FORM FOUR REGIONAL MOCK EXAMINATION PROPOSAL, 2019.

HISTORY
MARKING SCHEME

1. Correct answer from among the given alternatives (1 Mark @) = 10 marks

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

A C B A D B C A B C

2. Matched items (1 Mark @) = 10 marks

LIST A I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
LIST B G M C L A F O D E K

3. Total marks = 10 marks

a) A MAP TANZANIA TO SHOW DIFFERENT HISTORICAL

SITES
(1 Mark @ correct historical
site) = 5marks

II
KEY
IV
I. OLDUVAI GORGE
II. KONDOA – IRANGI
III III. ISIMILS – IRINGA
IV. ZANZIBAR
V V. KILWA

HISTORICAL SITE

BOUNDARY OF A
POINT OF LOCATION

b) importance of historical sites (1 Mark @) = 5 marks

i) They help for practical historical learning e.g. through observation of past human tools, rock, paints.
ii) Used to reveal past settlement patterns, levels of technology, economic development of political organization
reached by the past societies.
iii) Acts as centers of tourism.
iv) They help in transforming theoretical teaching of history to practical historical learning.
v) It acts as the resource centers to researchers.
vi) It provides employment opportunities e.g. guiders

4. Total marks = 10 Marks, 5Marks @ question.

a) chronological arrangement of sentences provided (1 Mark @) b) Incorrect statements (1 Mark @)
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
(iv) (i) (v) (iii) (ii) E B A C D
5. Contributions of independent African churches to the rise of Nationalism in Africa.

Introduction
African nationalism refers to the political desire of Africans to unite as the nation so as to eliminate the foreign rule
with the intention of ruling themselves in social, political and economic affairs. The movement gained momentum after
the Second World War due to the internal and external pressure African within the continent and in diaspora. Among
those pressures, the role played by African Independent African churches cannot be undermined. African independent
church are the autonomous free and independent churches formed by Africans after breaking from missionary church
to challenge the European church leadership and their teachings. This was after African realized that the white men’s
churches did not intend to civilize Africans nor to spread Christianity in Africa but to smoothen or soften strong hearts
of black people in Africa to accept colonialism. The independent churches did not only preach religious issues but also
they addressed social, political and economic exploitation by the colonialists to Africans. Examples of these independent
church movements include (d); The Watch Tower Church Movement which operated mainly in Malawi from 1906, The
African National Church and church of God in Tanganyika and The Kikuyu Orthodox Church in Kenya. (or any
relevant) 3 marks.

Main body (@ 2.5 marks = 15Marks)

1. They established their own independent schools in which the African children were taught their culture as well as
the evils of colonialism, later on, those students who received the education in those schools became political
activists.
2. They taught Africans that the missionaries were the mere agents of colonialism and not fully evangelical as they
preached.
3. The religious movements and churches instructed Africans not to pay tax. The protests and religious movements
increased the level of consciousness amongst Africans.
4. They counter-attacked the colonial exploitation and domination.
5. They became a center through which various African nationalistic meetings were held to reach various plans.
6. They stimulated moral and courage toward fighting for national independence. For instance, the national church of
Nigeria and Cameroon said prayers for Africans to free themselves from imperialism.
7. Through these movements, the message of freedom was easily conveyed to the people. This is because during
church services Africans were emphasized to hate colonial affairs in their areas.
8. They emphasized unity for all Africans to fight for their rights. In this case, Africans became so strong in fighting
against European exploitation, discrimination and oppression.
9. They provided a good forum through which the Africans expressed their strong ideas and feelings, which were
against the evils of colonialism and European Christianity.

Conclusion (or any relevant) = 2 marks.

It is an irrefutably fact that, independence church movement played great role in the struggle against colonialism in
Africa. As through these movements, Africans became active and prepared up to fight against colonialism and all its
manifestation.

6. Roles of agents of colonialism to the colonization of African continent.

Introduction
Colonialism refers to the process whereby one powerful nation dominates the weaker nations in all aspects of life that
is socially, politically as well as economically. This was very much common due to the imperialist nations like Britain,
France, Belgium and Italy dominating the African colonies during the 19th C. Colonialism was facilitated by the agents
of colonialism of which were the ones of whom persuaded/penetrated the rise of colonization in the African continent.
This involved the explorers like David Livingstone, John Speke, Mungo Park, and Missionaries like Dr. Living Stone,
Ludwing Kraft and John Rebman. Also the Merchants like William Mackinnon under IBEACO (Imperial British East
African Company), Cecil Rhodes under BSAC (British South African Company), and George Goldie under Royal Niger
Company, all with the aim of causing colonization. The following were the contributions of the agents of colonialism
to the colonization of Africa. (Or any relevant introduction, 3 Marks)

Main body (six points @ 2.5 marks) = 15 Marks

They abolished slave trade (1873); this was the strategy of the imperialist nations due the industrial revolution in their
nations. In this way, missionaries were sent to African continent to remove the slavery and slave trade. In addition,
some of the British abolitionists like Moresby (1822), Harmeton (1845) and also Barrle Frere (1873). This was to
concertize their interests of coming in Africa and colonizing it easily by the imperialists.
They signed bogus treaties; this involved the work done by the explorers and some of the traders/merchants in many
parts of Africa. This was to encourage the officialization of the resources like land from the chiefs, for example, Karl
Peters of GEACO (Germany East African Company) made a bogus treaty with sultan Mangungo of Msowero, and Cecil
Rhodes of BSACO (British South African Company) made a bogus treaty with chief Lubengula of Ndebele in Southern
Rhodesia.

They exposed the hinterland of (interior) to the external world; this involved the collection of the various information
from the African continent towards their mother countries. Explorers of whom they sent sensitive information of land
scenery mainly did this. For example, John Speke went back in his mother country with the information about source
of river Nile of which was Lake Victoria, David Living Stone discovered the Victoria Falls (Zambia).

They spread Christianity, this was the role played by the missionaries in the African colonies so as to allow the
prevention of colonialism. It was through the civilization of the Africans towards imperialists’ colonization for example,
Dr. Ludwing Krapf formed the Crus at Rabai mpya at Mombasa in 1844. In addition, there were several church societies
like the Holy Ghost fathers, London Missionary society, UMOA and white fathers.

They introduced cash crop production; the missionaries in the African colonies mainly did this by putting more emphasis
on cash crop production like the coffee, cocoa, sisal, tea and tobacco, these were the raw materials for the imperialists,
as they would come to the African areas to colonize for imperialistic interests. For example, the missionaries in Ghana
motivated much on the cocoa production as the raw materials.

They sent important information to their mother countries this involved the sending information of the strategic areas
towards the imperialists. The explorers did this and also some traders from companies for example, De Braze of Congo
of whom was working for King Leopold II of Belgium, Cecil Rhodes in Southern Rhodesia under B.S.A.Co, George
Goldie of Royal Niger Company in the Niger Delta potentiality.

Missionary won the confidence of African people and reduced the African resistance against colonialists, some African
chiefs gained materially, militarily, and politically from the strangers they usually allowed and sometimes encouraged
them to stay on. E.g., king Kasagama of Toro pleaded for the extension of the stay of Lugard.

They integrated African economy into money economy in this case, African became the source of raw materials for the
European industries.

They led to the establishment of so-called legitimate trade by monopoly companies, which was unfair to the Africans
and only favored the Europeans. This was because African resources were exploited to the maximum.

They promoted disunity among the indigenous people that promoted civil conflict defending the white man’s’ religion
e.g. in Buganda religious war between 1885-8 among the Catholics and the protestants.

Conclusion (any relevant, 2 marks).

Generally, it will be remembered to very many black people generations that “The flag followed the Cross” and the
bible replaced the black power as the agents of colonialism pave the way towards the occupation of African continent
at the last quarter of 19th century just soon after the Berlin conference of 1884-1885. The incurable evils of colonialism
were too much to bear to many Africans, that regardless of their shame departure we still experience to date such as,
the effective exploitation of the African resources, destruction of the African culture, division of Africans basing on
territorial boundaries, economic and political backwardness as well as the inferiority of African race in and outside of
Africa.

7. The roles played by the colonial state to support Settler agriculture in Kenya

Introduction (any relevant, 3 marks)

Colonial state refers to the colonial extension of the metropolitan state. The colonial state was to protect the bourgeoisie
interests in the colonies. Thus, the colonial state was an instrument responsible for exploitation and oppression of the
colonies. The primary objective of the colonial state was to create colonial economy that would respond to the demands
of the metropolitan economies. It applied all the means to ensure the establishment of Colonial economy is realized,
through suffocating the self-sufficient African economy and establishes Settler agriculture. Settler agriculture was a
type of colonial agriculture established by Europeans who came to settle in Africa and later they engaged in production
of raw materials. It was much developed in Kenya and Zimbabwe where it was characterized by all forms of exploitation
like land alienation, existence of taxation, forced labor, low wages as well as existence of monoculture. The following
are the central arguments on the roles played by the colonial state to support settler agriculture in Kenya.
Main body (six points @ 2.5 marks) = 15 Marks

The settlers were given improved social services like education, health services and water supply. This was done as the
way to motivate the white settlers to engage in production of raw materials like cotton, sisal, rubber which were indeed
needed as raw materials in capitalist’s industries from Europe.

The colonial government ensured constant supply of labors to the setter farms. To this, accomplish this, the colonial
government introduced land alienation, forced labor and taxation. For instance, Kipande system, low wages were put
in place in order to encourage the natives to provide labor in their farms.

The colonial government exempted (excluded) the white settler from paying taxes. This was to encourage settler
production where setter was not allowed to pay any kind of tax. This was deliberately reserved to Africans who were
forceful to pay it.

The colonial government did not allow the natives to grow cash crops. The settlers were given the monopoly power of
growing certain types of cash crops that Africans were not allowed to grow; this was meant to avoid competition
between Africans against the Europeans in terms of production. In addition, they wanted to ensure availability of labor
in settler farms

The colonial government provided subsides and loans during drastic climatic change. The white’s settlers were given
soft loans, fertilizers and pesticide so as to encourage them to engage in production of raw-materials such as cotton,
sisal and coffee which were highly needed so as to solve the industrial needs in Europe.

The colonial government introduced and improved the introduction of modern infrastructures such as railways and
roads, which passed through the white settler farms. The whites later on used these infrastructures as a means to transport
their crops to the coast ready for export of raw materials and labor. For example, the Mombasa-Kisumu railway was
constructed in 1895, the Nairobi –Thika line in 1918.

They were provided with compensation (remedies) in case of loss or poor agricultural production due to either poor
climatic conditions or inflation something, which encouraged them to keep on expanding and exploiting Africans
resources.

The colonial state appropriated land ordinances, which ensured the availability of enough fertile land for the settlers.
These land Acts of land ordinances legalized land alienation for example the colonial state in Kenya passed land Acts
in Kenya which strictly prohibited Kenyans from procuring land, which was potentially, preserved for the white settlers
i.e. the crown land Act.

The colonial state allowed the settlers to form political organizations and trade unions, which defended and protected
their interests.

The colonial state left the settlers to determine the prices of their crops. At times when the colonial state set prices, they
set high prices for their crops than those given to the ordinary African peasants.
The colonial state extended reliable physical infrastructures to the settlers’ farms,

The white settlers were also encouraged through better social amenities and extension services such as water and
electricity supply. The settlers were given their best social services such as transport, hotels, health care, recreational
centers, clubs etc. while Africans were deprived of such services.

Settlers were also allowed to defend their rights in a sense that, they had separate courts prisons and law governing
them. They could also conduct their cases through experts such as advocates.

Conclusion (any relevant, 2 marks).

To conclude the above discussion, we can generalize that the flourishing of settler farms and economy in general
especially in Kenya, was basically attributed with the help of the colonial masters themselves because Africans right
were denied while those of settlers were positively responded (maintained).
8. Ways in which history can be reconstructed

Introduction

To construct history means to write or to collect some historical facts so as to tell it to the people who are unware of
those facts/truth of the past. Furthermore, reconstruction of history means the intelligently or scientific ways of getting
history through different sources of history. Sources of history refer to the avenues that can be used to get historical
information. It requires inter-disciplinary Sources of history approach in order to get the actual historical information.
Sources of history that can be used to reconstruct history or to obtain historical information are, oral tradition, historical
sites, archives, archeology and paleontology, museums, linguistic, anthropology, written documents and electronic
sources and the following is their explanation. (or any relevant introduction, 3 marks)

Main body (six points @ 2.5 marks)

Oral traditions; refer to historical information that is handed down by word of mouth, usually by elders, from one
generation to another. Oral Tradition or Word of Mouth, is a preservation of personal and cultural history in the oral
communication of stories, songs, and poems. By retelling or reenacting a tale learned from another, it kept alive for a
new generation. This forms a very important source of historical information especially where exists a non-literate
society who might not be able to read. Oral traditions include folk tales, proverbs, songs and stories. Songs, proverbs
folktales and stories told to a younger generation have been very instrumental in the passing of information from one
generation to the other. For example, a song about our struggle for independence in Tanzania during TANU, passes
very important information to the younger generation, who not yet had born at that time.

Historical sites; are special places where by the past human remains such as ruins or buildings, caves, markets and other
important features used in the past can be found and shown to the public. They comprise man’s physical development,
tools that were made and used from time to time. Examples of historical sites in Tanzania include Isimila, Olduvai
George, Kondoa Irangi, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia, Engaruka, Kagera etc. In Uganda Nsongezi, Biggo, Ntubi,
Rusinga Island, Magosi and Ishago. In Kenya. Lake Rudolf (Turkana), Lake Naivasha, Njoro, Olongesailie, Lake
Magadi, Lamu, Mombasa and Mt. Kenya.

Archaeology; is the study of man’s past through scientific analysis of the remains of material remains of his culture,
such as weapons, tools, houses, clothing, utensils, paintings sculpture, pottery, coins, jewelry, cutlery, beads and work
of arts. The one specializes in archeology is called archaeologist. The archaeologist reconstructs the activities and way
of life of people who lived in prehistoric times from various evidence remains of the material culture. Archaeology
involves excavations (digging) of the remains of man’s past historical sites and interpretation. Examples of
archeological sites in East Africa include: In Tanzania Lake Natron, Olduvai Gorge, Isimila, Engaruka, Kaole and
Kilwa. In Kenya there are Koobi Fora, Olorgesaille, Kariandusi and Lewa Downs. In Uganda there are, Kafu Valley,
Ntusi, Nsongezi, Lohi and Magosi. Paleontology on the other hand is the scientific study of the evolution and structure
of extinct plants and animals (fossils) through scientific examination of fossil remains.

Archives; These are places where collection of public and private documents and old record are preserved. These
documents include personal letters, manuscripts, early travelers’ diaries and missionary records, traders’ writings,
personal and government files, political parties’ documents, etc. Archives are a collection of historical documents or
records, especially those carrying classified information of a government or an organization, which after a period of
time are accessible to the public. They are also places where government, public and other historical records are kept.
They are resource centres for information about the past.

Museums; These are places or buildings where information and objects are preserved it involves all terms, which shows
culture, political economic and technological development from the past to the present. Objects can be early coins,
clothes, and mineral cowries, religious and ceremonial symbols. Museum can be national, Regional, District and village.
e.g. National Museums in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, Butiama, Kalenga Iringa

Written documents; are the documents, which comprise written historical information. This includes books, letters,
maps, magazines, journal, newspaper, minutes of meetings and conferences. Written records can be found in libraries,
schools, colleges, universities, internet cafes, offices etc. These are sources in which letters or any other symbols have
been put on the surface for the purpose of communication. They include books, archives, constitutions, journals, novels,
plays, newspapers, magazines, documentaries, dairies, annual reports, periodical and paintings.

Linguistic; This refers to the scientific study of languages. Historical linguistics is the study of language as it changes
in the course of time. It seeks to trace the principles of language change and establish the current genealogical
classification of a particular language. Such a study helps in discovering language form, content, vocabulary and
historical experiences of the people who speak the language. Distribution of language and relationship between
languages is important to a historian. People who speak related languages may be assumed to have a common origin,
be connected, or had been in close contact at some time in the past. Variations between languages of the same family
can show how long ago the break in contact occurred.

Anthropology; is the study of all aspects of human life and culture. Anthropology examines such topics as how people
live, what they think, what they produce, and how they interact with their environments. It can also be defined as, the
study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas etc. The study can give important information about movements,
settlements and production activities of the past. This is the study of human beings, their origin, development, customs,
beliefs, and social attributes like music, dance, drama, and religious beliefs and practices. Anthropologists (are the
people who study anthropology) try to understand the full range of human diversity (varieties or mixture or differences)
as well as what all people share in common. The anthropological description of the beliefs and customs of a people will
help the historian to determine the cultural past of the people.

Electronic sources or sometimes audio visual sources; These include Audio sources such as Radio, audio books and
other recorded sounds in electronic devices, like tape, flash, memory cards, etc. to keep historical information. Examples
of electronic sources are Visual only sources like slide show with picture and details and Audio-visual like Microfilms,
Videos/cinema. Television, Projectors, slide show with sounds, etc. Electronic databases are stored in computer and
facilitate easy and faster retrieval of information. One can search for information by use of a number of search terms.
Information in a database can be printed when required but can also be accessed instantly on computer.

It can be concluded by saying that, there is a lot of work that may be needed so as to establish a historical fact and truth
of the past. The myriads of sources of history explained in detail above, may be a starting point to bring the live picture
of the past. However, point to underscore is that, no perfect source among above that can establish such a picture in its
separation, those sources are of good important if used together so as to have reliable information of the past event (s).

9. Socio-economic impacts of early contacts between people of East Africa and those of Middle and Far East.

Early contact was a period when East Africa began to interact with people from Middle East and Far East as early as
200 BC. These contacts were mostly developed through commercial activities. The early visitors were Persians, Syrians,
Indians, Chinese, Lebanese, Burma and Arabians. The visitors managed to travel to the coast of East Africa through the
use of Sea Vessels with the help of South- Eastern monsoon winds. Trade contacts between East African coast and the
Far and Middle East intensified between 8th and 10th Century when many traders from China, Indonesia, India, and Arab
came to trade to African countries. Such commercial contacts are evident from Archaeological findings such as China
porcelains, coins, and foreigners’ tombs in areas like Kilwa-Kisiwani and Old Bagamoyo. The Early contacts were
facilitated through legitimate trade; the second phase of Contacts (from 10 th century onwards) included slaves among
the commodities taken from East African coast. Socio-economic (negative and positive) impacts of this contact include
the following:

The rise of coastal city States, these states included Mogadishu, Zanzibar, Mombasa, Kilwa and Sofala, they were
once small unimportant coastal villages but they grew into cities due to settlement by foreigners.

Development of Swahili language, Swahili language and culture developed as a result of intermarriage between the
people of East Africa Coast towns. Swahili language consists of roughly 65% of Bantu words, 30% of Arabic words
and other few Indian words. It provided a common language for the African and Arabs on East Africa coast to use in
trade.

Spread of Islam, Arabs and Persians who settled along the Coast of East Africa spread Islam along the coastal state of
East Africa. It also extended into the interior. Arabs built Mosque wherever they settled. This was alongside with the
introduction of Islamic laws in order to maintain justice and order and these laws were taken from the Muslim Holy
book (Quran) and they were administered by the Kadhi (Judge).

Spread and presence of black people originated on the coast of east Africa in Middle and far east. A number of
people have been identified in Middle east in areas like Iran (Persia) and far east that have lost their originality but
originated in east African coast. These people found there as a result of either commercial activities or slavery of their
ancestors during early contacts. Notable examples include Bodu Beru and Baburu Lava in The Maldives (Maldives
islands) and Goma and Laywa recently living in India and Pakistan

New Architectures designs, the Coastal city-states adopted new style of building. For example, the Persian traders who
settled along the coast introduced building using stone style similar to that found in Persia. Evidence of buildings seen
in Historical sites such as ruins of KilwaKisiwani and Zanzibar.
Introduction of new style of dressing, the people of Africa adopted new style of dressing from the foreigners.
Examples those who converted the adopted the Islamic mode of dressing. This included the buibui (a long black rib for
women), kanzu (a long while robe for men), vails for women and barghashia (a small cap) for men.

Intermarriage, the foreigner intermarried with African, creating a new race of half-castes.

Cultural interference, this was experienced though interacting with foreigners and adopted their customs. Some Africa
forgets their traditional religion, language, mode of dressing and food. This interfered African way of life.

Warfare and depopulation, Contacts brought slave trade between African and Arabs. The demand of slaves caused
warfare between African communities. The wars caused insecurity, loss of life, depopulation and underemployment in
many parts in Africa.

Social stratification, through trading with foreigners, some Africans acquired greatly wealth. This led to the emergence
of super rids class of people among the Africans. These people exercised a lot of power and influence in the community.
As result there was greatly stratification, with a big difference between the have and have not.

Introduction of new crops, new crops such as rice, wheat, cloves, sugarcane and orange were introduced to the African
continent from the Middle East and Far East. Their crops improved the diet of African. In fact, some grew so well the
many people adopted them as their stable foods. For example, rice is a staple food among many people along the Coast
of East Africa.

Exposing Africa to the world, African contacts with the Middle and Far East exposed this continent to the rest of the
World. Visitors who came to Africa also travelled to other parts of the world. Africa became involved in the world
economy, African products such as Ivory, Gold, Leopard skin and copper became popular and were sold all over the
World and in turn African got access to products from outside the world.

Introduction of money economy, Foreigners introduced the use of currency in trade. This was more convenient and
replaced barter trade as the method of exchange. Coins begun to be minted and used in the East African city-states.

Introduction of new technology, People from the Far East and Middle East brought new technology to Africa. For
example, they introduced advanced navigation techniques and the art of keeping records by writing. These things helped
African along the Indian Ocean shoreline to travel further. Fishermen could also sail into deeper, get larger catches and
dhows, and still used in some fishing communities.

Unequal Exchange, Traders from the Far and Middle East traded with African using goods with unequal values. They
took goods of high value such as slaves, gold, ivory and animal skin in exchange of low value items such as beads,
cowrie shells and colored clothes. These commodities from Africa were then sold at great profits in foreign markets;
this means that the foreigners gained a lot of expenses of the African.

Slave Trade, Oman Arabs introduced slave trade to East Africa. Sultan Seyyid Said introduced clove plantations in
Zanzibar and then got slaves to work in them. In additional they sold slaves to Europeans who began sugar plantations
in America.

Exploitation of African resources, due to high demand of African commodities in outside world African resources
were greatly exploited. For example, large number of elephants and rhinoceros were killed for their horns and many
strong young people were captured and sold as slaves. Therefore, this contributed to reduction of African resources.

Decline of Local industries, the introduction of foreign goods led to the decline of African local industries. Due to the
availability of many varieties of clothes, utensils and other tools from abroad few people bought local products so as a
results local production also declined.

To conclude the above discussion, is a wise thing to remind people that, regardless of its long time gone venture, todays
relationship was a good legacy that we as people we can be proud of. In addition to that important notion is that, this
contact together with its evils that abide with it, today there are number of people who have originated in East African
coast and interior living in diaspora. To some extent, those people have great influence in the development of the world
out of Africa.

10. Why did the most of Portuguese colonies in Africa preferred “barrel of gun” in the struggle to liberate themselves?
give six reasons to justify your answers
Introduction
Independence through a barrel of gun which sometimes is referred to as Armed struggle, refers to the technique / method
adopted by African countries as a means to literate themselves especially in those colonies where colonial states were
reluctant to grant independence (settler colonies) by using fire arms. The case to Portuguese colonies in Africa like
Mozambique, Guinea Bissau and Angola used barrel of gun (armed struggle) to liberate themselves because of the
following: -

Poor/weak economic base of Portugal. She was the poorest country among the colonialists, she had not Under gone
industrial revolution, therefore she regarded the heavily depended on her colonies for economic prosperity at home that
is why she was very reluctant at granting independence to her colonies, which she viewed like committing economic
suicide.

The Portugal colonial policy Portugal regarded her colonies as overseas provinces since Portugal was a small nation,
she was very interested to acquiring more oversea land whereby they could stay forever and obtains raw materials
exploit market for their goods and settlement of surplus population.

Settlers opposed the granting of independence to the Africans because of heavy investment in the colonies. The numbers
of settlers were in big in numbers in many Portuguese colonies with high investment in agriculture and other economic
ventures in the colonies. They therefore feared economic losses once the black majority takes over power.

The Portuguese exploited the Africa maximally as to support their economy in the metro pole such as, imposed harsh
taxes like dog, tax poll tax, this was great economically to them that is why they hesitated to grant independence to the
African early like other European nation.

Land alienation. All African fertile land was taken and known as crown land, it was confiscated for the construction of
infrastructures, establishment of colonial economies establishment of white plantation, and this was too precious to
them to give independence to the African easily.

Mass illiteracy. Many Portuguese were illiterate and hence conservative and ignorant of what was taking place outside
world. Other European nations had changed their way of exploitation to neo-colonialism. Since Portuguese were short
sighted, they never dreamt of granting independence to their colonies soon, such situation prompted the use of armed
struggle for the African as a means to get their independence.

Portugal was a fascist state by natures, with no democracy. This was because through their dictatorial leadership of
Salazar Africans were in turn oppressed, exploited as well as humiliated, this was followed due to the fact that,
Portuguese believed to have ever lasting civilizing mission to Africans.

Due to wrong concept the Portuguese had to Africans of under estimating the strength of the colonial subjects (Africans)
in their nationalist demands and struggles she expected that being a NATO member her subjects would always be
suppressed and ruled forever, this wrong concept made Africans to be angry over it.

Generally, with all attempts made by Africans through their political parties such as FRELIMO in Mozambique,
UNITA and MPLA in Angola and PAIGC in Guinea Bissau, Portuguese colonies eventually managed to attain their
independence, this is because Guinea Bissau got its independence in 1974, whereas Angola and Mozambique in 1975
attained their independence.