ROYAL JUNIOR COLLEGE OF

SCIENCE AND COMMERCE

(CHEMISTRY PROJECT)

NAME :- Savita Ulhas Tikam

STD/DIV :- XI Science – C (C.S.)

ROLL NO. :- 19

TOPIC :- Methods of Water Purification

 METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION
AIM: To study the methods of purification

INDEX

 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES
 NEED AND SCOPE
 METHODOLOGY
(A) Primary Treatment Process
 Coagulation
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Disinfection
(B) Secondary Treatment Process
 Trickling filters
 Activate sludge process
(C)Tertiary Treatment Process

 Chemical coagulation
 Carbon Filtration
 Reverse osmosis
 Water Conditioning
 Ion exchange
 Electrode Ionization
 Plumbo-solvency

 INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

 INFERENCE
 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION:

Water is of major importance to all living things. We purify water to get rid
of contaminants that can be detrimental to our health. Up to 60 % of the
human body is water. Therefore, the quality of water we drink is very
important. The drinking water should be totally clean, pure and free of any
disease causing microbes. Therefore, it must be properly treated and
disinfected before using it for drinking purpose.

We can remove the impurities that are visible to us. But there are many
impurities that are present at atomic level. Water purification methods
help us to purify water very neatly. Some methods are useful to remove
dust particles and other small contaminants present in water. Some are
useful to kill pathogens and harmful micro-organisms which may be
hazardous to health. By using all these methods we can obtain very safe
water. The most important thing about these methods is, they restore the
minerals of water. It means these methods not only provide safe water but
also nutritious water.

It is very important to get acquainted with these methods so that we can

check whether the water we drink and use is good for our health. The
problem of water shortage can also be solved if use water purification
methods.

Given below are some methods which will help us to know how water is
actually purified.
 OBJECTIVES
1) To produce potable water.
2) To reuse water.
3) To maintain water quality.
4) To solve health problems caused due to unsafe water.
5) To solve the problem of water shortage
6) To make water available at reasonable cost

 NEED AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

As of 2014, the World Health Organization has reported 8,42,000 deaths per
year from water borne diseases. If young generation drinks unsafe water they
will suffer from various diseases which will not be beneficial for the future of
our nation. Water contamination also leads to shortage of water because, a
large amount of pure water becomes unfit for utilization. It also has an adverse
effect on animals living in water bodies. If such water is used for agricultural
purposes then the quality of crops may not be good. In short, contaminated
water badly affects many aspects of environment.

A detailed study will help us to know in which regions a lot of water is being
wasted due to contamination and steps can be taken accordingly. We may
find some new and efficient ways of water purification. Many people can be
made aware about these techniques.
 METHODOLOGY

Methods of water purification are categorized into three types:

(A) Primary treatment process

(B) Secondary treatment process
(C) Tertiary treatment process
(A) Primary treatment process
 Screening
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs). Screening removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and
metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment,
piping, and appurtenances. Some modern wastewater treatment plants
use both coarse screens and fine screens
 Coagulation

Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. It forms

tiny sticky particles called “floc” which attract the dirt particle. The
combined weight of the dirt and the floc becomes heavy and sinks to the
bottom. It is used for colloidal particles.
 Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a common way of treating water. It is a process that
removes solids that float and settle in the water. The process relies on the
use of sedimentation tanks that remove larger solids. Sedimentation is one
of the methods that municipalities use for treating water. Gravity is used
to remove suspended solids from water.
 Filtration
Filtration removes floc created by coagulation. The water passes through
filters, some made of layers of sand and charcoal that help to remove
smaller particles.
Types of filtration

 Rapid sand filters : Water moves vertically through sand which often
has a layer of activated carbon oranthracite coal above the sand. The
top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and
odour.
 Slow sand filters : the water must be passed very slowly through the
filters. These filters rely on biological treatment processes for their
action rather than physical filtration.
 Membrane filtration : Membrane filters are widely used for filtering
both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane
filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0.2 μm.
Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it
is desired to reuse the water for industry, for limited domestic
purposes, or before discharging the water into a river.
 Disinfection
It is carried out to kill micro organisms present in water.
There are three types of disinfection methods.
 CHLORINATION

It includes addition of small amount of chlorine which kills bacteria,

viruses and protozoa. Chlorine is applied to water in the form of
chlorine gas, bleach or dry calcium hypochlorite.

 OZONIZATION
Ozone is strongest disinfectant. In this process ozone is generated by
passing dry oxygen or air through a system of high voltage electrons.
It is costly and difficult to monitor and control under different
conditions.

 ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION

It is a new technology used in water disinfection. When UV radiation
penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it damages genetic material
and prevents the cell from reproducing.

(B) Secondary Treatment Process

 Trickling filters

A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of

a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum
peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other
wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime
(biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.
 Activated sludge process
The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for
treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a biological
floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing
carbonaceous pollution includes the following items: An aeration tank
where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor. This is followed by a
settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling
tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus
separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water.
(C) Tertiary treatment process

 Chemical coagulation
Chemical coagulation is an important unit process in water treatment for
the removal of turbidity. The aluminium
coagulants include aluminium sulfate (alum), aluminium chloride and
sodium aluminate. The iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous
sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloride sulfate. Other chemicals used
as coagulants include hydrated lime and magnesium carbonate.
 Carbon filtration
Carbon filter refers to a method of filtration that uses granulated activated
carbon to filter out the impurities of water or air. Carbon filters use a
process where the pollutants adhere to the carbon particles as the water or
air passes through it. Carbon filters are common for use in homes,
aquariums, garden ponds, and wastewater treatment.they are also
exceptionally useful in removing offending odours and taste.
 Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses
a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, moleculesand larger particles
from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to
overcome osmotic pressure Reverse osmosis can remove many types of
dissolved and suspended species from water, including bacteria, and is
used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water.

 Water conditioning
Water conditioning is defined as a means to strain out impurities from
a water source. The softeners contain beads that exchange two sodium or
potassium ions for every calcium or magnesium ion removed from the
“softened” water. Permanent hardness present in the water can
be removed by treating it with soda water (Na2CO3).
 Ion exchange
Ion exchange is a water treatment process commonly used
for water softening or demineralization, but it also is used to remove other
substances from the water in processes such as dealkalization, deionization,
and disinfection. Resin beads are used in ion exchange water treatment. It
is used in domestic water treatment for the removal of nitrate and natural
organic matter.

 Electrode ionization
Electrode ionization is a water treatment technology that utilizes electricity,
ion exchange membranes and resin to unionize water and separate
dissolved ions (impurities) from water. It differs from other water
purification technologies in that it is done without the use of chemical
treatments.
 Plumbo - solvency Reduction
Plumbosolvent waters are slightly acidic waters that can dissolve metals
that they come into contact with. Plumbo -solvency is the ability of
a solvent, notably water, to dissolve lead. . Plumbosolvency of water can be
countered by achieving a pH of 7.5 by increasing
the pH with lime or sodium hydroxide or by providing a protective coating
to the inside of lead pipes by the addition of phosphate at the water
treatment works.
  INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS
The above observations show that the water is first screened. This is followed
by addition of coagulants for the sedimentation of dust particles. The floc
formed is removed by filtration. In order to kill micro-organisms present in
water it is disinfected.
Water can also be purified by biological processes (secondary treatment
process) because micro-organisms can decompose waste.
Water is purified by some advanced techniques like separation of ions in
water, use of granulated activated carbon, etc.
General procedure of water treatment is

The average percentage of safe water accessible in every district of India is 85.5.

1 Punjab
15 Maharashtra
28 Kerala
 CONCLUSION

There are various types of water purification methods. Some require chemicals
whereas some require biological organisms. Every district, city should access to
the water purification method they are convenient with and make
contaminated water suitable for usage. This is the high time for using these
methods otherwise future would be very difficult for us. Water is our basic
need so we must conserve it to the greatest extent. Water purification
methods listed above can help us to achieve this goal.

 REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge

 https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/3031/carbon-filter

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbosolvency

 http://www.archms.org/article.asp?issn=WKMP-
0146;year=2016;volume=1;issue=2;spage=35;epage=41;aulast=Ibrahim

 https://www.fluencecorp.com/what-is-ion-exchange/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_access_to_
safe_drinking_water

 https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3095/effluent-treatments-coagulation