PROJECT FILE

Global Warming

SUBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY:

Karan
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who

helped and supported me during the completion of this
project. My deepest thanks to all my faculty members,
for encouraging me to do this project.I also think that
without them this project would have been a distant
reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family
and well wishers.
 CONTENTS
What is Global Warming
Its Causes
Its Effects
Green House Effect
Solutions to Global Warming
 What is Global Warming?
Global warming which is also referred to as climate
change, is the observed rise in the average
temperature of the Earth's climate system the global
surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7
°C in the lowest emissions scenario, and 2.6 to 4.8 °C
in the highest emissions scenario .These readings have
been recorded by the “national science academies of
the major industrialized nations”. Future climate
change and impacts will differ from region to region.
Expected effects include increase in global
temperatures, rising sea levels, changing precipitation,
and expansion of deserts.
 Causes of Global Warming
Global warming is caused by human activities such as deforestation,
and industrial farming e.t.c. Here in below we will study about the
details about it.
Deforestation
We clear forests for a huge number of reasons, from harvesting
wood to make lumber or paper, to clearing land for cattle and pig
ranching, to putting in vast tracts of monoculture crops: corn, wheat,
palms. While crops may fix a small amount of carbon – removing it
from the air and storing it in roots – it is nothing compared to the
amount that trees can fix, or “sequester.”

Plus, burning forestland is hugely harmful to the atmosphere.

According to the World Wildlife Federation, “When vegetation is
removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the
atmosphere as CO2, contributing to global warming. Up to one-fifth
of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and
forest degradation.”
Ranching
Ranching is devastating to our planet in more ways than one. In
addition to necessitating the removal of all that valuable forestland,
ranching also produces massive quantities of animal waste, which in
turn produces lots of methane – a very harmful greenhouse gas.
Industrial Farming
While organic farming practices can actually help reduce global
warming, sequestering carbon through the growth of crops, it also
has some seriously devastating side effects. For one thing, our
industrial agricultural system requires a lot of fossil fuel. Shuttling
fertilizers, equipment, seeds, crops and so on requires a tremendous
amount of gas and diesel, especially when we’re shipping across the
U.S. – or across the world.
Fertilizers and Pesticides

These two common farming inputs are also deadly to the

environment. Not only do they annihilate soil, and kill native plants,
insects and animals, they pollute waterways and air. They are
manufactured at huge plants which dump chemicals into the
environment,

including Global Warming villains carbon dioxide, methane and

nitrous oxide.
Surface Warming

Global warming isn’t only a product of the harmful gases being

pumped into the air. We are also making the surface of the planet
hotter by paving over naturally cooler green spaces with asphalt and
concrete, which hold much more heat than do living things. That
heat is then reflected back into the atmosphere, back down to Earth,
et cetera, in an endless loop of heating.
Burning of Fossil Fuels
We burn fossil fuel to produce electricity. Burning it generates heat
and other output that turn turbines, gathering energy and storing it
as electricity, which can be delivered out over the grid. We must
invest in clean energies to stop the constant burning of fossil
fuels.Just like power plants, vehicles burn fossil fuels. In doing so,
they release carbon and other toxins into the atmosphere, both
causing an overall warming effect and dirtying our air and water.
While cars are the vehicle most often pointed to, any that uses gas
diesel is also responsible: trains, buses, boats and planes.
Plastic Water Bottles

Plastic water bottles are shockingly bad for the environment. Even
plastic bottlers themselves are starting to recognize the issue: “To
make the 50 billion plastic PET bottles each year it takes 1 and a half
million bottles of oil. That is enough oil to fuel 1 million cars for an
entire year. That is only the oil that goes into the bottles.” It doesn’t
include fuel to run the plants, prepare the water for bottling or
distribute the bottles. Nor does it account for the greenhouse gases
that plastic emits as it sits in landfill, not decomposing, for
centuries.While we really shouldn’t be buying any plastic water
bottles, you can at least help keep them out of landfill when you buy
products made of recycled plastic, such as toys, clothing or recycled
rPET bags and totes.
Aerosols

By now, science has definitively proven that aerosols are terrible for
the environment. They’re chockfull of greenhouse gases such as
standard carbon dioxide and methane, but are additionally loaded
with chlorofluorocarbons, which essentially eat the ozone layer and
allow harmful UV rays through. That not only causes a rise in cancers,
it leads to an overall increase in the warming of the planet.
 Effects of Global Warming
Global warming is expected to have far-reaching, long-lasting and, in
many cases, devastating consequences for planet Earth. Here is an in-
depth look at the changes wrought by global warming.

Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes

One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global warming is
the increase in temperatures around the world. The average global
temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8
degrees Celsius) over the past 100 years, according to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Since record
keeping began in 1895, the hottest year on record worldwide was
2016, according to NOAA and NASA data. That year Earth's surface
temperature was 1.78 degrees F (0.99 degrees C) warmer than the
average across the entire 20th century. Before 2016, 2015 was the
warmest year on record, globally. And before 2015? Yep, 2014. In
fact, 16 of the 17 warmest years on record have happened since
2001.

Extreme weather events

Extreme weather is another effect of global warming. While
experiencing some of the hottest summers on record, much of the
United States has also been experiencing colder-than-normal
winters.Global warming may also lead to extreme weather other
than cold or heat extremes. For example, hurricane formations will
change. Though this is still a subject of active scientific research,
current computer models of the atmosphere indicate that hurricanes
are more likely to become less frequent on a global basis, though the
hurricanes that do form may be more intense.Scientists project that
extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, blizzards and
rainstorms will continue to occur more often and with greater
intensity due to global warming, according to Climate Central.
Climate models forecast that global warming will cause climate
patterns worldwide to experience significant changes. These changes
will likely include major shifts in wind patterns, annual precipitation
and seasonal temperatures variations.

Ice melt
One of the primary manifestations of climate change so far is melt.
One of the most dramatic effects of global warming is the reduction
in Arctic sea ice. Sea ice hit record-low extents in both the fall and
winter of 2015 and 2016, meaning that at the time when the ice is
supposed to be at its peak, it was lagging. The melt means there is
less thick sea ice that persists for multiple years. That means less
heat is reflected back into the atmosphere by the shiny surface of
the ice and more is absorbed by the comparatively darker ocean,
creating a feedback loop that causes even more melt.

Sea levels and ocean acidification

In general, as ice melts, sea levels rise. In 2014, the World
Meteorological Organization reported that sea-level rise accelerated
0.12 inches (3 millimeters) per year on average worldwide. This is
around double the average annual rise of 0.07 in. (1.6 mm) in the
20th century. Melting polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions,
coupled with melting ice sheets and glaciers across Greenland, North
America, South America, Europe and Asia, are expected to raise sea
levels significantly. Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since
1870, according to the EPA, and the rate of increase is expected to
accelerate in the coming years. If current trends continue, many
coastal areas, where roughly half of the Earth's human population
lives, will be inundated. Sea level isn't the only thing changing for the
oceans due to global warming. As levels of CO2 increase, the oceans
absorb some of that gas, which increases the acidity of seawater.
Werne explains it this way: "When you dissolved CO2 in water, you
get carbonic acid. This is the same exact thing that happens in cans
of soda. When you pop the top on a can of Dr Pepper, the pH is 2 —
quite acidic."

Plants and animals

The effects of global warming on the Earth's ecosystems are
expected to be profound and widespread. Many species of plants
and animals are already moving their range northward or to higher
altitudes as a result of warming temperatures, according to a report
from the National Academy of Sciences. Additionally, migratory birds
and insects are now arriving in their summer feeding and nesting
grounds several days or weeks earlier than they did in the 20th
century. Warmer temperatures will also expand the range of many
disease-causing pathogens that were once confined to tropical and
subtropical areas, killing off plant and animal species that formerly
were protected from disease.These and other effects of global
warming, if left unchecked, will likely contribute to the
disappearance of up to one-half of Earth's plants and one-third of
animals from their current range by 2080, according to a 2013 report
in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Social effects
As dramatic as the effects of climate change are expected to be on
the natural world, the projected changes to human society may be
even more devastating.
Agricultural systems will likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though
growing seasons in some areas will expand, the combined impacts of
drought, severe weather, lack of accumulated snowmelt, greater
number and diversity of pests, lower groundwater tables and a loss
of arable land could cause severe crop failures and livestock
shortages worldwide. This loss of food security may, in turn, create
havoc in international food markets and could spark famines, food
riots, political instability and civil unrest worldwide.
 Green House Effect
The "greenhouse effect" is the warming that happens when certain
gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat. These gases let in light but
keep heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a greenhouse. First,
sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and
then radiates back into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere,
“greenhouse” gases trap some of this heat, and the rest escapes into
space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more
heat gets trapped. Scientists have known about the greenhouse
effect since 1824, when Joseph Fourier calculated that the Earth
would be much colder if it had no atmosphere. This greenhouse
effect is what keeps the Earth's climate livable. Without it, the
Earth's surface would be an average of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit
cooler.In 1895, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius discovered
that humans could enhance the greenhouse effect by making carbon
dioxide, a greenhouse gas. He kicked off 100 years of climate
research that has given us a sophisticated understanding of global
warming. Levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have gone up and down
over the Earth's history, but they have been fairly constant for the
past few thousand years. Global average temperatures have stayed
fairly constant over that time as well, until recently. Through the
burning of fossil fuels and other GHG emissions, humans are
enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming Earth.
 Solutions of Global Warming
A greener, healthier world requires each of us to do all we can to
eliminate the pollution and practices that are warming the planet
and changing our climate. Environment America takes concrete steps
to move us closer to the world we want to live in, from promoting
the fossil fuel divestment movement to accelerating the transition to
cars that don’t pollute. Solutions to global warming

To promote global warming solutions, Environment America, our

network of 29 state affiliates, and members and activists in all 50
states are running these projects and campaigns:

Fossil Fuel Free

Even as global warming accelerates, the major oil, gas and coal
companies are sticking to business as usual. Fortunately, a growing
number of investors understand that the industry’s business model is
incompatible with what scientists are telling us we must do to slow
global warming. That’s why we’re supporting the fossil fuel
divestment movement.

Tropical Forest Protection

To slow global warming, we must protect the world’s tropical
forests. We’re doing our part by urging companies to commit to stop
cutting them down—a commitment known as zero-deforestation.
We are currently focusing on the beef and soybean supply chain.

Clean Car Communities

We also need to change what we drive. We’re calling for all new cars
and trucks to be electric by 2035. We know our leaders in
Washington, D.C., are going the wrong way on this issue, so our
Clean Car Communities campaign is urging local and state officials to
point the way forward.

Regional Climate Action

We also must reduce and ultimately eliminate carbon pollution from
power plants. Especially given the absence of leadership from
Washington, D.C., the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative might be
the most important climate program you’ve never heard of.
 Conclusion
Thus we can say that global warming is a serious problem for
mankind and we have to counter it before it leads to severe
problems. Here in this project we have discussed about causes and
effects of Global warming and also about Green house effect. We
have also discussed about solutions to Global Warming.
 References
 https://environmentamerica.org/feature/ame/global-
warming-solutions
 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/glo
bal-warming/global-warming-overview/
 https://www.reusethisbag.com/articles/10-human-
causes-of-global-warming/
 https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-
of-global-warming#gs.WPxR8h6i