Turbines and Speed Governors: ELEC0047 - Power System Dynamics, Control and Stability
Turbines and Speed Governors: ELEC0047 - Power System Dynamics, Control and Stability
Turbines and Speed Governors: ELEC0047 - Power System Dynamics, Control and Stability
November 2017
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Turbines and speed governors Steam turbines
Steam turbines
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Turbines and speed governors Steam turbines
Assumptions:
power developed in one turbine stage ÷ steam flow at exit of that stage
steam flow at entry of HP vessel ÷ valve opening z ÷ steam pressure pc
steam flow at exit of a vessel follows steam flow at entry with a time constant
for large disturbances, the change in steam flow dHP results in an opposite
change in steam pressure pc
taking this into account requires to model the boiler and its controllers
we only mention the boiler and turbine control modes
“Boiler-following” regulation
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Turbines and speed governors Steam turbines
“Turbine-following” regulation
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Turbines and speed governors Steam turbines
Example
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Turbines and speed governors Speed governors of steam turbines
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Turbines and speed governors Speed governors of steam turbines
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Turbines and speed governors Speed governors of steam turbines
Equivalent block-diagram
Steady-state characteristics
turbine:
pc = 1 pu ⇒ Pm = z
speed governor: assuming z is not limited:
ω−1
z = zo −
σ
and referring to the system frequency f (in Hz) with nominal value fN (in Hz):
f − fN
z = zo −
σfN
combining both:
f − fN
Pm = z o −
σfN
z o seen as a power setpoint, in pu on the turbine power.
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
Hydraulic turbines
Action (or impulse-type) turbines
The potential energy of water is converted into pressure and then into kinetic
energy by passing through nozzles. The runner is at atmospheric pressure. The
high-velocity jets of water hit spoon-shaped buckets on the runner.
Pelton turbine
Reaction turbines
The potential energy of water is partly converted into pressure. The water
supplies energy to the runner in both kinetic and pressure forms. Pressure within
the turbine is above atmospheric.
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
Francis turbine
Kaplan turbine
Bulb turbine
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
Assumptions:
water assumed incompressible
pressure travelling waves (hammer effect) neglected
Hs : water height
Epot = ρgHs
P = ρgHs Q
P = EQ = ρgHQ
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
Basic relationships:
2 water flow: √
Q = kQ z H
z : section of gate (0 ≤ z ≤ A)
dQ gA
Q = Av ⇒ = (Hs − H)
dt L
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
(Q o −Qv ) 0
1− √
zo Ho
sTw ∆Z (Q o − Qv )
o 3/2
lim ∆Pm (t) = lim sKP (H ) = −2KP H o ∆Z
t→0 s→∞ T0 s zo
1 + s 2w
with σ ' 0.04 − 0.05, the turbine and speed governor would be unstable
when the hydro plant is in isolated mode or in a system with a high
proportion of hydro plants
first solution: increase σ
⇒ the power plant will participate less to frequency control : not desirable
other solution: add a compensator that temporarily increases the value of σ
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Turbines and speed governors Hydraulic turbines
In steady state:
sδTr
lim σ + =σ
s→0 1 + sTr
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Turbines and speed governors Case study. Frequency regulation in an isolated system
Hydro plant:
generator: 300 MVA, 3 rotor winding model
turbine: 285 MW, Tw = 1.5 s Qv = 0.1
automatic voltage regulator: static gain G = 150
exciter: time constant Te = 0.5 s
speed governor: σ = 0.04
mechanical-hydraulic : K = 4 ż min = −0.02 ż max = 0.02 pu/s Tp = 0
PI controller: see slide 29
Load:
behaves as constant impedance, insensitive to frequency
5 % step increase of admittance at t = 1 s
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Turbines and speed governors Case study. Frequency regulation in an isolated system
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Turbines and speed governors Case study. Frequency regulation in an isolated system
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Turbines and speed governors Case study. Frequency regulation in an isolated system
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Turbines and speed governors Case study. Frequency regulation in an isolated system
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