International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose

International Labour
mandate is to advance social justice and promote decent work by setting
Organization
international labour standards.[1] It was the first specialised agency of the UN.The
ILO has 187 member states: 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook
Islands(South Pacific) are members of the ILO. The tripartite structure is unique to
the ILO where representatives from the government, employers and employees
openly debate and create labour standards.

The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International

Labour Organization. It is the focal point for International Labour Organization's
overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and
under the leadership of the Director-General.

The Office employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in
Geneva, and in around 40 field offices around the world. Among these officials, 900
work in technical cooperation programmes and projects.

In 1969, the ILO received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving fraternity and peace
among nations, pursuing decent work and justice for workers, and providing
technical assistance to other developing nations.[2] Fifty years later to mark the
organisation's centenary, it convened a Global Commission on the Future of Work,
whose report, published in January 2019, made ten recommendations for
governments to meet the unprecedented challenges of a changing world of work. Abbreviation ILO
Those included a universal labour guarantee, social protection from birth to old age Formation 29 October 1919
and an entitlement to lifelong learning.[3][4] Type United Nations
specialised agency
The International Labour Organization has developed a system of international
labour standards aimed at promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain Legal status Active
, security and dignity.[5]
decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity Headquarters Geneva,
Switzerland
Head Director-General
Contents Guy Ryder
Parent United Nations
Governance, organization, and membership
organization Economic and
Governing body
International Labour Conference Social Council
Conventions Website www.ilo.org
Protocols
Recommendations
United Nations portal
Membership
Position within the UN
History
Origins
Interwar period
Wartime and the United Nations
Cold War era
Programmes
 Labour statistics
Training and teaching units
Child labour
Issues
Forced labour
Minimum wage law
HIV/AIDS
Migrant workers
Domestic workers Flag of the ILO.
ILO and globalization
Future of Work
ILO Centenary
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Governance, organization, and membership

Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies, the International Labour
Organization has a tripartite governing structure that brings together governments,
employers, and workers of 187 member States, to set labour standards, develop
policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.
The
very structure of the ILO, where workers and employers together have an equal
voice with governments in its deliberations, shows social dialogue in action. It
ensures that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in ILO labour
standards, policies and programmes.

ILO headquarters in Geneva

Governing body
The Governing Body is the executive body of the International Labour Organization (the Office is the secretariat of the
Organization). It meets three times a year, in March, June and November. It takes decisions on ILO policy, decides the agenda of the
International Labour Conference, adopts the draft Programme and Budget of the Organization for submission to the Conference,
elects the Director-General, requests information from member states concerning labour matters, appoints commissions of inquiry
and supervises the work of the International Labour Of
fice.

Juan Somavía was the ILO's Director-General from 1999 until October 2012 when Guy Ryder was elected. The ILO Governing Body
re-elected Guy Rider as Director-General for a second five year-term in November 2016.[6]

This governing body is composed of 57 titular members (28 Governments, 14 Employers and 14 Workers) and 66 deputy members
(28 Governments, 19 Employers and 19 W
orkers).

Ten of the titular government seats are permanently held by States of chief industrial importance: Brazil, China, France, Germany,
India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.[7] The other Government members are elected
by the Conference every three years (the last elections were held in June 2017). The Employer and Worker members are elected in
their individual capacity.[8][9]

International Labour Conference

The ILO organises once a year the International Labour Conference in Geneva to set
the broad policies of the ILO, including conventions and recommendations.[10] Also
known as the "international parliament of labour", the conference makes decisions
about the ILO's general policy, work programme and budget and also elects the
Governing Body.

Each member State is represented by a delegation: two government delegates, an

employer delegate, a worker delegate and their respective advisers. All of them have Interpreting booth ready for an ILO
individual voting rights and all votes are equal, regardless the population of the meeting
delegate's member State. The employer and worker delegates are normally chosen in
agreement with the most representative national organizations of employers and
workers. Usually, the workers and employers' delegates coordinate their voting. All delegates have the same rights and are not
required to vote in blocs.

Delegate have the same rights, they can express themselves freely and vote as they wish. This diversity of viewpoints does not
prevent decisions being adopted by very large majorities or unanimously.

Heads of State and prime ministers also participate in the Conference. International organizations, both governmental and others, also
attend but as observers.

Conventions
Through July 2018, the ILO had adopted 189 conventions. If these conventions are
ratified by enough governments, they come in force. However, ILO conventions are
considered international labour standards regardless of ratification. When a
convention comes into force, it creates a legal obligation for ratifying nations to
apply its provisions.

Every year the International Labour Conference's Committee on the Application of

Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labour standards.
Governments are required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the
ILO building in Geneva withSalève
obligations of the conventions they have ratified. Conventions that have not been
in the background
ratified by member states have the same legal force as recommendations.

In 1998, the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on

[11]
Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration contains four fundamental policies:

The right of workers to associate freely andbargain collectively

The end of forced and compulsory labour
The end of child labour
The end of unfair discrimination among workers
The ILO asserts that its members have an obligation to work towards fully respecting these principles, embodied in relevant ILO
[12]
conventions. The ILO conventions which embody the fundamental principles have now been ratified by most member states.

Protocols
This device is employed for making conventions more flexible or for amplifying obligations by amending or adding provisions on
different points. Protocols are always linked to Convention, even though they are international treaties they do not exist on their own.
As with Conventions, Protocols can be ratified.

Recommendations
Recommendations do not have the binding force of conventions and are not subject to ratification. Recommendations may be adopted
at the same time as conventions to supplement the latter with additional or more detailed provisions. In other cases recommendations
[13]
may be adopted separately and may address issues separate from particular conventions.

Membership
The ILO has 187 state members. 186 of the 193member states of the United Nations
plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO.[14] The UN member states which are
not members of the ILO are Andorra, Bhutan, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco,
Nauru, and North Korea.

The ILO constitution permits any member of the UN to become a member of the
ILO member states
ILO. To gain membership, a nation must inform the director-general that it accepts
all the obligations of the ILO constitution.[15] Other states can be admitted by a two-
thirds vote of all delegates, including a two-thirds vote of government delegates, at any ILO General Conference. The Cook Islands, a
non-UN state, joined in June 2015.

Members of the ILO under the League of Nations automatically became members when the organisation's new constitution came into
effect after World War II.

Position within the UN

The ILO is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN).[16] As with other UN specialised agencies (or programmes) working on
international development, the ILO is also a member of theUnited Nations Development Group.[17]

History

Origins
While the ILO was established as an agency of the League of Nations following
World War I, its founders had made great strides in social thought and action before
1919. The core members all knew one another from earlier private professional and
ideological networks, in which they exchanged knowledge, experiences, and ideas
on social policy. Prewar "epistemic communities", such as the International
Association for Labour Legislation(IALL), founded in 1900, and political networks,
such as the socialist Second International, were a decisive factor in the
institutionalization of international labour politics.[19]

In the post–World War I euphoria, the idea of a "makeable society" was an important
catalyst behind the social engineering of the ILO architects. As a new discipline,
international labour law became a useful instrument for putting social reforms into
practice. The utopian ideals of the founding members—social justice and the right to
decent work—were changed by diplomatic and political compromises made at the
Paris Peace Conference of 1919, showing the ILO's balance between idealism and
pragmatism.[19]
ILO organization chart (bottom-right),
Over the course of the First World War, the international labour movement proposed as a League of Nations agency
a comprehensive programme of protection for the working classes, conceived as during the interwar.[18]
compensation for labour's support during the war. Post-war reconstruction and the
protection of labour unions occupied the attention of many nations during and
immediately after World War I. In Great Britain, the Whitley Commission, a subcommittee of the Reconstruction Commission,
recommended in its July 1918 Final Report that "industrial councils" be established throughout the world.[20] The British Labour
Party had issued its own reconstruction programme in the document titled Labour and the New Social Order.[21] In February 1918,
the third Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference (representing delegates from Great Britain, France, Belgium and Italy) issued
its report, advocating an international labour rights body, an end to secret diplomacy, and other goals.[22] And in December 1918, the
American Federation of Labour (AFL) issued its own distinctively apolitical report, which called for the achievement of numerous
incremental improvements via thecollective bargaining process.[23]

IFTU Bern Conference

As the war drew to a close, two competing visions for the post-war world emerged. The first was offered by the International
Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), which called for a meeting in Bern, Switzerland, in July 1919. The Bern meeting would consider
both the future of the IFTU and the various proposals which had been made in the previous few years. The IFTU also proposed
including delegates from the Central Powers as equals. Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL, boycotted the meeting, wanting the
Central Powers delegates in a subservient role as an admission of guilt for their countries' role in the bringing about war. Instead,
Gompers favoured a meeting in Paris which would only consider President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as a platform. Despite
the American boycott, the Bern meeting went ahead as scheduled. In its final report, the Bern Conference demanded an end to wage
labour and the establishment of socialism. If these ends could not be immediately achieved, then an international body attached to the
[23]
League of Nations should enact and enforce legislation to protect workers and trade unions.

Commission on International Labour Legislation

Meanwhile, the Paris Peace Conference sought to dampen public support for communism. Subsequently, the Allied Powers agreed
that clauses should be inserted into the emerging peace treaty protecting labour unions and workers' rights, and that an international
labour body be established to help guide international labour relations in the future. The advisory Commission on International
Labour Legislation was established by the Peace Conference to draft these proposals. The Commission met for the first time on 1
[23]
February 1919, and Gompers was elected chairman.

Two competing proposals for an international body emerged during the Commission's
meetings. The British proposed establishing an international parliament to enact labour laws
which each member of the League would be required to implement. Each nation would have
two delegates to the parliament, one each from labour and management.[23] An international
labour office would collect statistics on labour issues and enforce the new international laws.
Philosophically opposed to the concept of an international parliament and convinced that
international standards would lower the few protections achieved in the United States,
Gompers proposed that the international labour body be authorized only to make
recommendations, and that enforcement be left up to the League of Nations. Despite vigorous
[23]
opposition from the British, the American proposal was adopted.

Samuel Gompers (right) with Gompers also set the agenda for the draft charter protecting workers' rights. The Americans
Albert Thomas, 1918 made 10 proposals. Three were adopted without change: That labour should not be treated as a
commodity; that all workers had the right to a wage sufficient to live on; and that women
should receive equal pay for equal work. A proposal protecting the freedom of speech, press,
assembly, and association was amended to include only freedom of association. A proposed ban on the international shipment of
goods made by children under the age of 16 was amended to ban goods made by children under the age of 14. A proposal to require
an eight-hour work day was amended to require the eight-hour work day or the 40-hour work week (an exception was made for
countries where productivity was low). Four other American proposals were rejected. Meanwhile, international delegates proposed
three additional clauses, which were adopted: One or more days for weekly rest; equality of laws for foreign workers; and regular and
frequent inspection of factory conditions.[23]
The Commission issued its final report on 4 March 1919, and the Peace Conference adopted it without amendment on 11 April. The
report became Part XIII of theTreaty of Versailles.[23]

Interwar period
The first annual conference, referred to as
the International Labour Conference
(ILC), began on 29 October 1919 at the
Pan American Union Building in
Washington, D.C.[24] and adopted the first
six International Labour Conventions,
Greenwood, Ernest H. (of the United States – Deputy secretary general of
which dealt with hours of work in
the conference) / Secretary General: Mr. Harold B. Butler (Great Britain) /
industry, unemployment, maternity Deputy Secretaries General: Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood (United States) / Dr.
protection, night work for women, Guido Pardo (Italy) /Legal Adviser: Dr. Manley 0. Hudson (United States) /
minimum age, and night work for young with staff of the first International Labour Conference, in Washington, D.C.,
persons in industry.[25] The prominent in 1919, in front of the Pan American Union Building
French socialist Albert Thomas became its
first director-general.

Despite open disappointment and sharp critique, the revived International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) quickly adapted itself
[26]
to this mechanism. The IFTU increasingly oriented its international activities around the lobby work of the ILO.

At the time of establishment, the U.S. government was not a member of ILO, as the US Senate rejected the covenant of the League of
Nations, and the United States could not join any of its agencies. Following the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the U.S.
presidency, the new administration made renewed efforts to join the ILO without league membership. On 19 June 1934, the U.S.
Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the president to join ILO without joining the League of Nations as a whole. On 22
June 1934, the ILO adopted a resolution inviting the U.S. government to join the organization. On 20 August 1934, the U.S.
government responded positively and took its seat at the ILO.

Wartime and the United Nations

During the Second World War, when Switzerland was surrounded by German troops, ILO director John G. Winant made the decision
to leave Geneva. In August 1940, the government of Canada officially invited the ILO to be housed at McGill University in
[27]
Montreal. Forty staff members were transferred tothe temporary offices and continued to work from McGill until 1948.

The ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations system after the demise of the league in 1946.[28] Its constitution,
as amended, includes theDeclaration of Philadelphia(1944) on the aims and purposes of the organization.

Cold War era

In July, 1970, the United States withdrew 50% of its financial support to the ILO following the appointment of an assistant director-
general from the Soviet Union. This appointment (by the ILO's British director-general, C. Wilfred Jenks) drew particular criticism
from AFL–CIO president George Meany and from CongressmanJohn E. Rooney. However, the funds were eventually paid.[29][30]

On 12 June 1975, the ILO voted to grant the Palestinian Liberation Organization observer status at its meetings. Representatives of
the United States and Israel walked out of the meeting. The U.S. House of Representatives subsequently decided to withhold funds.
The United States gave notice of full withdrawal on 6 November 1975, stating that the organization had become politicized. The
United States also suggested that representation from communist countries was not truly "tripartite"—including government,
workers, and employers—because of the structure of these economies. The withdrawal became fective
ef on 1 November 1977.[29]
The United States returned to the organization in 1980 after extracting some
concession from the organization. It was partly responsible for the ILO's shift away
from a human rights approach and towards support for the Washington Consensus.
Economist Guy Standing wrote "the ILO quietly ceased to be an international body
attempting to redress structural inequality and became one promoting employment
equity".[31]
Ratifications of 1976 Tripartite
Consultation Convention
In 1981, martial law was declared in Poland. Activities of Solidarnosc were
interrupted and many of its leaders and members were detained. The ILO Committee
on Freedom of Association revised the case and filed a complaint against Poland at the 1982 International Labour Conference. A
Commission of Inquiry was established to examine the case and it found the ILO Conventions No. 87 on freedom of association[32]
and No. 98 on trade union rights[33] , ratified by Poland in 1957, were violated .The ILO and many other countries and organizations
put pressure on the Polish government who finally gave legal status to Solidarnosc in 1989. During that same year, there was a round
table between the Government and Solidarnoc to agree on the terms of the relegalization under ILO principles. They also agreed to
orld War.[34]
hold the first free elections in Poland since the Second W

Programmes

Labour statistics
The ILO is a major provider of labour statistics. Labour statistics are an important tool for its member states to monitor their progress
toward improving labour standards. As part of their statistical work, ILO maintains several databases.[35] This database covers 11
major data series for over 200 countries. In addition, ILO publishes a number of compilations of labour statistics, such as the Key
Indicators of Labour Markets[36] (KILM). KILM covers 20 main indicators on labour participation rates, employment,
unemployment, educational attainment, labour cost, and economic performance. Many of these indicators have been prepared by
other organizations. For example, the Division of International Labour Comparisons of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares
.[37]
the hourly compensation in manufacturing indicator
The U.S. Department of Labor also publishes a yearly report containing a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced
Labor[38] issued by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs. The December 2014 updated edition of the report listed a total of 74
countries and 136 goods.

Training and teaching units

The International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization (ITCILO) is based in Turin, Italy.[39] Together with the
University of Turin Department of Law, the ITC offers training for ILO officers and secretariat members, as well as offering
educational programmes. The ITC offers more than 450 training and educational programmes and projects every year for some
11,000 people around the world.

For instance, the ITCILO offers a Master of Laws programme in management of development, which aims specialize professionals in
the field of cooperation and development.[40]

Child labour
The term child labour is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, dignity, and is harmful to their
physical and mental development.

Child labour refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children. Further, it can involve
interfering with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, obliging them to leave school prematurely, or
requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
In its most extreme forms, child labour involves children being enslaved,
separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses
and left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities – often at a
very early age. Whether or not particular forms of "work" can be called
child labour depends on the child's age, the type and hours of work
performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives
pursued by individual countries. The answer varies from country to
country, as well as among sectors within countries.

Different forms of child labour in Honduras,

ILO's response to child labour 1999

The ILO's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

(IPEC) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of
child labour, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of
countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat
child labour. The IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries, with an annual
expenditure on technical cooperation projects that reached over US$61 million in
2008. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest single
Parties to ILO's 1973 Minimum Age
operational programme of the ILO. Convention, and the minimum ages
they have designated: purple, 14
The number and range of the IPEC's partners have expanded over the years and now
years; green, 15 years; blue, 16
include employers' and workers' organizations, other international and government years
agencies, private businesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media,
parliamentarians, the judiciary, universities, religious groups and children and their
families.

The IPEC's work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILO's Decent Work Agenda.[41] Child labour not only prevents
[42]
children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future,

Exceptions in indigenous communities

Because of different cultural views involving labour, the ILO developed a series of culturally sensitive mandates, including
convention Nos. 169, 107, 138, and 182, to protect indigenous culture, traditions, and identities. Convention Nos. 138 and 182 lead in
the fight against child labour, while Nos. 107 and 169 promote the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples and protect their right to
define their own developmental priorities.[43]

In many indigenous communities, parents believe children learn important life lessons through the act of work and through the
participation in daily life. Working is seen as a learning process preparing children of the future tasks they will eventually have to do
as an adult.[44] It is a belief that the family's and child well-being and survival is a shared responsibility between members of the
whole family. They also see work as an intrinsic part of their child's developmental process. While these attitudes toward child work
[43]
remain, many children and parents from indigenous communities still highly value education.

Issues

Forced labour
The ILO has considered the fight against forced labour to be one of its main priorities. During the interwar years, the issue was
mainly considered a colonial phenomenon, and the ILO's concern was to establish minimum standards protecting the inhabitants of
colonies from the worst abuses committed by economic interests. After 1945, the goal became to set a uniform and universal
standard, determined by the higher awareness gained during World War II of politically and economically motivated systems of
forced labour, but debates were hampered by the Cold War and by exemptions claimed by colonial powers. Since the 1960s,
declarations of labour standards as a component of human rights have been weakened by government of postcolonial countries
claiming a need to exercise extraordinary powers over labour in their role as emergency regimes promoting rapid economic
development.[45]

In June 1998 the International Labour Conference adopted a Declaration on

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its follow-up that obligates member
states to respect, promote and realize freedom of association and the right to
collective bargaining, the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour,
the effective abolition of child labour, and the elimination of discrimination in
Ratifications of the ILO's 1930 respect of employment and occupation.
Forced Labour Convention, with non-
ratifiers shown in red With the adoption of the declaration, the ILO created the InFocus Programme on
Promoting the Declaration which is responsible for the reporting processes and
technical cooperation activities associated with the declaration; and it carries out
awareness raising, advocacy and knowledge functions.

In November 2001, following the publication of the InFocus Programme's first global report on forced labour, the ILO's governing
body created a special action programme to combat forced labour (SAP-FL),[46] as part of broader efforts to promote the 1998
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at W
ork and its follow-up.

Since its inception, the SAP-FL has focused on raising global awareness of forced
labour in its different forms, and mobilizing action against its manifestation. Several
thematic and country-specific studies and surveys have since been undertaken, on
such diverse aspects of forced labour as bonded labour, human trafficking, forced
domestic work, rural servitude, and forced prison labour
.

In 2013, the SAP-FL was integrated into the ILO's Fundamental Principles and Ratifications of the ILO's 1957
Abolition of Forced Labour
Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS)[47] bringing together the fight against
[48]
Convention, with non-ratifiers shown
forced and child labour and working in the context of Alliance 8.7.
in red

One major tool to fight forced labout was the adoption of the ILO Forced Labour
Protocol by the International Labour Conference in 2014. It was ratified for the
second time in 2015 and in November 9 2016 it entered into force. The new protocol brings the existing ILO Convention 29 on
Forced Labour [49] , adopted in 1930, into the modern era to address practices such as human trafficking. The accompanying
[50]
Recommendation 203 provides technical guidance on its implementation.

In 2015, the ILO launched a global campaign to end modern slavery, in partnership with the International Organization of Employers
(IOE) and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). The 50 for Freedom campaign aims to mobilize public support and
encourage countries to ratify the ILO’s Forced Labour Protocol.[51]

Minimum wage law

To protect the right of labours for fixing minimum wage, ILO has created Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928,
Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention, 1951 and Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 as minimum wage
law.

HIV/AIDS
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the lead UN-agency on HIV workplace policies and programmes and private sector
mobilization. The ILO recognizes that HIV has a potentially devastating impact on labour and productivity and represents an
[52] is the branch of the ILO dedicated to this issue.
enormous burden for working people, their families and communities. ILOAIDS
The ILO has been involved with the HIV response since 1998. In June 2001, the ILO's governing body adopted a pioneering code of
practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work,[53] which was launched during a special session of the UN General Assembly
.

The same year, ILO became a cosponsor of theJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS).

In 2010, the 99th International Labour Conference adopted the ILO's recommendation concerning HIV and AIDS and the world of
work, 2010 (No. 200),[54] the first international labour standard on HIV and AIDS. The recommendation lays out a comprehensive
set of principles to protect the rights of HIV-positive workers and their families, while scaling up prevention in the workplace.
Working under the theme of Preventing HIV, Protecting Human Rights at Work, ILOAIDS undertakes a range of policy advisory,
research and technical support functions in the area of HIV and AIDS and the world of work. The ILO also works on promoting
social protection as a means of reducing vulnerability to HIV and mitigating its impact on those living with orfected
af by HIV.

ILOAIDS is currently engaged in the "Getting to Zero"[55] campaign to arrive at zero new infections, zero AIDS-related deaths and
zero-discrimination by 2015.[56] Building on this campaign, ILOAIDS is executing a programme of voluntary and confidential
[57]
counselling and testing at work, known as VCT@WORK.

Migrant workers
As the word "migrant" suggests, migrant workers refer to those who moves from one country to another to do their job. For the rights
of migrant workers, ILO has adopted conventions, including Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 and
orkers and Members of Their Familiesin 1990.[58]
United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant W

Domestic workers
Domestic workers are those who perform a variety of tasks for and in other peoples' homes. For example, they may cook / clean the
house and look after children. Yet they are often the ones with the least consideration, excluded from labour and social protection.
This is mainly due to the fact that women have traditionally carried out the tasks without pay.[59] For the rights and decent work of
domestic workers including migrant domestic workers, ILO has adopted Convention on domestic workerson 16 June 2011.

ILO and globalization

Seeking a process of globalization that is inclusive, democratically governed and provides opportunities and tangible benefits for all
countries and people. The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization was established by the ILO's governing body
in February 2002 at the initiative of the director-general in response to the fact that there did not appear to be a space within the
multilateral system that would cover adequately and comprehensively the social dimension of the various aspects of globalization.
The World Commission Report, A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All, is the first attempt at structured dialogue
among representatives of constituencies with different interests and opinions on the social dimension of globalization, aimed at
[60]
finding common ground on one of the most controversial and divisive subjects of our time.

Future of Work
The ILO launched the Future of Work Initiative in order to gain understanding on the transformations that occur in the world of work
[61]
and thus be able to develop ways of responding to these challenges.

The initiative begun in 2016 by gathering the views of government representatives, workers, employers, academics and other relevant
figures around the world. About 110 countries participated in dialogues at the regional and national level. These dialogues were
structured around "four centenary conversations: work and society, decent jobs for all, the organization of work and production, and
the governance of work."

The second step took place in 2017 with the establishment of the Global Commission on the Future of Work dealing with the same
"four centenary conversations". A report is expected to be published prior to the 2019 Centenary International Labour Conference.
The aim of this Commission is to set the basis for the delivery of the "social justice mandate" in the 21st century. It will analyze the
proper manner of structuring the world of work which is constantly transforming so that it responds to the values of social justice.

There are 28 members in the Global Commission who are all eminent individuals with outstanding personal achievements and vision.
They represent a balance of geographical regions and experiences, with equal participation of women and men.

The Commission has two co-chairpersons: Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa.

ILO Centenary
The ILO will celebrate its centenary in 2019. This 100 years will be an opportunity to celebrate the ILO's achievements and also to
reaffirm its position as the authoritative organization of the world of work.[62]

Throughout 2019, there will be different events taking place around the world that will highlight the achievements of the
organizations and the role it plays in everyone's lives.

This will also be an opportunity to reaffirm the ILO's core values and vision as it prepares for its second century of work.

See also
Centre William Rappard, first permanent home of the ILO on the north bank of Lake Geneva
Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at W ork, 2008
Social clause, the integration of seven core ILO labour rights conventions into trade agreements
United Nations Global Compact, 1999–2000, encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible
policies

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Further reading
Alcock, A. History of the International Labour Organization(London, 1971)
Chisholm, A. Labour's Magna Charta: A Critical Study of the Labour Clauses of the Peacereaty T and of the Draft
Conventions and Recommendations of the W ashington International Labour Conference(London, 1925)
Dufty, N.F. "Organizational Growth and Goal Structure: The Case of the ILO,"International Organization1972 Vol.
26, pp 479–498 in JSTOR
Endres, A.; Fleming, G.International Organizations and the Analysis of Economic Policy , 1919–1950 (Cambridge,
2002)
Evans, A.A. My Life as an International Civil Servant in the International Labour Organization(Geneva, 1995)
Ewing, K. Britain and the ILO (London, 1994)
Fried, John H. E. "Relations Between the United Nations and the International Labor Organization," American
Political Science Review, Vol. 41, No. 5 (October 1947), pp. 963–977in JSTOR
Galenson, Walter. The International Labor Organization: An American V iew (Madison, 1981)
Ghebali, Victor-Yves. "The International Labour Organisation : A Case Study on the Evolution of U.N. Specialised
Agencies" Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, (1989)
Guthrie, Jason. "The international labor organization and the social politics of development, 1938–1969." (PhD
Dissertation, University of Maryland, 2015).
Haas, Ernst B. "Beyond the nation-state: functionalism and international organization" Colchester, ECPR Press,
(2008)
Heldal, H. "Norway in the International Labour Organization, 1919–1939" Scandinavian Journal of History1996 Vol.
21, pp 255–283,
Imber, M.F. The USA, ILO, UNESCO and IAEA: politicization and withdrawal in the Specialized Agencies (1989)
Johnston, G.A. The International Labour Organization: Its Work for Social and Economic Progress (London, 1970)
Manwaring, J. International Labour Organization: A Canadian V iew (Ottawa, 1986)
Morse, David. The Origin and Evolution of the ILO and its Role in the World Community (Ithaca, 1969)
Morse, David. "International Labour Organization – Nobel Lecture: ILO and the Social Infrastructure of Peace"
Ostrower, Gary B. "The American decision tojoin the international labor organization",Labor History, Volume 16,
Issue 4 Autumn 1975, pp 495–504 The U.S. joined in 1934
VanDaele, Jasmien. "The International Labour Organization (ILO) In Past and Present Research,"International
Review of Social History2008 53(3): 485–511, historiography

External links
Official website
The International Training Centre of the ILO
Nobel Peace Prize 1969 for the ILO
Contains electronic copies of ILO reports published from 1919 onwards
YouTube channel

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