E-VOTING SYSTEM

1.0 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 GENERAL STUDY

Democracy is an important matter in most modern societies. One of the most important activities within a
democracy is the election of representatives. It is also a very delicate process that is the subject of various
disturbances, such as inactive citizens, attempts of fraud etc. In this Project, we will discuss some of these
problems, starting from the current democratic situation in India. We will also propose a software solution
to the problem in terms of a prototype that will display the most important aspects of this problem by
implementing the software within a college election.

1.1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

In a democracy, the electorate expresses its will through the election of representatives. These elected
representatives operate the country, on behalf of the politic body. In order for the representatives to
appropriately represent and implement the demands of the people, the elections in which they are elected
must be held fairly and results computed accurately.
Observing the history we deduce that Polling Systems based on hand rising had just a problem with security
(elections were not anonymous). Instead a Paper‐based Polling System has at least three problems (discussed
below). The paradigm shift from hand‐based polling system to paper‐based polling system is caused due to
population growth whereas, now, time and safety are so important that it has driven a new paradigm shift
from paper to electronic. There is no defendable reason to stick with paper polling system, but there are
many security reasons to encourage the use a new electronic polling system in order to draw up polling
systems to digital era.
In India’s current paper polling system, there are some other troubles as well apart from low turnout of votes,
by looking at those problems, it is necessary to build a system which could solve those problems and speed
up the election system.
1. Speed: Hand counting votes is time consuming especially in most populated countries like India, where
many candidates are for same position and voter has to cast vote for many races.
2. Intelligibility: When a system based on pens, stamps, punch cards or ballot papers is used for voting in a
paper‐based polling system, the result can be ambiguous.
3. Accessibility: Disabled or duty‐bound people do not have an easy access to the poll booth, but an easily
touchable system will help them to cast their vote.
4. Transparency: Chances of manipulation of the results from influencing authorities will almost be finished.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

1.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to analyze the current election system and suggest an online election system which
will allow people to cast votes in a more convenient way, by using available resources which could facilitate
the voters during elections.

The Online voting system (OVS) also known as e-voting is a term encompassing several different
types of voting embracing both electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology can
include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-
contained direct-recording electronic voting systems or DRE). It can also involve transmission of
ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or the internet.

Online voting is an electronic way of choosing leaders via a web driven application. The advantage
of online voting over the common “queue method” is that the voters have the choice of voting at
their own free time and there is reduced congestion. It also minimizes on errors of vote counting.
The individual votes are submitted in a database which can be queried to find out who of the
aspirants for a given post has the highest number of votes.

This system is geared towards increasing the voting percentage in College since it has been noted
that with the old voting method {the Queue System}, the voter turnout has been a wanting case.
With system in place also, if high security is applied, cases of false votes shall be reduced.

With the “ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM”, a voter can use his\her voting right online without any
difficulty. He\She has to register as a voter first before being authorized to vote. The registration
should be done prior to the voting date to enable data update in the database.

However, not just anybody can vote. For one to participate in the elections, he/she must have the
requirements. For instance, he/she must be a registered students i.e. must be 18 and above years
old. As already stated, the project „Online Voting' provides means for fast and convenient voting
and access to this system is limited only to registered voters.

Internet voting systems are appealing for several reasons which include; People are getting more
used to work with computers to do all sorts of things, namely sensitive operations such as shopping
and home banking and they allow people to vote far from where they usually live, helping to reduce
absenteeism rate.
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E-VOTING SYSTEM

1.2 Problem definition

The voting/polling process by registered voters in College is very cumbersome. So many cases of
missing data in the voter registration files have been reported. There are also scenarios where
unregistered voters flock in the polling centers as “Fake Voters” to participate in the voting process.
Even after voting, malicious clerks and officers-in-charge of the polling station end up playing with
the results figures. This results in the release of wrong results leading to cases of post-election
violence in the College.
Such cases can be solved by insisting on voters exercising that task online using the Online Voting
System. The voters can also vote from anywhere around the campus, they don’t need to travel back
to the College during election time in case they are absent on the day of election.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCEOF STUDY

The main purposes of OVS include:

 Provision of improved voting services to the voters through fast, timely and
convenient voting.

 Reduction of the costs incurred by the Electoral Commission during voting time in
paying the very many clerks employed for the sake of the success of the manual
system.

 Check to ensure that the members who are registered are the only ones to vote.
Cases of “Dead People” voting are also minimized.

 Online voting system (OVS) will require being very precise or cost cutting to
produce an effective election management system.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

 Therefore crucial points that this (OVS) emphasizes on are listed below.

i. Require less number of staff during the election.

ii. This system is a lot easier to independently moderate the elections and
subsequently reinforce its transparency and fairness.

iii. Less capital, less effort, and less labor intensive, as the primary cost and effort
will focus primarily on creating, managing, and running a secure online portal.

iv. Increased number of voters as individual will find it easier and more convenient
to vote, especially those abroad.

1.4 Objectives of the project

The specific objectives of the project include:

 Reviewing the existing/current voting process or approach in Colleges.

 Coming up with an automated voting system in the college.

 Implementing an automated/online voting system.

 Validating the system to ensure that only legible voters are allowed to vote.

1.5 Project justification

The ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM shall reduce the time spend making long queues at the polling
stations during voting. It shall also enable the voters to vote from any part of the globe as explained
since this is an online application available on the internet. Cases of vote miscounts shall also be
solved since at the backend of this system resides a well-developed database using MYSQL that
can provide the correct data once it’s correctly queried. Since the voting process shall be open as
early as possible, the voters shall have ample time to decide when and whom to vote for.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

It is focused on studying the existing system of voting in colleges and to make sure that the
peoples vote is counts, for fairness in the elective positions. This is also will produce:

Less effort and less labor intensive, as the primary cost and focus primary on creating,
managing, and running a secure web voting portal.
Increasing number of voters as individuals will find it easier and more convenient to
vote, especially those abroad.

1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Time factor was the greatest barrier to the successful completion of this exercise since it had to be
done within the semester. I also had financial constraints since all the activities involved were self-
sponsored.

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2.0 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature Review
All computer scientists who have done work in or are interested in electronic voting seem to agree
that online voting does not meet the requirements for public elections and that the current widely-
deployed voting systems need improvement.

Voting on the Internet has disadvantages based on the areas of secrecy and protection against
coercion and/or vote selling. It's such a truly bad idea that there seems to be no credible academic
effort to deploy it at all. The College General elections of 2017 brought management attention to
problems with current methods of casting and counting votes in College elections. Most people
believe that the current system should be changed; there is much disagreement on how such
changes should be made.

Students of the College have begun signing a petition in a fresh attempt to force the electoral body
to allow them vote online in the next College Election. They advocate using the OVS since it
reduces cases of uncounted, unmarked, and spoiled ballots. The students their report even proposes
a framework for a new voting system with a decentralized, modular design.

Therefore, they tend to be extremely suspicious of proprietary voting machines and their makers
who insist that we should “just trust [them].”

Neumann gives a list of suggestions for "generic voting criteria" which suggests that a voting
system should be so hard to tamper with and so resistant to failure that no commercial system is
likely to ever meet the requirements, and developing a suitable custom system would be extremely
difficult and prohibitively expensive.

A voting machine must produce human-readable hardcopy paper results, which can be verified by
the voter before the vote is cast, and manually recounted later if necessary.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

In the recent years, voting equipment which were widely adopted in many colleges may be divided
into five types:

1. Paper-based voting: The voter gets a blank ballot and use a pen or a marker to
indicate he want to vote for which candidate. Hand-counted ballots is a time and labor
consuming process, but it is easy to manufacture paper ballots and the ballots can be
retained for verifying, this type is still the most common way to vote.

2. Lever voting machine: Lever machine is peculiar equipment, and each lever is
assigned for a corresponding candidate. The voter pulls the lever to poll for his favorite
candidate. This kind of voting machine can count up the ballots automatically. Because
its interface is not user-friendly enough, giving some training to voters is necessary.

3. Direct recording electronic voting machine: This type, which is abbreviated

to DRE, integrates with keyboard; touch screen, or buttons for the voter press to poll.
Some of them lay in voting records and counting the votes is very quickly. But the
other DRE without keep voting records are doubted about its accuracy.

4. Punch card: The voter uses metallic hole-punch to punch a hole on the blank ballot.
It can count votes automatically, but if the voter’s perforation is incomplete, the result
is probably determined wrongfully.

5. Optical voting machine: After each voter fills a circle correspond to their favorite
candidate on the blank ballot, this machine selects the darkest mark on each ballot for
the vote then computes the total result. This kind of machine counts up ballots rapidly.
However, if the voter fills over the circle, it will lead to the error result of optical-scan.
Recent years, a considerable number of college has adopted E-voting for their official
elections.

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2.1.1 THE SECURITY ISSUES OF ONLINE VOTING

Foreign experience revealed that they are often confronted by security issues while the online
voting system is running. The origin of the security issues was due to not only outsider (such as
voters and attackers) but also insider (such as system developers and administrators), even just
because the inheritance of some objects in the source code are unsuitable. These errors caused the
voting system to crash.

The proposed solutions were correspondingly outlined to hold back these attacks. For example, to
avoid hacker making incursion into the voting system via network, we can design our system

To transmit data without network. Another example is to limit voter to input particular data, so
that we can prevent the command injection from running.

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3.0 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the source of data methods of collection, the evaluation of the existing system and
the organization structure of the system problem are presented. It includes specific methods which
were used in order to achieve the objectives of the project, particular requirements for
implementation of the project and a brief explanation of why such methods were used for
implementing the proposed system, also included is a brief description of the current system of
voting.

3.1.1 System Study

This section explores the current voting system and problems associated with it.

3.1.1.1 Description of the Existing Voter Registration System

The existing system of voting is highly manual, the IEBMA (-Independent Electoral and
Boundaries Management Authority) has a laid out data capture form that is used to register students
in their college. A Period for registration is set to start and end on a particular day, such a period
is announced to the students using the various mass communication medium including newsletter
and college web portal. During such a period potential voters are expected to report to these officers
in order to be registered using paper and pen. Every potential voter fills out a form with details
such as location, date of birth among others; such an individual must be verified to be students of
that particular Wing.
The IEBMA officers collect filled in Data capture forms from officials at the end of the registration
period to be taken to the central IEBMA office where data entry clerks are then employed to do
entry into the central database from which a voter register is produced. At the end of this process,
voters are registration cards are produced to be issued to voters.

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3.1.1.2 Problems with the Existing Voter Registration System

The problems of the existing manual system of voting include among others the following:
1. Expensive and Time consuming: The process of collecting data and entering this data into
the database takes too much time and is expensive to conduct, for example, time and money
is spent in printing data capture forms, in preparing registration stations together with
human resources, and there after advertising the days set for registration process including
sensitizing voters on the need for registration, as well as time spent on entering this data to
the database.
2. Too much paper work: The process involves too much paper work and paper storage which
is difficult as papers become bulky with the population size.
3. Errors during data entry: Errors are part of all human beings; it is very unlikely for humans
to be 100 percent efficient in data entry.
4. Loss of registration forms: Some times, registration forms get lost after being filled in with
voters‟ details, in most cases these are difficult to follow-up and therefore many remain
unregistered even though they are voting age and interested in exercising their right to vote.
5. Short time provided to view the voter register: This is a very big problem since not all
people have free time during the given short period of time to check and update the voter
register.
6. Above all, a number of voters end up being locked out from voting.
Hence there is great desire to reduce official procedure in the current voter registration process if
the general electoral process is to improve.

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3.1.2 System Implementation Technologies

The web-based OVR was developed as an online information system to offer users convenient
access to the voter register. Several tools used during implementation include the following:

3.1.2.1 SOFTWARE
MS SQL DBMS-it allows combination, extraction, manipulation and organization of
data in the voters‟ database. It is platform independent and therefore can be implemented
and used across several such as Windows, Linux server and is compatible with various
hardware mainframes. It is fast in performance, stable and provides business value at a low
cost.
HTML -Hypertext Markup Language-This is currently the core of the web world,
it is a language used to makeup web page. It is the glue that holds everything together.
Although HTLM was used for the implementation of the OVS, it is highly compatible with
extensible HTML (XHTML) which is designed to be a replacement of HTML made to
handle data and is also portable between different browsers and platforms with little or no
alterations in code. Macromedia Dreamweaver is a prefer tool for designing HTML pages
and that is the tool used in coming up with this OVS system.

C# Language- C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language

provided by Microsoft that runs on .Net Framework.

By the help of C# programming language, we can develop different types of secured and robust
applications:

o Window applications
o Web applications
o Web service applications
o Database applications etc.

C# is approved as a standard by ECMA and ISO. C# is designed for CLI (Common Language
Infrastructure). CLI is a specification that describes executable code and runtime environment.

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ASP.Net Framework- ASP.NET is a unified web development model integrated with .NET
framework, designed to provide services to create dynamic web applications and web services. It is
built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR) of the .NET framework and includes those
benefits like multi-language interoperability, type safety, garbage collection and inheritance.

Mark Anders and Scott Guthrie of Microsoft created the first version of ASP.NET in 1992. It was
created to facilitate the development of distributed applications in structured and object-oriented
manner by separating the presentation and content and hence write clean code. ASP.NET uses the
code-behind model to generate dynamic pages based on Model-View-Controller architecture.
They have some the major differences from ASP, an earlier version of ASP.NET. The object
model of ASP.NET has thus significantly improved from ASP, which makes it fully backward
compatible to ASP.
These differences include:
1. Usage of compiled code (instead of interpreted code),
2. Event-driven server-side scripting model,
3. State management,
4. Rapid application development using controls and libraries of the .NET framework.
5. Dynamic programming code is placed separately in a file or specially designated tag. This
avoids the program code getting modified during runtime.

Visual Studio 2017- Visual Studio 2017 is the most powerful Universal Windows
Platform development environment. It brings unparalleled productivity improvements, a
streamlined acquisition experience and enhanced debugging tools for Universal Windows
Platform developers.
Testing is done via WAMPSERVER.

Web browsers: Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome, Opera and Internet Explorer

Reporting Tool i.e. through Data Report.

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3.1.2.2 HARDWARE
Desktop or laptop with at least 2.0 GHz Processor speed, At least 40 GB Hard Disk Capacity and
512 RAM and Printer.

3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.2.1 THE LOGIN FLOWCHART

HOME PAGE

Fig 3.1 Login Flow Chart

Note that for one to experience the system administrator’s privilege, he/she must login as the system
admin with the admins password and username which is kept secret/confidential at all costs.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

At the first visit of the OVS site, the user interacts with the system via the interface below:

1. Home Page:

Fig 3.2 Home Page

A home page is a webpage that serves as the starting point of website. It is the default webpage
that loads when you visit a web address that only contains a domain name.In the system, the
user is automatically taken to the home page shown above. At the home page, the user is able
to briefly learn about the OVS.

2. Admin Page:

Fig 3.3 Admin Page

A person who determines the site policies, appoints moderators, and manages the technical operation
of an Internet message board or other interactive website: a forum administrator. A user account
on a home computer accessible only by the user who manages the OVS.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

3. Voter Registration Page:

Fig 3.4 Registration Page

The eligible Voter can register themselves to take part in the E-Voting by using this page. This
page is monitored by the admin whose control the entire OVS.

4. Voter Login Page:

Fig 3.5 Voter Login Page

A Voter Login Page is the entering of identifier information into a system by a registered voter in
order to access that system (e.g., a computer or a website). A login generally requires the user to
enter two pieces of information, first a user name and then a password.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

5. Candidate Registration:

Fig 3.6 Candidate Registration Page

The eligible Candidate can register themselves to take part in the Election by using this page. The
Admin is responsible for registering the eligible candidate to take part in the Election. This page is
monitored by the admin whose control the entire OVS.

6. Voting Page:

President Vote Secretary Vote

Sport Secretary Vote Cultural Secretary Vote

Fig 3.7 Voting Page

In this page the certified voter will access the page to give their valuable vote to the desire candidate
those are stand in the election for different post.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

7. Result Page:

Fig 3.8 Result Page

After voting, a voter is allowed to check the results by visiting the results page shown above. This
page allows the registered voter to check the out coming result of the election after successful
completion of the election.

8. Registered Voters Page:

Fig 3.9 Registered Voter Page

The system administrator can view a list of registered voters by clicking on the view
registered voters link.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

These are just but a few of the important sites of the OVS. Others include the about us,
contact us etc.
About:

Fig 3.10 About Us Page

Contact Us:

Fig 3.11 Contact Us Page

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

3.2.2 DATABASE DESIGN

The OVS uses a database called Online Voting comprising of two tables as illustrated below;
Database Online Voting

1. Registration details table-the table holds records of registered users/voters with their
respective preferred usernames and passwords. It also has the contacts {phone numbers and
email address} of voters/users.

Table structure for table registration details

Field Type Null Default

IdNo int(10) No

Fname varchar(15) No

Lastname varchar(15) No

Email varchar(15) No

Gender varchar(50) No

Address varchar(50) No

PhoneNo varchar(15) No

Username varchar(20) No

Password varchar(40) No

This same table is used by the user to get the username and password for logging in.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

2. Vote table-That holds records of the candidate, and the voter who casts a vote in favor of
the candidate. Its primary key is the id field which is also necessary during vote counting.
The database is queried to find out how many voters casts their votes for a given contestant.

Table structure for table vote

Field Type Null Default

IdNo Int(10) No

Cad_reg varchar(25) No

Cad_name varchar(25) No

Dept varchar(25) No

Email varchar(15) No

Gender varchar(50) No

DOB varchar(50) No

Phone varchar(50) No

Post varchar(15) No

Party varchar(50) No

Vote_count varchar(15) No

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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

4.1.1 Specifications

4.1.1.1 User Requirements for the Proposed System

The OVS should:
a) Be able to display all registered voters in the database to the SYSTEM ADMIN(s) as per
their access rights and privileges.
b) Have a user-friendly interface and user guides understandable by people of average
computer skills.
c) Be robust enough so that users do not corrupt it in the event of voting.
d) Be able to handle multiple users at the same time and with the same efficiency, this will
cater for the large and ever growing population of voters.

4.1.2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

A system should meet the following requirements for it to run the OVS:

1. Web browsers: Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome, Opera and Internet Explorer, MYSQL
DBMS, Macromedia Dreamweaver 8, Programming language such as JAVA and XML

2. Windows OS Xp, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 10. At least 2.0
GHz Processor speed, At least 40 GB Hard Disk Capacity and 512 RAM

4.1.3 Functional Requirements

a) Secure storage and retrieval of voters‟ details from the database.
b) Enable secure login of voters, that is to say non- legitimate voters should never be
allowed to login to the tool, these include the under aged and non-nationals.
c) Maintaining and manipulating records in database through functions like edit, delete, and
view.
d) Validate and verify input and output data.
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E-VOTING SYSTEM

4.2 SYSTEM LOGIN

As already stated, to login into the system, one has to have a valid username and password. It has
also been noted that there are absolutely different privileges for the voter and the system
administrator.

At the first visit of the system, the voter/admin interacts with the login page where he/she is
required to provide a valid username and password in order to login. Once logged in, then the
voter/user is allowed to perform activities such as voting, viewing results and voter registration as
per the privileges.

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5.0 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM
This chapter gives an overview of the implementation and explains how users can navigate
through the newly developed tool in order to use it easily.

5.1.1 Form input and Reports Design

The system was developed as an interactive mechanism between the user at the interface and the
database using the web-browser. This tool enables a user through a web browser to interact with
the MS SQL database to enter, edit, view and retrieve such data as per the privileges granted. These
activities were achieved using C#. HTML forms offer the best layout to enter data, change and
view the database. These forms were also kept as short and simple as possible for easy public
awareness on the use of the tool, some of the forms and report interfaces created include the
following:

5.1.2 The Login form

Fig 5.1 Login Form

This is where a new user/voter starts; the individual is required to provide a username and
password. When this is provided the system validates the user if the entered information tallies
with what is in the database. He/she is then logged in otherwise the voter/user isn’t logged in.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

5.1.3 The Voter Registration form

Fig 5.2 Voter Registration Form

This form is strictly preserved for the system administrator. He/she is the only one with the privileges
to access and use this form. The link leading to this page is disabled for ordinary users.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

5.2 System Modules and Components

The system was implemented as a web-based online voting and modification solution using MS
SQL server, ASP.Net,, C#, Google Chrome as the main browser and accessible on the World Wide
Web; other web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Internet Explorer are also applicable.
The implementation and deployment was made successfully using N-tier architecture. Web
security and accessibility to the system is ensured

5.2.1 Shortcomings with the System

The System implemented is hindered by the following factors:
a) There are limited finance resources to fully implement the system.
b) There is resistance from commissioners who believe their work will all be done by the
tool, and voters who do not believe it is a secure way to go about with voting online.
c) Power supply is not reliable and therefore may deter voters from using the OVS to vote.
d) Just like any other computer based information system, garbage in is garbage out, that is
if wrong information is entered to the OVS, so will be the output.
e) There is a significant loss of human touch in the voting process.

5.3 Testing and validation

Traditional software testing procedures were used for the web-based OVS where testing took
place throughout the development process.

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

6.0 CHAPER SIX

6.1 CONCLUSION
The main aspect behind OVS is that it enabled us to bring out the new ideas that were sustained
within us for many for many days. This project offers the voters to cast easily through internet.
Vote counting is also made easy by the OVS since it’s just a matter of querying the database.
OVS is used by a number of Colleges today. Developing a good system is critical to the success
of the system to prevent system failures and to gain wide acceptance as the best method available.
A good OVS system requires ten characteristics which this system already has. These are:

Accuracy Convenience Reliability

Verifiability Flexibility Consistency
Democracy Mobility Social Acceptance
Privacy

In analyzing, designing, implementing, and maintaining standards, we considered these

characteristics as the foundation. These standards were made national. OVS will be an inexpensive,
and less time consuming method once a system exhibiting national standards and the above
mentioned characteristics is implemented.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
After our research and our finalization of this project, we highly recommend that the online voting
system (OVS) serves to be the best to be put in use especially in the 21 st century where human
beings are embracing technology and where there is malicious struggle for power by leaders all
over the world. This struggle for power has resulted in the use of all approaches by the leaders in
power to remain in their positions at whatever costs even if it means applying vote rigging to win
elections.

With this system in place, a number of such problems shall be forgotten. We therefore recommend
that the IEBMA should put the OVS technology at practice to phase out some of the problems they
go through during manual voting.
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E-VOTING SYSTEM

APPENDIX
PROJECT SCHEDULE

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Activity
Project Proposal
Feasibility study
Reqrmt analysis
System design
UI design
coding
Integration and
testing
Implementation
Documentation

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E-VOTING SYSTEM

PROJECT BUDGET

PROJECT BUDGET

ITEM ESTIMATED COST in KSHS.

Desktop PC (Pentium 4, 2.0Ghz, 512 RAM, 20,000

40GB Hard Disk, with a CD-ROM)
Documenting the Project Proposal and Project 1000
Paper
Stationery [Pens, pencils, rough draft 500
notebooks]
Research costs i.e. both Internet Access and

2000
Newspapers
Computer storage devices such as Flash disk, 2000
2GB and CD ROMs
Total Estimate Budget Cost 25,500

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REFERENCES
1. Anderson C. (2006). How to Rig a Democracy: A Timeline of Electronic Voting in the
United States. The Independent. Retrieved November 28, 2006 from:
http://www.indypendent.org/?p=608

2. Bellis M. (2007). The History of Voting Machines. Retrieved November 9, 2006 from:
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111300b.htm

3. Cranor, L.F., & Cytron, R.K. (1996). Design and Implementation of a Security-Conscious
Electronic Polling System. Washington University Computer Science Technical Report
(WUCS). Retrieved October 9, 2006 from: http://www.acm.org/crossroads/ords2-
4/voting.html

4. Electronic Voting and Counting – Development of the System. (2005). Elections ACT.
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http://www.enggroom.com/Aspnet.aspx

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https://youtu.be/yvervVjdGSs

10. How to get value from a Grid View template Field. Retrieved September 25, 2014 from:
https://youtu.be/kCoGwiolmH4

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