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    Juvenel D. Madane 2 Types of Generalization

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    1. There are two main types of inductive arguments: generalization and causal arguments. Generalization takes a sample and makes a conclusion about the entire population. Causal arguments establish a causal relationship between events by distinguishing correlation from causation. 2. Within generalization there are two types: statistical generalization based on a large random sample and inductive generalization based on a non-random sample. Argument by analogy uses perceived similarities between things to infer further similarities, but conclusions are not logically necessary and false analogies can result from fundamental differences. 3. For causal arguments, correlation does not prove causation - the correlated events could be coincidental or another factor could be causing both. Establishing causation requires distinguishing causally

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    Juvenel D. Madane 2 Types of Generalization

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    1. There are two main types of inductive arguments: generalization and causal arguments. Generalization takes a sample and makes a conclusion about the entire population. Causal arguments establish a causal relationship between events by distinguishing correlation from causation. 2. Within generalization there are two types: statistical generalization based on a large random sample and inductive generalization based on a non-random sample. Argument by analogy uses perceived similarities between things to infer further similarities, but conclusions are not logically necessary and false analogies can result from fundamental differences. 3. For causal arguments, correlation does not prove causation - the correlated events could be coincidental or another factor could be causing both. Establishing causation requires distinguishing causally

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    Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking

    Original Title

    Inductive

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    1. There are two main types of inductive arguments: generalization and causal arguments. Generalization takes a sample and makes a conclusion about the entire population. Causal arguments establish a causal relationship between events by distinguishing correlation from causation. 2. Within generalization there are two types: statistical generalization based on a large random sample and inductive generalization based on a non-random sample. Argument by analogy uses perceived similarities between things to infer further similarities, but conclusions are not logically necessary and false analogies can result from fundamental differences. 3. For causal arguments, correlation does not prove causation - the correlated events could be coincidental or another factor could be causing both. Establishing causation requires distinguishing causally

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    Juvenel D. Madane 2 Types of Generalization

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    mark ceasar
    1. There are two main types of inductive arguments: generalization and causal arguments. Generalization takes a sample and makes a conclusion about the entire population. Causal arguments establish a causal relationship between events by distinguishing correlation from causation. 2. Within generalization there are two types: statistical generalization based on a large random sample and inductive generalization based on a non-random sample. Argument by analogy uses perceived similarities between things to infer further similarities, but conclusions are not logically necessary and false analogies can result from fundamental differences. 3. For causal arguments, correlation does not prove causation - the correlated events could be coincidental or another factor could be causing both. Establishing causation requires distinguishing causally

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    JUVENEL D.

    MADANE 2 Types of Generalization


    2 n d year, BSED in Social Studies
    Subject Course: Soc. Stud. 22 1. Statistical Generalization
    Scientific Reasoning and Critical
    The measure is highly reliable within
    Thinking a well-defined margin of error provided
    the sample is large and random. It is
    readily quantifiable.
    Topic: INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
    Example:
    Arguments based on experience or Of a sizeable random sample of
    observations are best expressed voters surveyed 66% supports Mayor Z.
    inductively. Therefore, approximately 66% of voters
    support Mayor Z.
    An inductive argument gives
    probable support to its conclusion. 2. Inductive Generalization

    Inductive Arguments are not truth This inference is less reliable than
    preserving. An inductive argument the statistical generalization, firstly,
    cannot prove if the premises are true , because the sample events are non -
    then the conclusion will also be true. It random, and because it is not reducible
    is intended to prove only probable to mathematical expression.
    support to the conclusion.
    Example:
    Inductive Strength and Weakness So far, this year his son's little
    League team has won 6 of ten games.
    An inductive argument that succeeds in By season’s end, they will have
    providing such probable support is said won about 60% of the games.
    to be strong. A strong argument with
    true premises is said to be cogent . Statistically speaking, there is simply
    no way to know measure and calculate
    Example: as to the circumstances affecting
    Most Chinese people have dark hair. performance that will obtain in the
    Julie is Chinese. future.
    Therefore, Julie has dark hair.
    2. Argument by Analogy
    An inductive argument that fails to
    provide such support is said to be It is a special type of inductive
    weak. argument, whereby perceived
    similarities are used as a basis to infer
    Example: some further similarity that has yet to
    Most Chinese people have dark hair. be observed.
    Julie has dark hair.
    Therefore, Julie is Chinese. Analogical reasoning is one of the
    Both of these may well be true, but the most common methods by which human
    premise provides no evidence for the beings attempt to understand the world
    conclusion. It is weak. and make decisions.

    Example:
    TYPES OF INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT I have driven several Ford
    vehicles and didn’t like any of them.
    1. Generalization For my next vehicle, I’m not going to
    shop at Ford dealerships because I
    It takes a sample of a population won’t like anything they have.
    and makes a conclusion regarding the
    entire population. Note: One thing about arguments by
    analogy is that conclusions drawn from
    Example: them are not logically necessary.
    The coin I pulled from the bag is
    a penny. A false analogy results when
    The second coin is a penny. they two things being compared are not
    A third coin from the bag is a that similar or have some fundamental
    penny. differences.
    Therefore, all the coins in the bag
    are pennies. Example:
    Watch is highly complex and has a
    designer
    A living thing is highly complex
    Therefore, a living thing has a Argument_from_analogy#cite_note-Baronett-
    designer 1

    In this, there is a false analogy. Alina Bradford (2017), “Deductive Reasoning


    Because watches and living things are vs. Inductive Reasoning” Retrieved from
    so very different, a comparison between https://www.livescience.com/21569-
    the two cannot be valid. deduction-vs-induction.html

    3. Casual Arguments David Hume, "Chapter Eight- Causal


    A causal argument is an argument Reasoning" Retrieved from
    which has a causal statement as a conclusion. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org
    /e6fc/8e5debaf6788ed2fd0bb187ee8a2fecc05
    Example1: a1.pdf
    A government should give more
    money to the education sector because,
    in the long run, they will train skilled
    workforce for society.

    Example2:
    There is a high correlation
    between smoking and lung cancer.
    Smoking must cause lung cancer.

    Note: The main task of a causal argument is


    to establish a causal hypothesis by
    distinguishing causally related events from
    mere correlations.

    Correlation and Cause


    When two events (call them x and y) are
    significantly correlated, that does not
    necessarily mean that they are causally
    related. The correlation could be spurious and
    coincidental. Even if the correlation is not
    coincidental, it is possible that x causes y or y
    causes x or that z causes both x and y.

    Example:
    We may find a significant correlation
    between the rise in sex education classes
    and the rise in teenage pregnancy. The
    classes may be stimulating the teens to
    experiment sexually, leading to the increase
    in teen pregnancies. Or, the classes may have
    been instituted in response to the rise in teen
    pregnancy. Or, it may just be a coincidence.

    The moral is simple: Correlation does not


    prove causality.

    REFERENCES

    Abir Chaaban (2011), “Inductive and


    Deductive Reasoning” Retrieved from
    https://www.slideshare.net/AbirChaaban/indu
    ctive-and-deductive-reasoning

    Smilodon Retreat (2013), “Argument by


    Analogy”. Retrieved from
    https://www.skepticink.com/
    smilodonsretreat/2013/01/29/argument-by-
    analogy/

    Baronett, Stan (2008). Logic. Upper Saddle


    River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 321–
    325. ISBN 9780131933125. Retrieved from
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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