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Ogive

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A secant ogive of sharpness


The ogive shape of the Space Shuttle External Tank

Ogive on a 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge

An ogive (/ˈoʊdʒaɪv/ OH-jyve) is the


roundly tapered end of a two-dimensional
or three-dimensional object. Ogive curves
and surfaces are used in engineering,
architecture and woodworking.

Etymology
The earliest use of the word ogive is found
in the 13th century sketchbook of Villard
de Honnecourt, from Picardy in northern
France. The OED considers the French
term's origin obscure; it might come from
the Late Latin obviata, the feminine perfect
passive participle of obviare, meaning the
one who has met or encountered the
other.[1] However, Merriam-Webster's
dictionary says it is from the "Middle
English oggif stone comprising an arch,
from Middle French augive, ogive diagonal
arch".[2]

Types and use in applied


physical science and
engineering
In ballistics or aerodynamics, an ogive is a
pointed, curved surface mainly used to
form the approximately streamlined nose
of a bullet or other projectile, reducing air
resistance or the drag of air. In fact the
French word ogive can be translated as
"nose cone" or "warhead".

The traditional or secant ogive is a surface


of revolution of the same curve that forms
a Gothic arch; that is, a circular arc, of
greater radius than the diameter of the
cylindrical section ("shank"), is drawn from
the edge of the shank until it intercepts the
axis.
If this arc is drawn so that it meets the
shank at zero angle (that is, the distance
of the centre of the arc from the axis, plus
the radius of the shank, equals the radius
of the arc), then it is called a tangent or
spitzer ogive. This is a very common ogive
for high velocity (supersonic) rifle bullets.

The sharpness of this ogive is expressed


by the ratio of its radius to the diameter of
the cylinder; a value of one half being a
hemispherical dome, and larger values
being progressively more pointed. Values
of 4 to 10 are commonly used in rifles,
with 6 being the most common.
Another common ogive for bullets is the
elliptical ogive. This is a curve very similar
to the spitzer ogive, except that the
circular arc is replaced by an ellipse
defined in such a way that it meets the
axis at exactly 90°. This gives a somewhat
rounded nose regardless of the sharpness
ratio. An elliptical ogive is normally
described in terms of the ratio of the
length of the ogive to the diameter of the
shank. A ratio of one half would be, once
again, a hemisphere. Values close to 1 are
common in practice. Elliptical ogives are
mainly used in pistol bullets.
Missiles and aircraft generally have much
more complex ogives, such as the von
Kármán ogive.

Architecture

The ogival tomb of Payava, a Lycian aristocrat, about


375–360 BC, from Xanthos, British Museum.
pointed arches used in 4th century AD Buddhist
trivikrama temple, Ter, Maharashtra

Ogival curves in the ribs of Gothic vaulting

One of the defining characteristics of


Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival
arch. As an architectonic principle, pointed
arch is completely alien to pre-islamic
world.[3] However arches resembling the
shape similar to pointed arches have been
used in Buddhist architecture since
ancient times, The 1st century AD
Buddhist complex of Takht-e-bahi
prominently features many corbeled
pointed arches which are shaped as lotus
leaves. An ancient 4th century Buddhist
brick chaytiya temple of trivikrama temple
maharashtra also exhibits pointed arches.
Arches of this type were used in the Near
East in pre-Islamic[4] as well as Islamic
architecture before they were employed
structurally in medieval architecture, and
are thought to have been the inspiration
for their use in Sicily and France; as at
ISBN 9781351942584.
4. Warren, John (1991). "Creswell's Use of
the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of
the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim
Architecture". Muqarnas. 8. pp. 59–65.
5. Banister Fletcher, A History of
Architecture on the Comparative Method.

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