International Journal of Emerging Research in

Management &Technology ISSN: 2278-9359 Research Article September

(Volume-6, Issue-9) 2017

Applications of GIS & RS for Wetland Management in

Mudigere Taluk, Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka
N. S. Satish C. G. Shruthi Kiran B. M
Professor and HOD, Department of Research Scholar, VTU RRC, Associate Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, G.E.C, K.R.Pet, Belgaum, Karnataka, Civil Engineering, A.I.T,
Karnataka, India India Chikkamagalur, Karnataka, India

Abstract:

'
W
etland' denotes a large body of water surrounded by land, whether natural or
artificial,permanent or temporary with water that is lentic or lotic. Wetlands perform some
useful functions in the maintenance of overall balance of nature. Due to economic
growth,urbanization,population increase and industrialization, more and more waste materials were
discharged in to it, make it unfit for any uses. Hence to maintain the ecological balance,it is imperative to
preserve these wetlands to make it fit for various purposes. Study is being undertaken in Mudigere taluk of
Chikkamagaluru District, to identify the number of wetlands in the taluk and to assess the status of
wetlands), Geographic Information System(GIS) is used to develop a system for the functional analysis of
wetlands and to estimate the rainfall and runoff pattern using land-use/land-cover on wetlands and
associated ecosystems .The study involves a detailed investigation of physical and chemical water quality
parameters of 7 lake, carried out for a period of three months from March to May, the result reveals that the
water is not polluted only turbidity exceeds the permissible limit due storm water runoff and 2 lakes have
attended the Eutrophic condition due to agriculture run-off, sewage pollution and anthropogenic activities. A
System for the Functional Analysis of Wetland using GIS,remote sensing data, topographical maps. Rainfall
and Runoff pattern is estimated using land-use/land-cover, Soil using GIS and Remote Sensing Technique.

Keywords: Wetlands, GIS, remote sensing

I. INTRODUCTION
Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant
and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, or where the land is
covered by water. Once treated as transitional habitats or serial stages in succession from open water to land, the
wetlands are now considered to be distinct ecosystems with specific ecological characteristics, functions and
values. Wetlands, natural and manmade, freshwater or brackish, provide numerous ecological services. The
density of birds, in particular, is an accurate indication of the ecological health of a particular wetland. However,
unsustainable use of wetlands without reckoning of their assimilative capacity constitutes major threat to the
conservation and management of these vital biodiversity rich areas. Thus, restricting the prospects of future
generation to utilize the benefits of the ecosystem services provided by these wetlands.
Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data are appropriate tools for monitoring of
the wetland distribution area and spatial-temporal dynamic multiplicity. During last two decades a diversity of
remotely sensed data and change detection methods have been developed and assessed. Remotely sensed data
have been utilized to measure the qualitative and quantitative terrestrial land-cover changes. Satellite remote
sensing has many advantages for inventory and monitoring of wetlands and also provide information on
surrounding land use and their changes overtime.
Land sat MSS, TM, and SPOT are common data type for wetland classification and its spatial-temporal
dynamic change. Due to temporal revisit capability of the satellite data, it allows to monitor the wetlands either
seasonally oryearly. The use of remote sensing data for land cover classification is less costly and less time-
consuming than aerial photography for large geographic areas. For wetland studies such as monitoring and
inventory use and apply satellite remote sensed data can suitable in developing countries, where the budget are
restricted and the data about the wetland like wetland area, land use, and wetland losses are limited

II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 General details of study area
Mudigere is a Panchayat town and Taluk in Chikkamagaluru in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located
in Western Ghats forest and is 35 km away from the district headquarters.Mudigere is very famous for coffee

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)
plantation and is one of the most famous hill stations in Karnataka. The pleasant climatic condition of area
makes it an adventurous hub for many water sports and trekking events.
Mudigere is at elevation of 915m (3001 feet) and the hill stations around Mudigere are famous summer
retreats since they remain cool even during summers. The temperature of the city varies from 11-20 0Cduring
winter to 25-32 0C during summer. Mudigere is the part of India’s ever green forest known as Western Ghats.
Mudigere is famous in coffee production and is one of the favorite tourist destinations

Figure 2.1: Study Area

2.2 Methodology
The study involves the primary data collection from the related government agencies and identifying the
wetlands in the MudigereTaluk. A physical and chemical water quality analysis of the wetlands is conducted to
check the quality of the water and is conducted for the periods of once in a month from March to May 2015.

2.3 Sample Location

The sample location was selected to provide the best representation of water quality and pollutants load of
the lake. The water samples from the wetlands were collected regularly once a month from predetermined
sampling points to represent station1 (inlet), corresponding points station2 (outlet). The geography position of
these locations will be determined using geography positioning system (GPS). Two discrete samples were
collected from each of the sample locations.

2.4 Physico-Chemical Analysis

The physico-chemical analysis were conducted for different parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO),
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),total dissolved solids (TDS), total
suspended solids (TSS), phosphates (PO4) and chloride(Cl2). Some of the parameters have to be determined at
site like DO fixing. The remaining analytical parameters were conducted in laboratory.

2.5 Watershed Delineation

GIS tools Arc Map and Arc Hydro (Maidment 2002) were used to delineate the Chikmagalur taluk from a
30 m resolution ASTER DEM provided through Japan-U.S. collaboration (ASTER GDEM Validation Team
2009). The DEM is in GeoTIFF format with geographic latitude/longitude coordinates and a 1 arc-second (30
m) grid of elevation postings. It is referenced to the WGS84/EGM96 geoids. The DEM obtained from ASTER
contained sinks that could vary between 0.1 m and 4.7 m in a 30m DEM (Tarboton et al. 1991). In order to
perform a proper hydrological analysis, Sinks were identified and eliminated using the Spatial Analyst
extension. The ArcGIS Geoprocessing toolbox and Arc Hydro techniques were used to isolate the watershed.
The Arc Hydro tools were used to derive several data sets that collectively describe the drainage patterns of the
study area. Processing analysis was performed to recondition the digital elevation model and generate data on
flow direction, flow accumulation, stream definition, stream segmentation, and watershed delineation. These

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)
data are then be used to develop a vector representation of study area and drainage lines from selected points
that can then be used in network analysis. Using the Arc Hydro data model (Maidment 2002), a geographically
referenced database containing geographic and hydrographic data was created.

2.6 Land Use/ Land Cover

Land use/Land cover map of MudigereTaluk has been prepared from LISS-III satellite scene of
multispectral bands obtained in February 2012. In classification process, Supervised Classification method in
ERDAS 2014 was performed based on a set of user-defined classes, by creating the appropriate user-defined
polygon. The methodology of extracting Land uses / Land cover from satellite image is shown in fig. In
supervised classification process, “User-Defined Polygon” function reduces the chance of underestimating class
variance since it involved a high degree of user control. Training points were repeatedly selected from the whole
study area by drawing a polygon around training sites of interests. Land use / Land cover classes of these
training points were extracted with respect to general knowledge obtained from topographic maps and field
visits. The supervised classification was performed using the maximum likelihood algorithm.
To evaluate the accuracy of the classified image, “Accuracy Assessment” tool in ERDAS 2014 was used.
The reference class values were compared with the classified class in error matrix. Then overall accuracy and
kappa values were computed by using user’s accuracy (a measure of commission error) and producer’s accuracy
(a measure of omission error) of each class.
To evaluate the accuracy of the classified image, “Accuracy Assessment” tool in ERDAS was used. The
reference class values were compared with the classified class in error matrix. Then overall accuracy and kappa
values were computed by using user’s accuracy (a measure of commission error) and producer’s accuracy (a
measure of omission error) of each class.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Watershed Delineation
The spatial analyst in an external extension under Arc-GIS software that is specifically used to generate the
stream networks. The three main used to generate stream networks are flow direction, flow accumulation and
determining a watershed from a given source. First, the flow direction function determines the direction of flow
from each cell in the raster data structure (Grid) using a DEM as an input. Hereafter, the flow direction is
determined by finding the direction of steepest descent from each cell taking into the account its eight
neighboring cells. A cell with undefined flow (sinks) is filled in order to have s so called sink less DEM. The
flow direction grid is used a compute the flow accumulation of each cell.

Figure 3.1: Digital Elevation Model of Mudigere Taluk

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)

Figure 3.2: Slope Map of Mudigere Taluk

Figure 3.3: Stream Network with Digital Elevation Model in Mudigere Taluk

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)

Figure 3.4: Map Showing Water Quality Analysis Database

3.2 Water Quality Analysis

This section will explain the result obtained by the analysis. The study of spatial decision support system
for wetland management Mudigeretaluk(Chikkamagaluru district) using sensing and GIS, mainly aims at
providing wetland information. Based on data collected from the government services there are 7 wetlands in
Mudigeretaluk and 232 wetlands in Chikkamagalurudistrict. Table4.21 shows the wetlands in Mudigeretaluk
and their location with respect to latitude and longitude.

Table 3.1: G.P.S Location of Wetlands in Mudigere Taluk

Sl no Wetlands Latitude(N) Longitude(E) Accuracy(m)
1 Bairammankere 13.140731 75.688327 3
2 Devirammamkere 13.05063 75.696151 3

Ground control point is the reference points on the grounds whose latitude and longitude are known or is
taken from the GPS. These points are used in geo-referencing the raster image. This map is geo referenced using
GCP so as to locate the wetlands spatially.

3.3 Water Quality Analysis of Bairamman Lake and Devirammama Lake

Table 3.2: Water Quality Analysis of Bairamman Lake
PARAMETERS MARCH APRIL MAY
INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT
ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET
pH 6.8 7.1 6.8 7.1 6.4 6.8 6.2 6.6 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9
DO( mg/l) 7.1 2.5 6.9 2.4 6.9 2.1 6.2 3.1 5.2 5.8 5.4 5.2
BOD( mg/l) 12.4 44.2 11.2 41.2 12 55.2 12.3 51.2 12.8 15.2 11.3 12.6
COD(mg/l) 31 112.5 25.8 100.6 28.7 133.7 27.6 125.4 28.5 33.8 25.1 29.6
TSS(mg/l) 70.3 65.9 76.5 67.4 70.9 65.2 76.4 68.4 90.2 80.8 86.9 86.1
TURBIDITY(NT 4.1 2.2 4.1 2.2 4.5 2.8 4.5 2.8 7.6 7.2 7.6 7.2
U)
SULPHATES( 2.4 9.4 2.4 9.4 2.8 9.1 2.8 9.1 6.7 9.8 6.7 9.8
mg/l)
NITRATES(mg/l) 1.7 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.4 1.6 2.4 5 4.5 5 4.5
HARDNESS( 71 92 71 92 65 72 65 72 100 120 100 120
mg/l )
ACIDITY( mg/l) 1.9 5.1 1.9 5.1 2.3 5.8 2.3 5.8 2.8 6.2 2.8 6.2

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)

Figure 4.10: Water Quality Analysis of Bairamman Figure 4.11: Water Quality Analysis of Bairmman
Lake in the Inlet Lake in the Outlet

Table 3.3 Water Quality Analysis of Devirammamalake

PARAMETERS MARCH APRIL MAY
INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT INL OUT
ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET ET LET
pH 7.4 7.8 6.9 7 7.4 7.8 7.1 7.2 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.1
DO( mg/l) 7.4 5.1 6.3 4.9 6.8 4.4 6.2 4.1 6 5.6 5.9 5.4
BOD( mg/l) 4.4 32.4 5.1 36.3 5.2 37.2 5.8 39.1 10 12 10.6 12.4
COD(mg/l) 18.8 85.3 16.8 75.6 5.4 88.5 12.6 78.1 24.2 27.4 25.6 29.9
TSS(mg/l) 76.7 70.9 82.3 76.2 74.6 68.2 72.9 61.6 80.6 73.65 76.1 72.15
TURBIDITY(NTU) 4 2 4 2 3.8 1.8 3.8 1.8 6.2 4.3 6.2 4.3
SULPHATES( mg/l) 2 9 2 9 2.3 8.1 2.3 8.1 4.2 7.5 4.2 7.5
NITRATES(mg/l) 1.5 2.9 1.5 2.9 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.4 6.3 6.9 6.3 6.9
HARDNESS mg/l 53 65 53 65 48 57 48 57 90 100 90 100
ACIDITY mg/l 1.1 6.5 1.1 6.5 1.2 6.1 1.2 6.1 2 6.6 2 6.6

Figure 4.12: Water Quality Analysis of Figure 4.13: Water Quality Analysis of
Devirammama Lake in the Inlet Devirammama Lake in the Inlet

Table 3.2 shows the physico chemical analysis values of Bairamman lake for the month of MarchApril and
May, pH of 6.8 was maximum in the month of March at the inlet and minimum of 5.8 in the month of May at
the inlet, DO of 7.1 mg/L was maximum at the inlet and minimum of 2.4 mg/L at the outlet in the month of
March, BOD of 55.2mg/L was maximum in the month of Aprilat the outlet and minimum of 11.3 mg/L in the
month of May at the inlet, COD of 133.7 mg/L maximum in the month of April at the outlet and minimum of
25.1 mg/L in the month of May at the inlet, Hardness of 120 mg/L was maximum in the month of May at the
outlet and minimum of 65 mg/L in the month of Aprilat inlet, acidity of 6.2 mg/L was maximum in the month
of May at the outlet and minimum of 1.9 mg/L in the month of March at the inlet , sulphates of 9.8 mg/L was
maximum in the month of Mayat the outlet and minimum of 2.4 mg/L in the month of March at the inlet ,
nitrates of 5 mg/L was maximum in the month of Mayat the inlet and minimum of 1.7 mg/L in the month of
Marchat the inlet Total suspended solids concentration of 90.2 mg/L was maximum in the month of May at the
inlet minimum of 65.2 mg/L in the month of April at the outlet, turbidity of 7.6 NTU was maximum in the
month of May at the inlet minimum of 2.2NTU in the month of March at the outlet.
Table 3.3 shows the physico chemical analysis values of Deviramman lake for the month of MarchApril
and May, pH was maximum in the month of April that is 7.8mg/L at the outlet and minimum in the month of
May that is 6.1mg/L at the outlet, and DO was maximum in the month of March that is 7.4mg/L at the inlet and

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 Satish et al., International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology
ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-6, Issue-9)
minimum in the month of April that is 4.1mg/L at the outlet, and BOD was maximum in the month of April that
is 37.2mg/L at the outlet and minimum in the month of March that is 4.4mg/L at the inlet , and COD was
maximum in the month of April that is 88.5mg/L at the outlet and minimum in the month of April that is
5.4mg/L at the inlet , and Hardness was maximum in the month of May that is 100mg/L at the outlet and
minimum in the month of April that is 48mg/L at the inlet, and acidity was maximum in the month of May that
is 6.6mg/L at the outlet and minimum in the month of March that is 1.1mg/L at the inlet, and sulphates was
maximum in the month of March that is 9mg/L at the ouytlet and minimum in the month of March that is
2mg/L at the inlet , and nitrates was maximum in the month of May that is 6.9mg/L at the outlet and minimum
in the month of March that is 1.5mg/L at the inlet , and Total suspended solids are more in the month of March
that is 82.3mg/L at the inlet and minimum in the month of April that is 68.2mg/L at the outlet, and turbidity was
maximum in the month of May that is 6.2 NTU at the inlet and minimum in the month of April that is 1.8
NTUat the outlet.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. The water quality analysis results of Bairamman lake, reveals that pH, COD, Nitrates, TSS, Turbidity,
Sulphates, acidity and hardness are all well within the permissible standards prescribed by Indian
standard specifications for drinking water. But BOD exceeds the permissible value at the outlet in the
month of April as the outlet was closed and lake was polluted by the sewage water.
2. In the Deviramman lake the water quality analysis results reveals that pH, DO, COD, Nitrates, TSS,
Turbidity, Sulphates, acidity and hardness are all well within the permissible limits prescribed by
Indian standard specifications for drinking water but BOD exceeds the permissible value at the outlet in
the month of April due to various anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area.

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