Individual Differences, Mental Ability, and Personality

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: the variation in how a. problem solving abilities

people respond to the same situation based
b. analytical skills
on personal characteristics.
c. competitive drive
CONSEQUENCES ARISING OUT OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES d. motivation
1. Differences in productivity e. learning ability
2. Differences in the quality of their work f. sociability
3. Difference in how people react to CULTURE
empowerment.
 Refers to the learned and shared ways
4. Difference in how people react to any style of people thinking and acting among a
of leadership. group of people or society.
5. Difference in terms of need for contrast with GENERATIONAL AND AGE-BASED DIFFERENCES
other people.
 A worker that belongs to a certain
6. Difference in terms of commitment to the generation may behave differently from
org. a worker who belongs to another.
 Differences in the ages of workers also
7. Difference in terms of level of self-esteem.
bring about expectations of differences
WHAT MAKES PEOPLE DIFFERENT FROM EACH in the behavior of workers.
OTHER?  This is seen most often in age differences
since age is associated with experience.
A. REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT FROM
EACH OTHER TWO DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE
I. DEMOGRAPHICS A. SOCIAL CULTURE: social environment of

human-created beliefs, customs, knowledge,
>Gender
and practices that define conventional
>Generational differences & age behavior in a society.
>Culture B. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: set of values,

beliefs and norms that is shared among
II. APTITUDE AND ABILITY members of an organization.
>Intellectual Ability APTITUDE AND ABILITY
>Physical Ability APTITUDE: the capacity of a person to learn or
III. PERSONALITY acquire skills.
>Physical characteristics ABILITY: refers to an individual’s capacity to

perform the various tasks in a job.
>Mental characteristics
FACTORS OF A PERSON’S OVERALL ABILITIES
DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
PHYSICAL ABILITIES: the capacity of the
Gender Differences: The differences in the individual to do tasks demanding stamina,
perception of male and female roles. dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
 Men and women are not different along
the ff. concerns:
MENTAL ABILITIES: the capacity to do mental behavior the same way that person’s
activities, such as thinking, reasoning, and compatriot would.
problem solving.
B. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE- ROBERT
DIMENSION OF PHYSICAL ABILITY STERNBERG
A. DYNAMIC STRENGTH- ability to exert I. COMPONENTIAL/ANALYTICAL

muscular force repeatedly or continuously over INTELLIGENCE: involved components (or
time. mental processes) used in thinking; solving
difficult problems with abstract reasoning.
B. TRUNK STRENGTH: exert muscular strength
using the trunk (abdominal muscles) muscles. II. EXPERIENTIAL/CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE:
required for imagination and combining things
C. STATIC STRENGTH: to exert force against
in novel ways.
external objects.
III. CONTEXTUAL/PRACTICAL
D. EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH: ability to expend a
INTELLIGENCE: requires adapting to, selecting,
maximum of energy in one or a series of
and shaping our real-world environment;
explosive acts.
common sense, wisdom, and street smarts.
E. EXTENT FLEXIBILITY: ability to move the trunk
C. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY-HOWARD
and back muscles as far as possible.
GARDNER
F. DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY: ability to make rapid,
I. LINGUISTIC: sensitive to language,
repeated flexing movements.
meanings, and the relations among words;
G. BODY COORDINATION: ability to coordinate able to communicate through language
the simultaneous actions of different parts of (writing, reading, and speaking)
the body.
II. LOGICAL/MATHEMATICAL: abstract
H. BALANCE: to maintain equilibrium despite thought, precision, counting, organization, and
forces pulling off balance. logical structure, enabling the individual to see
relationship bet. objects.
I. STAMINA: to continue maximum effort
requiring prolonged effort over time. III. MUSICAL: create and understand
meanings made out of sounds and to enjoy
COMPONENTS OF THE VARIOUS THEORIES OF different types of music.
INTELLIGENCE
IV. SPATIAL: enables people to perceive
A. DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITY and manipulate images in their brain and to
I. COGNITIVE: the capacity of a person re-create them from memory.
to acquire and apply knowledge including V. BODILY-KINESTHETIC: enables people
solving problems. to use their body and perceptual and motor
II. SOCIAL: person’s ability to relate systems in skilled ways.
effectively with others. VI. INTRAPERSONAL: highly accurate
III. EMOTIONAL: person’s qualities such understanding of himself or herself.
as understanding one’s own feelings, empathy VII. INTERPERSONAL: makes it possible for
for others, and the regulation of emotion to persons to recognize and make distinction
enhance living. among the feelings, motives, and intentions of
IV. CULTURAL: an outsider’s ability to others.
interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous
VIII. NATURALIST: possesses the ability to 6. SELF-MONITORING BEHAVIOR: person’s ability
seek patterns in the external physical to adjust his/her behavior to external,
environment. situational, or environmental factors.
PERSONALITY: the sum total of ways in which 7. RISK TAKING AND THRILL SEEKING: person’s
an individual reacts and interacts with others. willingness to take risk and pursue thrills that
sometimes are required in the workplace.
“ways”= patterns of behavior that are
consistent and enduring. 8. OPTIMISM: tendency to experience positive
emotional states and to typically believe that
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
positive outcomes will be forthcoming from
HEREDITARY FACTORS: factors that are most activities.
determined at conception.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE/ EMOTIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: exerts pressure on QUOTIENT
the formation of an individual’s personality.
- Introduced by DANIEL GOLEMAN
KINDS: - Ability of the person to accurately
perceive, evaluate, and express, and
1. CULTURAL: established norms, regulate emotions and feelings.
attitudes, and values that are passed along
from one generation to the next and creates FIVE COMPONENTS OF EQ
consistency over time
a. SELF-REGULATION: ability to calm down
2. SOCIAL: reflect family life, religions, anxiety, control impulsiveness, react
and the many kinds of formal and informal appropriately to anger.
groups in which the individual participates
b. MOTIVATION: passion to work for reason that
throughout his/her life.
go beyond money or status.
3. SITUATIONAL: indicate that the
c. EMPATHY: ability to respond to the unspoken
individual will behave differently in different
feelings of others.
situations.
d. SELF-AWARENESS: awareness of one’s own
KINDS OF PERSONALITY FACTORS AND TRAITS
personality or individuality
1. EMOTIONAL STABILITY: Characterizes one as
e. SOCIAL SKILLS: proficiency to manage
calm, self-confident, and secure; possesses a
relationships and building networks.
high degree of emotional stability can be
expected to withstand stress. More on physical ability:
2. EXTRAVERSION: who is sociable, gregarious, i. sense of sight: people differ in what they
assertive. actually see. (color blindness)
3. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE: a person who is ii. sense of hearing: people differ in their ability
imaginative, cultured, curious, original, broad- to hear (sharpness in listening to tones)
minded, intelligent, and artistically sensitive.
iii. sense of taste: a person’s tongue may be
4. AGREEABLENESS: person’s interpersonal sensitive to various tastes and this makes him or
orientation; an agreeable person is her different from another person who is less
cooperative, warm, and trusting. sensitive to taste.
5. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: person’s reliability. iv. sense of smell: people have different

degrees of sensitivity to smell.
v. sense of touch: people’s sense of touch may
differ in degree with another person’s.

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: the variation in how a. problem solving abilities

I. DEMOGRAPHICS A. SOCIAL CULTURE: social environment of

>Culture B. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: set of values,

>Physical characteristics ABILITY: refers to an individual’s capacity to

A. DYNAMIC STRENGTH- ability to exert I. COMPONENTIAL/ANALYTICAL

5. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: person’s reliability. iv. sense of smell: people have different

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