Qualifications Framework in Aviation Industry
Qualifications Framework in Aviation Industry
Qualifications Framework in Aviation Industry
: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
DORIS NOVAK, PhD1
E‐mail: dnovak@fpz.hr
MIRA PAVLINOVIĆ, PhD2
E‐mail: mpavlinovic@fpz.hr
FILIP TROJKO, univ. bacc. aeronaut.3
E‐mail: filip.trojko@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences
Vukelićeva 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences
Vukelićeva 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences
Vukelićeva 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
AN OUTLINE OF SECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK IN
AVIATION INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
Aviation industry is a complex industry in which significant technological progress has been made.
Huge demands are placed on experts working in aviation industry and therefore their responsibilities
are great. Educational system should be created in a way to serve aviation industry and to predict
further developments in the industry, and not only to be in line with the contemporary needs and
requirements. This paper gives an outline of general structure and Sectoral Qualifications Framework
in aviation industry based on current key competences and qualifications. An overview of aviation
market is also presented in relation to future job requirements. Categories of qualifications in the
sector are to be further analysed in terms of required knowledge, skills, and key competences.
KEY WORDS
aviation industry; sectoral qualifications; framework; competences
1. INTRODUCTION
The relevance of education is of utmost importance for all segments of society. The question is
just how important is it? Newcomer et al. [1] found that aviation managers consider education
important for hiring new staff, even though they did not share the same opinion regarding their own
employment. Such an attitude indicates a potential paradigm shift in aviation industry, from an
opinion that education is not preferred, towards an attitude that education is an imperative [1].
Smith et al. [2] found that in the course of pilot training, candidates who completed higher education
need less practical training than those who did not. The importance of education in aviation industry
recruiting should also be observed in the context of certification and experience that an individual
hold. The research carried out on this topic [3] showed that education is a field of constant and
considerable importance and is extremely significant for employers. It appears to be the only field
with constant positive trends.
However, the greatest importance is placed on individual's experience. It has been shown that, if
a particular job is of a more technical nature, employers will require persons who hold certain
certificates. If a job is more about management and involves communication and other soft skills,
then employers will look for experienced and educated individuals. The current research has shown
that experience is the most relevant issue for performing a job and for delivering skill, knowledge and
ability (in that order) and is accordingly vital to the aviation industry hiring process [3]. Education is
1
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
on one hand considered to be important, but on the other hand it solely serves as a foundation upon
which the experience is built.
This paper elaborates on the sector called aviation industry. It discusses trends in aviation
industry and establishes a link between international sectoral qualifications frameworks and sectors.
The key competences of the sector are detected; but still they need to be further developed and
elaborated.
2. AVIATION INDUSTRY MARKET
Air traffic is expected to grow in the long‐term. New concepts and technologies that have
emerged over the last six years enabled implementation of free routes or point‐to‐point flying using
advanced on‐board avionics. According to 2016 report on air traffic market [4] airlines globally
achieved record profitability in 2015 with operating margins of at all‐time high of 8.8%, while average
air fares decreased by 5% against a backdrop of fuel prices averaging 44% lower than in 2014. All the
above mentioned was in favor of the fact that the number of passengers carried (revenue passenger
kilometer – RPK) grew by 6.3% in 2016, in comparison to 2015. This gives a number of 3.7 billion
passengers carried by air in 2016. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) expects 7.2
billion passengers to travel in 2035, which means that the number of passengers will be doubled
compared to 2016. With the strong and resilient passenger traffic growth, and the fact that air traffic
doubles every 15 years, there is a great need for new aircraft. In 2016, there were 19,000 passenger
aircraft in service. Airbus predicts a demand for 34,900 new aircraft by 2036 (34,170 passenger and
730 freight aircraft) [5]. Asia pacific region should account for 41% of the demand, with the US and
Europe together representing 36%.
As the world fleet grows, grows also the need for pilots and technicians to meet the demands of
airlines and passengers. Airbus forecasts that over the next 20 years, more than a million aviation
industry professionals will have to be trained to the fullest possible extent [5]. It is predicted that
only European companies will need to hire 106,000 pilots and 111,000 technicians between 2017 and
2035 [6]. The prediction of total demands for aviation professionals according to world regions is
presented in table 1.
Table 1 – Prediction of total demand for aviation professionals according to world regions
Demand for Demand for
Demand for airline
World region commercial airline commercial airline
technicians
pilots cabin crew
Asia Pacific 253,000 256,000 308,000
Europe 117,000 118,000 173,000
North America 106,000 111,000 154,000
Middle East 63,000 66,000 96,000
Latin America 52,000 49,000 52,000
C.I.S./Russia 24,000 25,000 28,000
Africa 22,000 23,000 28,000
TOTAL 637,000 648,000 839,000
Source: [6]
2
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
The demand for pilots is influenced by retirement of experienced pilots, by a large number of
inexperienced pilots that enter the service and by the fact that army is no longer the primary source
of airline pilots.
A shortage of workforce in maintenance technician field was identified by 42% and presents the
greatest challenge in aviation [7]. It is predicted that a global demand for qualified aviation experts
will take place in the next 15 to 20 years.
In the future, a digital transition will cause a re‐evolution of traditional MRO practice. Today, new
generation aircraft are able to communicate in real time through datalink systems up to 400,000
separate parameters, enabling predictive maintenance to begin to play a key role in aircraft
operation and support.
If we want to design educational system or training programs for air transport and aviation
experts and other jobs in the sector that encompasses aviation in general (also known as Sectoral
Qualifications Framework), firstly we have to understand what qualification is. Secondly, the most
important and challenging objective is to predict what aviation industry and air transport will look
like 20 years from now.
3. INTERNATIONAL SECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKS AND SYSTEMS
International sectoral initiatives are widespread phenomena. The Final Report on Sectoral
Qualifications Frameworks (SQF), commissioned to support European Commission in recognition of
International Sector Qualifications (ISQ) and related initiatives, identified 254 organizations delivering
SQF initiatives, of which several managed more than one. Most were qualifications, suites of
qualifications, or standards [8].
The integration of International Sectoral Qualification is a key objective of European Qualification
Framework (EQF) which should enable international organizations to relate their qualifications
systems to a common European reference point and thus show the relationship between
international sectoral qualifications and national qualifications. EQF is also an instrument for the
promotion of lifelong learning, so it encompasses all levels of qualifications acquired in general,
vocational as well as academic education and training.
Qualification is a formal outcome of an assessment and validation process which is obtained when
complement body determines that an individual has achieved learning outcomes to given standards
[9]. The EQF’s eight reference levels define all levels of qualifications, from basic general knowledge
(level 1) to doctorates (level 8). All EQF’s levels are described in terms of leaning outcomes, while the
levels 3‐5 are reserved for vocational education and levels 6‐8 for an academic degree.
Learning outcomes are statements used to describe what a learner knows, understands and is
able of doing after the completion of a learning process. Learning outcomes are specified in three
categories – knowledge, skills and competences [9].
European Member States have been invited to align their national qualifications levels with the
EQF. But EQF Recommendation [10] does not include definition of International Sectoral
Qualifications Framework and it does not elaborate on how such relationship shall be established.
The EQF Recommendation refers to a linkage between EQF and sectoral qualification systems,
however there is very little clarity about what is meant by this term. The EQF basically translates
qualifications acquired with the different education and training system in Europe more readable and
understandable.
3
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
The study [8] detected that, so far, there has been little concrete action to clarify the role of EQF
in support of IQF. Most ISQ initiatives target at highly skilled professionals. They are top‐up
qualifications, mainly designed for professionals who already hold an initial qualification. Hence, the
most common purpose for the initiatives is to facilitate the movement of professionals across
countries and secure and/or raise professional standards. One of important conclusion of the study
[8] was that the most commonly mentioned reason for having or wanting to create a link with IQF
and EQF is to improve recognition.
3.1 What is Sectoral Qualification Framework?
Hupfer and Spöttl [11] state that a sector related qualification framework, or sectoral framework
in short, includes qualifications and competences (learning outcomes) that are relevant in a specific
economic sector. Further to that, what is a sector and how to define it? The above mentioned
authors define a sector (from the point of view of vocational education) as an area of expertise that
relates to comparable or similar work tasks and work processes and has a similar production or
service structure. Based on economic nature of a sector, it can be considered as a Single European
Market which refers to the EU as one territory without international boundaries or other regulatory
obstacles to the free movement of goods and services. In relation to that, EU defined 22 sectors, out
of which Aeronautical industry is one.
A distinction between aeronautics industry and aviation industry should be noted. European
aeronautics industry develops and manufactures civil and military aircraft, helicopters, drones, aero‐
engines and other systems and equipment. The industry includes companies that provide support
services, such as maintenance and training. In this concept, term aeronautical is strictly focused on
production.
On the other hand, term aviation is more general term which can be more appropriate for
definition of specific sectoral framework. Aviation is the activity of flying aircraft, or designing,
producing, and keeping them in good condition. It is convenient to use more general term aviation
instead of aeronautics together with the term industry to emphasize the importance of economic
perspective to be consistent with EU sector definition. Therefore, it is proposed that in that specific
sector is called aviation industry and the future framework Sectoral Qualifications Framework for
Aviation industry.
3.2 What is the framework?
In addressing the problem of attempting to explain the nature and meaning of SQF, the
understanding of framework can be crucial. There are two groups of frameworks that can be
distinguished [11]: frameworks whose descriptors reflect merely market‐oriented requirements and
employers’ perspective, and frameworks whose descriptors include additional claims to education
that go beyond a partial market perspective.
The employability model aims at an output oriented or learning outcome‐oriented description of
qualifications, irrespectively of the pathways, models and systems of qualification for the labour
market.
Understanding the model of qualification is essential for generating qualification framework. In
vocational education model qualification for the labour market is below the level of higher education
and is traditionally input oriented. EQF qualification structure follows the model of market‐oriented
employability. EQF descriptors are in principle inadequate for representing qualifications that are
achieved in the system of dual vocational education and training. This is likely to be an obstacle to
the successful implementation of the EQF, especially in those countries that have elaborate system
of vocational education. Anglo‐Saxon concept of employability became the reference model for the
EQF and number of other national frameworks, whose design in terms of the concept of qualification
and the descriptors used, follow the EQF [11].
4
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
In this sense, a problem of education or practical training of air traffic controllers (ATCOs) can be
considered. The question is whether the employer, the Air Navigation Service Provider, needs their
ATCOs to be engineers with university bachelor diploma, or is it more appropriate for them –
considering job description which is mainly skill oriented ‐ to be high school graduates with intensive
specifically designed training? The supporters of the second option argue that 90% of university
education program is unnecessary (too much natural sciences, etc.) and therefore needless. So,
three‐year (bachelor) university program for ATCO is a waste of time, after which ATCO candidates
anyway have to complete additional courses to gain their licenses. The supporters of the first stand
(ATCOs as engineers), argue that the complex Air Traffic Management system does not only need
highly trained professionals, but also such experts who will actively contribute in designing the
system and adapting it to the needs of the employer. That includes highly specialized knowledge of
the field, problem‐solving skills and critical awareness of knowledge. These are the exactly the same
knowledge and skills mentioned in descriptors of EQF level 7 which corresponds with European
Higher Education Area and framework of Bologna process. The truth is probably somewhere in the
middle. Some candidates should be trained as career ATCOs, and others to be experts in the field of
ATM with engineering background and practical experience. The same problem arises when
education of professional or commercial pilots is discussed.
3.3 What is competence?
European and international sectoral bodies aim to recognize the diversification and
internationalization of qualifications. The emphasis is put on qualifications that are tailored to meet
the specific demands of sectors. The European Commission thus addresses the perspective of
markets and enterprises in accordance with the employability model. Given this orientation it is no
surprise that sectoral frameworks are developed from market and business perspective that leaves
out more general objectives and standards of education like those addressed in the principle of
vocationalism highlighted in Copenhagen Declaration of 2002 [11]. The two approaches in designing
principles and structure of sectoral frameworks can be detected. The first is a competence
framework where the relationship between education and work is considered exclusively from the
demand side. One such example is the e‐Competence Framework (eCF) where competences are
described as the demonstrated ability to apply knowledge, skills and attitudes for achieving observed
results. This is a holistic concept directly related to workplace activities and incorporating complex
human behaviors expressed as embedded attitudes [12]. The basis for the identification of the
sector‐relevant competences is work process analysis (identification and exact description of the core
work process). The crucial point is organization of work. Therefore, for sectoral framework based on
competences, it is necessary to establish the link to the context of work and identify/describe core
competences that are developed in schools and training enterprises.
The second is a qualification framework where the starting point for the definition of descriptors
is not the work‐process analysis or company‐specific job titles or workplace descriptions, but the
academic degree known as qualification. Here, competence means the proven ability to use
knowledge, skills and personal, social and/or methodological abilities, in work or study situations and
in professional and personal development. In the context of the EQF, competence is described in
terms of responsibility and autonomy [9].
In Evidence‐based training (EBT) concept, the ICAO [13] defines competency as a combination of
knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a task to the prescribed standard. Core
competencies are further defined as a group of related behaviors, based on job requirements, which
describe how to efficiently perform a job and what proficient performance looks like. They include
the name of the competency, a description, and a list of behavioral indicators (an overt action
performed or statement that indicates how the crew handles the event).
In European Plan for Aviation Safety [14], EASA identified having the right competencies and
adopting training methods for aviation personnel as a key area. Those competencies are [15]:
5
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
Communication
Aircraft Flightpath management ‐ Automation
Aircraft Flightpath management – Manual control
Leadership and Teamwork
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Application of procedures
Work load Management
Situational Awareness
Knowledge.
ICAO concept of EBT therefore may be more suitable to be considered in the perspective of
competence framework as it emerged from industry‐wide consensus to reduce aircraft fatal accident
rates (demand side). Thus, the EBT concept was delivered from international working group
facilitated by IATA and other industry representatives which comprised of Civil Aviation Authorities,
aircraft equipment manufacturers, airlines, training organizations, but also an academic institution.
To further develop sectoral framework in aviation industry based on qualifications, all possible
professional occupations should be considered by conducting occupational and qualification analysis.
In general, occupations in aviation industry can be sorted in following categories:
• Air Traffic Control
• Aircraft Maintenance
• Aircraft or Aircraft Systems
• Manufacturing and Design
• Airlines/Pilot (Civil/Military)
• Airports Operations
• Aviation Education
• Aviation Logistics
• Aviation Support Services
• Other Aviation Occupations.
Sectoral qualification framework for higher education (based on EQF) in aviation industry should
aim at describing knowledge, skills, and competences to be acquired during study courses, and to be
enhanced during the subsequent first years of professional experience [16].
4. CONCLUSION
Aviation industry is a complex system in which experts have a significant role to cope with new
procedures and emerging complex technologies. It is soon to be expected that the needs for such
experts in the labor market will surpass the offer. Institutions providing training and education for
these experts need to have a clear vision of the expectations set by the industry. In this context,
consideration should be given to the importance of education and the relationship between
certification and experience. Educational frameworks should be designed in such a way that
emphasis is placed on each segment to bridge the gap between higher education (“without the
knowledge, an individual cannot perform specific job adequately”) and the industry (“without the
experience, an individual cannot do any responsible job”). Aviation industry is an extremely
6
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
challenging and motivating sector, and students enrolling in a particular education program expect to
get the level of education (or the right mixture of knowledge, skills and competences) that will
adequately prepare them for work in the industry. The outline of Sectoral Qualification Framework in
Aviation Industry is proposed, based on two different approaches (competence and qualifications
framework). Required knowledge, skills, and competences as categories of qualifications in sector are
to be further analyzed based on close collaboration between the industry and higher education
institutions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is related to Erasmus + KA2 Knowledge Alliance in Air Transport project (ref. no. 588060‐
epp‐12017‐1‐RO‐EPPKA2‐KA) as contribution to future analysis of existing methodologies and best
practice for SQF.
REFERENCES
Journal Article in Print
[1] Newcomer JM, Marion JW Jr, Earnhardt MP. Aviation Managers’ Perspective on the Importance
of Education. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace. 2014;1(2). doi:
10.15394/ijaaa.2014.1014
[2] Smith G, et al. The 2012 pilot source study (Phase III): Response to the pilot certification and
qualification requirement for air carrier operations. Journal of Aviation Technology and
Engineering. 2013;2(2):13‐23. doi: 10.7771/2159‐6670.1071
[3] Earnhardt MP, et al. An Inquiry into the Aviation Management Education Paradigm Shift.
International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace. 2014;1(4). doi:
10.15394/ijaaa.2014.1037
[4] European Commission. Directorate for Mobility and Transport. Annual Report related to the EU
Air Transport Market 2016. Code 376608/ITD/Aviation/1F. Brussels; 2017.
[5] Airbus. Global Market Forecast. Growing Horizons 2017‐2036. ISBN: 978‐2‐9554382‐2‐6. France;
2017.
[6] Boeing. Global Services. 2017 Pilot and Technician Outlook. Available from:
http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/market/pilot‐technician‐
services/assets/downloads/2017‐pto‐oshkosh‐air‐show.pdf
[7] Prentice B, Costanza D, Smiley J. When Growth Outpaces Capacity. MRO Survey 2017. Oliver
Wyman; 2017.
[8] European Commission. Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Study
on International Sectorial Qualifications Frameworks and Systems – Final Report. 2016. doi:
10.2767/115.
[9] European Commission. The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF).
2008. doi: 10.2766/14352.
[10] European Commission. Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017 on the European Qualification
Framework for lifelong learning (2017/C 189/03). Available from:
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication‐detail/‐/publication/ceead970‐518f‐11e7‐a5ca‐
01aa75ed71a1/language‐en
[11] Hupfer B, Spöttl G. Qualifications Frameworks and the Underlying Concepts of Education and
Work – Limits and Perspective. ITB Research Report. Institut Technik und Bildung, Universität
Bremen; 2014. Available from: https://elib.suub.uni‐bremen.de/edocs/00103809‐1.pdf
7
Novak D, Pavlinović M., Trojko F.: An outline for Sectorial Qualification Framework in Aviation Industry
[12] European e‐Competence Framework 3.0. A common European framework for ICT Professionals
in all industry sectors. CWA 16234‐2014 Part 1. Available from: http://www.ecompetences.eu
[13] International Civil Aviation Organization. Manual of Evidence‐based Training. Doc 9995 AN/497.
ISBN: 978‐92‐9249‐242‐7. First Edition – 2013. ICAO; 2013.
[14] European Aviation Safety Agency. European Plan for Aviation Safety 2016‐2020. Available from:
https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/EPAS%202016‐2020%20FINAL.pdf
[15] European Aviation Safety Agency. Notice of Proposed Amendment 2016‐03(A). Available from:
https://www.easa.europa.eu/document‐library/notices‐of‐proposed‐amendment/npa‐2016‐
03a
[16] Hoffman M, Grunberg J, Hampe M. A Sectoral Qualification Framework for Engineers and
Computer Scientists. EAEEIE Annual Conference; 2009 Jun 22‐24; Valencia, Spain. Piscataway:
IEEE; 2009
8