CHAPTER I

1INTRODUCTION:

In tropical countries such as India, small split type air conditioners are generally used
in residential and commercial buildings. In such establishments, electric water heaters are
often used to generate hot water and water coolers to generate cold water. Air conditioner,
electric water heater and electric water cooler are generally the major energy consuming
devices in the buildings. The number of air conditioners, electric water heaters and water
coolers has been increasing over the years, and this poses a serious problem to the country
that largely depends on non renewable energy. Wasteheat from air conditioners may be used
to produce hot water. The benefits of doing this are twofold. One is elimination of the need to
install an electric water heater, and the other is saving of electrical energy otherwise used in
the electric water heater and water cooler. These may be accomplished while the usefulness
of the air conditioner for cooling is maintained.
At present, water heaters using waste heat from small split type air conditioners are
commercially available in India and are generally mechanically made to the specific
requirements of the users. Even though split type air conditioners with water heaters are
successfully used, their performance and system design for application in India have not been
fully investigated, especially when both cooling and heating effects are desirable. Studies of
heat pump hot water heaters operating in subtropical and cold countries have appeared in the
literature.
The need for the development of an integrated air conditioning cum water dispenser
system at low cost was overcome by using a common compressor for both the systems. The
use of common compressor eliminates the use of a separate electrical energy for the operation
of water heaters and water coolers. A parallel connection can be bypassed from the
compressor of a normal air conditioner in order to make the system suitable for all the three
purposes i.e. water heating, water cooling and space conditioning. In such a system there are
two cycles involved: air cycle and water cycle. In evaporator of air cycle, the air is cooled. In
condenser of air cycle, the air is heated. In evaporating coil of water cycle, the water is cooled
and in condensing coil of water cycle, the water is heated. An attractive point is that this air
conditioner cum water dispenser system can produce hot & cold water as well as hot & cold
air.
The system can be operated in five modes: water heating only, space cooling and water
heating, space heating and water heating, space cooling, space heating with three cycles of
operations: air cycle(in which air conditioner operates), water cycle(in which water dispenser
operates) and air/water cycle(in which air conditioner cum water dispenser operates). These
cycles can be controlled by means of valves.
1.2.Rerigeration System
 Any substance capable of absorbing heat from another required substance can be used
as refrigerant i.e. ice, water, air or brine. A mechanical refrigerant is a refrigerant which will
absorb the heat from the source and dissipate the same to the sink or in the form of latent
heat. The physical properties will enable them to repeat continuously a liquid to gas and gas
to liquid transformation. Air was used as a refrigerant in many refrigerant system in olden
days considering as safest refrigerant. Ammonia, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide were
used for domestic and commercial purposes until ferons were available.
The refrigerants are classified in to two groups:
1. Primary refrigerants
2. Secondary refrigerants
Primary refrigerants directly take the part in the refrigerants system where secondary
refrigerants are first cooled with the help of the primary refrigerants and are further used for
cooling purpose.

Vapor-compression refrigeration is one of from many refrigeration cycles available

for use . It is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of offices, private residences,
hotels,
large public buildings, restaurants ,automobiles, hospitals and theaters,. It is also used in
private and economic refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of
foods. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas
processing plants are many types of industrial plants that often use large vapor-compression
refrigeration systems.
A household refrigerator is a common household gadget that consists of a thermally insulated
Compartment and which when works, transfers heat from the inside of the chamber to its
external environment so that the inside of the thermally isolated compartment is cooled to a
temperature below the surroundings temperature of the room. Heat rejection may occur
directly to the air in the case of a traditional household refrigerator having air-cooled
condenser.
The utilization of waste heat is profitable when heating and refrigeration are needed at the
same time, or where waste heat can be stored:
In air conditioning systems to reheat exhaust air
In butcheries, dairies, hotels, etc., where, on the one hand, cold storage rooms are
supervised and where there is always a great demand for domestic hot water
In shops, where in addition to cooling foodstuff, need of heat also occurs
In cold storage facilities, for heating and domestic hot water.
Waste heat rejected from refrigeration and air conditioning systems can be used by
Intercepting it before it is vented to atmosphere by passing refrigerant gas through water
cooled
Condenser to deliver heated water. Heat can be recovered by using the water-cooled
condenser and the system can work like a waste heat recovery unit. The recovered heat from
the condenser can be used for domestic use.
This idea is selected keeping its scope in mind for various applications along with the
overall cost. The thought process was to modify the refrigerator in such a way, enabling it to
produce cold and hot water without consuming extra electric power, while improving the
efficiency of there figuration system. Saving heat energy which is usually lost to the
surrounding in domestic refrigerators and utilizing it in a useful way. Manifesting this model
in desired form, at expense of cost comparable with the cost of available refrigerators is our
aim. The same concept can be applied to a water cooler working on refrigerant cycle, thus
modifying it into hot and cold water dispenser. This concept has numerous applications
which can save large amount of energy and money
1.3. WATER COOLING SYSTEM :

A water cooler or water dispenser is a device that cools and dispenses water. Water coolers
come in a variety of form factors, ranging from wall-mounted to bottle filler water cooler
combination units, to bi-level units and other formats. They are generally broken up in two
categories: point-of use (POU) water coolers and bottled water coolers. POU Water coolers
are connected to a water supply, while bottled water coolers require delivery (or self-pick-up)
of water in large bottles from vendors. Bottled water coolers can be top-mounted or bottom-
loaded, depending on the design of the model.

Bottled water coolers typically use 5 or 10-gallon dispensers commonly found on top of the
unit. Pressure coolers are a subcategory of water coolers encompassing water fountains and
direct-piping water dispensers. Water cooler may also refer to a primitive device for keeping
water cool

Water coolers are a common metonym referring to workplace socialization.

DISPENSER TYPES

Wall-mounted / recessed

The wall-mounted type is connected to the building's water supply for a continuous supply of
water and electricity to run a refrigeration unit to cool the incoming water, and to the
building's waste disposal system to dispose of unused water. Wall-mounted water coolers are
frequently used in commercial buildings like hospitals, schools, businesses, and other
facilities.
In the standard wall-mounted cooler, also commonly referred to as a water fountain
or drinking fountain, a small tank in the machine holds chilled water so the user does not
have to wait for chilled water. Water is delivered by turning or pressing a button on a spring-
loaded valve located on the top of the unit that turns off the water when released. Some
devices also offer a large button on the front or side. Newer machines may not have a button
at all; instead, a sensor that detects when someone is near and activates the water. Water is
delivered in a stream that arches up, allowing the user to drink directly from the top of the
stream of water. These devices usually dispense water directly from the municipal water
supply, without treatment or filtering.

Wall mount water coolers come in a wide variety of styles, from recessed models to splash
resistant, contoured basins protruding out from the wall, traditional rounded square edge
designs, bottle filler and water cooler combination units, bi-level designs, and other features
and options

Bottom-load water dispenser

Water dispensers commonly have the water supply vessel mounted at the top of the unit.
Bottom-load water dispensers have the vessel mounted at the bottom of the unit to make
loading easier.

Tabletop water dispenser

There are also smaller versions of the water dispensers where the dispenser can be placed
directly on top of a table.

Direct-piping water dispenser (POU)

Water dispensers can be directly connected to the in-house water source for continuous
dispensing of hot and cold drinking water. This type is commonly referred to as POU (Point
of Use) water dispensers. These are more hygienic than bottled water coolers.
Freestanding water cooler with bottle

Freestanding

A freestanding design generally involves bottles of water placed spout-down into the
dispensing machine.

Tabletop or kitchen worktop versions are available which utilize readily available five-liter
water bottles from supermarkets. These coolers use air pumps to push the water into the
cooling chamber and Peltier devices to chill the water.

A new development within the water cooler market is the advent of countertop appliances
which are connected to the mains and provide an instant supply of not only chilled water but
also hot and boiling water. This is often visible in the horeca industry.

Water will flow faster when the handle is in the upright position. The water is aerated which
allows the water to come through the spout at a faster rate

WATER SOURCE AND PURIFICATION

Bottle

To install the bottle, the bottle is tipped upside down and set onto the dispenser; a probe
punctures the cap of the bottle and allows the water to flow into the machine's internal
reservoir. These gravity-powered systems have a device to dispense water in a controlled
manner.

These machines come in different sizes and vary from table units, intended for occasional use
to floor-mounted units intended for heavier use. Bottled water normally is delivered to the
household or business on a regular basis, where empty bottles are exchanged for full ones.
The bottle size varies with the size of the unit, with the larger versions in the US using 5-US-
gallon (19 L) bottles. This is also the most common size elsewhere, labelled as 18.9 litres in
countries that use the metric system. These units usually do not have a place to dump excess
water, only offering a small basin to catch minor spills. On the front, a lever or pushbutton
dispenses the water into a cup held beneath the spigot.

When the water container is empty, it is lifted off the top of the dispenser, and automatically
seals to prevent any excess water still in the bottle from leaking.

Plumbed with purification

Plumbed water coolers use tap water and therefore do not need bottles due to their use of the
main water supply. Usually some method of purification is used.

Filtration

Filtration methods include reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and activated carbon.

Disinfection

UVGI (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation) is a commonly used disinfection method to kill or

inactivate micro-organisms and leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. Log
reduction (i.e. 6-log reduction or 99.9999% effective) is used as a measure on the
effectiveness of disinfection.

COOLING AND HEATING METHODS

A modern water cooler dispensing cold water, hot water and boiling water

Cooling

Most modern units offer a refrigeration function to chill the water, using Vapor compression
refrigeration or Thermoelectric cooling.

Vapor compression refrigeration

Water coolers using vapor compression refrigeration come in one of the following systems:
 Reservoir System - A tank where water is held, to be used for cooling or heating and is
fitted with a float mechanism to prevent overflowing.
 RR technology - a removable reservoir is an open-end tank with cooling coils that
come into contact with the external tank surface. It operates on the basis of a modular
system, allowing one to easily detach and refill water instead of keeping it in a closed
system. One of the advantages in using a removable reservoir is the ease of
sanitization. This allows end users to replace the reservoir completely rather than
sending an entire water cooler back for servicing. A similar technology can be found
in many modern water dispensers and coffee machines.
 Stainless Steel - open end tank with cooling coils that come into contact with the
external tank surface
 Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System - The combination of a pressure vessel, which
protects the water in the tank from air-borne contamination, and a direct chill system
which cools water coming from the mains quickly.
 Pressure Vessel - A sealed pressure vessel is filled at a lower pressure within the
water cooler. As such, the water does not come into contact with the atmosphere,
allowing a larger amount of cold water (depending on the size of the tank) to be
dispensed at the expense of a slower cooling system.
 Direct Chill - In a standard direct chill system, water is passed through a stainless
steel coil that is in contact with a copper evaporator that circulates refrigerant gas.
The refrigeration system is attached outside of the coil and the cold transfers through
the pipe walls to chill the water in the coil through conduction. When the taps are
operated, the chilled water is dispensed at mains pressure. The water never comes
into contact with the atmosphere as the cold temperature emitted by the refrigerant
gas is transferred through the copper coil which transfers the cold temperatures to
water passing through the stainless steel coil without touching each other. This allows
the water to get cold more quickly again at the expense of having a lower volume of
cold water available.
 Ice-bank Cooling System - A pressurized stainless steel coil and a copper coil is
immersed in a reservoir full of pre-chilled water. The copper coil containing the
refrigerant gas freezes the water contained within the reservoir producing a cold supply,
which in turns cools the drinking water flowing through stainless steel coil.

Thermoelectric cooling

Thermoelectric cooling is a green alternative to HFC refrigerant that uses a solid state
device that acts as a heat pump to transfer heat from one side of the device to another using
the Peltier effect. It is made up of numerous pairs of semiconductors enclosed by ceramic
wafers. Thermoelectric coolers use direct current power rather than refrigerant gas and a
compressor and have no moving parts or complex assemblies.
Heating

Some versions also have a second dispenser that delivers room-temperature water or even
heated water that can be used for tea, hot chocolate or other uses. The water in the alternate
hot tap is generally heated with a heating element and stored in a hot tank (much like the
traditional hot water heaters used in residential homes). Additionally, the hot tap is usually
equipped with a push-in safety valve to prevent burns from an accidental or inadvertent
pressing of the lever.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE SURVEY:

Scientists all over the world are in search of new and renewable energy sources. One
of the options is to develop energy storage devices, which are as important as developing new
sources of energy. The air conditioning along with water dispenser can operate in various
modes which are water heating, water cooling, space heating, etc.

According to Q. P. Ha [1] they have performed the vapor-absorption cooling plant

fully powered by a renewable energy source with solar radiation, in which no water storage
and auxiliary heat exchanger are used. They have proposed system in meeting the air-
conditioning demand while addressing directly critical issues of electricity consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions. With the results they come up as the new fully solar driven single
effect hot water absorption chiller of 6kW cooling capacity to ultimately achieve high energy
efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions in buildings. Here they produce hot water
without the use of additional heat exchanger. The influence of condenser-water temperature,
hot-water temperature and chilled-water temperature on the system cooling capacity
investigated.

Zhang Jie[2] had done the theoretical study and proposed that in the cooling
conditions the low-temperature condensed water of indoor unit on the evaporator drainage to
outdoor unit on the condenser fins, thereby reducing the condensing temperature to improve
the cooling of the condenser , and enhance the air-conditioning refrigeration coefficient.
Theywere focused on to solve the “Air- conditioning drip water” problem. Emissions of
condensed water of air conditioners in the run-time give rise to inconvenience and affect the
environment, and the condensed water discharge to the outdoor is a waste of water resource.
Thus the treatment of condensed water is very practical problem [3].
Mecler[4] proposed a two-stage solid desiccant air conditioning system, integrated
with an HVAC system. An energy ex-change was employed to precool and predehumidify
the process air by exchanging sensible and latent heat with return air from conditioned space
without the addition of external heat or regeneration. Much research was carried out on the
solar air heater.

Alvarez et al.[5] described the development and testing of an efficient, single-glass air
solar collector with an absorber plate made of recyclable aluminum cans(RAC). The
maximum efficiency reached was 74%, which was very satisfactory for an air solar collector
with an absorber plate made of recyclable aluminum cans. The advantages of using
recyclable materials to build the absorber plate of the air solar collector imply that the
absorbers are cheaper with a cleaner environment.

To overcome all these problems we offer an air conditioner coupled with heat pump
water heater with the main components such as heat exchanger, compressor, and valves. The
air to water heat pumps water heater offers an energy saving alternatives. Heat pump water
heater can provide hot water two or three times more energy efficient than electric resistance
heater. So the primary cost will be reduced and it can realize multifunction easily. Here we
can demonstrate an air conditioning water heater (ACWH) and the performance analysis.

2.1.The Refrigeration systems:

It changes according to the objective and the type of refrigerant
used. They are the means by which we can actually perform the refrigeration process. A
better
understanding of them is thus, very essential .Methods of Refrigeration systems can be
classified as:
2.1.1. Cyclic refrigeration - Vapor-Compression Refrigeration, Vapor-Absorption
Refrigeration, Gas
cycle.
2.1.2 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System -
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) is the most widely used method for air-
conditioning of buildings and automobiles. Vapor compression cycle is an improved type of
air
refrigeration cycle in which a suitable working termed as refrigerant, is used. The refrigerants
generally used for this objective are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur-
dioxide
(SO2). The refrigerant used, does not assent the system, but is circulated throughout the
system
alternately condensing and evaporating.

2.1.3 Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration –

The Vapor Absorption Refrigeration is heat operated system. In the absorption system
the
compressor of the vapor compression system is reintegrated by the combination of absorber
and
generator. A solution known as the absorbent, which has an affinity for the refrigerant used,
is
circulated between the absorber and the generator by a pump. The absorbent in the absorber
draws (or sucks) the refrigerant vapor formed in the evaporator thus maintaining a low
pressure in the evaporator to enable the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperature. In the
generator the absorbent is heated. There by releasing the refrigerant vapor (absorbed in the
absorber) as high pressure vapor, to be condensed in the condenser. Thus the suction function
is performed by absorbent in the absorberand the generator performs the function of the
compression and discharge. The absorbent solution carries the refrigerant vapor from the low
side (evaporator absorber) to the high side (generator condenser).
Thus establishing circulation of the refrigerant through the system.
2.1.4. Gas Refrigeration Cycle –
Just as the vapors are used for cooling in the vapor compression cycle and vapor
absorption cycle, the gas is used for cooling in gas refrigeration cycle. When the gas is
throttled from very high pressure to low pressure in the throttling valve, its temperature
reduces suddenly while its enthalpy remains constant. This principle is used in gas
refrigeration system.

2. 2.Non-cyclic refrigeration: Ice Refrigeration and Dry Ice Refrigeration.

2.2.1 Ice Refrigeration –
In this method the ordinary ice is used for keeping the space at temperature below the
surrounding temperature. The temperature of ice is considered to be zero degree Celsius
hence it can be used to maintain the temperatures of about 5 to 10 degree Celsius. To use the
ice for refrigerating effect a closed and insulated chamber is required. On one side of the
chamber ice is kept while on the other side there is a space which is to be cooled where some
material to be cooled can be placed. If the temperature below 0 degree Celsius is required,
then the mixture of ice and salt is used. This method of cooling is still being used for cooling
the cold drinks, keeping the water chilled in thermos, etc.

2.2 Dry ice refrigeration –

Dry ice is the solid carbon dioxide having the temperature of -78 degree Celsius. Dry
ice
disciple directly from solid state to gaseous; this process is called as sublimation. Dry ice can
be
pressed into various sizes and shapes as blocks or slabs. Dry ice is usually packed in the
frozen food cartons along with the food that has to be kept frozen for long time. When the dry
ice gets converted into vapor state it keeps the food frozen. The process of dry ice
refrigeration is now-a-days being used for freezing the food in aircraft transportation
 CHAPTER III
3FABRICATION COMPONENTS

COMPRESSOR:

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing

its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can
transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the
volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the
main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.



Working Pressure (minimum) 9 Kg. / Sq. Cm.

No. of stages One (or more)

Motor Power 200 KW (or more)

Operating Voltage 3 Phase, 415 V
CONDENSER
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is
given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers can
be made according to numerous designs, and come in many sizes ranging from rather small
(hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example,
a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the
outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such
as distillation, steam power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water
or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers

 Expansion valve
A thermal expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component
in refrigeration and air conditioningsystems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into
the evaporator thereby keeping superheat, that is, the difference between the current refrigerant
temperature and its saturation temperature at the current pressure, at a stable value, ensuring
that the only phase in which the refrigerant leaves the evaporator is vapor, and, at the same time,
supplying the evaporator's coils with the optimal amount of liquid refrigerant to achieve the
optimal heat exchange rate allowed by that evaporator. Thermal expansion valves are often
referred to generically as "metering devices".
EVAPORATOR :
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical
substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized,
into a gas form of the targeted substance in that process

One kind of evaporator is a kind of radiator coil used in a closed compressor driven
circulation of a liquid coolant. That is called an air-conditioning system (A/C) or refrigeration
system to allow a compressed cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon) or R-410A, to
evaporate/vaporize from liquid to gas within the system while absorbing heat from the
enclosed cooled area, for example a refrigerator or rooms indoors, in the process. This works
in the closed A/C or refrigeration system with a condenser radiator coil that exchanges the
heat from the coolant, such as into the ambient environment
STORAGE TANK:

Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank; or in
U.S.A "pressure vessel", which is not typically labeled or regulated as a storage tank) or
mediums used for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold. The term can be used
for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The usage of the
word tank for reservoirs is uncommon in American English but is moderately common
in British English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial containers.

In the USA, storage tanks operate under no (or very little) pressure, distinguishing
them from pressure vessels. Storage tanks are
often cylindrical in shape, perpendicular to the
ground with flat bottoms, and a fixed flangible or
floating roof. There are usually many environmental
regulations applied to the design and operation of
storage tanks, often depending on the nature of
 the fluid contained within. Above-ground storage tanks (ASTs) differ
from underground storage tanks (USTs) in the kinds of regulations that are applied. Above
ground storage tanks can be used to hold materials such as petroleum, waste matter, water,
chemicals, and other hazardous materials, all while meeting strict industry standards and
regulations

Thermostat:

A thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of a physical system and

performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint.
Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature,
examples include building heating, central heating, air conditioners, HVAC systems, water
heaters, as well as kitchen equipment including ovens and refrigerators and medical and
scientific incubators. In scientific literature, these devices are often broadly classified as
thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). Thermostatically controlled loads comprise roughly
50% of the overall electricity demand in the United States.[1]
A thermostat operates as a "closed loop" control device, as it seeks to reduce the error
between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines both
the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system, such as in an automotive
thermostat.

INSULATOR

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow

freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.
This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric
current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators
have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile
charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators
become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric
field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an
insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are
very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have
lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at
normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables.
Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics which can
be thermoset or thermoplastic in nature

evaporator coil
An evaporator coil is the part of an air conditioner or heat pump that absorbs the heat
from the air in your house. It is located inside the air handler or attached to the furnace.
Located inside the blower compartment or air handler, the evaporator coil holds the chilled
refrigerant that the compressor moves into it.

As the air from the blower fan moves over the coil, the cold refrigerant removes the heat from
your home’s air. The refrigerant becomes warmer and travels to the condenser coil outdoors.
With a heat pump, the process reverses in the winter and the evaporator coil expels heat from
the refrigerant into your home, instead of absorbing it and taking it outdoors. Most heat
pumps have auxiliary heating elements that are part of the evaporator coil components to
supply heat when temperatures fall below a certain point
 CHAPTER IV

4. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Introduction

Air-Conditioning cum Water dispenser system is a unique combination of air-cycle

and water-cycle into a single unit.

“Air-conditioning” is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, motion

and purity of the atmosphere in confined space. The important factors which control
the air-conditioning are

i. Temperature control

ii. Humidity control

iii. Air movement and circulation

iv. Air filtering, cleaning and purification

Complete conditioning provides simultaneous control of these factors. In addition

to comfort phases of air conditioning, many industries have found that this process
has made possible more complete control of manufacturing processes and materials
and improve the quality of finished products.

“Water-dispenser system” is sequential process of controlling the temperature,

motion and purity of water which is being circulated in the closed system. Factors
controlled by water dispenser are

 Temperature control
 Water motion and circulation
 Water filtering, cleaning and purification

Thus in an “Air-conditioning cum Water-dispenser system” controlled, cleaned,

purified, filtered air and water with better efficiency.

B. Components

The basic elements of an air-conditioning system are

Fans – for moving air

Filters – for cleaning air, either fresh, recirculated or both.

Condenser – for exchanging heat with the surrounding atmosphere and provides hot
air

Compressor–for compressing the refrigerant at high pressure and temperature

Evaporator–for exchanging heat with the atmosphere and provides cold air
Control system– for automatic regulation of amount of heating and cooling
C. Working of Air-Conditioning System

Air conditioning comprises of the following steps

A The fan forces air into the duct work which is connected to the openings in the room
called as terminals.

B The duct work directs the air into the room through the outlets.

C The air enters the room and either heats or cools as required. Dust particles from the
room enter the air stream and are carried along with it.

D The compressor initially is filled with the refrigerant in the form of gas.

E On switching on the system the compressor compresses the gas to high temperature
and pressure and then sends the super-heated gas to the condenser.

Figure Air- Conditioning System

Figure p-h graph

4.2METHODOLOGY

The modification of domestic refrigerator into hot and cold water dispenser is explained
below. It is achieved by replacing the air cooled condenser with water cooled condenser. It
includes construction and fabrication of tank which will act as structure for water cooled
condenser.

Construction of Hot and Cold Water Dispenser

Domestic refrigerator has air cooled condenser as shown in below figure. We are
going to replace it with a Tank & Coil condenser.

A. Air Cooled Condenser

Figure 1.1: Domestic Refrigerator

The above figure shows the system for cooling found in domestic refrigerator. It has air
cooled condenser, in which coils is exposed to air and it releases the heat directly into the
atmosphere.

B. Water Cooled Condenser

Tank and Coil condenser is fabricated from Galvanized Iron sheet with dimensions as
Length: 17 inches, Width: 6 inches, Height: 10 inches, Thickness: 5mm, Capacity: 10 liters
 Figure 1.2: Working Diagram of Water Cooled Condenser

The tank and coil condenser will be having following sub-components:

1. Condenser Coil: Condenser coil made of copper tube having size of ¼th inch and
thickness 18 mm. It is bend using tube bender and fit into the tank.

2. Supply Valve: It will act as inlet for water supply to the tank. Water from purifier or
tap will enter through this valve.

3. Float Valve: Float valve will keep the water level in check. If the level of water
is to fall below the set level, it opens and water is filled in the tank.

4. Outlet Valve: It will act as outlet for warm water.

C. Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a fluid that is used in air conditioners and refrigerators, to take heat
from the contents of refrigerator or the room (like ACs) and throw the heat out in the
atmosphere. A refrigerant undergoes phase changes from a liquid to gas (while absorbing
heat) and back to liquid (when a compressor compresses it). The choice of ideal refrigerant is
made based on: its fa-vorable thermodynamic properties, non-corrosive nature and safety.
Although many fluids can be used to act as refrigerant, CFCs are the most popular
refrigerants. Taking energy efficiency, global warming and safety, going for an Air
Conditioner with R-410A and Refrigerator with R-134A is the best bet as of today. So the
refrigerant we are going to use is R-134A .

D. Process

A Galvanized Iron Tank is fabricated and assembled with the valves, condenser coil.
It is welded onto the back of Refrigerator in place of air cooled condenser it had. Provisions
are made to supply water into the tank either from tap (if not for drinking) or manually. The
discharge line from compressor is joined with the copper condenser coil in tank. And the
outlet of condenser coil goes to evaporator through expansion valve/capillary tube.

The working of cycle will be same as before except that the heat energy is not lost to
the atmosphere but used to heat water. In brief, Refrigerant will be compressed to high
pressure and high temperature by compressor. It enters the tank and coil condenser in form of
vapor. Tank is filled with water supplied through inlet from water source. Float valve keeps
check on level of water. Water-cooled condenser acts as a heat exchanger that removes heat
from refrigerant vapor and transfers it to the water in it. In doing so, the vapor condenses and
gives up heat to the water. This warm water is supplied through outlet/tap so that it can be
used for different chores.

Figure 1.4: Working of Water Cooled Refrigeration System

At the inlet of the condenser the refrigerant is in the gaseous form as well as at high temperature.
When a flow of air at room temperature is flown over the condenser at that time a heat exchange
takes place between the air and the refrigerant causing the air to heated up and also leads
condensation of the refrigerant that liquefies after condensation, slight difference in temperature
occurs between the inlet and outlet of the condenser in practical scenario as it is a constant
temperature process.
 From the condenser outlet the liquid refrigerant is passed through the capillary tubes that act as
an expansion valve where the drop in temperature of the refrigerant occurs due to expansion as it
is a constant enthalpy process.

The cooled refrigerant is now passed to the evaporator where in when air at room-temperature is
passed over a heat exchange takes place leading to evaporation of the refrigerant and thus the air
is cooled which is passed to the outlet terminals.

The refrigerant is again directed back to compressor where the compression takes place at
constant entropy.

Finally the cycle of air- conditioning is completed.

D. Design of Air-Conditioning cum Water Dispenser System

Here,

P1- compressor inlet pressure

P2- compressor outlet pressure

T1- condenser inlet temperature

T2- condenser outlet temperature

T3- evaporator inlet temperature

T4- evaporator outlet temperature

T5- hot water temperature

T6- cold water temperature

Valves- for regulation of refrigerant into the water-cycle

 E. Working of Air-Conditioning cum Water Dispenser System

i. Working of air-conditioning cum water dispenser system is similar to that of

the air-conditioning system with an additional water cycle associated with it.

Initially R22 refrigerant of 1.75 kg is inserted into the compressor pin valve.

iii. Copper coils of 40 turns are made and inserted in the drum that acts as an
condenser for the water cycle and copper coils of 20 turns are made for the
evaporator in order to get maximum efficiency.

iv. The condenser and evaporator of the water cycle are connected to the outlet
and the inlet of the compressor.

v. A filter is placed between condenser and capillary tube in order to prevent

clogging of impurities in the setup.

vi. Capillary tubes are used in order to enable expansion under constant enthalpy
process

vii. Valves are here used in order to regulate and control the air and water cycles
independently

viii. When the system is started the refrigerant flows to both air cycle and the water
cycle

ix. The compressed refrigerant flows through the condenser coils where
condensation of the refrigerant occurs causing heating of the water in the hot
water chamber and then it is passed through the expansion valve leading to a
drop of temperature of the refrigerant and then it is passed to the evaporator in
the form of liquid at a very low temperature where heat exchange occurs
between water at room temperature and the refrigerant leading to cooling of
the water and heating of the refrigerant thus cold water is obtained from cold
water chamber.
 x. The refrigerant from the evaporator enters the compressor and thus the cycle
continues.

xi. Temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the condenser, inlet outlet temperatures
of evaporator , pressures at the inlet and outlet of compressor is noted down
and calculations related to COP , mass-flow rates, efficiencies are determined.
xii. Finally a combined system of air cycle and water cycle is obtained with
increased efficiency is thus obtained

Figure Air conditioning cum Water Dispenser System

CALCULATIONS

For Water Cycle

Design of Hot Chamber

The refrigerant flows from the compressor in a chamber consisting of 40 turns which acts as a
condenser. The chamber acts as Shell and tube heat exchanger wherein the condensation of
the refrigerant takes place. The calculations are done taking the hot chamber as a heat
exchanger.
i. Heat transferred by condenser

Q = K x πd x (Thi-Tho)

where, Q= heat transferred by condenser in W

K= Thermal conductivity of copper = 386W/m2k

D = Diameter of tube= 6.35 x 10-3m

Thi= Condenser inlet temperature = 79.3 0C

Tho= Condenser outlet temperature = 36.7 0C

Q= 386 x π x 6.35 x 10-3x (79.3-36.7)

Q= 328.035 W

ii. Mass flow rate of refrigerant

Q= m x Cp x (Thi-Tho)

where, Q= heat transferred by condenser in W

m= mass flow rate in Kg/sec

Cp= Specific heat at constant pressure =

1.022KJ/KgK Thi= Condenser inlet temperature in 0c

Tho= Condenser outlet temperature in 0c

m= 328.035/ (1022 x (79.3-36.7))

m= 7.35 x 10-3 Kg/sec

iii. Velocity of refrigerant

m=ρxAxv

where, m= mass flow rate in Kg/sec

ρ = density of Refrigerant =
1216Kg/m3 A = Area of tube, m2
v = velocity of refrigerant, m/s

A= π x d x L

where, L= length of condenser tube= 10.884 m

A= 3.14 x 6.35 x10-3 x 10.884

A = 0.2171 m2

V = (7.35 x 10-3)/(1216 x 0.2171)

V = 2.8523 x 10-5 m/s

iv. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

LMTD= ((Thi-Tsat)-(Tsat-Tho))/ln((Thi-Tsat)/(Tsat-Thi))

where, Thi= Condenser inlet temperature in 0c

Tho= Condenser outlet temperature in 0c

Tsat = Saturation temperature = 500c

LMTD= ((79.3-50)-(50-36.7))/ln((29.3/13.3))

LMTD = 20.250C

v. Effectiveness of condenser (ε):

ε= ((m x cp x (Thi-Tho))/(m x cp x (Thi-Tw))

where, m= mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg/sec

Thi= Condenser inlet temperature in 0C

Tho= Condenser outlet temperature in 0C

Tw = Temperature of water = 31.80C

Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure =1.022KJ/KgK

ε = ((79.3-36.7)/(79.3-31.8))

ε = 0.8968= 89.68%

Design of Evaporator

The refrigerant now passes through a receiver drier and then goes into the cold chamber
which acts as an evaporator. This chamber also acts as a Shell and tube heat exchanger and
the calculations are done taking this consideration. In the evaporator, the refrigerant changes
its state from liquid to gaseous form and the heat transfer takes place through conduction to
the water.

i. Heat transferred by evaporator

Q = K x πd x (Tco-Tci)

where, Q= heat transferred by condenser in W

K= Thermal conductivity of copper =
386W/m2k d= Diameter of tube= 6.35 x 10-3m

Tci= Evaporator inlet temperature = 36.7 0c

Tco= Evaporator outlet temperature = 27.1 0c

Q= 386 x π x 6.35 x 10-3x (36.7-27.1)

Q= 73.923W

ii. Mass flow rate of refrigerant

Q= m x Cp x (Thi-Tho)

where, Q= heat transferred by condenser in W

m= mass flow rate in Kg/sec

Cp= Specific heat at constant pressure = 0.966KJ/KgK

Tci= Evaporator inlet temperature = 36.7 0c
Tco= Evaporator outlet temperature = 27.1 0c

m= 73.923/ (966 x (36.7-27.1)

m= 7.971 x 10-3 Kg/sec

iii. Velocity of refrigerant

m=ρxAxv

where m= mass flow rate in Kg/sec

ρ = density of Refrigerant R22 =
1330Kg/m3 A = area of tube, m2

v = velocity of refrigerant, m/s

A= π x d x L

where L= length of evaporator tube= 5.422 m

A= 3.14 x 6.35 x10-3 x 5.422

A= 0.1081 m2

v = (7.35 x 10-3)/(1330 x 0.1081)

v= 5.524 x 10-5 m/s

iv. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

LMTD = ((Tci-Tsat)-(Tco-Tsat))/ln((Tci-Tsat)/(Tco-Tsat))

where Tci= Evaporator inlet temperature = 36.7 0C

Tco= Evaporator outlet temperature = 27.1 0C

Tsat = Saturation temperature = 23.10C

LMTD= ((36.7-23.1)-(27.1-23.1))/ln((13.6/4))
 LMTD = 7.8440C

v. Effectiveness of evaporator (ε)

ε= ((m x cp x (Tci-Tco))/(m x cp x (Tci-Tw))

where m= mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg/sec

Tci= Evaporator inlet temperature in 36.70C

Tco= Evaporator outlet temperature in 27.10C

Tw = Temperature of water = 23.10C

Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure =0.966KJ/KgK

ε = ((36.7-27.1)/(36.7-23.1))

ε = 0.7058 = 70.58%
Design of Capillary Tube

The capillary tube has been taken into consideration according to the capacity of the
heat exchanger and the volume of the chambers respectively.

F=L/D

where F= friction factor of capillary tube

L= length of capillary tube=304.8mm

D= diameter of capillary tube = 0.6mm

F= 304.8/0.6= 508

Theoretical C.O.P

The theoretical C.O.P is the coefficient of performance which is calculated from the
pyscometric chart and the respective temperatures and pressures.

C.O.P = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)

where h1 = Enthalpy at inlet of compressor in KJ/Kg

h2 = Enthalpy at outlet of compressor in KJ/Kg h4 =
Enthalpy at outlet of evaporator in KJ/Kg

From Psychometric chart of R-22,

p1= pressure at compressor inlet = 3.2psi

p1= (3.2 x 0.06894) + 1.013= 1.2336 bar

p2 = pressure at compressor outlet = 15.8psi

p2= (15.8 x 0.06894) + 1.013= 2.1 bar

h1 = Enthalpy at p=1.2336 bar and T=27.10c = 320 KJ/Kg

h2 = Enthalpy at p=2.1 bar and T=79.30c = 360 KJ/Kg

h3= Enthalpy at p=1.2336 bar and T=23.10c = 260KJ/Kg

C.O.P= (320-260)/(360-320)
 C.O.P = 60/40

C.O.P = 1.5

Actual C.O.P

The actual C.O.P is defined as the ratio of refrigeration effect to the compressor work.
This C.O.P is the actual coefficient of performance which corresponds to the
experimental value.

C.O.P = Refrigeration Effect / Compressor

Work Refrigeration Effect:

For 1 ton A/C, refrigeration effect = 3.5 KW

For 1.5 ton A/C, refrigeration effect = 3.5 x 1.5= 5.25 KW

Compressor work:

I = current input to compressor = 20A

V = Voltage across the compressor = 240v

Compressor work = V x I = 20 x 240 = 4800W = 4.8KW

C.O.P = 5.25/4.8

C.O.P = 1.1

For Air-Cycle

Theoretical C.O.P

This C.O.P is the coefficient of performance that is calculated for the air cycle

C.O.P = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)

h1 = Enthalpy at inlet of compressor in KJ/Kg

h2 = Enthalpy at outlet of compressor in KJ/Kg

From Psychometric chart of R-22,

p1= pressure at compressor inlet = 3.2psi

p1= (3.2 x 0.06894) + 1.013= 1.2336 bar

p2 = pressure at compressor outlet = 15.8psi

p2= (15.8 x 0.06894) + 1.013= 2.1 bar

h1 = Enthalpy at p=1.2336 bar and T=27.10c = 320

KJ/Kg h2 = Enthalpy at p=2.1 bar and T=79.30c = 360
KJ/Kg h4= Enthalpy at outlet of evaporator = 180KJ/Kg

C.O.P = (320-180)/(360-320)

C.O.P= 140/40= 3.5

Actual C.O.P

C.O.P = Refrigeration effect/energy input

Refrigeration effect produced by 1.5 ton A/C:

1 ton of refrigeration = (2000lb/day)(144BTU/lb)/(24h/day)(60min/h)

=300BTU/min


where 2000lb/day 1ton of ice


144BTU/lb Enthalpy of solidification at 320
F So for 1.5 ton, it is 300BTU/min In S.I units 1ton=
210KJ/min

1.5 ton=210*1.5=315KJ/min.

Energy input for 1.5ton A/C = 1.5KW = 1500Watts

C.O.P = Refrigeration effect/energy input

C.O.P = (315*1000/60)/(1500)

C.O.P = 3.5
. TESTING

The testing of the equipment has been carried out under certain crucial conditions
where in the values are tabulated and the corresponding data is tabulated and the
graphs are plotted as per calculations. These values are then matched with that of the
theoretical values and the corresponding data are calculated.

The graphs are drawn according to the respective values in the table for cold
chamber, hot chamber, pressure and comparison of C.O.P of air and water.

Tabulation

Evaporator Condenser
Compressor Cold Hot

Time temperature in temperature in

S. (t) in (0c) (0c) pressure in (psi) water water

no tempera tempera

min Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet ture (0c) ture (0c)
(Tci) (Tco) (Thi) (Tho) (p1) (p2)

1 0 29 29 32 29 1.7 12 31 31

2 30 31 28 35 31 2.1 13 28 33

3 60 33 27 38 33 2.5 14 24 36

4 90 34 27 50 34 2.7 14 24 42

The graphs are drawn according to the respective values in the table for cold
chamber, hot chamber, pressure and comparison of C.O.P of air and water.