Farm Fishing

FISH FARMING TIPS
Wild fish stocks in Lake Victoria are dwindling.

Tilapia, which is widely eaten across Kenya, is getting
particularly scarce.
Farm Africa’s Kenya Market-led Aquaculture Programme

(KMAP) is promoting fish production in ponds to:
help protect Lake Victoria’s strained resources.
provide a growing population with a sustainable

source of fish.
enable fish farmers to build thriving businesses.
Farm Africa reduces poverty by unleashing African farmers’

abilities to grow their incomes in an environmentally
sustainable way.
The KMAP programme is looking to work with mid-level farmers
who have at least three commercial fish ponds.
IS GROWING FISH SOMETHING FOR YOU?
Like most other types of farming, fish farming is a risky

business that requires specialist knowledge, skills, and a
high initial investment.
Complete this quick checklist to find out if fish farming is

for you:
YES NO
Do you own suitable land with a good source of
high-quality water?
Is there sufficient demand for the fish you want

to grow?
Can you really devote the money, time and labour

necessary?
Do you have enough resources to purchase feed for

the whole production cycle? Quality feed will give
you the best results: you need about 450kg of feed
to grow 300kg of fish in a 300m2 pond. With lower
quality feed you might need 900-1500kg of feed.

Is the water temperature optimal for the fish
species reared?
Have you identified and are you able to deal with

risks such as thieves, flooding, etc?
TILAPIA FARMING
Tilapia can be reared in earthen ponds, ponds with liners, cages

and raised tanks.
Maximum stocking density:

Stocking numbers of fish for different feed qualities.
The average weight for a fish at harvest is estimated at 200 grams.
Production Recommended Number of Number of Number of

system based on density at fish per m² 200g fish fingerlings
inputs harvest (fish of 200g in a 300m² to be
in kg/m² each) pond at purchased
harvest at 10%
mortality
Green water 0.3 - 0.5 1.5 - 2 fish 450 - 600 fish 500 – 700
(fertilisation only)
no other feeds

available
Community fish 0.6 - 0.8 3 - 4 fish 900 – 1,200 1,000 –
feeds available fish 1,350
Commercial fish 0.8 – 1.0 4 - 5 fish 1,200 – 1,500 1,350 –
feeds available fish 1,700
Intensive fish Up to 150kg/ Only for closed circulation systems

farming m2 (needs 24/7 electricity, which makes it
expensive)
Green water Commercial feed

Low costs Higher investment needed
Low production High production
Less work More work
Feed = money!
Feeding fish is throwing money in the pond; make sure it is money
well spent. As a rule of thumb, never feed pellets that are bigger
than the eye of your fish.
CATFISH VERSUS TILAPIA

Catfish Tilapia
Growth in six months Max 1kg Max 350 grams
Stocking density Max 5kg/m2 Max 1kg/m2
without aeration
Market and price Not everywhere Anywhere at a good price
Prices between (300-500Ksh/kg)
250-400Ksh/kg
Demand Low Very high
Feed More expensive Cheap, can even be grown
(needs more protein) in ponds that are fertilised
ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT ON FARM
For a serious farmer it is important

to know exactly how much
equipment is needed.
Every farm should have a:

WEIGHING SCALE
for fish and incoming feed (10-50kg)
(precision 100 grams) and a
weighing scale for sampling
and measuring feeds (0-5 kg)
(precision 1 gram)
preferably digital
MEASURING TAPE
(minimum 10 metres)
CALCULATOR
HARD COVER BOOK

to record your daily, weekly,
monthly and harvest records
*When you intensify it is important to also

monitor your water quality.
pH, Ammonia, Nitrate and Nitrite
are key elements to monitor.
Once you are large scale you should
also monitor oxygen levels.
HOW TO FEED YOUR FISH
Feed the fish twice a day, in the morning and early afternoon.
Recommended feeding times are between 11am and 4pm.
Always feed the fish at the same time and at the same place
of your pond. You can “call” your fish by knocking on the feed
bucket or making a sound. Fish will learn fast when and
where to get the feed. Try to attract the fish to the feeding
place by only throwing a small amount of feed over a larger
area of the pond at the beginning of your feeding session.
If the fish are not responding, stop the feeding!
Don’t feed your fish when they are not responding. This could
be an indication of low temperature or water quality problems.
HOW AND WHERE TO SELL YOUR FISH?
Before you start fish farming you should have studied the market.
Make sure that you produce what you can sell, eg a student cannot
buy a 400 gram fish, but would be more likely to buy a smaller, less
expensive fish.
The client is king: notify your customers one to two weeks before
harvesting, it is good to bring a sample before so there are no
surprises, which will mean you will have to re-negotiate the fish
they want. Figure out what size and how they want the fish: whole,
gutted, descaled, deep fried?
Plan early to avoid surprises and do not let your customers down;
give honest and good information. This way you will make good
money and have customers for the next harvests.
STOCKING
CATFISH:
Make sure you stock fish of the same size.
TILAPIA:
Stock the pond with all male tilapia fingerlings.
All male means that over 98% of the fish are male.
The use of mixed sex tilapia is not recommended because:
1) Males grow faster than females
2) Mixed sex tilapia will start to reproduce after a few months
Spending a bit more money on buying good-quality, male tilapia

fingerlings of good size from your trusted fingerling producer will
pay off at harvest!
FEEDS
Make sure you check the feeds before you accept delivery or before
you buy.
• Weigh the bag and make sure that it has the quantity it claims
to have on the bag.
• Store the bags on a pallet off the floor and not against the wall.
• Make sure the bags and the feed are dry and free of mould.
• Verify the size and shape of the pellets (they should be almost
round).
• If they claim the feed is floating: try it in a bucket with some
water and check that at least 80% of pellets are still floating
after 30 minutes.
• You can also have the protein and fat content tested, ask your
Aqua Shop or agent where this can be done.
FISH SAMPLING
Sample your fish every month to calculate the total weight and
individual weight. This allows you to calculate the growth, daily
feeding rations and food conversion ratios (FCR). You can only
estimate the population of your fish after sampling.
FISH HARVESTING
Fish should be ready to harvest within six to nine months.

Stop feeding the fish two days before harvest. Prepare the tools
(seine net, plastic buckets, weighing scale) and labour for harvesting.
Harvesting is done early in the morning. During harvesting, handle
fish with care to avoid damage and post-harvest losses; always wet
your hands/equipment and keep the fish as long as possible in the
water. Partially drain the pond very early on the day of harvest.
Farm Africa works directly with farmers, suppliers and
traders to improve the production and marketing of fish.
We do this by:
• Providing training for fish farmers and helping them to access

high-value markets to increase their incomes.
• Supporting the suppliers of feed and fingerlings (young fish) to
improve the quality of their produce and helping them to sell to
farmers.
• Working with traders to increase their access to markets and
capacity to sell larger volumes of farmed fish.
• Carrying out an educational campaign to show the benefits of
farmed fish over wild-caught fish.
• Helping fish farmers to organise themselves into trade
associations so that the industry can thrive.
Fish farming has the potential to make a significant contribution to
nutrition, income generation and employment in Kenya. This booklet
contains useful tips to help fish farmers build thriving aquaculture
businesses.
www.farmafrica.org/fishfarming
FARM AFRICA KENYA

PO Box 49502
00100 Nairobi T: +254 20 273 1664 Photos: Eleanor Whiteman,
Kenya F: +254 20 273 2086 Mwangi Kirubi

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FISH FARMING TIPS

Wild fish stocks in Lake Victoria are dwindling.

Farm Africa’s Kenya Market-led Aquaculture Programme

help protect Lake Victoria’s strained resources.

provide a growing population with a sustainable

enable fish farmers to build thriving businesses.

Farm Africa reduces poverty by unleashing African farmers’

Like most other types of farming, fish farming is a risky

Complete this quick checklist to find out if fish farming is

Is there sufficient demand for the fish you want

Can you really devote the money, time and labour

Do you have enough resources to purchase feed for

Have you identified and are you able to deal with

Tilapia can be reared in earthen ponds, ponds with liners, cages

Maximum stocking density:

Production Recommended Number of Number of Number of

Intensive fish Up to 150kg/ Only for closed circulation systems

Green water Commercial feed

For a serious farmer it is important

Every farm should have a:

HARD COVER BOOK

*When you intensify it is important to also

If the fish are not responding, stop the feeding!

Spending a bit more money on buying good-quality, male tilapia

Fish should be ready to harvest within six to nine months.

• Providing training for fish farmers and helping them to access

FARM AFRICA KENYA

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