa

Banting, Olivia

Bonus, Mikahela
 Since the fifties, social work education and practice in the Philippines, having been

patterned after the American model, subscribed to the three different methods of working

with people: social casework (with individuals), social group work (with groups), and

community organization (with communities).

These three “traditional methods” were seen as, separate and distinct methodologies, each

one with its own set of theories and skills. Social workers usually practiced one method at

a time and a social agency was, consequently, identified as a “casework agency,” a “group

work agency,” or a “C.O. agency.”

In 1967, the First National Workshop on Social Work Education was held in response to

the realization that social work practice was not making any impact on Philippine society

and there was a need to make it relevant to the goals of national development. This

workshop challenged schools to teach social work methods based on a “wholistic

approach” and develop skills based on the generic aspects of the methods used by social

workers. Because of this, many seminars and workshops, as well as curricular review

activities were held on the “Integrated Method of Social Work Practice.” All these are

efforts were based on the following considerations:

1. The need to shift the goal of social work to parallel national development, a priority

goal of which, the eradication of poverty, cannot be achieved if helping professions

like social work will primarily be concerned with individuals alone.

2. . Despite claims of a generic curriculum in schools of social work, most graduates

turned out to be one-method practitioners employed in agencies also subscribing to

just one method of practice, that is, casework, or a group work, or community

organization

3. . The recognized need was for social workers who have the knowledge and skills

for engaging people in problem solving, in bringing needs and resources together ,

and in systematically using practice experience to document the level of

effectiveness of existing policies and services.

4. Feedback from the field revealed that direct service to clients in the major consumer

of social work graduates, the Ministry of Social Services and Development (now

Department of Social Welfare and Development) requires that social workers

perform a variety of methods and approaches; in some instances work with

individuals in a one-to-one helping relationships, in other instances work with

families and small groups, and in some other instances, work with communities and

other collectivities.

5. . The existing as well as emerging mass-oriented development agencies were being

expected to have an increased demand for social workers who would be able to

work with all types of clients systems.

6. The dominant social problem in the country, poverty, does not call for specialists

but for competent and dedicated social workers who can intervene in what are

largely survival problems of clients, most of whom face multi-problem situations.

 The term “Integrated Method of Social Work Practice” is used here in the

context of professional social work methodology. It is being advocated in place of

the separate practice of the methods of social casework, social group work, and

community organization. It supports the idea of a generalist practitioner, rather than

a specialist in any one of these three methods.

The “integrated method of social work practice,” therefore, should be distinguished

from integrated programs (or services), which denote a comprehensive agency

program for multi-problem clients , usually including economic assistance, skills

training, informal education, health and nutrition, family planning and counseling.

It is also different from integrated learning which is used, for example, in relation

to the students being expected to integrate knowledge from the different courses

and apply these in working with people. It should be distinguished from the

integrated development approach which is frequently used to refer to the process of

combining social as well as economic concerns in policy formulation and program

development.

The “developmental thrust” in social welfare which started in the sixties

(the 60s was called by U.N. as “ THE FIRST SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

DECADE”) and which continues today greatly reinforced the interest in the

Integrated Method or what is now called the Generalist Method of social work

practice.

The advocacy for the Integrated/Generalist Method seems to be succeeding.

There has been an apparent decrease in the teaching social casework, social group

work and community organization as separate methodologies as more schools

 emphasize the “generic” aspects of social work. Social agencies are hiring social

workers instead of specialists in just one of the traditional methods because,

obviously, an agency’s limiting its service to one particular client size will raise

questions about its relevance to the country’s realities.

The passageway of the Local Government Code in 1991 (R.A. 7160) which

mandated the devolution of the DSWD’s social welfare programs and services to

local government units augurs well for the Integrated/Generalist Method of social

work practice since one social worker “in charge” of several barangays cannot use

only one helping method.

The Board for Social Workers of the Professional Regulation Commission

has also been effecting some changes in recent social work licensing examinations

which indicates its support of this trend, i.e., the area that used to be called Social

Work Methods under which were the subjects Casework, Group work, and

community organization is now called Social Work Practice III (Community

organization).

A review of examination questions in this area show that the future

practitioner is expected to be a “generalists” given questions that ask how a

practitioner can use working with an individual or a group as entry point for

working with a community. It is also relevant to mention that 2000 edition of the

Encyclopedia of Social Work articles on “Social Work Practice With Individuals,”

“Social Work Practice With Groups,” and “Social Work Practice With

Community,” instead of Casework, Group Work and community Organization

GENERALIST SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE DEFINED AS:

 “ The use of range of skills as needed to intervene in a variety of client life

situations. The generalist practitioners function to have as wide a skill repertoire as possible

in order to facilitate the interactions in which they live.”

“ . . . .practice in which the client and the worker together asssess the need in all of

its complexity and develop a plan for responding to that need. A strategy is chosen from a

repertoire of responces appropriate for work; with individuals, families, groups, agencies,

and communities. The unit of attention is chosen by considering the system needing to be

changed. The plan is carried out and evaluated.”

“GENERALIST” social workers are professionals who work with clients on an

individual, group, or community level depending on what is needed and appropriate,

utilizing the basic competence for practice that requires the following which comprise the

“generics” of social work: (1) philosophical basel foundations: basic philosophy

underlying social work practice: professional values, principles and ethics: and (2)

Knowledge foundation: human behavior and the environment; social welfare policy,

programs and services; and social work practice theory, the helping/problem-solving

process; intervene/helping models and approaches and techniques.

That social work has a basic philosophical and scientific foundation applicable to

all types of client systems is the main concept that describes Generalist Practice. This basic

concept underlying the integrated method of social work practice logically gives way to

the following relating concepts;

 1. The concept of one (any) client system as point of entry for working with other

client systems.

2. The concept of total problem-solving.

3. The concept of the client’s problem or situation as the basis for the choice of the

worker’s helping approach or intervention.

SOCIAL WORK IN DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL WELFARE

Social welfare refers to “those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure

or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of

the population and the better functioning of the social order.

Development regards a certain resources (e.g, land and man) as being endowed with

a certain potential which society must discover and maximize. The dictionary, in fact,

defines “development” as causing something to unfold, to grow, to change for the better,

to be realized. But true development aims towards to realization of actual and potential

human capabilities in all spheres.

Two levels of development social welfare task

1. The macro level

- the formulation of laws, policies, programs, and benefits that will promote

and ensure social justice.

 - laws for the protection of employed youth and working

mothers.

- laws for employee benefits.

2. The micro level

- which involves the following activities.

a. Re-orientation of existing welfare services.

- traditional forms of social welfare services to give way to changes that are

more consistent with the thrust of developmental social welfare.

- Other changes will include community-oriented instead of individual-

centered helping approaches and interventions; community-based instead of

institution-based; more rural programs instead of more urban programs.

b. Establishment of welfare services that re responsive to the changing needs in society.

• programs and services which help people earn a living and provide similar

opportunities to others, such as income-generating projects, skills

training, sheltered workshops, a system of credit and soft loans;

• programs and services which support increased productivity on the part

of individuals, groups, and communities.

• programs and services which prevent and counteract the unfavorable

effects of urbanization and industrialization on family and

community life.

• programs and services which remove the burden of dependence on

productive workers.
 • Identification of the social welfare aspects of social development programs

in which social workers are or will be involved .

- among these are housing, relocation/resettlement, institution building,

rural and urban community development, land reform, and man power development.

Implications of Developmental Social Welfare to Social Work

- National, regional, and local conferences, seminars and workshops have been held,

and countless articles, reports and proceedings, magazines and books have been written on

a wide range of developmental concerns. Many social work agencies are known to have

modified or re-oriented their programs and services, just as some schools of social work

have revised their curricula in order to be more relevant to the requirements of this thrust.

The following are the important tasks of social work:

1. Setting priorities

- this will involve the allocation of resources based on reconsideration of returns,

e.g., clients will become self-supporting. Part of the task of setting priorities is for social

work to emphasize the developmental needs of the larger masses of the population with the

aim of enhancing their capabilities to contribute to national.

2. Systematic problem solving and choosing appropriate helping interventions.

- Social workers will have to apply more consciously the systematic problem-

solving process, underscoring the use of helping methods and interventions that are

appropriate to its developmental unction.

3. Mobilizing people

- One every important task of social workers is that of stimulating, motivating, and

assisting people to become active partners in planned change, focusing on the full

participation of people in any effort/decision that will affect their lives.

4. Identifying leaders.

- Social workers should exert effort to identify and develop local/indigenous

community leaders.

5. Facilitating access and linkages

- Social workers should help people/communities gain access to available

opportunities and resources and whenever necessary, help set up the necessary mechanisms

so that people/communities are linked to available resources.

6. Participating in social welfare planning

- Social workers should actively seek opportunities to participate in social welfare

planning on local, regional and national levels. A major contribution lies in helping towards

the development of an over-all (local) community welfare program which will serve as the

framework for all social welfare activities in a particular community.

7. Evaluating and measuring impacts

- Social workers have to be more involved in the systematic evaluation of existing

programs and services in order to find out the extent to which these programs and services

are still meeting the needs and problems of people. In addition, social workers have to be
concerned with the measurement of the concrete effects or impact of their activities in

social welfare. While the usual measure and for evaluating economic projects may not be

applicable or useful to social work.

8. Examining/assessing social work practice and education

- Social worker have to examine critically the state of social work practice in the

country today specifically in relationship to the national development goal. In relation to

whether or not the curriculum is adequately preparing future social workers for social work

practice that clearly contributes to national development.

The Effective Rural Social Worker

1. She has a good understanding of rural community dynamics. Besides having a

good grasp of culture and its effect on community life, she understands the

kinship system, the power structure, the system of communication, and the roles

as well as relationships among the different community institutions including the

school, the church, and economic institutions.

2. She is sensitive to the community’s response to her. Communities may react

differently to social workers depending on their image or perception of social

workers, previous experience with social workers, or certain associations with the

agency the social worker represents. Their response can range from warm

acceptance to suspicion, or lack of trust to hostility. A social worker should be

patient and allow herself time to develop positive relationships with residents.

Identifying key people, and proving her sincerity through little concrete acts of
 helpfulness can go a long way in helping her hurdle the “testing period” that many

rural workers have to undergo before becoming accepted by the community.

3. She is able to adapt her lifestyle to the rural environment. A rural social worker

not only has to adapt her attitudes behavior, but also her lifestyle so as to suit the

rural condition. This requires self-discipline and flexibility. Community residents

are very observant and can react negatively to certain behavior or actions which

are not familiar to them or which may not conform to their norms.

4. She has good human relations. A rural social worker is able to relate with the

different groups that comprise the community. In our setting, this includes joining

activities in observance of certain traditional customs like fiestas, baptismal, and

wedding celebrations, and the “harana” (serenade), while at the same time setting

limits on herself, e.g., trying the native tuba (wine) but not getting drunk like the

others, just for the sake of human relations.

5. She is versatile and knowledgeable. A social worker who knows a little bit of

most things that concern rural communities can be very effective in helping

people. This would include some knowledge of agriculture, medicine, (including

herbal medicine), veterinary medicine, fisheries, nutrition, sanitary engineering,

public health and law. Self-study and interaction with people in these fields can be

very helpful until social work education/ continuing education programs can make

provisions to meet this need.

6. She is able to identify and mobilize a wide range of resources which can be

helpful in community problem-solving.

 7. She is able to help communities find/ develop new, non- existent resources, and

find ways so that the use of existing resources may be maximized for the benefit

of the community.

8. She is able to help communities set priorities. With multi-problem rural

communities, the social worker should help guide a community in defining its

priority target, e.g., basic human needs like food and clothing over long-term

goals.

IMPLICATION FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATIONS

The Case Management Model of Practice

Social Work literature abroad has been transformed traditional practice about a

concept “Case Management”. It involves varied activities like linking, mediating,

networking, coordinating, etc. in order to help bring resolution of the client’s

problem(s).

In the Philipines, social workers deal with multi-problem clients whose situations

calls for many activities called “Case Management”. It is accepted as social work

function that is very appropriate in the country particularly for clients in especially

difficult circumstances like abuse children and women, older persons, victims of

armed conflict, victim of natural disaster, persons with disabilities and the chronically

and mental ill.

Thus, it becomes a trend that should be pursued vigorously because it’s main

concern- to help clients resolve concrete probems in their everyday lives. The use of

Case Management Model and Practice complements the Generalist/Integrated

Method and function of Social worker. It organize, coordinates and sustains a

network of formal and informal supports and activities designed to optimize the

functioning and well-being of people with multiple needs and accomplish the goals

such as:

❖ To promote when possible the skills of the client in accessing and utilizing these

supports and services;

❖ To develop the capacity of social networks and relevant human service providers

in promoting the functioning an well-being of the client; and

❖ To promote service affectiveness while attempting to have services and supports

delivered in the most effective manner possible.

The use of Formal support is to provide formal organized agencies and

organizations which are paid to provide services, while Informal support are

provided by family members, friends, neighbors, co-workers, etc. with whom the

client interacts in the course of everyday life, and to whom he may also give

informal support. Formal support comes from what is termed “social support

system”. Whereas informal suppport come from a person’s “social suport

network”.

The generic helping/problem-solving process observed in the model are

reflected in the following:

• Assessment- This involves critical scrutiny of the client’s situation in order to

understand the nature of the difficulty with increasing detail and accuracy. The

clients fullest participation is essential here, including his strengths that have

enabled him to manage.

• Service Planning- The case manager and the client develop a Case Plan. They set

a goal that is realistic, specific, and measurable.

They have to agree on a time frame from the achievement of this goal;

short term, task centered work is emphasized and not a long-term treatment. The

case management defines the tasks necessesary to achieve goal(s). A review of

the clients strengths is done with the client, and those that may be helpful in

achieving the goal(s) are identified. The case management is expected to engage

all involved parties in the development of the Case Plan, including the formal and

informal sources of social suport measured earlier.

3. Implementation of the Case Plan

The Case plan is now acted on.The network of needed services in mobilized on behalf

of the client.The case manager works with the client by

linking,coordinating,negotiating and mediating services,and is a frequently in touch

with services providers in order to ensure that all service linkages are in place and

sufficiently secured

4.Evaluation
Evaluation is done with the client to find out if the services agreed on were effective

in solving the problem

5.Termination

The helping relationship is terminated following environment.The client is

informed of the conditions under which he may be accepted again for the agency

6.Follow-up

This is done to ensure that the gains that have been achieve are maintained and that

no new problems have emerged

What is Referral?

Referral is the act of directing a client to another work/agency or organization

because the service needed by the client is not offered by the worker’s agency

Compton and Galaway describe the four aspect of effective referral

1.Information about the resources m

The worker should have a good knowledge of what the resources and services are

available,includung where they located,who provides them,and who may avail them

2.Preparing for the client

This mean discussing with the client what the referral will involve and what the

referral agency expects to enable the client to make effective use of the referral

agency
3.Preparing the referral agency

This involve sharing information about the client with his concent

4.Follow-up

This provide the worker with an opportunity to review whether the client is receiving

the expected services and moving toward the object

STRUCTURAL CHANGE

- An increasing number of people in the social welfare field today believe hat

development can become a reality only if there is structural change in the society. The

min target of structural change is the economic system, which is perceived as being at

the core of the inequality in the other systems in our society. In addition, structural

change calls for access to and participation in the political decision-making process of

society by the masses of our people.

Structural Change and Social Work

- Many public and private agencies and organizations offer a variety of

opportunities for social workers to engage in structural range. Although many of the

existing programs currently under public and private sponsorship emphasize socio-

economic upliftment, most of them can be used o help people learn the meaning o

participation. Structural change is an enormous task that will probably be less

overwhelming if social workers would realize that their contribution could well start

by way of activities that can bring about change in the existing economic, political,

and cultural aspects of people’s lives.

 5. Social workers should be open to learning and developing indigenous

community organizing tactics.

6. Real residents can influence institution to become more responsive to their

needs, but this process takes a long time and even then, it is not the same as wieiding

power by holding elective positions.

7. Social workers who are engaged in community organization in rural areas

should awaken the rural people to their own potentials and capacities for self-reliance,

providing the necessary supports towards its realization.

EMPOWERMENT-ORIENTED SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

Many social work practitioners’ efforts since the 1970s have involved “participatory”

community helping activities, “conscious-raising,” “ people’s empowerment.”

What is empowerment?

Webster defines empowerment as “to give power or authority to; to give ability to; to

enable; to permit.” Of these definitions, “to enable” is the most appropriate for social

work because in social work, people are assumed to have strengths and capacities

(which is why participation and self-determination are basic principles that guide

practice)

The belief in people’s own capacities and consequent ability to solve their own

problem is reflected in social welfare programs in the country as early as the mid-

fifties when president Ramon Magsaysay created the Presidential Arm for
Community Development(PACD,1957) which was based mainly on the principle of

community “self-help”.

“Self-help” was also the underlying philosophy for the rural community development

projects under the social welfare administration’s rural welfare division in the 1950’s.

The Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development 1995-2025 (PPGD) is the

government’s 30-year perspective framework for pursuing full equality and

development for women and men. It is a government initiative intended to give

Filipino women a more active and participatory role in the development process, and

can be expected to inspire and encourage the establishment of more women –

empowerment programs and services in the country.

Sanction of empowerment oriented social work practice or the source of the social

workers’ assumed right to engaged with clients and pursue goals that will help them

to solve their problems and improve their life situations emanates from our

profession’s basic values, as articulated in the Philippines Association of Social

Workers’ Code of Ethics and the Ethics of Social Work adopted by the International

Federation of Social Workers.

These values underlie all social work helping approaches, but the predominant values

that guide empowerment –oriented practice are:

• Fulfillment of human needs

• Promotion of social justice

• More equal distribution of resources

• Concern for environmental protection

• Elimination of racism, sexism, age-ism, and homophobia

• Self-determination

• Self-actualization

Components for Empowerment-Based Intervention

1. Power-shared relationships

2. Competency-Based Assessment

3. Collective for mutual aid

4. Education for critical thinking, and knowledge and skills for finding resources and

taking action.

Continuing events and developments in the country indicate that Filipinos are

becoming increasingly aware of their capacity to influence the events that affect their

lives, which augurs well for empowerment-oriented practice. However, to be

effective in this, the social work profession must deal with the following

issues/concerns:

1. Low status of the profession.

2. Lack of or inadequate number of social workers employed in different fields or

setting that need their services.

 3. Knowledge and skills for empowerment-oriented practice

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL WORK

- It can serve as a tool to improve public services for human development.

- -Information and communication technology include the email and fax machine,

wireless telephone and cellular phone and the internet.

- The use of technology in social work can greatly help about professional growth

and development of the individual practitioner as well as raise the standards of the

profession.

How Social Work Use Technology

Two Perspectives

1.The Social Workers use of information technology in relation to the following:

a. Knowledge- Social workers can have rapid, lowcost access to information on almost

areas of human activity, in particular, pertinent to social work, such as trends in helping

methodologies, research data, and innovative social services in response to specific

social problems. These new technologies also facilitate their continuing education

whether through formal or non-formal programs.

b. Participation- Access to information and communication technology opens up

countless possibilities for social workers to participate in activities that ordinarily they

cannot be part of because of distance and other barriers, including policy-making

decisions in their agencies.

c. Supervision- Lack or absence of contacts with peers and superiors who can provide

encouragement and moral support results in the workers sense of isolation and

discouragement.Access to at least some of these technologies can make a big difference

in their lives, and, ultimately, in the quality of service they render.

d. Networking- Information and communication technology make it possible for social

workers to connect with all kinds of human resources, including other social workers

and professionals from other fields as well as representatives of different community

agencies and organizations, local and foreign, for the purpose of building networks

essential to their service.

2. The clients’/agency service-consumers’ use of information technology in

relation to the following:

a. Knowledge- Manny social welfare clients are victims of ignorance, or of incomplete,

wrong or suitable information pertaining to different aspects of their lives. Access to

information technology can greatly help to correct this situation. Access to technology

help them acquire knowledge about new developments in medicine, health and

nutrition, agriculture and the like. New knowledge can be used not just to improve their

condition.(e.g., they can live healthier and longer lives if they do not use certain drugs)

b. Opportunities- Information technology enables clients to avail of opportunities

relating to skills development, income generation and employment. Information about

education or training needed to be able to avail of these opportunities is usually also

provided.
 c. Participation – Information and communication technology enable clients to

participate actively in decisions that will affect their lives; the can “interact” share and

discuss concerns with others, even pass down their votes instead of feeling isolated or

excluded by reason of distance or absence in a group or community assembly.

In Relation to Social Work the following have to be done:

1.Social welfare agencies and organizations need to provide social workers and

other staff with the education and skills required to use technology effectively.

2. Schools of social work should provide their students with basic and continuing

education on the use of information technology

3. Policy-makers and administrators have to make funds available so that at least a

”minimum -level” of provision of such information and communication technology is

obtained in the agency;

4. Social workers should enable clients to gain access to such technology,

facilitating the acquisition of knowledge and skills for their effective use and, if for

some reason the technology is not available , the workers should play and advocacy/

facilitative role so that that the clients can gain access to them.

Reference: SOCIAL WELFARE and SOCIAL WORK

Third Edition

THELMA LEE-MENDOZA