ASSIGNMENT II

CIVIL TOOLS

SUBMITTED TO

ENGR. USAMA KHAN

SUBMITTED BY

UZAIR MUKHTATR

BSCET01183135

SEMESTER 2ND

18th February, 2019

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1. Hoe
A hoe is a tool used to digging soil and to place cement mortar, concrete in head pan.

Figure 1: Hoe

2. Pick axe
It is a hand tool with hard metal head and wooden handle. This tool is used to excavate the soil. It is more
suitable for hard soil which is quite difficult to dig with spade or hoe.

Figure 2: Pick axe

3. Spade
A spade is tool contains metal plate at the end of long wooden handle. It is used to dig the soil for
foundation trenches etc.

Figure 3: Spade

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4. Digging bar
A digging bar is a long straight solid metal rod with pin shape at the bottom used to dig the hard surfaces of
ground.

Figure 4: Digging bar

5. Measuring box
Measuring box is used to measure the quantity of cement, sand and aggregates used for making concrete
mix. The volume of measuring box is generally 1 cum feet which makes it easy to measure concrete ratio.
The general dimensions of measuring box are 300 x 300 x 400 mm.

Figure 5: Measuring box

6. Head pan
Head pan is commonly used in construction sites made of iron or plastic. It is used to lift excavated soil or
cement or concrete to the working site.

Figure 6: Head pan

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7. Masonry trowel
The masonry trowel is used in brick work or stone work spreading, leveling and shaping mortar or concrete.
It is made up of steel and wooden handle is provided for holding. The ends of trowel may be pointed or bull
nosed.

Figure 7: Masonry trowel

8. Float
It is made up of wood contains handle on its top and smooth surface on its bottom. Float is used to give a
smooth finish to the plastered area.

Figure 8: Float

9. Wheel barrow
A wheel barrow is a small hand propelled vehicle with one wheel designed to be pushed by a single person
using two handle at the rear. It is used to transport bulk weight of materials like cement, sand, mortar,
concrete etc.

Figure 9: Wheel barrow

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10. Plumb bob
A plumb bob is a weight with pointed tip at the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical
reference line or plumb line. It is used to check verticality of structures. It is also used in surveying to level
the instrument position.

Figure 10: Plumb bob

11. Concrete mixer

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously mixes cement, aggregates such as sand or gravels and
water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.

Figure 11: Concrete mixer

12. Crowbar
Crow bars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates, remove nails, or pry apart board.

Figure 12: Crowbar

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13. Brick hammer
Brick hammer has one flat traditional face and a short or long chisel shaped blade. It is used to cut the bricks
and also used to push the bricks if they come out from the course line.

Figure 13: Brick hammer

14. Chisel
A chisel is a tool that has a long metal blade with a sharp edge at the end and a handle which is struck with a
hammer or mallet. It is generally used in wood work and must be useful to remove the concrete bumps or
excess concrete in harden surface.

Figure 14: Chisel

15. Line and pins

A line pin is a metal rod usually with a pointed, leaf shaped blade and and a flat button head. Lines are
typically found in pairs as they are commonly used as anchor points for a brick line. It is used to level the
alignment of bricks course while brick laying.

Figure 15: Line and pins

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16. Measuring tape
It is a common measuring tool consist of a ribbon of clothe, plastic, fiber glass or metal strip with linear
measurement marking. It is used to check the thickness, length, widths of masonry walls, foundation beds,
excavated trenches etc.

Figure 16: Measuring tape

17. Rubber boots

Safety rubber boots are required to protect legs may damaged due to contact with chemical materials like
cement or physical accidents during the construction work.

Figure 17: Rubber boots

18. Gloves
Gloves are required to prevent the hands from direct contact with cement, paints etc. and to avoid injury
while using machines, tools etc. Gloves made from lather, cotton, synthetic, nitrile, latex, PVC or
combinations of these.

Figure 18: Gloves

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19. Hand saw
Hand saw is used to cut wood materials like doors, windows etc.

Figure 19: Hand saw

20. Ladder
A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rugs or steps. It is also required in construction works to check the
slab work, to transport material to the higher floor, to paint the walls etc.

Figure 20: Ladder

21. Tile cutter

Tile cutters are used to cut the tiles to a required shape and size. Sometimes normal size of tiles is larger than
the size required at the corners where the floor meets the wall in that case tile cutter is useful.

Figure 21: Tiles cutter

22. Putty knife

Putty knife is used to level the putty finishing and also used to reduce the thickness of finish when it is more
thick.

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 Figure 22: Putty knife

23. Drill machine

Drill machine is used to make holes in the walls, slabs, doors, window frames etc.

Figure 23: Drill machine

24. Jack plane
Jack plane is used in the wooden work to smoothen the surface of doors, windows etc.

Figure 24: Jack plane

25. Mason square

Mason square is used to achieve perfect right angle at the corner of masonry wall. It is L shaped. First course
is laid properly using mason square then based on first, remaining layers of bricks are set out.

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 Figure 25: Mason square
26. Measuring wheel
Measuring wheel is used to measure the distances or lengths. It contains a wheel of known diameter which
record the number of complete revolutions from which distance can be measured. It makes the work easier.

Figure 26: Measuring wheel

27. Earth rammer

An earth rammer is a hand tool consist of big square shaped block with handle. Sometimes it is also called
tamper. It is used in construction industries to compress or compact earth or soil. The earth rammer creates a
solid, compacted layer of earth by compressing the soil repeatedly with its weight.

Figure 27: Earth rammer

28. Safety glasses
Safety glasses should be used to protect the eye from dust, chemical action of materials etc.

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 Figure 28: Safety glass
29. Safety helmet

The safety helmet is regarded one of the basic safety device required for workers in several industrial and
construction related sectors in addition to industries likes mining's, petroleum, refineries and so on. If any
material for structure may fall from height during construction work, it protect the head from injury or any
fatal accident.

Figure 29: Safety helmet

30. Scratcher

Plastering of a surface is carried out layer wise, minimum two layer are necessary for plastering. To provide
a good bond between the old and new layer, old layer is scratched with the help of tool called scratcher.

Figure 30: Scratcher

31. Sand screen machine

The sand screen machine is used to screen the sand or fine aggregate before mixing it with concrete. It
should remove the impurities and coarse particles from sand.

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 Figure 31: Screen machine

32. Spirit level

A spirit level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal or vertical. It is made up
of wood or hard plastic with bubble tube in the middle which is partially filled with alcohol so the air bubble
is formed in it. It is used in brick masonry, plastering, flooring and tile work to check the horizontal level of
surface. The surface is leveled if the air bubble settles at the middle of the tube.

Figure 32: Spirit level

33. Polisher
A polisher is a device used to smoothen the rough surfaces of tiles, marble, wood works etc. The
smoothening makes them shine and the process is called polishing.

Figure 33: Polisher

34. Bump cutter

A bump cutter is a tool used to leveled the fresh concrete surfaces likes concrete floors, foundations,
pavement etc. This is also called screed.

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 Figure 34: bump cutter
35. Circular saw

Circular saw is used to cut wood boards, frames etc. It is used when accurate cutting is required in less
time. It is safer then hand saw.

Figure 35: Circular saw

36. Framing hammer
Framing hammer is used to used to drive and remove nails.

Figure 36:Framing hammer

37. Vibrator
A concrete vibrator is a construction tool typically used on construction pouring sites. The vibrators are used
to ensure that the pour is free of air bubbles and are even. This is so that the concrete remains strong and has
a smooth finish even after removal of the form work.

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 Figure 37: Vibrator
38. Bull dozers
These versatile equipments are commonly used in construction projects. It is essentially a heavy steel blade
which is mounted on the front of a tractor. The tractor can be of the crawler or the wheel type. The heavy
blade attached to the tractors pushes the material from one place to another.

Figure 38: Bull dozers

39. Smooth wheel roller

This types of roller incorporates a large steel drum at the front and one or two wheels or drums at the rear. If
their is one wheel at the rear they are known as Tandem roller, and Three wheeled roller if there are two
wheels at the rear. The weight of tandem roller varies from 2-8 tonnes and three wheeled roller varies from
8-10 tonnes. The ground pressure exerted by tandem roller is typically around 10-17 kg/cm2. The weight of
roller increased by blasting with sand, water or pig iron. Smooth wheel roller are most suitable for
consolidating stone, gravel, sand, hardcore and ballast but are not suitable for embankments, soft sub-grades
or uniform sand.

Figure 39: Smooth wheel roller

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40. Sheep foot roller
Sheep foot roller consist of a steel drum on which round or rectangular protrusions known as lugs or feet are
fixed. There are different types of lugs such as spindle shaped with widened base, prismatic and clubfoot.
Sheep foot roller are used for compacting fine grained soil such as heavy clay and silty clay. They are used
for compaction of soils in dam, embankments, sub-grade layers in pavements and rail road construction
projects. Coverage area of sheep foot roller is less about 8-12 % because of the boots on drums. Contact
pressure of this type roller varies from 1200-7000 Kpa. Area of each protrusions in sheep foot roller varies
from 30-80 cm2. Generally 10-20 passes are required to provide complete coverage on the soil and top layer
of consolidated soil finished by smooth wheel roller.

Figure 40: Sheep foot roller

41. Pneumatic roller
Pneumatic roller consist of a heavily loaded wagon with with several rows of closely spaced tyres. They are
also known as rubber tyred roller. They provide uniform contact pressure through out the width covered and
are often used in pavement sub-grade works. They are suitable for compacting uniform coarse soil and rock.
They are also used to finish embankment compacted by sheep foot roller. The factors which affect the
amount of compaction that can be achieved are the weight, tyre inflation pressure and the area of
contact. Coverage area of pneumatic roller is about 80%. Contact pressure of pneumatic roller ranges from
500-700 Kpa. The optimum speed of roller is between 6-24 km/h and maximum density can be achieved by
8 passes of the roller. The gross weight of roller 6-10 tonnes which can be increased to 25 tonnes by
ballasting.

Figure 41: Pneumatic roller

42. Tamping roller
The tamping rollers are similar to sheep foot roller. Tamping roller consist of four wheels and one each
wheel kneading boots/feet are fixed. These roller also consist of leveling blades to spread the material.
Tamping roller has more coverage area about 40-50%. Contact pressure of tamping roller varies from 1400-
8500 Kpa. Tamping roller is best dedicated for fine grained soils. Tamping roller have static weight in the
range of 15-40 tones and their static linear drum loads are between 30-80 kg/cm. The degree of compaction
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achieved is more than sheep foot roller and density achieved by tamping roller after compaction is more
uniform.

Figure 42: Tamping roller

43. Vibratory roller

Vibratory roller have fitted with one or two smooth surfaced steel drums measuring 0.9-1.5 in diameter and
1.2-1.8 in width. The drum vibrates by the rotation of an electric shaft inside. Vibratory roller are commonly
used for compacting granular base course and some times for asphalt. Tamping roller have higher output and
improved performance compared to other rollers.

Figure 43: Vibratory roller

44. Grid roller

Grid roller have a cylindrical heavy steel surface comprising a network of steel bars which form a grid with
square shaped holes. They are typically used for the compaction of well graded coarse soil and weathered
rocks, often in sub-grades and sub-base road projects. They are not suitable for clayey soil, silty clay or
uniform soil. The weight of grid roller con be increased by ballasting with concrete blocks. Typical weight of
grid roller vary between 5.5 tones net and 15 tones ballasted. This roller provides higher contact pressure but

Figure 44: Grid roller

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little kneading action.
45. Bolster
Bolster is like chisel but it is used to cut bricks. Its cutting edge is wider than the width of brick. It is useful
for accurate cutting of bricks.

Figure 45: Bolster

46. Boning rods

Boning rods are made of wood and they are T shape. They are used to level the excavated trench throughout
its length. Minimum three boning rods are used to level the trench surface.

Figure 46: Boning rods

47. Bump cutter

Bump cutter is used to level the concrete surfaces like concrete floors, foundations etc. It is also called
screed.

Figure 47: Bump cutter

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48. Chain Lewis and Pin Lewis
Chain Lewis and Pin Lewis are two different tools which are used to lift heavy stones especially in the
construction of stone masonry.

Figure 48: Chain Lewis and Pin Lewis

49. Chisel
Chisel is generally used in wood work and this must be useful to remove the concrete bumps or excess
concrete in hardened surface.

Figure 49: Chisel

50. End frames

Their use is similar to the line and pins. But instead of pins, L shaped frames are used at the end of thread
which hold the brick work effectively and level the alignment accurately.

Figure 50: End frames

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51. Pick axe
Pick axe is used to excavate the soil. It is more suitable for hard soil which is quite difficult to dig with
spade or hoe.

Figure 51: Pick axe

52. Sledge hammer

Sledge hammer is used when the ground is hard and contains rock layers. A large weighted metal head is
provided at the wooden handle with which hard layers can be cracked, which makes easy for digging.

Figure 52: Sledge hammer

53. Straight edge brushes
Straight edge brushes are used to provide finishing to the plastered surface especially at corners and edges of
walls.

Figure 53: Straight edge brushes

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54. Tile cutter
Tile cutter is used to cut the tiles. Sometimes, normal tile size is larger than required at the corners where
floor meets the wall in that case tile cutter is useful.

Figure 54: Tile cutter

55. Wedge

Wedge is a small hard metal blade which is used to cut the rock surfaces with the help of sledge hammer.

Figure 55: Wedge

56. Reinforcement tying equipment

Here the cutting, twisting, and tying of the rebar are done in place. The method involves experienced labor
with handy equipment for wire tying. This method is low cost having no sort of maintenance. This method is
employed in all weather condition. Small projects make use of such methods. The tying equipment weighs
almost 0.68kgs. Any combination of bar sizes can be tied by this method.

Figure 56: Reinforcement tying equipment

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57. Hanging leader
Hanging leaders are specifically designed to be hanged from the jib of a crane as shown in Figure-9. A steel
strut, which its length can be varied as per requirements of construction site, provides a stiff connection from
the leader foot to the machine bed frame.

Figure 57: Hanging leader

58. Rammers
Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing impact load to the soil. This equipment is light
and can be hand or machine operated. The base size of rammers can be 15cm x 15cm or 20cm x 20cm or
more.

Figure 58: Rammers

59. Tamping rollers
The static pad foot rollers also called tamping rollers have static weights in the range of 15 to 40 tones and
their static linear drum loads are between 30 and 80 kg/cm. These rollers are more preferable than sheep foot
roller due to their high production capacity, and they are replacing sheep foot rollers. The degree of

Figure 59: Tamping rollers

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compaction achieved is more than sheep foot rollers. The density of soil achieved after compaction with this
roller is more uniform. These rollers operate at high speeds, and are capable to breaking large lumps. These
rollers also consists of leveling blades to spread the material. Pad foot or tamping rollers are best suitable for
compacting cohesive soils.

60. Theodolite
A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in
the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used
extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such
as meteorology and rocket launching.

Figure 60: Theodolite

61. Graphometer
The Graphometer is a surveying instrument used for angle instruments. It consists of a
semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes. The limb is subtended
by the diameter with two sights at its ends. In the middle of the diameter a "box and needle" (compass) is
fixed. On the same middle the alidade with two other sights is fitted. The device is mounted on a staff via
a ball and socket joint. In effect the device is a half-circumferentor. For convenience, sometimes another
half-circle from 180 to 360 degrees may be graduated in another line on the limb.

Figure 61: Graphometer

62. Total station
A Total station is an electronic instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic
transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and
horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer
to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.

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 Figure 62: Total station

63. Alidade
An alidade or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to
perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a plane table in the direction of the object or
to measure the angle to the object from some reference point. Angles measured can be horizontal, vertical or
in any chosen plane.

Figure 63: Alidade

64. Plane table

A plane table (plain table prior to 1830) is a device used in surveying and related disciplines to provide a
solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps. The early use of the name plain
table reflected its simplicity and plainness rather than its flatness.

Figure 64: Plane table

65. Gunter’s chain
Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter’s measurement) is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It
was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–
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1626). It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes.
Gunter developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links. These, the chain and the link, became statutory
measures in England and subsequently the British Empire.

Figure 65: Gunter's chain

66. Level staff

A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, used with a levelling
instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum.
It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.

Figure 66: Level staff

67. Ranging rod

A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations, and for
sightings of those stations, as well as for ranging straight lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and
straight bamboo, or of well seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar.

Figure 67: Ranging rod

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They were shod with iron at the bottom and surmounted with a flag about 250 mm square in
size. Nowadays they are made of wood, metal or fiberglass. The rods are usually about 30 mm in diameter
and 2 m or 3 m long, painted with alternating bands, such as red and white, red and yellow, or black and
white, in lengths of 200 mm (i.e. one link length of metric chain), 500 mm, or one foot.

68. Prism
In surveying, a prism is a corner cube or retroreflector, normally attached on a surveying pole, used as a
target for distance measurement using, for example, a total station.

Figure 68: Prism

69. Tripod
A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments, such
as theodolites, total stations, levels or transits.

Figure 69: Tripod

70. Compass
A compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the
geographic cardinal directions (or points). Usually, a diagram called a compass rose shows the
directions north, south, east, and west on the compass face as abbreviated initials.

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 Figure 70: Compass

71. GPS
GPS is a highly accurate navigation system using signals from satellites to determine a location on the
Earth’s surface, irrespective of weather conditions.

Figure 71: GPS

72. Zenith telescope

A zenith telescope is a type of telescope that is designed to point straight up at or near the zenith. They are
used for precision measurement of star positions, to simplify telescope construction, or both.

Figure 72: Zenith telescope

73. Torquetum
The torquetum or turquet is a medieval astronomical instrument designed to take and convert measurements
made in three sets of coordinates: Horizon, equatorial, and ecliptic. It is said to be a combination of
Ptolemy's astrolabon and the plane astrolabe.[1] In a sense, the torquetum is an analog computer.

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 Figure 73: Torquetum
74. Telescope
Telescopes are optical instruments that make distant objects appear magnified by using an arrangement of
lenses or curved mirrors and lenses, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission,
absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practical telescopes were refracting
telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They
found use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Figure 74: Telescope

75. Surveyors umbrella

Surveyors Umbrellas are great when you need to remain on a set-up all day in the sun or precipitation.
Protect your skin and your instruments at the same time.

Figure 75: Surveyors umbrella

76. Abney’s level
An Abney level and clinometer, is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a
movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. An internal mirror allows the
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user to see the bubble in the level while sighting a distant target. It can be used as a hand-held instrument or
mounted on a Jacob's staff for more precise measurement, and it is small enough to carry in a coat pocket

Figure 76: Abney's level

77. Digital levels

Digital levels improve standards for levelling on construction sites and general surveying tasks. They are
simple to use, take measurements quickly, and minimize human error, while the integrated programs
enhance levelling work. Experience shows that with a digital level there is up to 50% time saving when
compared with conventional levels.

Figure 77: Digital levels

78. Survey marking paint

Survey Marking Paint is the best marking paint of its kind. It is packaged in a can that is operated only in an
upside down position. It provides exceptional quality in terms of initial color brightness, color retention,
adhesion, durability, and color consistency. It is formulated with superior quality raw materials to meet the
requirements of the most demanding professional.

Figure 78: Surveyor's marking paint

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79. Surveyor’s field books
Surveyors in the field used small books to record both survey data and notes as surveys were carried out.
They often contain notes about buildings and topography, astronomical observations for charting
coordinates, boundary marks and other details that go beyond what is shown in the Crown plans and other
registered plans that resulted from the surveys.

Figure 79: Surveyor's field books

80. Sieve sets

A mesh strainer, also known as sift, commonly known as sieve, is a device for separating wanted elements
from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a
woven screen such as a mesh or net or metal. The word "sift" derives from "sieve". In cooking, a sifter is
used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them.
A strainer is a form of sieve used to separate solids from liquid.

Figure 80: Sieve sets

81. Weighing balance

A weighing scale (or weighing balance) is a device to measure weight or mass. These are also known
as mass scales, weight scales, mass balance, weight balance, or simply scale, balance, or balance scale.

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 Figure 81: Weighing balance

82. Vicat apparatus

Vicat Apparatus is designed to determine the initial and final setting time of cement and mortar paste.

Figure 82: Vicat apparatus

83. Cylinder moulds

The concrete Cylinder Moulds have been manufactured from either hard plastic or steel and comply to the
related standards. The moulds have a two part and clamp attached base plate cast iron, and are extremely
durable, corrosion resistant and simple to clean. We sell both Utest concrete cylinder moulds and PCTE
branded concrete cylinder moulds.

Figure 83: Cylinder moulds

84. Pycnometers
It is termed as a glass bottle affords with a conical top and its capacity is vary from 500 to 1000 ml. There is
a small hole of 5 mm in diameter at it apex provide at the top of the conical cap. Cap can be screwed onto

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the glass bottle. To avoid leakage of water, a rubber washer id provided between the conical cap and the rim
of the bottle.

Figure 84: Pycnometer

85. Flakiness and elongation gauges
Flakiness and elongation gauges Used to determine the Elongation Gauge of the Aggregate. Aggregate
particles are considered elongated when their length is more than 1.8 of the nominal size. It consists of a
hard wood base with vertically mounted metal studs as specified in the IS.

Figure 85: Elongation gauge

Flakiness Gauge used to determine the flakiness index of the aggregate. The aggregate particles are to be
considered flaky, if their thickness is less than 0.6 of their nominal size.

Figure 86: Flakiness gauge

86. Aggregate crushing value apparatus

Aggregate crushing value test on coarse aggregates gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate
crushing under gradually applied compressive load.

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 Figure 87: Aggregate crushing value apparatus

87. Slump cone test apparatus

Slump cone are constructed of rugged plated steel or high-density plastic, and meet ASTM and AASHTO or
BS standards. Plastic and steel slump cones are rust resistant, and available in inch or metric dimensions.
They can be secured by standing on the integral foot tabs or clamped in the slump test base for additional
stability.

Figure 88: Slump cone test apparatus

88. Beam load apparatus

Bench mounted beam apparatus to allow students to investigate the deflections and reactions in simply
supported and cantilevered beams.

Figure 89: Beam load apparatus

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89. Vibrating machine
Vibration machine is used for the preparation of mortar cubes for the determination of compression strength
of ordinary and rapid hardening portland cement, low heat portland cement, portland bleast furnace cement
and high alumina cements.

Figure 90: Vibrating machine

90. Compression testing machine

Compression Test machines are universal testing machines specially configured to evaluate static
compressive strength characteristics of materials, products, and components. Our compression test machines
measure characteristics such as ultimate compression strength, yield strength, deflection and modulus.

Figure 91: Compression testing machine

91. Aggregate impact value apparatus

The Aggregate Impact Value Testing Apparatus, meets with BS 812, it is robustly designed to determine the
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of aggregates which provides a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to sudden shock or impact. The counter fitted to the machine automatically records the number of
blows delivered to the sample, manufactured from heavy duty plated steel to resist corrosion.

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 Figure 92: Aggregate impact value apparatus
92. Specific gravity apparatus
The Specific Gravity Frame is used in conjunction with a suitable electronic balance for specific gravity
determination of fresh and hardened concrete and aggregates.

Figure 93: Specific gravity apparatus

93. Compaction factor apparatus

The apparatus enables a more precise test to be conducted compared to the simple slump test. The
compaction factor is a ratio of partially compacted concrete compared to fully compacted concrete.

Figure 94: Compaction factor apparatus

94. Rapid curing tank
It mainly used to fast water curing of cement in 24 hours and get compression and flexural strength instead
of 3days, 7days, 15days curing by moisture curing method.

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 Figure 95: Rapid curing tank

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surveying_instruments
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying
5. https://www.indiamart.com/civil-road-instrument/
6. http://www.thecivilart.com/2018/03/construction-tools-and-their-uses.html

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